RADON IN REAL ESTATE TRANSACTIONS

2013

Overview

Radon Basics Radon Entry Radon Testing Radon Mitigation Radon Disclosure

Radon Basics

Radon

Radon is colorless, tasteless and odorless ionizing gas

Radon comes from radioactive breakdown (decay) of uranium in soil and rock.

Radon is a cancer-causing, radioactive gas that can be found in all homes. Minnesota has especially high indoor radon levels

Leading cause of lung cancer for non-smokers Lung Cancer is the deadliest and most preventable

cancer

What Level of Radon is Considered Safe?

There is no known safe level of radon World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that all homes

be below: 2.7 pCi/L health based standard

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommends that all homes be below: 2 pCi/L pseudo health based standard 4 pCi/L based on mitigation technology (action level)

Where Can Radon Be Found?

Soil Major source

Water Groundwater Surface waters

Air Ambient Indoor

Minnesota Radon Potential

Entire state is high or moderate potential

Red: average > 4 pCi/L Yellow: average 2-4

pCi/L

Health Effects Of Radon

Second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States Estimated to cause 21,000 deaths annually*MN 800-1,000

Second only to smoking Leading cause of lung cancer for non-smokers

* EPA Assessment of Risks from Radon in Homes (June 2003, EPA -402-R-03 -0003)

Chances Of Developing Cancer Due To Radon Depend On:

The levels of radon in the home The amount of time spent in the home Whether or not a person is, or ever was a smoker

Radon Entry

Radon Pathways

A. Cracks in concrete slabs.

B. Spaces behind brick veneer walls that rest on uncapped hollow-block foundations.

C. Pores and cracks in concrete blocks.

D. Floor-wall joints (cold joints).

E. Exposed soil, as in a sump or crawl space.

F. Weeping (drain) tile, if drained to an open sump. G. Mortar joints. H. Loose fitting pipe penetrations. I. Open tops of block walls. J. Building materials, such as brick, concrete, rock. K. Well water (not commonly a major source in Minnesota homes).

(page 4-5)

Foundation Type

All homes can have radon concerns

Slab-on-Grade and Basements Entry through floor joints, cracks,

plumbing penetrations. Crawl-Space

Entry from large soil area and drawn into living space.

Mobile Homes If well skirted, they act like crawl

spaces.

Air Pressure is Driving Force

Stack Effect:As warm air leaves the top of the house, air comes in the bottom of the house

Down WindDraft Effect:Wind flowing over the top of a house creates the same effect as the stack effect

Vacuum Effect:Air mechanically exhausted from the house is replaced from other pathways

Water Aeration

The aeration of water can cause some radium to come out of the water, which could cause an elevated radon level.

Usual conversion factor is 10,000 pCi/L in water turns into 1 pCi/L in air.

Radon Testing

Radon Testing Devices

Short-term tests measure radon levels for 2 to 7 days, or use a continuous monitor for a minimum of 48 hours.

Long-term tests determine the average radon concentration for a minimum of 90 days.

Charcoal

Use activate charcoal to absorbs the surrounding air. Lab analyzes the charcoal for radiation content.

Cheap and Quick results. Accurate reflection of only the time or season tested.

Does not estimate the annual radon level which is how radon risk is calculated.

Continuous Radon Monitor

Uses electronic sensors to count the number of disintegrations per minute. Alpha flashes are averaged over entire period.

Better indicator of radon level due to hourly averages show the range or radon levels.

Alpha Track

Uses a material to collect the damage created by the alpha particles colliding with that testing material.

A year long test accurately estimates the radon risk.

Average Radon Levels

EPA states any home 4.0 pCi/L or higher be fixed Not health based

Outdoor- 0.4 pCi/L* May be higher in some areas of Minnesota

Indoor- 1.3 pCi/L*

Minnesota: 2 in 5 homes are over 4.0

*estimated national averages

Where Should A Test Be Conducted-Real Estate?

On the lowest “livable level” May require interpretation Ultimately comes down to buyer’s opinion Relocation companies may decide to test the lowest level that could be

used by the buyer NOT in kitchens or bathrooms

high humidity Away from drafts Away from high heat

appliances fireplaces direct sunlight

When Should You Test?

It is better to test between October and April (the heating season) because homes are sealed up

You can test anytime during the year, but you are more likely to get the maximum levels during the heating season

Long-term tests should be conducted during at least part of heating season.

What If Your Neighbor Has Tested And Found Low Levels?

Radon levels are dependent upon several factors Your neighbor may find low levels but your home could

still have high levels of radon Don’t depend upon your neighbor’s test Every home should be tested

Testing Procedures: Real Estate Transactions

3 types of real estate tests (short-term) Sequential testing Simultaneous testing Continuous Radon Monitor (CRM) or Continuous

Working Level Monitor (CW) Professionally conducted

See MDH Measurement Service Providers fact sheet

Sequential testing

One short-term test conducted According to EPA protocols 48 hour test Sent in to lab for analysis

An immediate follow-up test conducted According to EPA protocols 48 hour test Sent to lab for analysis

Average two tests to get radon level

Simultaneous testing

2 short-term tests placed side by side Four inches apart According to EPA protocols 48 hour minimum duration Sent in for lab analysis

Simultaneous & Sequential Testing: Interpretation of Results

If average is < 4.0 pCi/L (or what buyer requests) then simply disclose and move on

If average is ≥ 4.0 pCi/L (or what buyer requests) then mitigate

No requirement for both test to be the same Some difference is expected due to variation of

radon levels Report each result and the average of both tests.

Continuous RadonMonitor Testing

Sophisticated electronic devices Must integrate and record hourly or more frequently First 4 hours may be discarded, but remaining 44

hours can be used Professional conducted 48 hour minimum One single test

Continuous Radon Monitor Testing

Must be able to print out to paper or computer Helps detect abnormal radon swings

Built in motion detectors can determine if device was moved

May record pressure, temperature and proximity Help determine tampering Specialty tape on exterior doors and windows

Radon Mitigation

(page 15)

Can’t We Just Seal The Cracks?

Radon can enter through very small openings.

Without affecting house pressures, sealing is not a stand-alone technique.

Primary mitigation method

A PVC pipe is routed under the foundation of the home.

Fan pulls air out from soil Contact a NRPP or

NRSB certified radon contractor

Active Soil Depressurization2

Types of Mitigation

Sub-slab Drain tile Sump pit Sub-membrane (crawl space)

2

Mitigation Process

Walk-though and Designing the System

3

System Design

Designed and installed to: Be a permanent and integral part of home Avoid the creation of other health, safety or environmental

hazards. Backdrafting/spillage of combustion appliances Blocking exits with pipe runs Degrading fire rated assemblies

3

Mitigation Process

Things to Consider: Are they listed with MDH, if not why? Are they certified, if not why? Do they offer a guarantee to below action level, if not why?

3

Mitigation Process

Diagnostics – to ensure a successful system

6

Mitigation Process

Sealing Gaps and Cracks

7

Mitigation Process

Seal the crawlspace

7

Mitigation Process

Drill a hole and dig out a bucket sized hole

8

Mitigation Process

Pipe Routing

8

Mitigation Process

Run pipe up through the roof or up outside the home.

8

Mitigation Process

Fan located in an unconditioned space

8

Mitigation Process

Electrical Wiring (licensed electrician)

8

Mitigation Process

Performance indicators.

Non-Working System Working System

8

Documentation

Upon completion of project, contractor will provide: Copies of contracts and warranties Description of system and operating procedures Description of proper operating procedures of any mechanical or electrical

systems installed, including manufacturer's operation and maintenance instructions

A list of appropriate actions for clients to take if the system failure warning device indicates system degradation or failure

The name, address, and phone number of the contractor

9

Post-mitigation Procedures

After you mitigate, you should test your home to determine if the mitigation is working (24 hours to 30 days after mitigation)

You should retest your home once every 2 years or so If you do any remodeling, or if you start to occupy the basement of your

home, test again for radon

10

Radon Disclosures

Radon Awareness Act

Effective January 1, 2014 Before the seller signs a purchase agreement they must do the following:(1) Disclosure of radon information:

have there been radon tests on the property describe radon concentrations & provide reports provide information on any mitigation system installed provide a radon warning statement

(2) Provide the document “Radon in Real Estate Transaction”

Radon Warning Statement

“The Minnesota Department of Health strongly recommends that ALL homebuyers have an indoor radon test performed prior to purchase or taking occupancy, and recommends having the radon levels mitigated if elevated radon concentrations are found. Elevated radon concentrations can easily be reduced by a qualified, certified, or licensed, if applicable, radon mitigator. Every buyer of any interest in residential real property is notified that the property may present exposure to dangerous levels of indoor radon gas that may place the occupants at risk of developing radon-induced lung cancer. Radon, a Class A human carcinogen, is the leading cause of lung cancer in nonsmokers and the second leading cause overall. The seller of any interest in residential real property is required to provide the buyer with any information on radon test results of the dwelling."

Radon in Real Estate Transactions Publication The publication can be downloaded from:

www.health.mn.gov/radonsale

Contacts For More Information

MDH - Indoor Air Unit651-201-4601 or 800-798-9050

PO Box 64975St. Paul, MN 55164-0975

www.health.state.mn.us/Radon

U.S. Environmental Protection Agencywww.epa.gov/radon