rail freight transportation author: dr. alan erera

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Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

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Page 1: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

Rail Freight Transportation

Author: Dr. Alan Erera

Page 2: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

North American Mode Share, 1996

water

air

rail

truck

% of total ton-miles

Page 3: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

U.S. Freight Movements, 1996

1990 1995 1996

Total 6,079.30 7,062.00 7,320.70 Air 7.7 8.5 9.8 Water transport 1,014.00 985.4 991.9 Coastal shipping 270.9 241.9 242.6 Great Lakes 99.9 105.3 104.2 Inland waterwaysa 643.2 638.1 645.1

Pipeline 1,416.20 1,551.60 1,611.80 Crude oil and petroleum products 958.9 1,017.00 1,067.80 Natural gas 457.3 534.6 544

Railroad 1,292.60 1,405.80 1,461.40 Truck 2,348.70 3,110.70 3,245.90

(Millions of metric tons)

Page 4: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

Railroad Freight Flows

Page 5: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

U.S. Freight Railroad Economics

In 1998 ...

• Market share: 40% of intercity tons

• Large share markets:– 70% of finished automobiles– 64% of coal (generating 36% of electricity)– 40% of grain (domestic and export)

Page 6: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

U.S. Railroad Economics II

• Movement statistics– Freight volume: 1.38 trillion ton-miles– Carload volume: 26 million carloads

• 8.8 million intermodal trailers and containers

• Fleet statistics– 1.3 million railcars– 127 million ton capacity

• Costs 26% less (57% IA) than 1981

Page 7: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

Railroads are capital-intensive

Page 8: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

Primary Commodities

• Rail Only– Coal 572 MM tons– Farm Products 158– Non-metallic minerals 131– Petroleum 123– Chemicals 118

• Intermodal– Transportation equipment 6.9 MM tons– Chemicals, food, lumber, pulp & paper

Page 9: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

Georgia Rail Freight

Page 10: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

Growth in Intermodal

Page 11: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

Growth in Intermodal

• 17% of revenues– second only to coal: 23%

• COFC 62%, TOFC 38%• Why?

– Labor efficiency– Fuel efficiency (50% savings over truck)– Door-to-door service

• Downsides– speed, reliability

Page 12: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

Container land bridge

• Asia - Europe market• Double-stack N.A. network• Why?

– Hub-and-spoke efficiencies– Panama canal costs, queuing delays

Long Beach Elizabeth

Page 13: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

NAFTA freight flows for UP

Page 14: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

Freight Railroad Classification

• Class One– Operating revenue > $250 MM (1991$)– 91% of total revenue, 71% of track– CSX, NS, UP, BNSF, Kansas City Southern

• Regionals– Revenue $40-250 MM, more than 350 miles– Wisconsin Central, Bangor & Aroostook, Alaska

• Local/Short Lines

Page 15: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

CSX

• Miles: 23,000• Carloads: 5.1 MM• Locos: 4,000• Railcars: 100,000• Revenues: $5.6 B

– coal: $1.6 B– chem: $0.91 B– auto: $0.76 B

Page 16: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

Norfolk Southern

• Miles: 21,800• Carloads: 5.1 MM• Locos: 3,500• Railcars: 117,000• Revenues: $5.2 B

– coal: $1.3 B– intermodal: $0.83 B– auto: $0.73 B– chem: $0.73 B

Page 17: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

Union Pacific

• Miles: 38,600• Carloads: 8.5 MM• Locos: 6,847• Railcars: 157,000• Revenues: $10.2 B

– coal: $2.2 B– intermodal: $1.7 B– chem: $1.6 B– auto: $1.0 B

Page 18: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

BNSF

• Miles: 33,500• Locos: 5,000• Railcars: 90,000• Revenues: $9.1 B

– carload: $2.6 B– intermodal: $2.5 B– coal: $2.2 B– agri: $1.3 B

Page 19: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

Kansas City Southern

• Miles: 6,400• NAFTA railroad

– Gateway Western– KCS– TexMex– TFM– Panama Canal RR

Page 20: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

Canadian National

• Miles: 16,000• Carloads: 3.5 MM• Locos: 5,000• Railcars: 90,000• Revenues: $5.1 B

– grain: $1.0 B– forest: $0.97 B– chem: $0.84 B– intermodal: $0.80 B

Page 21: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

Locomotive Equipment

• They are mobile power plants– Diesel generators– DC and AC traction motors

• Road vs. switching

• Multiple units– consist– DPUs and helpers for heavy trains, grades

Page 22: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

Pre-diesel UP locomotives

Page 23: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

UP Road Locomotive

• AC traction (6000 HP)

Page 24: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

CSX Roads in Two-engine consist

Page 25: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

Yard switcher

• Often “retired” road locomotives• Low HP (1500)

Page 26: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

Boxcars

• Weather-protection • Insulation, refrigeration, cushioning• Auto parts, building materials, food products, bagged

products

Page 27: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

Automobile Racks (autoracks)

• Bi-level or tri-level • Damage/vandalism protection• Finished autos, trucks, vans, minivans

Page 28: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

Load/unload operations: autoracks

• a type of “roll-on, roll-off” system

Page 29: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

Open hoppers

• Hopper openings or rotary couplers • Coal, coke, stone, sand, ores, gravel

Page 30: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

Load operations: coal

• conveyors

Page 31: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

Unload operations: coal

Page 32: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

Covered hoppers

• load: round or trough hatch• unload: hoppers (gravity, airslide) • grains, corn, soybeans, flour, salt, sugar, clay, phosphates, cement,

fertilizers, plastics

Page 33: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

Tank cars

• Private (non-railroad) fleets

• Chemicals, molasses, water, diesel fuel

Page 34: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

Gondolas

• Open or covered

• Scrap metal, aggregates, woodchips, logs, poles, steel beams, steel coils

Page 35: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

Load/unload: Lumber on flatcars

Page 36: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

TOFC

• Trailer-on-flatcar• Highway trailers

– LTL trucking growth in intermodal

Page 37: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

TOFC train

Page 38: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

COFC

• Container-on-flatcar• ocean shipping containers, trucking containers

Page 39: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

Double-stack COFC (1979)

• Articulated cars• Clearances

– bridge/tunnel investments

Page 40: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

Load/unload: Double-stack COFC

Page 41: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

Intermodal flatcar types

• Two-hitch flatcar– two trailers, each up to 40 ft length

• Articulated well flatcar– containers sit low for double-stacking– articulation: no conflict with rail wheels (trucks)– 3 to 5 permanently joined units

• Roadrailer– truck trailers mounted on railroad wheel assemblies

Page 42: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

EOT Device

• End-of-train device

• Caboose replacement– warns following trains

• Crew size reduction– brakemen, fireman gone– 2-4 person crews– labor cost reduction

Page 43: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

Rail shipping

• Shipment types– Unit train (bulk commodities)– Carload (FCL)– Less-than-carload (LCL)

• Train types– Unit train (through service)– Hot shot (intermodal; expedited service)– Bulk train (single bulk commodity)– Manifest (mixed freight)

Page 44: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

Unit train routing

• Direct, through trains– From shipper to consignee

• Coal train example– Powder River Basin, WY to

Dallas area power plant

• Petrochemical example– Elizabeth, NJ refinery to

Houston processing plant– Interline

Page 45: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

Intermodal train routing

• Expedited service– But, set-outs or pick-ups at consolidation points

• Load/unload intermodal yards– Portside (e.g. Long Beach)– Port adjacent (e.g. Oakland)– Inland

• Enroute yards– “hubs”– cross-towns (rubber tire transfers)

Page 46: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

Manifest (mixed freight) train routing

• Load/unload facilities– Shipper sidings, public facilities (e.g. grain

elevators)– Switching service to terminal railyard

• Hump yards– Classification

• sorting by destination– Receiving, bowl, departing– Hub-and-spoke concept

Page 47: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera
Page 48: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera
Page 49: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

North Platte Hump Yard (UP)

Page 50: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

US Deregulation: Staggers (1980)

• Market-driven pricing– only for route/services with competition

• Confidential service agreements, rates• Abandonment and sale streamlined• Impact

– Costs down: 57% from 1981 to 1998– Return on net investment: from 2 to 7%– Consolidation– Regionals and shortlines: 50,000 miles

Page 51: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

Post-deregulation performance

Page 52: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

Railroad misconceptions

• Not technologically advanced …– $247 billion investment since 1980– Advanced signaling, communication, control

• Rolling stock outdated …– 7,500 new locomotives since 1990 (37.5%)– Freight cars lighter, stronger, more reliable

Page 53: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

BN Operating center

Page 54: Rail Freight Transportation Author: Dr. Alan Erera

Freight railroads: no subsidies!

• Track privately-owned and operated– construction and maintenance

• Amtrak– pays “usage fees” to freight railroads

• Trucking uses public infrastructure– C&M funding via $0.55/gallon fuel tax but …– Estimate: covers only 2/3 of costs