railway over bridge training report
TRANSCRIPT
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DR.B.R. AMBEDKAR NATIONAL
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
JALANDHAR
INDUSTRIAL PRACTICAL TRAINING
FINAL PROJECT REPORT
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Construction o A!!ro"c#$s o %&.'( )$tr$ C"rri"*$+",
Ro"- O$r Bri-*$ "t L$$/ Crossin* No. A0%& "t K"!urt#"/"
K#o1$+"/ R"i/ S$ction o Nort#$rn R"i/+", on J"/"n-#"r0
K"!urt#"/" Ro"- N$"r Sci$nc$ Cit, in District K"!urt#"/"
Tr"in$$ D$t"i/s2
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar NIT JalandharN")$: Mitul Chopra
Ro// No.: 1110200
Disci!/in$: Ci!il "n#ineerin#
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INDE3
S$ction D$scri!tion P"*$
No.
Ac4no+/$-*$)$nt 5
%
%.%
%.6
%.7
Intro-uction To Pro1$ct
A8out T#$ Pro1$ct
N$$- For T#is Pro1$ct
A8out T#$ Construction Sit$
&0'
6
6.%
6.6
6.7
6.9
6.5
Consi-$r"tions B$or$ St"rtin*
SOIL IN:ESTIGATION
Loc"tion O Bor$#o/$s
Di$rsion Ro"-
Di$rsion Rout$s
S$ric$ Ro"-
%(0%6
7
7.%
7.6
7.7
7.9
7.5
7.&
7.;
7.13.m %.r.t )ut-o&& le!el?
5a&e pile load H 2T>&or len#th o& 13.m depth?
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6.6 Loc"tion o Bor$#o/$s or SPT
6.7 DI:ERSION ROAD To &a)ilitate )on$tru)tion o& R8B
.33 m$ lon# di!er$ion road throu#h Dhapai-Dhali%al Dhona
.3 m$ lon# di!er$ion road throu#h !illa#e Duanke Ni$han-;adala %a$
$tren#thened and %idened
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6.9 DI:ERSION ROUTES
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6.5 SER:ICE ROAD
A )onne)tin# road &rom $tart o& )arria#e%a' o& road on Jalandhar $ide upto
di!er$ion road to%ard$ !illa#e Dhapai %ith minimum %idth o& .m %a$ made.
Ot#$r consi-$r"tions in t#$ !ro1$ct
J"/"n-#"r si-$
Impro!ement o& e(i$tin# road
-lanin# o& the road
K"!urt#"/" si-$
-lanin# o& the road
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GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE ROB
@STILTED PORTION TO BE
CONSTRUCTED
K"!urt#"/" Si-$
5tilted ortion
Ri#ht Carria#e ;a' H1.2Em
7e&t Carria#e ;a' HE1.=33m
5olid 9ill
7en#th H 2.20m
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>8!erall %idth o& )arria#e %a' i$ 13.0m )ompri$in# o& 1.00 meter )arria#e %a'
>2E.0?+ 0.0m %ide anti )ra$h barrier on both $ide$ and 0.0m %ide )entral
median?
J"/"n-#"r Si-$
5tilted ortion
Ri#ht Carria#e ;a' H1EE.13m
7e&t Carria#e ;a' H1E.02m
5olid 9ill
7en#th H 1.E0m
>8!erall %idth o& )arria#e %a' i$ 13.0m )ompri$in# o& 1.00 meter )arria#e %a'
>2E.0?+ 0.0m %ide anti )ra$h barrier on both $ide$ and 0.0m %ide )entral
median?
7.% :ALLEY CUR:E
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alle' )ur!e or $a# )ur!e$ are !erti)al )ur!e$ %ith )on!e(it' do%n%ard$. The'
are &ormed %hen t%o #radient$ meet a$ illu$trated &i#ure in an' o& the &ollo%in#
9our %a'$:
1. ;hen a de$)endin# #radient meet$ another de$)endin# #radient &i#ure aK.
2. ;hen a de$)endin# #radient meet$ a at #radient &i#ure bK.
. ;hen a de$)endin# #radient meet$ an a$)endin# #radient &i#ure )K.
. ;hen an a$)endin# #radient meet$ another a$)endin# #radient &i#ure dK.
7.6 SUMMIT CUR:E
5ummit )ur!e$ are !erti)al )ur!e$ %ith #radient up%ard$. The' are &ormed %hen
t%o #radient$ meet a$ illu$trated in &i#ure in an' o& the &ollo%in# &our %a'$:
1. ;hen a po$iti!e #radient meet$ another po$iti!e #radient &i#ure aK.
2. ;hen po$iti!e #radient meet$ a at #radient &i#ure bK.
. ;hen an a$)endin# #radient meet$ a de$)endin# #radient &i#ure )K.
. ;hen a de$)endin# #radient meet$ another de$)endin# #radient &i#ure dK.
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7.7 :OID FORMERS
Abo!e the $pan o& 10m+ the dead %ei#ht o& a $olid $lab brid#e be)ome$ e()e$$i!e.
8ne o& the )ommone$t %a'$ o& li#htenin# a $olid $lab i$ to u$e !oid &ormer$ o&
$ome $ort. The )ommone$t &orm i$ )ir)ular pol'$t'rene !oid &ormer$.
The S#$"r Str$ss$s are likel' to be)ome e()e$$i!e near $upport$+ parti)ularl' i&
di$)rete pier$ are u$ed. /o%e!er+ thi$ problem )an be a!oided b' $impl' $toppin#
the !oid$ o&&+ lea!in# a $olid $e)tion in the$e )riti)al $e)tion$.
In the )on$tru)tion en#ineer$ al%a'$ $tri!e to make their de$i#n$ and
$tru)ture$ better and $tron#er+ not ne)e$$aril' hea!ier be)au$e bein# hea!'
ha$ other impli)ation$ on the $tru)tural inte#rit'. A hea!ier $tru)ture
$u$pended on $teel beam$ and pole$ ha!e a #reat )han)e o& )a!in# in due tothe %ei#ht be)au$e no matter ho% $tron# the $tru)ture i$+ there are $till
)han)e$ o& that be)omin# hea!ier due to additional %ater )ontent in the
$tru)ture. No en#ineer de$ire$ their brid#e$ and buildin#$ to )a!e in %ith a
lot o& people on it+ $o the' make it li#hter F %ith !oid &ormer$.
oid 9ormer$ are made o& pol'$t'rene+ %hi)h i$ !er' li#ht%ei#ht and ha$
Guite appre)iable load bearin# )apa)it'+ no% %e do not mean that &oam
blo)k$+ %hi)h i$ %hat the$e !oid &ormer$ are+ %ill %ith$tand the load o& hu#e
)ar$ and tru)k$ mo!in# on the road+ but it i$ $tron# enou#h to bear the load
o& )on)rete on it until it $ettle$ and $olidi&ie$.
>#"t M"4$s Fo") :oi- For)$rs B$tt$r T#"n M$t"/ S#$$t
A/t$rn"ti$s
It %a$ &ound that )on)rete $lab$+ )on$tru)ted )ompletel' o& )ement %ere too
hea!' and did not make an'thin# better. "n#ineer$ %ere able to a)hie!e the
$ame de#ree o& $tren#th and durabilit' %ith hollo% $tru)ture$ %ith the u$e o&
pretended $teel )able$ and &oam oid 9ormer$. A$ a matter o& &a)t+ en#ineer$
&ound t%o entirel' di&&erent %a'$ o& &ormin# !oid$+ one that )ould be
remo!ed %hen the $tru)ture took $hape and another t'pe that )ould be le&t in
pla)e %ithout )au$in# an' ri$k to the brid#e or the buildin# or %hate!er it
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%a$ that the' %ere buildin#. Be&ore "5 >"(panded ol'$t'rene? %a$ u$ed
&or the *ob+ builder$ relied primaril' on &le(ible metal $heet that )ould be
rolled in )'linder$ and pla)ed %here!er ne)e$$ar'. But that had a hu#e
do%n$ide to it. 5teel )ould not be $haped at %illL !oid maker$ ba)k then
%ere mo$tl' )'lindri)al F and hea!'. 5oon it be)ame apparent that there%a$ the need &or $omethin# better+ li#hter+ $tron#er and $omethin# that %a$
den$e enou#h to )arr' lar#e load$ de$pite bein# $uper li#ht%ei#ht $o "5
&oam !oid &ormer$ %ere u$ed.
Not *u$t that there %a$ more to that. 9oam !oid maker$ are o&ten le&t behind
in$tead o& bein# de$tro'ed or remo!ed+ %hi)h in)identall' add$ to the
$tren#th o& the monolith. Durin# $i#ni&i)ant $hi&t$ and mo!ement$ in
$tru)ture an entirel' hollo% $tru)ture ha$ a #reater )han)e o& breakin# in+ but
add a &iller to it and the ri$k$ are $ome%hat lo%ered. 5o in addition to
makin# buildin#$ and brid#e$ li#hter+ en#ineer$ are u$in# !oid maker$ to
$tabili@e them.
The$e &ru$tum$ are u$ed to )o!er !oid &ormer$ at the end$ pre!ent entr' o&
an'thin# in them
.
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A-"nt"*$s o :oi- For)$rs
7i#hten the dead %ei#ht o& the $tru)ture
Redu)e the )o$t o& the pro*e)t b' redu)in# u$a#e o& )on)rete
re!entin# )a!in# o& $tru)ture
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7.9 ANTI0CRASH BARRIERS
Tra&&i) barrier$+ $ometime$ )alled )ra$h barrier$+ #uard rail+ keep !ehi)le$ %ithin
their road%a' and pre!ent !ehi)le$ &rom )ollidin# %ith dan#erou$ ob$ta)le$ $u)h
a$ boulder$+ buildin#$+ %all$ or lar#e $torm drain$. Tra&&i) barrier$ are al$o in$talled
at the road $ide to pre!ent errant !ehi)le$ &rom tra!er$in# $teep >non-re)o!erable?
$lope$ or enterin# deep %ater.
D$t"i/s "8out t#$ sit$
M )on)rete mi( %a$ u$ed
0.0 metre %ide anti )ra$h barrier$
7.5 DOUBLE METAL CRASH BARRIERS
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Metal Cra$h barrier$ are ba$i)all' Road $a&et' $'$tem %hi)h pre!ent$
!ehi)le$ &rom )ollidin# %ith ob$ta)le$ $u)h a$ boulder$+ %all$+ buildin#$ and
al$o pre!ent$ !ehi)le$ enterin# into lar#e $torm drain$+ $teep $lope$ or Deep
%ater.
4al!ani@ed iron pipe$ are u$ed a$ mount$.
A!!/ic"tions
A$ re$trainin# barrier$ on embankment$ o& e(pre$$%a'$ and hi#h%a'$
A$ )ontainment barrier$ on median$ and #rade $eparator$ o& road$
A$ prote)tion barrier$)ontainment barrier$ &or hill' terrain$ and #hat land$
A$ ra)e)ar )ra$h #uard$ on ra)in# )ar tra)k$
A$ &en)in# barrier$ &or )ountr' border line$+ e(pan$e land$+ %ater bodie$+
brid#e pier$ et).
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7.& BEARINGS
A bearin# i$ a )omponent o& a brid#e %hi)h t'pi)all' )onne)t$ the brid#e
pier$ to the brid#e de)k.
The purpo$e o& a bearin# i$ to allo% )ontrolled mo!ement and thereb'
redu)e the $tre$$e$ in!ol!ed. Mo!ement )ould be thermal e(pan$ion or
)ontra)tion+ or mo!ement &rom other $our)e$ $u)h a$ $ei$mi) a)ti!it'.
The olde$t &orm o& brid#e bearin# i$ $impl' t%o plate$ re$tin# on top o& ea)h
other. A )ommon &orm o& modern brid#e bearin# i$ the ela$tomeri) brid#e
bearin#.
"la$tomeri) brid#e bearin# are a )ommonl' u$ed modern brid#e bearin#.
There are $e!eral di&&erent $imilar t'pe$ o& brid#e bearin#$ that in)lude
neoprene bearin# pad$+ neoprene brid#e bearin#$+ laminated ela$tomeri)
bearin#$ and $ei$mi) i$olator$ %hi)h are all #enerall' re&erred to a$ brid#e
bearin# pad$ in the )on$tru)tion indu$tr'.
Internal $tru)ture )on$i$t$ o& a $and%i)h o& mild $teel $him$ and rubber
moulded a$ one unit.
The tran$mi$$ion media i$ the bearin#+ one o& the mo$t important )omponent$
o& a brid#e $tru)ture.
TYPES OF BEARING
1. Fi=$- B$"rin*
9i(ed bearin# doe$ not allo% bearin# plane t%o-dire)tion mo!ement$+ but
allo%$ it to rotate.
2. Gui-$- B$"rin*
4uided bearin# allo%$ rotation and the bearin# plane to do one-dire)tion
mo!ement. The main )omponent$ o& a #uided bearin# are the $ame a$ tho$e
o& a &i(ed bearin#+ but are able to pro!ide lon#itudinal mo!ement &un)tion.
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. Fr$$ B$"rin*
9ree bearin# allo%$ rotation+ lon#itudinal mo!ement+ and tran$!er$e
mo!ement$. The main )omponent$ o& a &ree bearin# are the $ame a$ tho$e
o& a &i(ed bearin#+ but are able to pro!ide t%o-dire)tion mo!ement$.
In t#is !ro1$ct
In$ide pier$- #uided bearin# are u$ed
8uter pier$ -&ree bearin#$ are u$ed
7.; E3PANSION JOINTSAn e(pan$ion *oint i$ an a$$embl' de$i#ned to $a&el' ab$orb the Thermal
e(pan$ion heat-indu)ed e(pan$ion and )ontra)tion o& )on$tru)tion material$+ to
ab$orb !ibration+ to hold part$ to#ether or to allo% mo!ement due to #round
$ettlement or earthGuake$.
Brid#e e(pan$ion *oint$ are de$i#ned to allo% &or )ontinuou$ tra&&i) bet%een
$tru)ture$ a))ommodatin# mo!ement+ $hrinka#e+ temperature !ariation$ on
rein&or)ed and pre$tre$$ed )on)rete+ )ompo$ite and $teel $tru)ture$. The'$top the brid#e &rom bendin# out o& pla)e in e(treme )ondition$ and allo%
enou#h !erti)al mo!ement to permit bearin# repla)ement
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DETAILS ABOUT THE SITE
"(pan$ion *oint $hall be $trip
Cater &or de$i#n mo!ement o& minimum 20 mm
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7.< RETAINING EARTH PANELS
RETAINING EARTH PANELS $tabili@e un$table $lope$ and retain the
$oil on $teep $lope$ and under )re$t load$. The %all &a)e i$ o&ten o& pre)a$t+
$e#mental blo)k$+ panel$ that )an tolerate $ome di&&erential mo!ement. The
%all$ are in&illed %ith #ranular $oil+ %ith or %ithout rein&or)ement+ %hile
retainin# the ba)k&ill $oil. It )an be u$ed &or retainin# %all$+ brid#e
abutment$+ dam$+ $ea%all$+ and dike$.
The$e ha!e interlo)kin# pattern$ bet%een %hi)h the$e panel$ are $ta)ked on
one another
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On t#$ sit$
The$e panel$ %ere )a$t in-$itu b' Brahmaputra in&ra$tru)ture ltd
S!$ciic"tions2
;idth
6pper partH221mm
7o%er partH1=mm
/ei#htH1310mm
Thi)kne$$H1=0mm
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7.' GEOSTRAPS
The 4eo5trap i$ an earth rein&or)ement $trip made o& hi#h-tena)it' $'ntheti)
&ibre $ele)ted to pro!ide optimum per&orman)e &or pre!entin# the $lippin# o&
rein&or)ed earth panel$
The$e are $tret)hed and nailed in the )ompa)ted $oil on the one end and on
the other end the$e are pa$$in# throu#h ome#a$ embedded in the earth panel$
and pro!ide optimum $a&et'
In t#is !ro1$ct 90& o)$*"s $)8$--$- *$ostr"! 8$/ts +$r$ us$-.
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7.%% MEDIAN
Important hi#h%a' element that are built in order to di$tin#ui$h bet%een the
di&&eren)e$ in pa$$a#e dire)tion$ o& tra&&i) on a road. The $pe)i&i)ation$ o&
median are a$:
;idth H 0.m+
/ei#htH1.)m
4rade o& )on)rete u$edHM0
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7.%6 SCAFFOLDING
GENERAL SPECIFICATION
Temporar' 5upportin# 5tru)tureO i$ that $tru)ture+ %hi)h are temporaril'
reGuired in buildin# )on$tru)tion either &or $upportin# the la'in# o& )on)rete
till it #et$ matured $u)h a$ $hutterin#. A$ &re$h )on)rete i$ in a pla$ti) $tate+
%hen it i$ pla)ed &or )on$tru)tion purpo$e$+ do it be)ome$ ne)e$$ar' to
pro!ide $ome temporar' $tru)ture to )on&ine and $upport the )on)rete in
pla$ti) $tate+ %hen it i$ pla)ed &or )on$tru)tion purpo$e$+ $o it be)ome$
ne)e$$ar' to pro!ide $ome temporar' $tru)ture to )on&ine and $upport the
)on)rete till it #ain$ $tren#th &or $el& F$upportin#. The temporar' $tru)ture i$kno%n a$ $hutterin#.
SCAFFOLDING
5)a&&oldin# i$ a temporar' $tru)ture+ %hi)h i$ u$ed in buildin# operation$
$upport plat&orm$ &or %orkmen+ $tru)tural material and applian)e$ reGuired
durin# )on$tru)tion at rai$ed hei#ht$ >normall' more than 1.m?. Thi$
temporar' &rame%ork or $)a&&oldin# i$ u$e&ul in buildin# )on$tru)tion+
demolition+ maintenan)e and repair %ork$. The hei#ht o& the $)a&&oldin# )anbe ad*u$ted %ith the pro#re$$ o& %ork.
COMPONENTS PARTS OF SCAFFOLDING
St"n-"r-2 0 The$e are the !erti)al member$ o& $)a&&oldin#.
L$-*$rs2 0 The$e are the hori@ontal member$ at ri#ht an#le$ to the $tandard$
and parallel to the %all.
Br"c$s2 0 The$e member$ are &i(ed dia#onall' on the $tandard$.
P/"n4s2 0 The$e member$ are pla)ed on hori@ontal member$ >i.e. led#er$? at
ri#ht an#le$ to the %all+ one end o& %hi)h i$ held in %all.
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7.%7 FORM >ORK
9or )on)rete )on$tru)tion &orm$ or $hutterin# in the &orm$ o& %ooden plank$
or $teel plate$ are u$ed &or keepin# the #reen )on)rete in po$ition till it
harden$. Thi$ help$ in #i!in# the de$ired $hape$ to di&&erent )omponent$ o&
the $tru)ture
R$)o"/ o or)+or4
9or )olumn$ H 2 to = hour$
9or $lab up to . m $pan H E da'$
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9or $lab more than .m $pan H 1 da'$
9or beam$ up to 3m $pan H 1 da'$
9or beam$ abo!e 3m $pan H 21 da'$
T#$ *oo- or)+or4 s#ou/- s"tis, t#$ o//o+in* r$uir$)$nts20
The material o& the &orm%ork $hould be pra)ti)all' %ater proo& $o that it
)anPt ab$orb %ater &rom )on)rete.
It $hould be $tron# enou#h to %ith$tand the pre$$ure or the load o& the &re$h
)on)rete+ li!e load o& the %orker )omin# on it.
The &orm%ork $hould be $o made that it )an be remo!ed ea$il' %ithout
)au$in# the lea$t in*ur' to the $ur&a)e o& nearl' )on$tru)ted )on)rete
member$.
The in$ide $ur&a)e o& &orm%ork $hould be $mooth $o a$ to #i!e #ood
appearan)e to the re$ultin# ne%l' )on$tru)ted )on)rete member$.
7.%9 SHUTTERING
Remo!al o& &orm%ork &rom %all$+ )olumn$ and !erti)al $ur&a)e$ - 2 hour$
Remo!al o& prop$ under $lab$
1? 5lab $pan up to .m - Eda'$
2? 5lab $pan abo!e .m - 1 da'$
A&ter the )on)retin#+ $hutterin# i$ remo!ed manuall'.
Nut and bolt$ are loo$ened and $hutter$ are remo!ed.
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Durin# remo!al )are $hould be taken. 5hutter$ $hould not be remo!ed b'
pullin#+ in$tead *erk$ $hould be #i!en in lon#itudinal dire)tion and remo!ed
$moothl'.
A&ter%ard$ the pol'thene )o!erin# draina#e pipe$ are remo!ed and )he)kedand )leaned.
Immediatel' a&ter%ard$ )urin# pro)edure i$ $tarted. Curin# i$ the pro)e$$ o&
$uppl'in# %ater to )on)rete &or h'drol'$i$ rea)tion &rom e(ternal.
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CASTING OF SLAB @Mo-u/$ &
alon#%i
@D$c4 s/"8 r$inorc$)$nt
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D$c4 c"nti/$$r s/"8 r$inorc$)$nt "/on* +it# oi- or)$rs
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9.6 BATCHING PLANT
A )on)rete plant+ al$o kno%n a$ a bat)h plant or bat)hin# plant+ i$ a de!i)e
that )ombine$ !ariou$ in#redient$ to &orm )on)rete. 5ome o& the$e input$
in)lude $and+ %ater+ a##re#ate >ro)k$+ #ra!el+ et).?+ &l' a$h+ pota$h+ and
)ement.
There are t%o t'pe$ o& )on)rete plant$:
1.R$"-, )i= !/"nts
A ready mixplant )ombine$ all in#redient$ e()ept &or %ater at the )on)rete plant.
2. C$ntr"/ )i= !/"nts
A central mixplant )ombine$ $ome or all o& the abo!e in#redient$ >in)ludin#
%ater? at a )entral lo)ation. The &inal produ)t i$ then tran$ported to the *ob $ite.
C"!"cit, o B"tc#in* P/"nt (.5)7
Ti)$ or !r$!"r"tion o % 8"tc# 6 )inut$s
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5.% MEAUREMENT OF COMPRESSI:E
STRENGTH
The di#ital )ompre$$ion - te$tin# ma)hine i$ u$ed to determine the)ompre$$i!e $tren#th o& hardened )on)rete $pe)imen$.
ro)edure: a$ per I5 13 - method$ o& te$t$ &or $tren#th o& )on)rete
A. eep the $pe)imen to be te$ted )entrall' on the )lean lo%er platen $o that
$mall )learan)e i$ le&t bet%een the upper platen and the top the $pe)imen
under te$t.
B. Clo$e the pre$$ure relea$e !al!e.
C. Make the di#ital di$pla' to read @eroO b' ad*u$tin# the @ero knob.
D. ut the di$pla' unit on peak holdO mode to hold the ma(imum load
readin#.
". 5tart appl'in# the load at the $pe)i&ied pa)e rate+ %hi)h )ould be maintained b'
ad*u$tin# the $lo% &a$t knob.
9. I& the pa)e rate i$ on hi#her $ide the indi)ator di$pla'$ red )olour and the pa)e
rate i$ on lo%er $ide the indi)ator %ill di$pla' 'ello% )olour.
4. I& the pa)e rate i$ e(a)tl' eGual to $et rate then the indi)ator %ill di$pla' #reen
)olour.
/.A$ $oon a$ $ample &ail$+ relea$e the pre$$ure $lo%l' b' openin# !al!e.
I. The di#ital di$pla' %ill be holdin# the ma(imum load readin# at %hi)h $ample
ha$ &ailed. Note do%n the pattern o& &ailure and )al)ulate the )ompre$$i!e $tren#th
in Nmm2or k#)m2.
J. a)e rate &or 1 )m )ube i$ 10-10 k# $G. )mmin.
. Be&ore $tartin# another te$t+ )lean the lo%er platen and brin# the di#ital di$pla'
to @eroO po$ition b' depre$$in# the re$etO $%it)h.
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5.6 SLUMP TEST@IS %%''2
1. urpo$e:
Thi$ te$t i$ u$ed &or mea$urin# the %orkabilit' o& &re$h )on)rete. Theapparatu$ u$ed here i$ 576M C8N".
2. ro)edure:
a. A$ $oon a$ the mi( i$ prepared+ be&ore puttin# it in the $lump )one de)ide the
&reGuen)' o& the $lump !alue to be taken.
b. 8il the interior $ur&a)e o& the $lump )one %ith mould relea$in# oil to pre!ent
adhe$ion o& the )on)rete.
). la)e the $lump )one on a le!elled $ur&a)e.
d. Remi( the $ample thorou#hl' %ith the $amplin# $)oop.
e. A&ter remi(in# immediatel' &ill the $lump )one in la'er$ appro(imatel' one -
Guarter o& the hei#ht o& the )one.
&. "a)h la'er $hall be )ompa)ted %ith the tampin# rod b' 2 $troke$ di$tributed in
a uni&orm manner o!er the )ro$$-$e)tion o& the )one and &or the
$e)ond and $ub$eGuent la'er$ tampin# rod $hall penetrate into the underl'in#la'er.
#. A&ter )ompa)tin# the top la'er the )on)rete $hall be $tru)k o&& le!el %ith the top
o& the $lump )one+ u$in# a tampin# rod. An' mould %hi)h ma' ha!e leaked out
bet%een the mould and the ba$e plate $hall be )leaned a%a'.
h. 6n$)re% the $lump )one &rom the ba$e plate and remo!e it immediatel' &rom the
)on)rete b' rai$in# it $lo%l' and )are&ull' in a !erti)al dire)tion.
i. A&ter the )on)rete $ub$ide$ pla)e the $lump )one on the ba$e plate in re!er$e
po$ition and pla)e a $)ale on it. Mea$ure the hei#ht bet%een the top o& the mould
and the hi#he$t point o& the )on)rete $pe)imen bein# te$ted.
. Re$ult:
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5lump mea$ured $hall be reported in mm. Te$t i$ )ontinued at &i(ed inter!al$ &or a
time to )ompen$ate &or the lo$$ in $lump in the )our$e o& tran$portation.
5.3 CEMENT TEST
IS CODE REFFERENCE: IS 4031 (Part-5)
OBJECT : This test procedure covers to find outthe Cement test
APPARATUS : a) !icat apparatus "ith need#e
$) !icat mou#d
PROCEDURE
STANDARD CONSISTENCY
a) Ta%e 300 &ms of cement$) 'i %no"n percenta&e of disti##ed "aterc) The SC of cement paste is defined at that consistenc "hich "i##
permit the vicat p#un&er to a point 5 to *mm
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INITIAL SETTING TIME
a) Prepare a neat cement paste $ &au&in& the cement "ith 0+5times the "ater re,uired to &ive a paste of standard consistenc
$) i##-up the vicat mou#d "ith cement paste
c) The period $et"een the time "hen "ater added to the cement .the time of "hich need#e fai#s to pierce the test $#oc% $ 5mm sha##$e initia# settin& time
FINAL SETTING TIME
a) /ep#ace the need#e of vicat apparatus for fina# settin& time$) The period e#apsin& $et"een the time "hen "ater is added to the
cement . the time at "hich the need#e ma%es comparison on thesurface of test $#oc% "hich the a##otment fai#s to do so sha## $e thefina# settin& time
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
a) Prepare cu$e of 50s, cms area usin& vi$ratin& machine$) 'a%e nine o cu$e ach cu$e consists of 200 &ms of cement
00 &ms of standard (3 &rades) . "ater P46307 . test itfor 3*2+ das
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Construction M"t$ri"/s
&.% CEMENT
Cement i$ a binder + a $ub$tan)e that $et$ and harden$ independentl' + and )an bind
other material$ to#ether. The mo$t important u$e o& )ement i$ the produ)tion o&
mortar and )on)rete .
The u$e o& 8RDINAR< 8RT7AND C"M"NT >8C? + )on&ormin# to I5 =112
ha$ been re)ommended in the )on$tru)tion o& %hole buildin#. The )ement u$ed on
the $ite %a$ 8C o& #rade$. The &ollo%in# t%o )ompanie$ )ement %a$ u$ed at
$ite .
A)8u1" C$)$nt 97 Gr"-$ OPC
ACC C$)$nt 97 Gr"-$ OPC
Co)!r$ssi$ Str$n*t#20 The ma(imum )ompre$$i!e $tren#th o& 8C $hould not
be le$$ than E2Q1 hour le$$ than 2 Ma .
S$ttin* Ti)$20 ;hen te$t$ on i)atP$ mould apparatu$ + the initial $ettin# time o&
)ement $hould not be le$$ than 0 minute$ and &inal $ettin# time $hould not bemore than 300 minute$>10 hour$?.
Fin$n$ss20 ;hen $ie!ed throu#h I5 0 mi)ron $ie!e + the re$idue b' %ei#ht
$hould not be more than 10S.
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&.6 AGGREGATES
The a##re#ate$ like $and + bri)k balla$t and $tone are inert material$ . Their
propertie$ #reatl' in&luen)e the beha!ior o& )on)rete $in)e the' o))up' about =0S
o& the total !olume o& )on)rete. It i$ lo#i)al to u$e ma(imum o& a##re#ate$ $in)ethe' pro!ide bulk to the )on)rete + are le$$ e(pen$i!e and are &reel' a!ailable in
nature. A))ordin# to I5 : =-1E0 + a##re#ate$ are )la$$i&ied a$ :-
Fin$ A**r$*"t$s
Co"rs$ A**r$*"t$s
Fin$ A**r$*"t$s Cours$ A**r$*"t$s
The a##re#ate$ %hi)h pa$$ throu#h .E $ie!e and retained on E mi)ron $ie!e are
kno%n a$ 9ine a##re#ate$. The a##re#ate$ %hi)h pa$$ throu#h Emm $ie!e and
retained on .Emm $ie!e are kno%n a$ )oar$e a##re#ate$.
u"/it, o A**r$*"t$s 20 A##re#ate$ $hall )on$i$t$ o& naturall' o))urrin#
$tone$ + #ra!el and $and or )ombination thereo&. A$ &ar a$ po$$ible &lak' and
elon#ated pie)e$ $hould be a!oided. A##re#ate$ $hall not )ontain an'
harm&ul material $u)h a$ p'rite$ + )oal + li#nite + mi)a + $hale or $imilar.
Si$ o A**r$*"t$s 20 20mm $i@e a##re#ate$ i$ $uitable &or mo$t o& the
%ork. 10 mm $i@e a##re#ate$ i$ al$o $uitable &or the )on)rete mi(.
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A**r$*"t$ Crus#in* :"/u$ 2- A$ per I5 =-1E0 + the a##re#ate !alue
%hen determined in a))ordan)e %ith the method $pe)i&ied in 2=3-13
$hall not e()eed S b' %ei#ht.
A**r$*"t$ I)!"ct :"/u$ 2- A$ per I5 =-1E0 + the a##re#ate impa)t !alue+ %hen determined in a))ordan)e %ith method $pe)i&ied in 2=3-13 $hall
not e()eed S b' %ei#ht.
S!$ciic Gr"it,20 The $pe)i&i) #ra!it' o& an a##re#ate #i!e$ !aluable
in&ormation on it$ Gualit' and propertie$. /i#her the $pe)i&i) #ra!it' o& an
a##re#ate the harder and $tron#er it %ill be. A$ per BI5+ the $pe)i&i) #ra!it'
$hould be 2.33 that o& )oar$e $and $hould be 2.3+ that o& &ine $and $hould be
2.3.
Bu/4 D$nsit,20 Bulk den$it' i$ the %ei#ht o& a##re#ate reGuired to &ill the
)ontainer unit !olume. It i$ e(pre$$ed in #litre. A$ per BI5+ bulk den$it' o&
)ement and ri!er &ine $and $hould be 1.k#litre that o& )oar$e $and and
broken $tone are 1.30.
Gr"-in* Li)its or co"rs$ "**r$*"t$s2- The #radin# o& &ine a##re#ate$+%hen determined $hall be %ithin the limit #i!en in table o& I5:=-1E0 and
$hall de$)ribed a$ per &ine a##re#ate+ 4radin# @one 1+2++. The $and
)on&ormin# to #radin# @one $hould not be u$ed &or RCC %ork$.
Si$s o co"rs$ "**r$*"t$s us$- "t sit$
10mm
20mm
0mm
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&.7 ADMI3TURES
It i$ the material other than %ater + )ement + a##re#ate %hi)h i$ u$ed a$ an
in#redient o& )on)rete. It i$ immediatel' u$ed be&ore and durin# mi(in#. SIKA
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;.% CONCLUSION
It ha$ been an o!er%helmin# e(perien)e %orkin# at R8B near apurthala under
the #uidan)e o& "r. /arbha*an 5in#h + a$ I %a$ to %itne$$ the !ariou$ )on$tru)tion
pra)ti)e$ that are )arried out in the modern a#e and time. The trainin# I attended i$
!er' u$e&ul a$ I #ot a lot o& learn &rom it.
M' trainin# $tarted on 23thMa'201+ a$ the da' pro#re$$ed I %a$ &ir$tl' made
a%are o& $a&et' mea$ure$ and rule$ a&ter %hi)h I %a$ allo%ed to enter the $ite.
De$pite o& m' pa$t one trainin# thi$ $ite %a$ totall' di&&erent &or me.It %a$ bit hard
to under$tand e!er'thin# at the $tart temperature$ 0 De#ree Cel$iu$ ande(perien)e at $u)h a lar#e )on$tru)tion %a$ @ero but da' a&ter da' I adapted m'$el&
Toda' m' kno%led#e i$ up to the mark %here I )an indi!iduall' take a $tand and
#et pro#re$$i!e re$ult$ at an' )on$tru)tion $ite.
Mitul Chopra
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;.6 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
DRA;IN45
;II"DIA
5IT" "N4IN""R
R8J"CT MANA4"R
56"