raising goats for meat and milk

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Raising Goats

For MiZk and MeatBy Rosalee Sinn


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Rosalee Sinn is the Northeast Directorfor Heifer Projec t international. Shehas selected, processed and shippedthousands of goats for HPI to programareas located in dozens of developingcountries and in rural areas of theUnited States. She has visited goatprojects in Central America and theCaribbean and has taught dairy goatmanagement courses in Cameroon, West

Africal

This manual was originallywritten for training courses inCameroon. It has been revised for moreuniversal use.


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Raising Goats for Milk and Meat

Rosalee Sinn

A Heifer Projec t International Training Course

Heifer Project internationalBox 808

Little Rock, Arkansas 72203

Original Printing December 1983

Second Printing July 1983

Third Printing (With Revisions) July 1985


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This book is dedicated to the small farmers

in the Northwest Province of Cameroon, West

Africa. I am indebted to them for their

encouragement in my early attempts toformalize this training manual and for their

willingness to work with me in discovering

anew the benefits of goat husbandry.

- Rosalee Sinn


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MEMO TO TRAINING INSTRUCTORS

This manual is directed toward persons in rural development areas.Educational backgrounds will vary. Most people in the course willhave backgrounds in either livestock or crop farming.

The focus of the manual is on European breeds of dairy goats.However, we recognize that in many .areas there are crossbredswhich may have been upgraded to milk animals. The material inthe manual is applicable to native (local) milk animals as well.

The manual has been field tested in Cameroon, West Africa. Someof the management procedures are adapted from those experiences.

The manual may reflect different procedures than those used inyour particular area. During the training sessions you will wantto give additional information which is appropriate to your situation.

GENERAL PROCEDURES

1) Read the entire manual. Identify those areas which you willwant to adapt or change.

2) Review each lesson.

3) Identify words that need clarification.

4) Decide on tasks, hands-on experiences, and arrange foranimals, equipment and supplies needed o

Note : A filmstrip is available to accompany the course. WriteHeifer Project International, Box 808, Little Rock, AR72203


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RAISING GOATS FOR MILK AND MEAT

I

A Heifer Project International Training Course

Rosalee SinnNortheast DirectorHeifer Project International

illustrations by:Barbara Carter,Randolph, Vermont

INTRODUCTION

PurposeHistory of GoatsVocabularyReview of BreedsEuropean /USA Breeds - ExoticsBreed Size Standards for European/USA Breeds

LESSON I - INTRODUCTION TO DAIRY GOATS

Benefits of Owning a Dairy Goat 10Problems of Owning a Dairy Goat 11Parts of the Goats Body 12

Selecting a Good Dairy Goat 14

Evaluating Bucks 16

Determining the Age of Goats 17

Determining the Weight of a Goat 18

C rowth Records 19

Observation Sheet 20

LESSON II - HOUSING, FEEDERS AND CONTAINMENT

Housing 21

Mangers and Feeding Equipment 22

Containment 23

Milking Equipment 25


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LESSON II1 - FEEDING

The Ruminant Digestive System 27Feeding the Newborn 28CAE Prevention Program 29Feeding the Weaned Kid Up to One Year 31Feeding the Mature Goat 31Feeding the Milking Doe 32

Feeding the Pregnant Doe 32Feeding the Breeding Buck 33Nutrients in a Goats Diet 33Example Feeds 33Hay Storage 33Silage 33aForages and Grasses 33aProtein Supplements 38Husbandry Systems 40Managing Goats During Wet and Dry Seasons 41

LESSON IV - BREEDING AND CROSSBREEDING

Breeding the Doe 43Crossbreeding 45Selecting a Buck 46Caring for the Pregnant Doe 46Reproductive Organs of Buck and Doe 47Gestation Table 48

LESSON V - KIDDING

Preparation for Kidding 49Signs of Kidding 50Normal Delivery Positions 51Abnormal Birth Positions 52Helping With a Difficult Birth 53General Procedures 53Stages of Birth 54Disbudding/Dehorning 56Building a Disbudding Box 57How to Care for Growing Kids 58Castration and Vasectomy of Bucks 59Health Care for Kids 60

LESSON VI - CARE OF THE MILKING DOE - MILK PRODUCTS

Milking Equipment and SuppliesProper Milking ProceduresHowto Care for the MilkDrying Off a DoeMastitisMilk Products - YogurtCheeseComposition of Milk

6162646565666772


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LESSON VII - HEALTH CARE FOR YOUR GOATS

Signs of a Healthy GoatNormal Goat Physiological DataVaccination ProgramHoof TrimmingHow to Take a Coats TemperatureHow to Drench an AnimalHow to Give a BolusHow to Give an Injection

Guide to Common Coat DiseasesParasites - Lice, Ear MitesParasites - TicksParasites - Stomach Worms, TapewormsItems and Medications to Keep Your Goat Healthy

7373747576767777

7882828487

LESSON VIII - RECORD KEEPING

The Importance of RecordsIndividual Goat RecordsMilk Records

888997

LESSON IX - SELECTING AND SLAUGHTERING GOATS FOR MEAT

Culling 102Handling Animals Prior to Slaughter 102Preparation for Slaughter 102Equipment Needed 103Slaughtering 103

Tables 107

References 109

(Additional copies of Observation andrecord sheets and expense and income


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Overview 1

RAISING GOATS FOR MILK AND MEAT

INTRODUCTION

PURPOSE

The purpose of this course is to provide a guide to learning basic careand management of dairy goats. lt is directed toward persons in ruraldevelopment areas. It is designed to be used in a classroom situation.The ideal classroom setting will provide for hands-on experiences withgoats. If possible, plan to have a yearling doe, a lactating (milking)doe, a mature buck and two kids present during the instruction period.

Experience with and observation ofgoats during the training course isimportant. Good management beginswith basic knowledge and dailyobservation. Observation at specialtimes such as estrus (heat period),and breeding, parturition (birth) orduring illness is critical. While allareas of management cannot beobserved during the training course,students may be invited to return tothe training center or visit anothergoat breeder at the other significantperiods.

Information on forages, feedby-products and climate may varyin each situation. However, mostof the material in this manual isapplicable regardless of location.

The course can also be used by an individual student, utilizing theadvice and assistance of other goat breeders, extension personnel andlocal veterinarians.

HISTORY OF GOATS

Goats have been used as a source of meat and milk since the earliestdays of recorded history. They wet-e first domesticated about tenthousand years ago in the Tigris-Euphrates Valley in SouthwesternAsia. Goats are mentioned two hundred times in the Bible. Mosesordered the altar cloths in the Tabernacle woven of silk and goat hair.In 1981, the goat population of the world was reported at 445 million.

The goat has been traditionally raised for meat and milk. The factthat goats are comparatively small animals and cost very little formaintenance has led goat farming to be popular among small scalefarmers,


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2 Overview

Coats have some advantages over other animals. They are widely adaptedthroughout the world. They thrive and reproduce in tropical or coldclimates and in humid as well as dry regions.

Their small size compared to cattle permits them to be maintained on alimited area of land. Goats transform feeds left behind by other speciesinto meat, milk and fiber. They will consume a wide variety of grasses,

weeds and leaves and small branches of bushes and trees. Goats alsoserve as scavengers, consuming discarded leaves, peelings and roots ofvegetables, husks of corn, citrus and banana peelings and other wasteplant residues that would otherwise cause pollution. About two-thirds ofthe feed energy used in producing these animals comes from substanceswhich are undesirable, indigestible and inedible by humans.

Goats play a positive role in environmental protection, clearing awayundesirable plant species. They reduce bush encroachment in rangelandareas.

Their small size makes them ideal for family milk and meat production.

The milk is sufficient to contribute to the nutrition of children withouthaving storage problems associated with the larger supplies from cattle.The meat can be consumed by a family before it spoils in warm climateswhere no refrigeration is available.

In addition to meat and milk, goats make important contributions to theworlds supply of skins and cbf by-products such as blood and bone meal,horns and fertilizer. Goats irr the developing nations contribute about75% of the worlds supply of goat skins.

There are negatives too. Uncontrolled grazing and at- too many goatsdirectly cause deterioration of rangelands. Goats are probably not the

initial cause of rangeland deterioration, but they may be the primaryculprit during the later stages of destruction. Uncontrolled goats canbe destructive of household and neighborhood crops.

Goats have had and will continue to have an important role inagricultural development and food production on small farms around theworld.


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Overview 3

VOCABULARY

Buck:Sire:Wether:

Doe:Dam :

Kid:Kidding :Doel ing :Buckling :Yearling :

Purebred:Crossbred :Bush Goat:

Colostrum :Lactation Period :Gestation Period :

REVIEW OF BREEDS

Male GoatFatherCastrated Male

Female GoatMother

Young goat under six months of ageGiving birthFemale goat 6 to 12 months oldMale goat 6 to 12 months oldAny goat 12 to 24 months old

Both sire and dam belong to the same breedSire and dam are of different breedsSire and dam are of unknown breeds (local goat)

The first milk coming after kiddingTime during which milk is givenTime doe carries young before birth

Most of the dairy goats in useThere are some 60 recognizedmultipurpose animals.

1 today originated in the Middle East.breeds. The vast majority of these are

The JAMNAPARI of Northern India

is a dual purpose goat that hasundergone some selection for milkproduction. Its coat color is whitewith patches of tan or black oftenon the k,ead. It has a largeconvex face and large pendulousears. The average milk yield is160-200 kg over 210-240 days.The maximum yield is reported at544 kg in 250 days.

Grade Jamnapari female goat, Surabaja, Indonesia

The BEETAL is a large spotted black goat of the Punjab in India. Ithas large pendulous ears, a Roman nose and wattles usually presenton both sides of the lowe,r neck. Milk yield averages 140-230 kg in150-225 days. Maximum yield reported for a Beetal is 592 kg in 177days.


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4 Overview

The BARBARI, Often called the dwarf milk goat, is a white or spottedfawn goat of Northern India. The ears are small and erect. They areconsidered pro1 ific breeders. Milk production is lower, averaging100-700 kg in 200-250 days.

The DAMASCUS is a red goat of the eastern Mediterranean region. Thedoes are polled or horned and have tassels hanging from the lower neck.Milk production is usually highest during the sixth lactation. Average

milk yield ranges from 400 to 500 kg over a lactation of 238-263 days.

The SUDANESE Nubian originated in East Africa. It has the typicalNubian convex face with large ears. Color markings vary. Averagemilk yeilds are low, about l-l .25 kg per day, hut usually only 60 kgper lactation.

The BLACK BENGAL is an interestingbreed since it has a number ofoutstanding features. These goatsare found in Bengal, India and inthe northern part of East Pakistan

where they are very widelydistributed. The breed iseconomically important because inaddition to its production of meatof high quality, it also producesa skin for which there isconsiderable demand. The skinis used extensively for makinghigh quality shoes.

West African Dwarf goats; the doe on the right had 12kids and reared 11, in 4 kidding at infervals of 6 months.

DWARF GOATS withdisproportionately shortlegs, which are oftenbent, occur in and nearthe tropical forest beltin West and CentralAfrica. A typicalexample is the FontaDjallon or WEST AFRICANDWARF GOAT. Theseare about 50 cm in heightand 20 kg in weight.Growth rate and milkyield are very low, buttwin and triplet birthsare common and theybreed at all times of theyear. They are usedalmost exclusively formeat production. Dwarfgoats are Tsetse flyresistant.


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Overview 5

EUROPEAN - USA BREEDS - EXOTICS

European Breeds were introduced to the United States and other areasas the quickest means for increasing milk production. These breedsare generally above average in size with mature does weighing 45-55 kgand bucks 60-75 kg.day lactation.

Milk production ranges from 350-900 kg in a 300

Four European breeds - Saanen, Nubian, Alpine and Toggenburg - willbe the focal point for this course. They will be considered both aspurebred producers and for their potential in crossing with local goatssuch as the African Dwarf.

SAANEN - Average lactation800-900 kg in 275-300 days.*

The Saanen is a large animal of strong bone. The breed originatedin Switzerland with records indicating that the first i:rlports to theUnited States were in 1904.animal.

It is an all white or crea)xy-coloredThe face is straight,

hair is short and fine.the ears are upright and i Tert. The

producers.Saanens are vigorous animals and high

* Milk production figures indicate amounts which will be high foranimals receiving limited protein and energy supplements. On theother hand, they will be low for herds on heavy concentrate diets.


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6 Overview

ALPINE - Average lactation600-900 kg in 250-305 days.

The French Alpine originated in the French Alps, and most goats of theAlpine type were imported to the United States from France. They aremedium to large in size and are hardy and adaptable animals, thriving inmany climates. The face is either straight or slightly dished. The colorpatterns can vary. The French Alpine is described in the following terms:

Cou Blanc - (coo blanc) this means literally white neck - thefrontquarters are white and the hindquarters are black, withblack or gray markings on head.

Cou Clair - (coo clair) the literal translation is clear neck -frontquarters are tan or off-white, or a shading to gray withblack hindquarters.

Cou Noir - (coo nwah) literally black neck - black frontquartersand white hindquarters.

Sundgau - (sundgow) black with white markings such as belly andfacial trim.

Pied - spotted or mottled.

C hamoisee - (shamwahzay) brown or bay - often with black face,dorsal stripe, feet and legs. On a buck this is spelled chamoise.


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Overview 7

TOGGENBURGAverage Lactation - 600-900 kg 275-305 days

The Toggenburg is a Swiss breed from the Toggenburg Valley inSwitzerland. It has been called the oldest breed of Switzerland andwas one of the first to be imported to the United States. It is a

medium size and sturdy in appearance.to medium and is fine and soft. The hair is usually shortHowever, some individuals havea heavy hair coat. The color varies from light fawn to dark chocolate.The distinct white markings are two white stripes down the face fromabove each eye to the muzzle; hind legs white from hocks to hooves;forelegs white from knees downward with dark below the knee acceptable;a white triangle on either side of the tail; a white spot may be atroot of wattles* or in that area if no wattles are present. The earsare erect and carried forward. The nose is straight or slightly dished.

* Wattles are small appendages, usually hanging from the neck of agoat, but may appear anywhere about the head and neck. They donot appear on all goats and are hereditary. They serve no purposeand are often removed during the first few weeks as they aresubject to getting caught in fences, etc. (see goat on page 14)


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8 Overview

NUBIAN - Average lactation700-900 kg in 275-300 days.

Milk has high butterfat content.

The Nubian is a relatively large, graceful dairy goat. It is said to be ofOriental origin. Its distinguishing characteristic is the head. Theprofile between the eyes and the muzzle is strongly convex, creating itsRoman nose. The ears are long, wide and pendulous. They lie close tothe head at the temple and gently flare out and forward. The hair isshort and glossy. The colors vary greatly, with black, tan or redcolors predominating. Any color or pattern is acceptable.

Nubians often adjust more readily to extreme heat.


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Overview 9

BREED SIZE STANDARDS

6 reed Min. Height Min. Weight Min. Height Min. Weight

Mature Does Mature Does Mature Bucks Mature Bucks

Alpine 76.2 cm 30 61.3 kg 135 lbs 81.2 cm 32 77.2 kg 170 Ibs

Nubian 76.2 cm 30 61.3 kg 135 Ibs 81.2 cm 32 77.2 kg 170 Ibs

Saanen 76.2 cm 30 61.3 kg 135 Ibs 81.2 cm 32 77.2 kg 170 Ibs

Toggenburg 66.0 cm 26 54.5 kg 120 Ibs 71.1 cm 28 68.1 kg 150 Ibs


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18 Introduction to Dairy Goats

LESSON I - INTRODUCTION TO DAIRY GOATS//I1

1) What are the benefits of owning a dairy goat?

a) Nutritional - While forty-nine per cent of the worlds population drinkgoats milk, eighty per cent of children in rural areas do not havemilk or milk products. A dairy goat will help provide milk for goodhealth in children and adults. Dairy goat milk provides protein andcalcium. The fat in goats milk is in smaller pieces than in cowsmilk and is easier to digest. It is very good for people who havestomach (gastric) problems and for babies, small children and olderpeople. One or two goats produce enough milk for a family. Sincethe milk can be used in a day, refrigeration is not required.Pasteurization of the milk is recommended, particularly in areaswhere regular tests for Tuberculosis and Brucellosis are not

available for the animals.- What is Protein? Protein in our diet builds strong bones,

teeth, hair and muscle.

- What foods are high in protein? Beans, meat, eggs, andmilk -- milk, meat and eggs are complete proteins. Beanseaten with rice make a more complete protein.

- What is Calcium? Calcium is a mineral used to make bonesand teeth. Without it children get weak, have crooked bonesand bad teeth. Older people who do not have enough calcium

in their diet have bones that break easily. Children oftencomplain of growing pains.

- What does one liter of goats milk a day provide?--all the protein a child needs to age six--SO% of the protein a child needs to age 14--half the protein a child age 14-20 needs--all the calcium a child to age 10 needs--almost all the calcium a child age 18- 18 needs--all the calcium old people need

- What does goat meat provide? Good nutrition - plenty of

protein and important vitamins and minerals.b) Economic - If you care for your dairy goat properly and give her

plenty of green chop (forage), she will give you at least a liter ofmilk every day for 300 days each year. She will also give you oneor two kid goats each year which you can sell, use for meat or raisefor additional milk producers. If you give your dairy goat ricebran, wheat bran, cottonseed cake or other protein supplements,she will give more milk. If you have extra milk you can make cheeseto eat or sell. You can also sell the horns and skin from your goats.


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c) Fertilizer - Ifyour goats on

introduction to Dairy Goats 11

you put the manure and urine collected fromyour garden, it will improve the soil and make

the garden grow better. You can put the manure directlyon your garden and mix it into the soil or put the manure ina bucket, cover with water and the next day pour the teaon your plants.

Whey is the by-product of cheesemaking. It can be fed topigs or chickens. Whey can also be used to fertilize yourcrops. Put approximately 2.54 cm or i inch of whey on thefirst year. Individual applications can be put at half thisamount. Do not put on growing foliage. Whey is a completefertilizer similar to manure. Apply whey to the same cropsyou would apply manure. Apply at rates consistent withnitrogen needs.

d) Pleasure - Holidays and special occasions are times whengoat meat is appreciated. Children and adults enjoy goats.They are affectionate, intelligent and energetic. Theyenjoy climbing on rocks. They like to go for walks with theperson who cares for them. Goats are easier to keep cleanthan cows.

What are the problems of owning a dairy goat?

a) She must be fed plenty of green chop (forage) at least twicea day. A mature goat needs to have green feed before heras often as possible to produce plenty of milk.

b) A dairy goat needs plenty of water -- 6-8 liters a day.

c) A dairy goat needs milking twice a day - morning andevening. You will get more milk if you milk your goattwice a day than if you only milk once.

d) A dairy goat who is not tethered (tied) may get intoyour garden or even worse your neighbors garden. Ifshe is not tied, she needs a fenced paddock. If you tieyour goat you need to move her several times each day.


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e) You will have to care for your goat when she is sick.

f) You will need to find a good buck to breed her once a year.

g) You will have to find someone to care for her while you areaway.

3). How does a dairy goat differ from a local (bush, country) goat?

a) local goats range freely

b) local goats receive no supplements

c) local goats have no special shelter

d) local goats produce only enough milk to raise the kids.

4) Identify the parts of the goats body.


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Introduction to Dairy Goats 13

USE THE DIAGRAM BELOW TO PRACTICE IDENTIFYINGTHE PARTS OF A GOATS BODY:


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14

6)

Introduction to Dai t-y Goats

How do you selec

The goat pictured above has excellent dairy qualities.

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a dairy doe (female) should have feminine characteristics. Sheshould have fine features - not like a male - not coarse.

straight top line - feel individual vertebrae - sharp withersnot fat

long rump - not too steep

wide chest - Plenty of space for lungs to breathe andheart to pump blood

bright sleek coat

plenty of capacity for feed and kids; open ribs

large heart girth

straight legs - hips prominent, pins sharp

strong muzzle - jaw not undershot or overshot

loose, pliable coat

alert, bright eyes

she should walk soundly with no trace of a limp

a dairy goats udder should blend smoothly with the body walland be securely bound across the entire upper surface. It iscarried well forward, sloping gently into a gradual upwardcurve. The rear udder attachment is high, wide, firm andstrong . It is firmly fastened at a wide escutcheon.


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Here are examples of a good udder


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7)be sure he is in good health.

a) The buck should be masculine. His head should bemedium in length. He should have a broad muzzlewith large open nostrils. His eyes should be bright.

b) His back should be strong and straight. His rumplong, wide and nearly level. He should have stronglegs and feet. His legs should be wide apart andsquarely set q

c) The buck should have two testicles of appropriatesize. Visible parts of the reproductive system shouldshow no evidence of disease or disability.

d) Two rudimentary teats of uniform size should besquarely placed below a wide, arched escutcheon.

e) A buck should have dairy character and showanimation, general openness and freedom from excesstissue. He should have a large body capacity toprovide ample digestive capacity, strength and vigor.


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8) Determining the Age of Goats

Sometimes when we look at a dairy goat, it is helpful to know the age.We can determine this b y looking at the goats teeth.

Goats have no teeth in the upper jaw. The lower jaw has eight frontteeth. Toward the back of the mouth goats have large teeth calledmolars to chew the grass.

The front teeth are small and sharp in animals less than one year ofage. At about one year, the center pair of teeth will drop out andare replaced by two large permanent teeth. At about two years, twomore large front teeth appear, one on each side of the first twoyearling teeth. The three to four year old has six permanent teeth.The four to five year olds have a complete set of eight permanentteeth in front.

After this age, the approximate age can be told by the amount ofwear in the front teeth. As the animal gets older, the teeth spreadapart and finally become loose and some drop out. At this age theanimal begins to lose its usefulness as a grazing animal. It may bekept and fed specially prepared feeds if the animal is still capableof reproduction. [Colby, Dairy Goats, Breeding, Feeding,Management)


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9) To determine the weight of a goat, measuje the goat around the heartgirth. Pull the tape tightly.

Inches

13.%13-z

16. Y,16-T,17.%1701,18. a18-T,19. Y,19.1,20. Y,20-Z21-Y,21-X2% Y.l22-T2s Y,23-X24- Y,24- 225- Y25- f;

WEIGHT CHART

Ccntimetres27.328.629.931.132.433.734.936.237.538.740.041.342.743.845.146.447.648.950.251.452.753.955.356.557.859.1ca.361.662.9

Pounds

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w2.272.492.732.953.173.634.084.544.995.445.906.807.718.629.52

10.4311.3412.2413.1514.0614.9715.8716.7817.6919.0520.4 121.7723.1324.4925.8527.2 1

Inches Ccntimetrcs Pounds Kg

26. %

E-:27:r:28- %

xi-fx&j

3076

31-Y,31.);32-Y,32-X33-Y,33.%34-Y,34-r,35-Y,

35.7,

66.767.969.270.571.773.074.375.076.878.0

28.529.931.232.634.035.336,738.139.440.8

79.480.781.983.284.585.787.088.389.5

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13538-Y,36.%37-Y,37-j,38-Y,38-r,39-Y,39-t;40-Y,40-3;41-Y,41-x

92.193.4

RX97.298.499.7

101.0102.2103.5104.8106.1

140145150155

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42.144.045.847.649.852.154.456.658.9

61.263.465.768.070.272.574.877.179.381.683.986.188.4

Adapted from Ralston Purina Company.


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Introduction to Dairy Coats 19

GROWTH RECORDS

It is important to keep growth records. This helps you to determine

if kids are developing properly.

Age a Lbs

Birth 3.8 8

i mo. 9.4 21

2 mo. 14.4 32

4 mo. 25.6 57

6 mo. 32.8 73

12 mo. 48.6 108

18 mo. 61.4 136

21 mo. 64.8 144

Although these figures are not necessarily offered as the ideal,they should give you some indication as to average growthpatterns.

Source: Adapted from Dairy Goat Journal, April 1971

TASKS FOR LESSON 1:

1) Work with another person to identify the parts of agoats body.

2) Use the teeth chart to determine a goats age.

3) Select a goat and use the observation sheet.


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OBSERVATION SHEET

Additional Observation Sheets will be found at the end of the manual.

Name of goat to be observed

Tag Number (if any)

Breed

Tattoo Sex

Age

If Female: Bred Open Date Due to Kid

If Male: Check testicles to be sure both are descended. Check general conditionof reproductive organs.

Current Feeding Schedule

Weight Compare with projected weights on Page 19 of Manual.

Treated for parasites When

Each day observe the following and record:

Medication

5)

6)

7)

8)

91

General Appearance

Activity Level

Legs and Hooves

Any external problems such as abcesses, parasites, etc.

Condition of eyes, nose, mouth

Condition of feces (droppings) - pellet-like, ploppy, loose, diarrhea

Milk Production - if lactating kilos per day

liters per day

Any signs of mastitis

Eating habits

Check any of the following signs of illness:

off feed standing

dehydration abnormal

off from group

temperature

limping

blindness

diarrhea

pale mucosa around eyes

heavy mucous in nose or

no sign of cud chewing

and in mouth

mouth

runny eyes

circling movements

clots or bloody milk

swelling at any point in body

hair falling out or rough in appearance


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Housing, Feeders and Containment 21

LESSON II - HOUSING, FEEDERS AND CONTAINMENT

I) HOUSING

Housing for your goats should have a dry floor and goodventilation. The housing should protect your goats from thesun and rain.

Stilted housing is common where rainfall is heavy and goatsneed protection against possible waterlogging. In this typeof housing the floor of the pen is raised about l-l. 5 metersabove ground level. This facilitates easy cleaning andcollection of manure and urine. Slatted floors are one of thecomponents of this type of housing.

The ground-level house with a dirt floor takes several forms.It may be a lean-to type of building. In this type of housing

the buildings are about 2-3 meters high, sloping to about l-l. 5meters behind. The floor can be made out of rough concrete,but more commonly is packed clay or earth. If you put adrainage ditch around the housing, it will keep the floor dryduring heavy rains. If you use a dirt floor, make pallets orsleeping benches for your goats to rest on.

Whatever the type of housing, it must be light, well-ventilated,and easily cleaned. Materials must be suitable to localconditions.

(Above paragraphs adapted from C. Devendra - Goat Productionin the Tropics.)

Housing for bucks should be separate from the does. Having abuck near the milking area will give the milk a bad taste. Hisbuilding can be small, but he should have an outside pen anddry floor. He can also have a pallet to sleep on and shouldhave appropriate mangers and feeders.

Kids should be separated from the doe by the age of two weeks.Up to six weeks of age, they can be kept in one meter boxeswhich have solid sides. These should be cleaned daily, but aregood in that they keep the kids from drafts. The kids shouldhave small mangers and feeders.


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22 Housing, Feeders and Containment

Each mature goat needs :

1.5 meters by 1 meter of spaceshelter from rain, heavy winds and too much

suna dry floor - well drained soil works well

a slatted floor should be wideenough for manure to fall through,but narrow enough that a goatslegs do not get caughthousing designed for easy manureremovalgood ventilation. Hot air rises,so make openings high to preventdraftsa pallet or sleeping benchexercise

2) MANGERS AND FEEDING EQUIPMENT

The most important thing about the manger is that it keeps the greenchop, hay or vegetable cuttings off the ground so that they will notbe contaminated. There are many different kinds of mangers. Theymust be built suitable to the goats size and in such a way that thegoats cannot contaminate them with their feet.

Slatted Feeder

If slatted feeders are too highabove the goats head, the dustfrom the hay can irritate thegoats eyes. There will alwaysbe some waste in this type offeeder as the hay which falls onthe ground will be wasted . Puta bar on the top. Otherwise theaoats mav sleep in the feeder.

Keyhole Feeder

Keyhole feedersprevent contaminationof the feed. Wasteis further preventedif a box can be placedon the opposite sidefrom the keyholes.


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Hav Can Be Tied

Hay can be tied to the pen or on a tree branchif you do not have a manger or keyhole feeder.

The important thing is that the hay is kept offground. Be sure the rope is tied in such athat when the hay is gone the goat cannot

e strangled by the rope.

IWater Buckets

Water buckets are very important.They should be kept clean andshould be low enough to be reachedby small animals. For largeranimals hanging the buckets abovethe ground keeps the water frombeing soiled. Water buckets canalso be placed outside the pen withaccess through keyhole opening.

Salt Boxes

Mineral salt should be offeredfree choice and be kept in acontainer which is off theground. This can be a smallwooden box. If mineral saltis not available, then givecommon salt to your animals.

3) CONTAINMENT

Fencing must be strong and high enough to contain a goat.Wire fencing is expensive so you will probably want to makeyour fences from bamboo or other small timbers. A livingfence can be planted. The top of the fence often can becut and used for forage. Leucaena (Ipil-lpil) is one example.


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popular way of keeping theanimal. When a goat istethered it is importantto see that the goatcan get into the

shade and bemoved of tenso that it

Tethering or tying a goat is a- _

can get enoughfeed. Arunningtether isone which has a long wire or rope staked at both ends. The tetheris attached with some kind of ring.to forage in a wider area.

This gives the goat opportunity

Be sure water is available.

Do not tether your animal if dogs or wild animals may attack.

Be sure to check for any poisonous plants.

Herding

There mayyour goats

of forage.

be times when you want to herdso they can get different varieties


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II


4) MILKING EQUIPMENT

I You will need the following equipment and supplies for milking yourgoat:

aPIILKTAND

AND i%KKET

-EAT DIPCUP

6-ESTIti6 MILK


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TASKS FOR LESSON II:

1) Describe the housing you plan for your goats. Indicate materialswhich will be needed. Tell about the kind of containment youwill provide - fencing or tethering.

2) Draw a sketch of the housing, feeders and mangers you plan.

3) List the other equipment and supplies you will need for keepingyour goat such as milk stand, etc.


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--Feeding 27

LESSON III - FEEDING

The dairy goat requires five major classes of nutrients - energy, protein,minerals, vitamins and water. Fiber is also important in the diet.

Dairy goats are energetic, inquisitive and versatile in the art of foodgathering. They can consume large amounts of browse (tree leaves,bushes, twigs, etc.) in contrast to cattle and sheep who prefer grassesand legumes.

Their mobile upper lip enables them to discriminately select favored partsof plants. Goats chew their food more completely than cattle and thereforecan obtain a higher per cent of digestible material from their diet.

11 The Ruminant Digestive System

Goats are ruminant animals. This means they chew their cud. Cowsare ruminants. Sheep are ruminants. Ruminants are animals withfour stomachs. This means they can eat grasses and feeds that arenot digestible by one stomach animals. A pig and a chicken haveonly one stomach. Their digestive system is called monogastric.

To feed, the goat grips the grass or forage with the upper jaw andteeth in the lower jaw and jerks its head to pull out the grass.

It does not chew the grass, but swallows it and the grass goes into

the first stomach (rumen).

Grass comes back into the mouth to be chewed for a long time. Thisis called chewing the cud. II Then it goes to the second stomach(reticulum) and to the third stomach (omasum) and fourth stomach(abomasum) .

Ruminants can eat grass, bush, corn stocks and all kinds of productsthat humans and single stomach animals cannot eat. They thentransform these roughages into milk and meat which provide protein,calcium, vitamins and minerals for human growth.


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28 Feeding

GOAT KIDADULT GOAT

PylorusOmasum

The RUMEN is the largest of the compartments and contains many

microorganisms which supply enzymes to break down fiber. It is oftencalled the fermentation vat. Protein and B Vitamins and also Vitamin Kare all produced in the rumen.

The RETICULUM is the second stomach and is just below the entrance ofthe esophagus into the stomach. Actually, the reticulum is part of therumen, being separated by a partial wall. The lining of the reticulumlooks like a honeycomb.

The OMASUM consists of hanging layers of tissue. The large surface areaof these folds permits absorption of moisture from feed as it passes intothe fourth stomach.

The ABOMASUM is considered the true stomach. It contains hydrocloricacid and enzymes that break down feeds into simple compounds that canbe absorbed by the stomach walls and the intestines.

2) Feeding the Newborn

COLOSTRUM is the most important ingredient for a newborn kids diet.This is the first milk produced by the doe. It is usually very thickand may be pale yeilow in color. It is rich in antibodies which protectyoung kids against disease. Newborn kids should have colostrum withinthe first hour after birth.

Normal Program

First Week . . . . . . . . . . . Leave kids with doeSecond Week . . . . . . . . . . Take kids from doe and bottle or pan

feed.Give 4 liter (1 pint or 2 cups) of milk

three times each day.Put protein supplements, hay and water

near the kids and they will soonlearn to eat and drink well.


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Feeding 29

Third and Fourth Week . . . . . Two liters of milk divided into threefeedings, along with protein supplement,hay and water.

Fifth and Sixth Week . . . . . . Continue to feed 2 to 23 liters of milkdivided into three feedings.

Seventh Week . . . . . . . . . . Decrease number of feedings to twoEighth and Ninth Week . . . . . Same as seventh

Ninth to Twelfth Week . . . . .Decrease milk slowly to once a day.Wean kid.

D D D D 4~cws = about 1 liter

If your doe is penned and the kids are left with the doe, you may want to makea creep feeder for the kids. This is a space in the fence that the kids can passthrough to get feed and water and green chop, but which the doe cannot reach.

The kids should weigh about 15 kilos at the weaning age of three months.

CAE Prevention Program (See alvo P. 79 )

At Birth . . . . . . . . , . . . . . Take kids from doe immediately. Donot let kid suckle. Do not let doe lickkids. Towel dry.

Feed kid(s) at least 2 ounces heattreated colostrum within one hour ofbirth.

Continue to feed colostrum at 4-hourintervals during first day.

First Week . . . . . . . . . . . . . Give s liter (1 pint or 2 cups) pasteurized

milk or milk replacer 3 times each day.Second through Twelfth Week . . .Follow feeding schedule in normal programusing pasteurized milk.

Keep kids away from physical contactwith adult goats.

HOW TO HEAT TREAT COLOSTRUM

Fill stainless steel thermos with water that has been heatedto 131*F.

Seal for 1 hour. The water should still be at 131OF or a fewdegrees higher when removed from thermos.

Heat colostrum to 131OF. Watch carefully. Do not exceed 131OFor you will kill antibodies.

Pour water out of thermos.Pour in heated colostrum.Seal for one hour.Refrigerate or freeze in another container for future use.


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Feeding

How to Feed a Kid When It Is Taken From the Doe

Pan Feed -

Bucket Nurser -

Lambar Nipples -

Multible Bottle -Nurser

a baby bottle or Coke or Fanta bottle will do. Be surethe bottle and nipple are clean at every feeding.

you can teach the kid to drink from the pan by stickingyour finger in the milk and letting the kid suck yourfinger or by putting the kids mouth into the milk.Pan feeding is often easier and there is less contamination.Wash the pan with soap and water and sun dry afterevery feeding.

As your goat herd grows and you have many kids,you may want to make a bucket nurser. This takesa plastic bucket, some kind of plastic tubes andnipples. You can feed up to 8 kids at a time.However, it is very important that the tubes, nipples

and bucket be kept very clean. Place bucket in somekind of sturdy frame at correct height.

Australian-made natural rubber nipples for lambar-style feeders. Flange on back holds tube whichreaches into milk. Nipple fits through 518 holewhich should be placed 7 above bottom of bucket.

Order from Caprine Supply, 6657 Woodland, Shawnee,Kansas, U.S.A. 66218.

You can make a similar nurser to hold bottles withnipples.

Pictures courtesy of Benedictine Nuns, Mont-Laurier, Quebec, Canada


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Feeding

Taking the Kids From the Doe at Night Provides Extra Milk for YourFamily

31

You may choose to leave the kids with the doe until they are weaned.However, you may still want a small amount of milk for your family.

Take the kids from the doe each evening and place them in a 1 x 1 meter

enclosure with solid sides. This prevents unhealthy drafts .

Each morning, milk out the doe and save that milk for your family todrink. Put the kids back with the doe. Repeat this procedure eachday.

Milk Replacers

If the doe should die or be unable to produce enough milk for her kids,you will need to use a substitute for the does milk. Try to get colostrumfrom another doe to give to the kid. In some locations milk replacersmade especially for goats are available. If these are not available, usepowdered milk or cows milk. In the early stages you may want to diluteit with about 10% water.

3) Feeding the Weaned Kid Up to One Year

The important thing is to provide enough feed that a kid will grow well.Be sure the kid gets plenty of good mixed hay, browse or pasture, plusa protein supplement, mineralized salt and water.

Feeding the Mature Goat

A dairy goat will produce best on a diet of plenty of green chop and atleast one-half kilo of 16% protein concentrate (feed) a day.

A mixture of green chop and legume hay is excellent for dairy animals.Legume hay is hay made from special grasses and plants high in protein.Lucerne (alfalfa), Desmodium spp. (silverleaf desmodium, greenleafdesmodium), clover, beans, peas and groundnuts are legumes.

Remember if you tether (tie) your goat or have her in a pasture, be sureyour goat has access to shade and water. Remember, goats are browsers,not grazers, although they will eat grass. An area with low bushes isideal for your goat.

You can also feed your dairy animal trimmings from your vegetable garden -beets, cassava leaves, cabbage leaves and bean vines. Be careful of greenpotatoes, tomato and potato vines; they contain solanin, which is toxic.You can also give your goat beans, groundnuts or bambara groundnuts,sunflower seeds and banana peels. Do not feed too many banana peelsas this can cause diarrhea.

ALWAYS GIVE YOUR ANIMAL MORE GREEN CHOP (FORAGE, BROWSE)THAN SHE CAN EAT. BE SURE THAT IF YOU ARE CUTTING ANDCARRYING THE GREEN CHOP TO YOUR ANIMAL THAT IT IS PLACEDIN A MANGER OFF THE GROUND. YOU CANNOT FEED TOO MUCH GRECHOP.


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32 Feeding

WATER IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT INGREDIENTS OF A DAIRY GOATSDIET. BE SURE SHE RECEIVES 6-8 LITERS OF CLEAN WATER EACH DAY.IF THE WATER IS CONTAMINATED BY FECES OR OTHER FOREIGN MATTER,YOUR GOAT WILL NOT DRINK IT.

Protein and mineral supplements are recommended.

Cottonseed cake is a good protein supplement. One kilo of cottonseed cakewill provide your goat with adequate protein for four days. Wheat bran andrice bran contain good amounts of protein, although they are generally referredto as energy feeds.

Goats require calcium and phosphorus in their diet, Bone meal is high incalcium. Alfalfa, timothy, red clover, mulberry, kudzu, elephant grass(napiergrass), seaweed (kelp) and dried citrus pulp are also good sourcesof calcium. Orchardgrass, sudangrass, rice bran, wheat bran and oats aregood sources of phosphorus. Many tropical grasses are low in phosphorus.

Be sure your goat has salt in her diet. Mineralized salt is best. Iodized saltwill provide needed amounts of iodine. Common table salt can be used ifprepared mixes are not available. Make a salt box and put in loose salt foryour goat to eat free choice. Salt blocks are also acceptable.

Vitamin E and selenium should be provided in areas where these are deficient.Most of the other minerals your goat requires will be supplied in the foragesyour goat eats.

5) Feeding the Milking Doe

Rations for the milking doe should contain 14-16% crude protein. Feedrequirements are greatly increased during lactation. If you feed a prepared

concentrate, feed .5 kilo of concentrate for each 1 m kilo of milk produced.High quality hay will provide extra protein.

If you feed the milking doe on the milk stand, leave her on the stand forabout five minutes after you finish milking so that she will consume additionalprotein supplements or concentrate.

6) Feeding the Pregnant Doe

When a doe is three months pregnant you should stop milking her. The kidsinside the doe will be growing the fastest and requiring the most nutritionduring these final weeks.

If you have been feeding legumes (clover, alfalfa) which are high in calcium,it is best to replace these with grass hay at least three weeks prior to kiddingto help prevent milk fever. This forces the animal to mobilize her own bodystores and prepare for lactation.

A fat doe will have trouble kidding.

Be sure the goat gets mineralized salt and water during these critical times.


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Feeding

7j Feeding the Breeding Buck

Proper feeding is very important for the breeding buck. High qualityhay in large quantity will help maintain and grow the buck at a reasonablecost. When not being used for breeding, good pasture alone will maintainthe buck in good health.

Two weeks before and during the breeding season gradually build upto & kilo of concentrate or some kind of protein supplement twice eachday. Plenty of water and exercise is also important for the breedingbuck. Never let a buckbecome fat or sluggish or this may cause himto be sterile. Excessive gain when the buck is inactive may causeoverweight. A buck needs only 12-14% protein in his diet. After thebreeding season, reduce concentrate feeding.

8) Compositions of nutrients in a goats total diet should be:

14-16% Protein

11% Digestible Protein63% TDN (Total Digestible Nutrients)16-18% Fiber.6- 1.0% Calcium.4-. 5% Phosphorus

(The ideal calcium/phosphorus ratio for milkingdoes is 1.5:1)

9) Examples of Feeds

ENERGY FEEDS - Barley, oats, corn, bran, beetpulp, milo, wheat

PROTEIN FEEDS - Peas, beans, cottonseed cake or meal, soybeanmeal, linseed meal, brewers grains

CALCIUM FEEDS - Bone meal, elephant grass, citrus pulp

PASTURE/LEGUMES - Hay (alfalfa, grass , clover), silage (alfalfa,GRASSES grass, corn], roots (sugar beets, yucca) and

garden refuse free from chemical residue

COMMERCIAL FEEDS - Concentrates, mineral mixtures

10) Hay Storage

During the rainy season and during the extreme part of the dry season,you will want to cut hay (forage) and bring into your barn or shelter 1to dry and store for your animals. Cut forages or grasses for hayin the early bloom stage of maturity. Try to cut the hay during rain-free weather. Leave to dry one or two days before baling or stacking.


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33a Feeding

Hay which contains too much moisture will mold and be unsuitable forfeeding. You can store the hay for many weeks and it will makemanagement of your animals easier during times when it is difficult foryour animals to graze.

Elephant grass grows well in many places. If this is cut when it isyoung, it makes good hay. Sudangrass may also be used.

11) Silage

Silage is less palatable to goats then hay, but may have storageadvantages. Silage is hay which is cut into small pieces and storedin airtight conditions until febmentation occurs. Corn silage is madeby chopping the stalk and the ear. Corn silage is an acceptable feed,but should be combined with other forages and a protein supplement.Grass and legume silage are fed extensively to goats in Norway andFrance.

Small amounts of silage may be cut and stored in plastic bags. Aftercutting, press silage tightly into the bag. Press out all of the air andtie the opening. Each time you feed, press out the air.

Larger amounts of silage may be stored in a trench silo. Your livestockextensionist can advise you on proper proceedures.

12) Forages and Grasses

On the following pages are photographs of various forages. This isnot an exhaustive list. You will want to add the forages from yourarea.

In Central America, Mulberry leaves, Confrey and Ramio are widelyused. In the Caribbean, Acacia is an important forage plant. Thefollowing are used in West Africa.


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Feeding3b


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34 Feeding

Photos by Barbara NeedhamForage Specialist - Martin Djakari

DESMODIUM spp.

Prostrate creepingperennial or annualwith small leafletsof pink, blue andpurple flowers.For grazing, butnot as desirableas others. Alegume.

STYLO or BRAZILIAN LUCERNE

Alfalfa-like perennial. Mixeswell with grasses. Palabilitylow in rainy season, butreadily eaten in dry season.Young plants best. A legume.


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Feeding 35

PENN ISETUM PURPUREUMElephant grass, Napiergrass,

Uganda grass

High yielding, tall erectperennial grass with thickstems. Tolerant of shortdrought, but not waterlogging.Prefers deep soils of moderateto heavy texture. Used forhay, silage and potentialgrazing. Contains somecalcium.

TRIPSACUM LAXUMGuatemala grass, Honduras grass

Tall broad-leafed perennial.Grows tall. Is a good cropfor dry season. Grows in

humid areas, but not suitedfor grazing. Can be usedas green chop or hay. Morepersistent, but less nutritiousthan Elephant Grass.


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36 Feeding

HYPARRHENIA RUFA(Jaragua Grass or

Thatching G rassl

Palatable forage beforetussocks form. Can beused as hay. Floweringstands must be mowedor burned.

CYMBOPOGAN spp.Oil grass

Hardy, upright perennial -bunchgrass with many leaves.Seed heads resemble oats.Well adapted to light texturedsoils suitable for pasture orhay.


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Feeding 37

PENNISETUM CLANDESTINUMKikuyu grass

Excellent pasture -contains high levelsof digestible proteinthrough maturity.Stocking rates shouldbe light until grassis well established.Vigorous, aggressive,perennial grass.Prefers well-drainedsoils - droughtresistent.

BRACHIARIA spp.

Tufted perennial with

erect or sub-erect stems.


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38 Feeding

%Dry

Matter--Digeitible T\N

% %Calcium Phosphorus

Protein13) PROTEIN

SUPPLEMENTS

Cottonseed Cake 93.5 14.9 90.0 .14 .67

Rice Bran 90.7 8.4 58.9 .07 1.59

Soybean Meal 91.3 46.6 71.2 .29 .65

Brewers C rain 91.0 19.1 60.3 .27 .48

91.5 42.7 70.3 .20 .65roundnuts(peanuts)

Comparative Feeding Value of Selected Feedstuffs

% Dry % Oudo % DI0

% lotnl % % %Feedstuff Mattri Protein Prote n Dig. Nut. Fiber Cal. PhO&

Legume hays:Alfalfa, ave. anal 96 1.36 .201.26 .23lfalfa, early cut 69

Alfalfa, matureAlfalfa. dehv. Mel. x:Peanut (few nuts) 91CowpeaSovbean iiVeivet bean 67Clover. white 90

15.917.712.0

Z;:$

12:919.0

11.7

i-112:76.1

10.69.7

1:::

1.07 .161.331.12 :::1.22 .311.101.10 :%1.71 .29

11.19.0

10.0

t ::

%I

f -;10:s12.1

221:715.2

41.046.74H.735.922.623.6

%614

::t

i-s416

1::

X:Y

i-g11:9

1:ii11:7

i:i4i6

%19:5

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2.7unkn

1.62.2

unhn3.4

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'5.0

z-g10:9

2.5

161210.4

12.3

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iti

iti10:5

:.iS:?8.4-

:Fl.O

Non-legume hays:Coastal bermudaCommon bermudaSudan grassJohnson grassOat, headedCottonseed hullsPeanut hulls

Grains:

~~,y# 2 yel.

Oats, all anal.WheatMolasses, caneCottonseedsWheat bran

Protein Foodr:Cottonseed mealSoybean mealPeanut mealLinseed mealSean, pintoCowpea seed

1:: -17.19.56 .29.63 .26.26.I4 :G.24 SE

.0402 :Z

.03 .26I; .33

:%.14 .67.ll 1.26

:; I :*::.20 :63.39 .64.13 .46.09 .44

PsrtWWsngcAlfalfa. ave.Coastal bermudaCommon berm&aHoneysuckleOat. immatureRyegrass, Ital.Sundflngmns. hvo

.46 .06

.3540 ::3. 40 .19unkn unkn

.17 .ll

.I9 809

ii3941

z27

Milk:g;t* ;;z-;

Ewe: fresh

.13 .ll

.12 .lOi19 .21 .12


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Feeding 39

POULTRY LITTER - an optional protein for your goats.

The manure from poultry houses where birds are maintained on litteris designated as poultry-house litter.

Poultry litter may be successfully fed to goats and other ruminants asa protein supplement. It may contain up to 23% digestible protein.Nutrient composition varies due to bedding, number of birds, etc.Litter from replacement pullets or ongoing layer house programs isbest suited. Bedding should not be too deep. Select the litter fromwell agitated areas when the birds have been on it for at least tenweeks. These are usually within a short distance from the feeders.

The litter may be fed immediately or stockpiled for 4-6 weeks. If youstockpile the litter, it must be out of the rain and well ventilated. Donot cover with plastic. Feed less of your regular concentrate and mixfrom lO-50% litter in with the concentrate. On a maintenance programyou can feed only poultry litter and green chop with no otherconcentrate.

* Loss of amonia through evaporation lowersthe protein content of the poultry litter.

COMPOSITION OF BROILER LITTER

Dry matter (%) 84.7Composition of dry matter

Crude protein (%) 31.3

True protein (%) 16.7Digestible protein (%) 23.3Percent digestibility (%) 74.6Crude fibre (%) 16.8Ether extract (%I 3.3NFE (%) 29.53DE (sheep) (kcal/kg) 2440ME (sheep) (kcal /kg) 2181Total digestible nutrients

(sheep) ( %I 72.5Ash (%) 15Calcium (%I 2.37Phosphorus (%) 1.8Potassium (%) 1.78Copper (mg/kgl 98Iron (mg/kg) 451Manganese (mg /kg) 225Zinc (mg/kg) 235Magnesium (%) 0.44

(Source: Bhattacharya and Taylor, 1975)


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40 Feeding

14)USBANDRY SYSTEMSa) Extensive Production

Extensive husbandry systems are those which provide leastprotection from the natural environment and involve a minimumof labor. In regions. where climatic conditions are favorable

and predators are not too numerous, animals may be left freeto graze on natural pastures without fencing or housing,being herded into enclosures only when required. The mostextensive system in the tropics is bush or range grazingwith housing at night and during the rains.accepted that goats,

it is generallyalthough hardy in other ways, are

intolerant of wet or damp conditions and under suchcircumstances they are reputed to be particularly susceptibleto pneumonia and in the case of milk goats, mastitis.

b) Intensive Production

The most intensive form of production involves continuoushousing or zero grazing. This provides maximum protectionfrom the adversities of difficult environments and givescomplete control over the destructive aspects of the goatsfeeding hablts. It is ideal for dairy goats under tropicalconditions and perfect for small family herds. It makes nouse of the independent feeding habits of the goat, butcheap materials such as crop wastes, industrial wastes andvegetable peelings can be utilized. Where small numbers areconcerned, it is more economical of labor than herding themin the bush and very convenient for the control of feedingand mating. The system is suited to high-producinganimals and exotic breeds and their crosses are more likely

to be successful on zero grazing than on any other system.c) Semi-Intensive Systems

This term covers all degrees of compromise between rangemanagement and zero grazing, but usually involves controlledgrazing of fenced pastures with supplementary concentratefeeding. Tethering commonly replaces fencing.

When tethering is used care must be taken that there is nopossibility of strangulation. Shade must be always available,with drinking water and shelter from rain provided whenrequired. It is essential to change the place of tetheringevery day so that fresh herbage and a variety of plants canbe obtained by the animal.

The great advantage of permitting some grazing, whetherfree or tethered is that it gives the goat an opportunity to,supplement the diet provided for it under zero grazing andto do some selective feeding to overcome dietary deficiencies.

Above paragraphs from C. Devendra, Goat Production in the Tropics


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Feeding 4115) MANAGING GOATS DURING WET AND DRY SEASONS

Wet Season - Browsing for your animals may need to be limited duringthe rainy months. Parasites live in the moist grasses and can reinfectyour animal easily. In tick infested areas, you will need to spray ordip your animals in insecticide twice a week during the rainy season.Bring the animals into a shelter during the heavy rains and let thembrowse when it is not raining. You may need to bring hay and greenchop to them if they are unable to browse long enough to get adequatefeed.

Dry Season - At the beginning of the dry season forage will be plentiful.This is probably the best time for kids to be born and to develop yourmilking animals. As the season grows longer, there will be fewer bushesand grasses for the animals to browse. For this reason, early in thedry season you may want to cut and store hay to use when it is notplentiful. Also, in tick infested areas spray or dip your animals atleast once a week, twice a week if ticks are abundant.


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42 Feeding

TASKS FOR LESSON Ill :

1) Practice feeding kid goats with both a bottle and pan.

2)dentify forages and grasses available in your area andcollect samples.

3) List the feed resources available to you and write aformula for a good goat ration utilizing forage, pastureand supplements.


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Breeding and Crossbreeding 43

LESSON IV - BREEDING AND CROSSBREEDING

1) BREEDING THE DOE

In the Northern Hemisphere goats are, on the average, seasonalbreeders. The normal breeding season is August to March.There may be some individuals who cycle at other times duringthe year, particularly if a buck is introduced or artificiallighting is used.

In tropical climates, goats cycle year round. It is, however,recommended that you breed your does to kid at the beginningof the dry season, as feed will be abundant and both kids andlactating animals will perform well.

The heat (estrus) period lasts from 12-48 hours and ovulation.occurs 24-36 hours after the onset of the heat period. Thedoe should be bred the last half of the estrus. General adviceis to breed the second day and repeat in twelve hours if sheis still in heat.

The estrus cycle is 17-23 (average 21) days, with older doeshaving shorter cycles.

A doe should be 7- 10 months old, or better yet 36-41 kg(80-90 Ibs.) before breeding.

DOE COtlES INTO HEAT Doe WJ FULL STAhlDING HEAT DOE AT END OF HEAT

I0 hrs. . EhRLt HEAT. . L4hrs.. ZXPNDI~G HEAT , . .36hrs. . . LATE HIS-J- . l . * lT 700 EARL-f T QQOD + l3ESl- TlMlNO 1 &ooD T 7-00 LATE


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44 Breeding and Crossbreeding

2) SIGNS OF ESTRUS (heat)

Swelling and redness of the vulvaMucous dischargeFlagging of the tail

Nervousness and bleatingMounting and being mounted byother goats

Frequent urination

Does come into heat for the first time at a very early age. As statedearlier, it is best to wait until the doe is 7-10 months old and weighs36-41 kg (80-90 Ibs.).

You can flush your doe 2-3 weeks before planning to breed. Thisincreases the number of ovulations. To do this you might feed extraconcentrate or protein supplement. If you carefully watch and recordheat dates, then you can estimate the next period at which you wishto breed. You are more likely to have multiple births if the doe hasbeen flushed. A doe should always be gaining weight when she is bred,but should not be fat.

It is also a good practice to worm your doe a few weeks before you planto breed.

Decreasing light and temperature helps bring a doe into heat. Shorterdays trigger heat cycles.

If the doe fails to show a strong heat, you can either place her with abuck or rub a rag on a bucks head (behind horn area where muskglands are located) and bring the rag to the doe once a day. Keep therag in a covered jar.

Good nutrition is also essential for both the doe and the buck at thetime of breeding. A good buck can serve two does a day and 4-5 doesa week.

The introduction of a buck or its smell at the beginning of the seasonwill often bring the whole group into heat in about eight days. Mostgoats will cycle even without the bucks presence.


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Breeding and Crossbreeding 45

3) CROSSBREEDING

When unrelated goats are mated, the system is known ascrossbreeding. First cross progeny are usually superior tothe%- parents. This is known as hybrid vigor.

Crossbreeding is used to improve the productivity of local

animals. Using an exotic buck to breed a native doe willproduce strong, vigorous offspring. These offspring willhave increased production potential.

purebfeds

bdh- milker r-l-d-


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48 Breeding and Crossbreeding

GESTATION TABLEBreeding Date Kidding Date, wide strips.--Add 500 ml water, 45 ml coarse salt, a pinch of boric acid.- Let steep for 5 days at roughly 12OC (55OF). Stir 2 or 3 times

during this period. Leave covered.- Add 250 ml water and 15 ml coarse salt.- Pour.

Pour first through an ordinary strainer, then through cheese-cloth. Next pour through 3 thicknesses of cheesecloth. Repeatthe last operation.


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Care of the Milking Doe - Milk Products 71

DIRECTIONSfor Farmhouse Cheese

1 WARM THE MILK. Pour 2 gallons of milk intoa stainless steel or enameled pot, set in a sinkof warm water, stir and warm the milk to 9oF.

?,,RIP;No;;~e~ILt(~

cheese starter cultureand stir in well, yetgently. Cover pot andleave for 45 minutes toripen at 90-F.

NOTE: Ifyou plan toadd cheese color.do It al this point-before the rennet is added.

3 ADD CHEESE RENNET. Dissolve completelyone quarter of a cheese rennet tablet in aquarter cup of cooled, sterile water, breakingand crushing with back of spoon as you Stir.Stabilize temperature of mllk at 90F. byregulating water temperature In sink outside

cheese pot. Protect thenet solution and stir inthoroughly for oneminute with a stain-less steel spoon orladle. Top-stir (if usingcows milk) l/r inchwith back of ladle foranother mlnute to keepcream from rising.

4 LET SET TfL CURD breaksclean. Let covered pot standundlsturbod until a firm curdforms (30 to 45 minutes). Test

firmness with your finger. Whenit breaks clean, It is ready

(% Inch) cubes with a long-bladed knife or spatula.The blade must be longenough to reach all thewayto the bottom of the potwithout immersing thehandle. Start at one side ofthe pot and cut vertical,parallel lines in the curd,% inch apart. Turn the pot90 and cut again at rightangles o the first cuts.Then, with the knife at aslant. using the orlgin2.llines in the curd, cut &: a45 angle in both direct-ions. Your aim Is to cut theentire curd Into 12 inchcubes.

M/hen the curd Is all Incubes, gently stlr them,turning them over, bottomto top, cutting any piecesof curd that are still too big.

6 SCALDINQ THE CURD:Run some hotter waterInto the sink outside ofthe pot and raise thetemperature of thecurds slowly to 100F.The temperature mustnot rise more than 2everjr 5 minutes. Thisshould take 30 min-utes, and you should stir gently as you cook. Thecurd pieces will shrink in size as the heating cont-inues. The whey will Increase as the curds de-crease in size.

7 DRAINING THE WHLVCover the pot and let thecurd se ttle for 5 minutes,then pour off the wheyInto another pot (save itfor Ricorta Of Mysost).Pour the curds Into acheesecloth-lined col-ander.

6 HANG CURDS TO DRAIN:Knot one corner of the cbtharound the other three cornersand hang the bag of curds todrain for one hour at 7OF.

9 SALTING THE CURDS:Pour the drainedcurdsinto a scalded bowl and break them up with yourfingers (gently) in to walnut sized pieces. Mix inthoroughly 2 tablespoons of cheese salt foreach 4 pounds of curd.

10 MOULDING AND PRESSING THE CURDScald and cool your mould

and cheesecloth. Line mouldwith cheesecloth and putcurds into ihe mould, fold.ing cheesecloth neatly overthe top when it is full.Put the round follower ontop of the curds and placeunder 20 pounds pressurefor 10 minutes.

Then turn the mould upsidedown and replace the followeron top and increase pressureto 30 pounds for another 10minutes.

Repeat twice more at 10minute intervals and increasepressure by 10 pounds eachtime vou turn the cheese. Thelast time, leave cheese under50 pounds pressure for 14 to16 hours.

11 FlNlSHlNG THE CHEESE: Removethe cheese fromthe mould and carefully peel away the cheesecloth ,taking care not to rip the surface of the cheese. Air dry thecheese at room temperature on a cheese mat until a rindhas developed and surface is dry. Turn several times aday. After 3 to 5 days, it will be ready to wax.

12 WAXING AND CURING THE CHEESE: Paint meltedcheese wax (or paraffin. In a pinch) on a cool, dry cheese.Use a small, real-bristled paint brush kept just for thispurpose. Wax mus t always be melted In a double boiler

& reduce danger of fire. Cover cheese completely.Cure your Farmhouse Cheese at 6OF for at least threemonths. Its flavor will be even better after six months.

Turn the cheese daily for 2 weeks, and occasionally after,that until it is eaten.

New England Cheesemaking Supply, Ashfield, Massachusetts


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72 Care of the Milking Doe - Milk Products

COMPOSITION OF MILK

Solids/not Fat DM Protein Fat Lactose Mineral

coat 8.9 12.6 3.4 3.8 4.1 0.8

cow 9.012.2 3.2 3.6 4.7 0.7

The following values were compiled by Charles A. Parry, PhD., McLean,Virginia.

ITEMAll Items Per Liter

Energy KcalProteinFat ;:Carbohydrate gmCalcium mgPhosphorus mgSodlum meqPotassium meqIron mgZinc mgChloride mgMagnesium mg

BreastMilk

710

:A

3::140

713.5

37543;:46

GoatsMilk

67032

::12901060

:i2.:

1200100-145

CowsMilk

660423749

14301120

2763:5

1050120

A I.U. 2000 2074 1500B, mg 0.160 0.400 0.440B, mg 0.360 0.1640 0.2100B, (Niacin) mg 1.47B, mg 0.100 0;: O.t?iBPgntothenate

FEg 0.3 0.6 4.31.64 3.4 3.5

Folacln mcg 52 55Diotln mcg Bi

3:31

Choline w 150 121lnositol mg 330 210 110C mg 43 21

D I.U. 22 22

::

E I.U. 1.6 - d.?Essential FattyAcids, per 100 gmof Milk Fat 4.1 2.6Percent FatGlobules LessThan 3 dram 63 43

l Not Fortified

/Vote: Actual values given vary over a considerable range. Reasonable values withinranges have been chosen as being representative.

TASKS FOR LESSON VI:

1) Build a Milking Stand

2) Learn Proper Milking Techniques

3) Pasteurize Milk

4) Make Cheese


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Health Care for Your Goats 73LESSON VII - HEALTH CARE FOR YOUR COATS

A HEALTHY GOAT

. eats well

. has a shiny coat

. is free of disease

. has strong legs and feet

. chews its cud

. is sociable

. has eyes that are bright and clear

NORMAL PHYSIOLOGICAL DATA FOR A GOAT

. Temperature

. Heart (pulse) rate

. Respiration rate

. Rumen movements. Onset of heat (estrus)

. Length of heat

. Heat cycle

. Length of gestation

38.7'40.2O101.7*104.570-80 per minute, faster for kids12-15 per minute, faster for kids1 to 1.5 per minute7- 12 months12-48 hours17-23 days - average 21 days145- 156 days - average 150 days

SIGNS OF ILLNESS

. off feed

. standing off from groupdehydration (Pull skin out from body. If skin sticks to itself and

l does not slip back easily, animal is dehydrated. ). abnormal temperature. pale mucosa around eyes and in mouth. diarrhea. heavy mucous in nose and mouth. no sign of cud chewing. limping. runny eyes. blindness. swelling at any point in body. hair falling out or rough in appearance. circling movements. clots or blood in milk

GOOD HEALTH CARE BEGINS WITH

. daily observation

. good nutrition which includes green chop (hay and forage],protein and energy supplements and plenty of water

. sanitation - clean pens, feeders and water buckets

. exercise

. a vaccination program - tetanus toxoid, soremouth,enterotoxemia (over-eating disease)

. parasite control for internal and external parasites

. regular hoof trimming


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.74 Health Care for Your Goats

PREVENTATIVE HEALTH PROGRAM

The following preventative health program is recommended :

PREGNANT DOES

Vitamin E and Selenium - 60 days before kidding

Clostridium Perfringens C & D - 3 weeks before kidding

Tetanus Toxoid - 3 weeks before kidding

KIDS: 3 weeks to 3 months of age

Tetanus Toxoid

Contagious Ecthyma(Soremouth)

Clostridium ChauvoeiSepticurn-Novyi-SordelliiPerfringens Types C 6 DBacterin

112 cc - 2 shots two weeks apart

Annual boosterVaccinate under tail or in bare skinunder front leg at point of elbow. Besure to check in 3 days for a take.Revaccinate every two years in heavilyinfected areas.

Protection against enterotoxemia,(over-eating disease), blackleg,malignant edema, black disease andclostridium sordellii infections.

Give at 1 month, 6 weeks, 5 monthsof age.

Annual booster

NEW ANIMALS COMING INTO HERD SHOULD ALWAYS BE VACCINATED.

GOOD HEALTH CARE BEGINS WITH DAILY OBSERVATION. Approach yourgoat as an individual. Be aware of any changes in her environment. Begentle.


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HOOF TRIMMING

Health Care for Your Goats 75

While it is possible for goats on a rough terrain to wear down theirhooves, most will need trimming at regular intervals. The diagramsbelow show the proper trimming method. Use either shears such asthe Burdizzo Hoof Trimming Shear or a sharp knife.

I

J=INI~+ THETRIM 6f PAPIN&THE Sc+-l- HEEL -l-K=%. -flU-


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76 Health Care for Your Goats

HOW TO TAKE A GOATS TEMPERATURE

Normal Temperature is 38.7O - 40.2O C101.7O -104.5O F

Wipe thermometer with antiseptic solution - alcohol, iodine or bleach.

Shake the thermometer down to below normal, with a quick snap of thewrist.Be sure not to hit anything as the thermometer breaks easily.Insert the mercury end of the thermometer into the goats rectum.Wait for two minutes.Remove thermometer, wipe clean and read.Shake down again.Wipe with antiseptic before storing.

IO& 41.2

104.5 40.2

IO1.7 38.898 36.5

animal is sick

1orma I temperatureanimal is sick

HOW TO DRENCH AN ANIMAL

Liquid medication can be given as a drench.You will need a dose syringe or a Fanta,Coke or beer bottle.

Measure the correct amount of drench.Keep goats head in normal position.Place end of syringe or bottle in leftside of mouth on back of tongue.Slowly pour drench into esophagus.

trachea -

esophagus


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HOW TO GIVE AN ANIMAL A BOLUS

It is easier to give an animal a bolus if you have a tube madeespecially for this purpose or you can make one yourself byusing two pieces of plastic pipe which can slide into eachother - about 2 cm.

Remove bolus from container in proper dosage. Break bolus ifneeded.

Insert bolus in end of balling gun or tube. Hold tube upwardto prevent bolus from dropping out.

Put tube in left side of goats mouth.

Push plunger forward forcing bolus into esophagus.

Hold goats mouth closed and stroke throat downward untilbolus is swallowed.

HOW TO GIVE AN INJECTION

1) I.V. or Intravenous - Should be performed only by aveterinarian

2) I.M. - Intramuscular

3)

Use 20 gauge 1 needle for adult goats; 20 or 22 gauge 1needle for kids. Insert needle to hub in thigh or in heavypart of neck. Draw back on plunger to aspirate for blood.If blood flows into syringe, withdraw needle and replace inanother site.

SubQ. or Subcutaneous

Use same size needles as for I.M. injections.Lift the loose skin of the flank or underneathleg and insert needle at an acute angle.Aspirate for blood as with I .M. If performedproperly, a bleb should appear under theas the plunger is depressed.

NOTE: ALWAYS USE A STERILE NEEDLE AND SYRINGE WHENGIVING INJECTIONS. BOIL NEEDLES AND SYRINGESIN WATER FOR 20 MINUTES TO STERILIZE.

ALWAYS CHECK DOSAGE FOR SPECIES AND WEIGHT OFAN IMAL.


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GUIDE TO COMMON GOAT DISEASES

The following is only a partial list of diseases affecting goats. Yourveterinarian is your best source for diagnosis and treatment, but inthe absence of a vet, these guidelines will be helpful.

-

HEALTH PROBLEM SIGNS PREVENTION AND TREATMENT

NON-INFECTIOUS

ANEMIA

ABORTION

Listless, lack of energy, Improve nutrition. Treatpale mucosa around eyes, for parasites. Add iron topale gums. diet.

Loss of fetus. Abortions may occur in 15%of gestations. Injury, such asbutting, is a major cause ofabortion. Poor nutrition andmineral deficiencies can causeabortion, along with viral andbacterial infections.

BLOAT Swelling of paunch,shows on left side.

KETOSIS

NAVEL ILL

TETANUS

Lack of appetite. Occursin late pregnancy or shortlyafter kidding. Normaltemperature, animal prefershay to grain - incoordinate.Sweet smelling breath.

Lameness, stiffness,swollen joints, fever innewborn kids. Fatal ifnot treated.

Sawhorse stance, prolapseof third eyelid, stiffness.Enters through wounds.

Prevent rapid filling on legumepastures. Drench with palmoil or mineral oil. Keep animalon feet and moving. Feed drynon-legume grass to animalbefore putting out on legume

pastures.

Preferred Treatment: propyleneglycol, if available. Or givesugars, honey or syrup.Prevent obesity in earlypregnancy. Increase planeof nutrition in last two monthsof pregnancy.

Prevent by sanitation at birthand dipping navel with 7%iodine at birth. If infectedgive Pen-strep injections, plusbroad spectrum antibiotic inmilk.

Vaccinate with tetanus toxoidor if not vaccinated, give tetanusanti-toxin at onset of disease.Give large doses of penicillin.


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CONTAGIOUS AND INFECTIOUS

ABCESSESCaseouslymphadenitis

Swollen lymph nodescommonly occuring underjaw and ear, in front ofshoulder, on flank, aboveudder or scrotum or abovehock. The nodes may bewarm and sweil 3-5 cm orlarger. Contain greenish,cheesy pus.

BRUCELLOSIS Goats show only vaguesymptoms : occasionalmastitis; lameness of feet,loose stools, does mayabort in final 4-6 weeksof pregnancy. Rare ingoats.

CAPRINEARTHRlTlSENCEPHALITIS

(CAE)

A viral disease. Goatsdevelop weakness in rearlegs, stumble and latercannot rise; they have nofever and eat well.Signs usually appearbetween one and two years.Older goats exhibit swollen

joints and severe arthritis.

Avoid contaminated feeds.Can be contracted throughbreaks in skin, insect bites,etc. Spread by contact.Treat by surgical lancing,irrigate with 7%odine.Burn all material from abcess.Treat daily until healingoccurs.

In goats caused by Brucellamelitensis; only rarely doother species of Brucellaaffect goats. Disease spreadswhen goats eat contaminatedfeed or lick infected materialfrom the reproductive track.Organism transmitted tohumans through drinking raw(unpasteurized) milk frominfected animals. No treatmentfor infected animals. Vaccineused to control spread ofdisease. Goats should betested yearly.

Transmitted most likelythrough colostrum and milk.Also spread by prolongeddirect contact. Taking kidsfrom doe and feeding heat-treated colostrum has beeneffective for prevention.(See Page 29.) A high

percentage of goats testedshow a positive titer, butactual clinical diagnosisof the disease is not aswidespread.


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CONTAGIOUS AND INFECTIOUS (continued)

COCCIDIOSIS Most often seen in youngkids. Affects digestivesystem and causes unthriftycondition and death.Persistent diarrhea,bloody feces or whitefeces may be present.

CONTAGIOUSECTHYMASoremouth

Lesions begin as small red Vaccinate kids at two weeksspots in corners of mouth of age. Revaccinate everyand become larger scabby two years. Infected goatsareas. May also affect are said to be immune.nostrils, eyelids and mouth. Separate infected animals.Scabs last 1-4 weeks. If Area in which animals arein kids it may spread to housed and pastured willteats of doe and prevent be contaminated for up tonursing. 10 years.

DIARRHEA Loose stools. Sign ofanother primary problem.May be caused by worms,coccidiosis.

ENTEROTOXEMIA Convulsion, sluggish,Overeating staggers, loss of appetite,Disease diarrhea, death within

24 hours. Usually affectsanimals in good condition.

FOOT ROT Lameness, inf lama tionand swelling of foot.Dermatitis commonlyseen between toes.

Give Amprol solution for4 days at correct dosage.Treat with scour medication.Give electrolyte solution of1 tsp. table sale, l/4 tsp.baking soda, 4 oz. glucose(karo syrup), 2 quartswater. Give solution freechoice. Suimet also goodtreatment.

Take off feed for 1 day.Give electrolyte solution.Give kaopectate. Seriousdiarrhea - treat with

amproiium or sulfa drugs.

Vaccinate at least once ayear. Good feedingpractices. No effectivetreatment.

Trim feet. Keep in dry lotand under sanitary conditions.Remove abcess between toesand destroy. Bathe infectedarea in copper sulfatesolution, C hloramphenicol ,formaldehyde or a solutionof 75% bleach, 25% water.Advanced cases should begiven heavy doses ofpenicillin.


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CONTAGIOUS AND INFECTIOUS (continued)

HEMORRHAGICSEPTICEMIAShipping Fever

Fever, cough,discharge.

MASTITIS Inflammation of udder.Hard knots. Bloody,thin or stringy milk.Caused by bacterialinfection.

PINK-EYEKerato-Conjunctivitis

Tearing of eyes in earlystages. Inner eyes willbe red. In advancedstages cloudiness appearsand sometimes totalblindness.

PNEUMONIA Nasal discharge, tongueout, rapid exaggeratedmovements of ribs, raspysounds from lungs;temperature may benormal to high.

Most often encounteredduring periods of stress.Vaccination available.Give 1 week prior to stress,i.e. transporting. Nasalgeneffective. Treat withantibiotics.

Milk udder out severaltimes each day. Applyhot compresses. Useappropriate antibiotic inteats.

Administer lacribiotic orother salve which containsneomycin, polymycin and /ora Terra-Cortril OpthalmicSuspension - twice each day.Keep animals out of directsunlight. Apply a patch toseverely infected eyes. Donot touch eye with tube whiletreating. Powders available,

but often irritate eye.

Bad ventilation is most oftencause; also drafts and over-crowding. It maybe asecondary infection followingshipping fever. May resultin death. Treat withTetracycline, Oxytetracycline,Tylosin or Pen-strep.


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PARASITES

Good nutrition is the best prevention for any type of parasite problem

along with good sanitation, rotating pastures and feeding hay andother forage in racks off of the ground.

Parasites rob important nutrition from your animals and treatment andprevention are extremely important in the productivity of your herd.

EXTERNAL PARASITES

LICE Animal will pick at hair, Treat with powders or sprayhair coat will look out solution such as Coral,of condition. Toxaphene, Lindane.

EAR MITES

TICKS

Dead skin in ear. Mix cresyl with oil and rub

in skin and clean ears oncea week for 3 weeks.

Ticks are a serious problem and a good program of management mustbe used to prevent fatal diseases.

@ enqsdSMemoUltlemtrpndeednblood

0 en&r&d femhz falls to

pund and \a)6 c,#


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I

I1

HEAl..TH PROBLEM SIGNS PREVENTION AND TREATMENT

TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES (continued)

ANAPLASMOSIS

Pu

1\

White mucosa, anemiahigh temperature,animal is weak andslow. Abortioncommon. Wide-spreadin African countries.

HEARTWATER

Prevention by regulardipping or spraying.Spray or dip animalstwice weekly in rainyseason, once weeklyin dry season. 10 ccSupona mixed with 16liters water effective.Be sure feet and headare treated.

Infected animals needgood nursing care.Oxytetracycline (3-5mg/kg body weight)should be administereddaily.

Animal does not eat. Prevention by regularHigh temperature. dipping or sprayingContinual movements described above.of limbs, head, ears, Administertongue and jaw. Oxytetracycline orEventual convulsions Sulphadimidineand death. intravenously.

Note: Other products for spraying or dippingSevin, Lindane, Melathion, Asuntol


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6 ;c Health Care for Your Goats


OTHER SKIN PROBLEMS

MANGE Hair falls off,skin dry and flaky.

Apply red oil mixed withcresyl .

RINGWORM Round scaly areawith thin hair coat.Spreads rapidly.Highly contagious.

Thorough scrubbing withdisinfectant. Treat withiodine or rub on thibendazolepaste. I sola te infectedanimal.

INTERNAL PARASITES

STOMACH WORMS Unthrifty animal The following productsINTESTINAL WORMS Anemia should be used after readingTAPEWORMS Pot-bellied the instructions on theLUNGWORMS Weight loss product label. Be sure toLIVER FLUKES Diarrhea note the product use with

Pale Mucosa pregnant and /or lactatingPale Gums animals.

Albendazole - (Valbazen)Stomach worms,Intestinal worms,Tapeworms, Flukes(Do not use in first 45days of pregnancy. I

I vermectin - (Equalan)Stomach worms,Intestinal worms,Lungworms, Tapeworms,Flukes and externa

parasitesFenbendazole - (Panacur,

Oxfendazole)Stomach worms,Intestinal worms,Tapeworms

Lavamisole - (Tramisol)Stomach worms,Intestinal worms,Lungworms

Thiabendazole - (Thibenzole,TBZ, Omnizole)Stomach worms,Intestinal worms.

In heavily infected areas,worm goats every four weeks.Give second dose 2-3 weekslater and repeat in 4 weeks.Alternate wormers.


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;


LIFE CYCLE

passage ofiri manure

OF TYPICAL STOMACH. WORM

oaten by animal

*larva

The cycle for the Tapeworm and Liver Fluke is similar

except the intermediary host for the Tapeworm is a

mite and for the Liver Fluke a snail.

1..


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LIFE CYCLE OF LIVER FLUKE

Hatched eggs penetrate a snail

Liver Fluke emergesffrom the snail and . ,

feces


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ITEMS AND MEDICATIONS YOU WILL NEED TO KEEP YOUR GOATHEALTHY

ThermometerDisposable SyringesNeedles

Wounds

Foot RotScoursCoccidiosisRespiratory Illness

(pneumonia)Wormers

Teat DipTick SprayBuffersDisinfecting

3 cc and

raising goats for meat and milk

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