ramachandran plot by krunal chodvadiya

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Ramachandran plot for structural validation of protein will give information whether your protein or model protein is allowed or not in three dimensional point of view.

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Page 1: Ramachandran plot by Krunal Chodvadiya

Ramachandran plot

ByKrunal Chodvadiya10MBT001

Page 2: Ramachandran plot by Krunal Chodvadiya

Ramachandran plot

A Ramachandran plot (also  known  as  a Ramachandran diagram or a [φ,ψ] plot), originally developed in 1963 by G. N. Ramachandran, C. Ramakrishnan and V. Sasisekharan, is a  way  to visualize backbone dihedral angles ψ against φ of amino acid residues in protein structure.

Plot of φ vs. ψ

The conformations of peptides are defined by the values of φ and ψ.

Page 3: Ramachandran plot by Krunal Chodvadiya

Each peptide bond has partial double-bond character due  to resonance and cannot rotate.

Three  bonds  separate  sequential  Ca  in  a  polypeptide  chain. The  N-Ca  and  Ca–  C  bonds  can  rotate,  with  bond  angles designated φ and ψ respectively. The peptide C-N bond is not free to rotate. 

Other single bonds  in  the backbone may also be  rotationally hindered, depending on the size and charge of the side chain R groups.

Page 4: Ramachandran plot by Krunal Chodvadiya

Both  φ and ψ  increases  as  the  carbonyl  and  amide  nitrogen (respectively) rotate clockwise.

Page 5: Ramachandran plot by Krunal Chodvadiya

• By convention, both φ and ψ are defined as 00 when the two peptide bonds flanking that Ca carbon are in the same plane.

• In a protein, this conformation is prohibited by steric overlap between an carbonyl oxygen and an amino hydrogen atom.

Page 6: Ramachandran plot by Krunal Chodvadiya

Ramachandran plot for L-Ala residues.

• Conformations deemed possible are those that involve little or no steric interference,  based  on  calculations  using known van der Waals radii and bond angles.

Page 7: Ramachandran plot by Krunal Chodvadiya

• The  areas  shaded  dark blue reflect  conformations  that involve no steric overlap and thus are fully allowed.

• Medium blue indicates  conformations  allowed  at  the extreme limits for unfavorable atomic contacts.

• lightest blue area  reflects  conformations  that  are permissible  if  a  little  flexibility  is  allowed  in  the  bond angles.

• Unshaded  portion  indicates  sterically  disallowed conformations

Page 8: Ramachandran plot by Krunal Chodvadiya

values of φ and ψ for various allowed 20 structures

Every  type  of  secondary  structure  can  be  completely  described  by  the bond angles φ and ψ at each residue. 

Page 9: Ramachandran plot by Krunal Chodvadiya

The structure of cytochrome C shows many segments of  -a helix and the Ramachandran plot shows a tight grouping of φ = -60 and psi = -45 to -50.

a-helix cytochrome CRamachandran plot

Page 10: Ramachandran plot by Krunal Chodvadiya

Similarly, repetitive values in the region of φ = -110 to -140 and ψ = +110 to +135 give beta sheets.    The  structure  of  plastocyanin  is composed  mostly  of  beta  sheets;  the  Ramachandran  plot  shows values in the –110, +130 region:

beta-sheet plastocyanin Ramachandran plot

Page 11: Ramachandran plot by Krunal Chodvadiya

Glycine Ramachandran Plot

Because  its  side  chain,  a  single  hydrogen  atom,  is  small,  a Gly  residue can  take  part  in  many  conformations  that  are  sterically  forbidden  for other amino acids.

Page 12: Ramachandran plot by Krunal Chodvadiya

Proline Ramachandran Plot

The range for Pro residues  is greatly restricted because φ is  limited by the cyclic side chain to the range of -35 to -85.

Page 13: Ramachandran plot by Krunal Chodvadiya

Significance A Ramachandran plot can be used in 2 somewhat different ways. 

i. One is to show in theory which values, or conformations, of the ψ and φ angles are possible for an amino-acid residue in a protein. 

ii. A second is to show the empirical distribution of datapoints observed in a single structure in usage for structure validation, or else in a database of many structures. 

Page 14: Ramachandran plot by Krunal Chodvadiya

Thank you