ramaz sayvarelidze

r.sayvareliZe

metafizikuri paradigma fsiqologiasa da fsiqoTerapiaSi

(saleqcio kursis masala)

fsiqologiuri codnis ganviTarebis im etaps, roca fsiqikad miCneuli iyo

metafizikuri realoba - suli, d.n.uznaZem metafizikuri fsiqologia uwoda.

istorikosebi am etaps xSirad aRweren mxolod, rogorc aramecnieruli

cnobierebis mravalsaukunovan Secdomas. Tu metafizikur fsiqologias

fsiqoTerapiis TvaliT SevxedavT, SeiZleba aseT calsaxa Sefasebaze uari vTqvaT

iseve, rogorc xalxur medicinas ver vafasebT Sav-TeTr ferebSi - xalxuri

warmodgenebi miTologiuria, magram maT fonze aRmoCenili samkurnalo

saSualebebi dResac xSirad hkarnaxoben farmakologias wamlebis

gaumjobesebis gzebs. fsiqoTerapiaSic ganuwyvetliv iWreboda da axlac iWreba

is fsiqologiuri teqnikebi, romlebic metafizikur paradigmaSi aRmocenda aTeuli

saukuneebis win. eseigi, metafizikuri fsiqologiis av-kargi bolomde dadgenili

araa. metafizikuri periodis fsiqologiuri praqtika didi xnis ganmavlobaSi

akumulirdeboda da dRes iseT formebs sTavazobs mecnierebas, romelic xSirad

aris siaxlis Semcveli. amitom, dRevandelobisTvisac Rirebulia yuradRebis

gamaxvileba fsiqologiis da fsiqoTerapiis metafizikur paradigaze.

pirvelyofili kulturebidan dawyebuli da Staineris TeosofiiT damTavrebuli

sulis gagebas sxvadasxva kulturaSi erTi saerTo aqvs - suli yvelgan miCneulia

damoukideblad arsebul realobad, sadac ar moqmedebs bunebis (berZnulad -

phisis) kanonebi - sivrcis, drois, energiis, kauzalobis, sicocxlisa da sikvdilis.

Sesabamisad, am realobas metafizikurs uwodeben (berZn. meta ta phisika

niSnavs “fizikis Semdgoms”, anu zebunebrivs; termini Cv.w.-mde I saukuneSi

pirvelad ixmara andronik rodoselma aristoteles im TxzulebaTa dasaxelebad,

sadac laparakia yofierebis goniT sawvdom arsze). metafizikur realobaSi

gadamwyveti aris ara kanoni, aramed azri da neba.

im realobaSi, romelsac Cven empiriuls veZaxiT, suli SegrZnebis

organoebSi ar gveZleva. amave dros, kacobrioba arsebobis yvela etapze

r.sayvareliZe. metafizikuri paradigma fsiqoTerapiaSi

miiCnevda rom suli arsebobs da amaze afuZnebda Tavis msoflmxedvelobas.

konkretulad ra igulisxmeba am cnebaSi? ram Seqmna misi Camoyalibebis

safuZveli? ra rols TamaSobda es cneba adamianebis cxovrobis wesSi? rogor

icvleboda es kategoria droisa da kulturis mixedviT da ra rCeboda masSi

ucvleli? ra mimarTebaa am kategoriasa da im drois fsiqologiur teqnikebs Soris,

romliTac mkurnalobdnen avadmyofs? am da sxva msgavs kiTxvebze pasuxs,

upirveles yovlisa, istoria iZleva.

Tavi I. fsiqoTerapiis elementebi pirvelyofil kulturebSi

$ 1. pirvelyofili kulturis istoriuli aspeqti

kacobriobis istorias mecniereba aRadgens arqeologiuri masaliT,

eTnografiuli, kulturis Tu werilobiTi ZeglebiT, enebis analiziT, zogjer -

Tanamedrove naklebad ganviTarebuli xalxebis im eTnografiuli

TaviseburebebiT, romelic warsulTan analogiis saSualebas iZleva.

1836 wels kopenhagenis nacionaluri muzeumis mcvelma qristian

tompsonma arqeologiur masalebSi napovni iaraRebis mixedviT gamohyo sami

epoqa - qvis, brinjaos da rkinis saukuneebi. sul male damkvidrda evolucionizmi

adamianis istoriis gaazrebaSi, rac gamyarda anTropologiuri monacemebiT

(berZn. anthropos - adamiani, logos - sityva, sazrisi, swavleba; antropologia aris

mecniereba adamianis warmoSobasa da ganviTarebaze, romelic

xelmZRvanelobs fizikuri agebulebis TaviseburebebiT).

arqeologiuri masalis mopovebis da daTariRebis Semdeg mkvlevarebi

mividnen daskvnamde, rom adamianis pirveli winapari, avstralopiTeki

(anTropologiur saxeobaTa dasaxelebebi dakavSirebulia samarxis gaTxris

geografiul adgilTan) cxovrobda 2 milioni wlis (20 000 saukunis) win mamontisa

da martorqis aw gadaSenebul saxeobebTan erTad. igi ukve gansxvavdeboda

primatebisgan imiT, rom or fexze idga da xmarobda iaraRs - xis, Zvlis Tu qvis

natexebs, ris gamoc am periodidan iwyeben qvis xanis aTvlas. qvis xanaSi

gamohyofen uZvelesi qvis xanas, anu paleoliTs (berZn.: palaios - uZvelesi da

lithios - qva), romelic grZeldeba gviani paleoliTis dasasrulamde (X aTaswleuli

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Cv.w-mde). am periodSi evolucia ganicada adamianis anTropologiurma tipma -

warmoiqmna piTekantropi (500 000 wlis, anu 5 000 saukunis win), sinanTropi

(4 000 saukunis win), neandertaleli (2 000 saukunis win) da kromanioneli

adamiani (400 saukunis win). es ukanaskneli aRar Seclila, Cvenc igive

anTropologiur tips vekuTvniT.

arqeologiur masalebSi napovni qveda ybis da Tavis qalis formebi

(romlebic miuTiTeben sametyvelo aparatisa da tvinis ganviTarebaze) iZlevian

im varaudis safuZvels, rom sinanTrops, winamorbedebisgan gansxvavebiT,

adamianuri metyvelebis da azrovnebis sawyisi niSnebi ukve hqonda. xolo

Tanamedrove tipis metyveleba da, Sesabamisad, azrovnebac, Camoyalibda

kromanionelTan.

Cv. welTaRricxvamde, daaxloebiT, 120 - 50 saukunidan iwyeba mezoliTi

(berZn.: mesos - Sua), roca adamianma Seqmna mSvil-isari, moiTviniera

cxovelebi. qvis xanis yvelaze gviandeli periodia neoliTi (berZn.: neos - axali),

romelic TariRdeba Cv.w-mde 80-30 saukuniT. am periodSi adamianma xeli

mihyo miwaTmoqmedebas da mecxoveleobas, qvis iaraRis damuSavebas da

daxvewas, Seqmna Tixis WurWeli, moqsova naWeri. am periodis bolos

adamianma gaakeTa brinjaos iaraRi, riTac dasabami mieca brinjaos xanas (30-

10 saukune Cv. w-mde). xolo Cv. w-mde me-10 saukunidan iwyeba rkinis xana.

iaraRis kriteriumze dayrdnobili periodizacia universaluri araa. igi,

ZiriTadad, eyrdnoba pirveli gaTxrebis masalebs. mogvianebiT Catarebulma

gaTxrebma aCvena, rom dedamiwis sxvadasxva nawilSi adamianebi

sxvadasxva dros xmarobdnen qvas, brinjaos Tu rkinas. am klasifikaciis

fardobiTobaze miuTiTebs eTnografiuli masalac. afrikis, amerikisa Tu avstraliis

miyruebul adgilebSi dResac cxovroben tomebi, romelTa cxovrebisa da

warmoebis wesi qvis xanas Seesabameba.

$ 2. sulis gageba pirvelyofil kulturaSi

1. sulis moazrebis da suliT mkurnalobis istoriuli “asaki”

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adamians cxovelisgan yvelaze mkafiod ganasxvavebs is, rom enobrivi

komunikaciis procesSi igi ayalibebs msoflmxedvelobas - SexedulebaTa

sistemas samyarosa da sakuTar Tavze. msoflmxedvelobis pirveli formebi

mocemulia religiuri warmodgenebis saxiT. pirvel religiur Sexedulebebze

msjeloben miwaSi napovni samarxebiT, ritualuri naxatebiT, sagnebiT da

nagebobebiT. sayuradReboa, rom ukve 2 000 saukunis win neandertalelebi

marxavdnen micvalebulebs, Tanac marxavdnen gverdze dawolili mZinaris

pozaSi, umeteswilad, aRmosavleT - dasavleTis xazis gaswvriv. Tu damarxvis

faqts religiuri mizezis garda higienuri motivi SeiZleba hqonoda, aRmosavleT-

dasavleTze orientacia SeuZlebelia aixsnas sxva ramiT, mzis kultis elementebis

garda. imave epoqas miekuTvneba zogi samarxi, sadac cxovelis Zvlebia

Catanebuli micvalebulTan. es totemizmis da magiis elementebze miuTiTebs

(inlisuri totem-i ajvibas indielebis “ototemisgan” modis, sadac is niSnavs “mis

Tems, sagvareulos”; es is cxoveli an mcenarea, romelsac mTeli gvari winaprad

Tvlis, scems Tayvans da krZalavs masze xelis aRmarTvas).

mezoliTisa da gviani paleoliTis xanaSi (daaxloebiT 200 000 wlis win)

Cndeba gamomsaxvelobiTi xelovnebis pirveli nimuSebi, romlebic Seicaven

informacias imdroindel cxovrebasa da cnobierebaze. magaliTad, am naxatebis

siuJetebSi cxovelebis da maTTan dakavSirebuli ritualebis siWarbe savaraudos

xdis, rom maTi Semqmnelebi nadirobiT irCendnen Tavs da totemisturi rwmenis

matareblebi iyvnen.

safrangeTis teritoriaze napovni gviani paleoliTis droindel anu,

daaxloebiT, 400 saukunis winandeli gamoqvabulis kedelze aris adamianis

gamosaxuleba, romelsac cxovelis tyavi aqvs mosxmuli. avstraliis Tu afrikis

aborigenebi dRes ganviTarebis im etapze arian, romelzec safrangeTSi napovni

tyavmosxmuli adamianis figura iyo. pirvelyofili kulturis mqone am tomebSi

cxovelis tyavis gadacmis ufleba aqvs Samans, romelsac “SeuZlia” cxovels

gauigivdes. es analogia saSualebas iZleva vigulisxmoT, rom ormoci aTasi wlis

winandel gamovabulSic kedelze gamoxatuli aris jadoqri, Samani. radgan

Samanuri praqtika dResac axasiaTebs bevr eTnoss, eTnografiuli masala

saSualebas iZleva movaxdinoT arqauli Samanuri praqtikis rekonstruqcia. es

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CvenTvis mniSvnelovania imdenad, ramdenadac viciT, rom Samanis erTerTi

funqcia mkurnaloba iyo. Samani mkurnalobda, ZiriTadad, im meTodebiT, rasac

dRes fsiqoTerapiuls vuwodebT. Sesabamisad, fsiqoTerapiuli mkurnalobis

arqauli formebi Samanis institutSi aris saZebneli. zemoTqmulis gamo

savaraudoa, rom fsiqoTerapiuli praqtikis asaki, daaxloebiT, 400 saukunea.

2. animizmisturi paradigma religiaSi

cnobierebis religiuroba ukve gulisxmobs, rom mas sulis kategoria

gaaCnia. erTerTi farTedEgavrcelebuli mosazreba aris, rom adreul religiur

warmodgenebs safuZvlad edo, egreT wodebuli, animizmi. religiis istoriis pirveli

stadiis aRsaniSnad termini “animizmi” (laT. anima, animus-idan, rac

samSvinvels da suls niSnavs) mecnierebaSi eduard bernet tailorma (1832-

1917) daamkvidra. igi animizms, anu sulTa arsebobis rwmenas Tvlida

“religiurobis minimumad”. animizmi gulisxmobs, rom gasulierebulia yvelaferi,

gansakuTrebiT is, rasac cvlilebis unari gaaCnia - adamiani, misi sxeulis

nawilebi, cxovelebi, mcenareebi, geografiuli adgilebi, bunebis Zalebi da ciuri

sxeulebi.

tailors miaCnda, rom uZvelesi adamianis ZiriTadi kiTxvebi iyo: ra

gansxvavebaa cocxal da mkvdar sxeuls Soris? ra aris sifxizlis, Zilis, eqstazis,

avadmyofobis da sikvdilis mizezi? ras warmoadgenen sizmrebi da xilvebi?

uZvelesi adamiani am kiTxvebs pasuxobda “sulis” cnebiT.

3. “sulis” gaazreba

sulis animistur gagebaze mdidar masalas iZleva eTnografia da ligvistika.

yvela enaSi aris iseTi sityva, romelsac qarTulSi Seesabameba “suli”. am fonze

sainteresoa is msgavseba, rasac sulis gagebaSi xSirad avlenen erTmaneTisgan

kardinalurad gansxvavebuli (magaliTad, animisturi da qristianuli) kulturebi.

sulxan-saba orbeliani wers: “nergnica sulierad iTqmian, rameTu aqvT

maT moZraobisa da aRorZinebiTisa da Teslovnebisa Zali. xolo s u l i p i r u t y

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v T a, romel ars samSvinveli, sisxlisaobiTi da sicocxliT ganmatfelobiTi,

moZraobiTi, nivTierisa Zalisa moqmedeba da grZnobisa qoneba; xolo k a c T a

s u l i - sityvieri, arseba-gonieri, usxeulo, ucnauri, sityvieri da ukvdavi, arseba-

wvlili, usaxo, xati da msgavsi RvTisa; s u l i a n g e l o z i - sityvieri da gonieri

da meore naTeli....; s u l i w m i d a - dambadebeli amaT yovelTa, pirveli

naTeli da miuwvdomeli; qarnica sulad uTqvamT”. sityva “sulis” es ganmarteba

“leqsikon qarTulSi” aqvs motanili sulxan-sabas. ganmarteba qristianuli

kulturaSia Camoyalibebuli, Tumc vnaxavT, rom cxovelebis, adamianebis,

“qarni”-s da religiuri personaJebis sulier arsebebad gaazreba xSirad sxva

religiebis farglebSic gvxvdeba, rac religiuri cnobierebis saerTo Zirebze

miuTiTebs. sruliad gansxvavebul, magram sayuradRebo suraTs qmnis

sxvadasxva enebSi arsebuli “sulis” omonimebi (erTi sityviT sxvadasxva

mniSvnelobebis aRniSvna).

tasmanielebTan suli da Crdili erTi sityviT aRiniSneba, radgan iTvleba,

rom micvalebulis suli Crdilis an aCrdilis saxiT evlineba cocxlebs (aCrdils Crdilis

ieric aqvs). asevea indielebis bevr tomSi. am omonimias Sesabamisi rwmena

udevs safuZvlad, kerZod - rom adamianis suli mis CrdilSicaa. basutus tomSi

miaCniaT, rom Tu niangma kbilebi Caaso mdinaris piras mimavali adamianis

Crdils, igi adamiansac CaiTrevs. am warmodgenebis fonze damRupvelad

iTvleba Crdilis dakargva. pirvelyofil tomebSi da evropul folklorSic farTed aris

gavrcelebuli Tqmulebebi adamianis Sesaxeb, romelmac Crdili dakarga, rac

sabediswero xdeba Tqmulebis personaJisTvis, radgan Crdilis dakargva sulis

(Sesabamisad - sicocxlis) dakargvis tolfasia.

cnobilia evropul da aRmosavlur enebSi dafiqsirebuli kavSiri (maT Soris,

omonimia) sulsa da sunTqvas Soris (SeadareT Sesabamisi sityvebi inglisiur da

rusul enebSi; aseve - qarTuli, sadac “sunTqvis” sinonimebia “sulis kveTa” da

“sulTqma”). aseve erTi sityviT aRniSnaven am or realobas dasavleT

avstralielebi, netelas xalxi kaloforniaSi da a.S. sunTqvasa da suls Soris mWidro

kavSiris rwmena uxvadaa sxvadasxva kulturaSi.

mTel rig xalxTa warmodgeniT micvalebulidan amodis sunTqva, rogorc

suli. floridis indielebi momakvdavi mSobiares saxis win ikaveben

axaldabadebuls, rom masSi gadavides dedis Zala da sibrZne. igive mosazrebiT

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Zvel romSi momakvdavis axlobeli cdilobda misi ukanaskneli amosunTqvis

SesunTqvas. sunTqvasTan sulis dakavSireba bunebrivia, ramdenadac sunTqva

sicocxlis niSania, xolo suli sicocxlis mizezi. es logika safuZvels moklebuli ar

unda iyos im fonze, rom suli sxva sasicocxlo procesebTanac aqvT

dakavSirebuli.

suls xSirad ukavSireben pulsacias da guliscemas. warmodgena, rom suli

gulSia, gavrcelebuli iyo msoflios TiTqmis yvela xalxSi (qarTul enaSi analogiuri

faqti Seiswavla akademikosma a.frangiSvilma). suli da sisxlis kavSirs aRiareben

karenebi da papuasebi. analogiuri azriT gamsWvalulia ebrauli da arabuli

filosofia.

sulis cnebaSi sunTqvis, sisxlis, gulis da aCrdilis gaerTianebas garkveuli

warmodgenebi udevs safuZvlad. magaliTad, nikaraguas aborigenebs miaCniaT,

rom momakvdavi adamianis piridan suli amodis faqizi substanciis mqone

adamianis magvari arsebis saxiT. igi ar kvdeba, kvdeba sxeuli. am arsebas Tan

miaqvs adamianis guli. tirolis glexebs aqamde swamT, rom momakvdavis

piridan suli mcire Rrubelis saxiT amodis.

4. sikvdili da avadmyofoba

yvela tipis religiuri kultura miiCnevs, rom sxeulSi sulis Casaxleba aZlevs

sxeuls sicocxles. Sesabamisad, miaCniaT, rom sikvdili sxeulisgan sulis

wasvlaa. sikvdil-sicocxlis amgvari gaazreba aris sulis kategoriis safuZveli.

adamianis avadmyofoba an gonebis dakargva samxreT

avstralielebisTvis imis niSania, rom es adamiani sulma miatova. fijis

aborigenebic aseve Tvlian, magram miaCniaT, rom suli daZaxilze SeiZleba

mobrundes da... uZaxian avadmyofis suls misi gankurnebis mizniT. CrdiloeT

amerikis algonkinel indielebs miaCniaT, rom adamianis avadmyofobis mizezi

Crdilis dakargvaa (rac isev sulis dakargvas niSnavs) da misi dabrunebis

Semdeg unda frTxilad iyos, sanam Crdili masSi ar ganmtkicdeba. CrdiloeT aziis

Turanebi da TaTrebic Tvlian, rom avadmyofobis dros suli tovebs sxeuls. igive

mosazrebas vxvdebiT budistur tomebSi, sadac adamians suls lama ubrunebs

axloblebis garemocvaSi. birmaSi karenebi pepelasaviT iWeren avadmyofisgan

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Zilis dros gafrenil suls, uZaxian, sTavazoben mas sakvebs, tkbileuls da a.S.

CrdiloeT gvineis zangebs miaCniaT, rom fsiqikuri daavadebac imis Sedegia,

rom sulma miatova adamiani. es zogadi modeli konkretul “diagnozsac”

gulisxmobs, romlis drosac unda dadgindes jer is, Tu romelma sulma miatova

sxeuli da Semdeg is, Tu sad aris amJamad igi.

gavrcelebulia rwmena, rom erT arsebaSi sxvadasxva sulia - sxvadasxva

sityvebiT aRiniSneba suli, romelic sicocxles warmoSobs, romelic saflavis Tavze

trialebs, Crdilis bneli suli da naTeli suli, sarkesa Tu wyalSi areklili suli da a.S.

erT adamianSi sulTa simravlis modeli gvxvdeba rogorc primitiul xalxebSi,

aseve gviani periodis filosofosebTan (klasikuri magaliTia aristotele).

5. sizmari, transi da moCvenebebi

sizmars TiTqmis yvela arqauli kultura miiCnevs, rom Zilis dros sxeulidan

suli droebiT gadis. am mosazrebis argumenti yvelgan aris sizmari da misi

Sinaarsi, sadac adamiani naxulobs sxvadasxva adgilebs. radgan am dros sxeuli

uZravadaa (risi mowmeeebic garSemo uxvada arian), adamians miCnia, rom

sizmarSi mogazurobs suli. Tu didxans ar dabrunda Zilis dros wasuli suli,

adamiani SeiZleba daavaddes an daiRupos. saerTod, es niSnavs, rom sizmari,

avadmyofoba da sikvdili erTi procesis variantebia.

amerikeli indielebi Tvlidnen, rom mZinare suli tovebs adamianis sxeuls

misTvis mimzidveli sagnebis saZebnelad. adamianma sizmarSi sulis mier

nanaxi sagnebi gaRviZebis Semdeg aucileblad unda SeiZinos, raTa maTze

danatrebulma sulma meore dRes ar miatovos sxeuli, rasac avadmyofoba da

sikvdili mohyveba. axalzelandielebi Tvlian, rom Zilis dros sxeulidan gasuli suli

mogzaurobs megobrebis sanaxavad, maT Soris micvalebulTa samyaroSi.

sizmrebSi xSirad figurireben micvalebulebi, visac realobaSi veRar xvdeba

adamiani. savaraudoa, rom es faqti aiZulebda adamians suli daekavSirebina

imqveyniur samyarosTan.

animisturi azrovnebisTvis sizmarSi sulis mogzauroba imdenadaa realobis

nawili, rom moqmedebs cxovrebis wesze. birmaSi mdinareebze Wimaven

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Tokebs, radgan miaCniaT, rom suls ar SeuZlia wyalze gadasvla da Rame

mZinareTa sulebis Tavisuflad sasiarulod Tokis aseTi xidebia saWiro.

ZilSi sulis mogzaurobis ideis gamo bevrgan akrZalulia mZinaris

gaRviZeba - suli ver moaswrebs dabrunebas da adamiani SeiZleba daavaddes

an mokvdes. analogiuri modeli uxvad gvxvdeba maRali civilizaciis kulturebSic,

magaliTad vedantasa Tu kabalaSi. amave modeliT aris ganpirobebuli evropel

xalxebSi gavrcelebuli rwmena, rom cudia mZinaris gadabruneba, radgan sulma

SeiZleba veRar icnos sxeuli ukan dabrunebis dros.

sxeuls suli tovebs transis mdgomareobaSic, rac animisturi

azrovnebisTvis arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba Zilisgan. transSi sxeulidan gamosuli

sulis mogzaurobis Tema xSirad gvxvdeba sxvadasxva xalxis miTologiasa da

folklorSi, rac miuTiTebs am warmodgenis arqaulobaze. magaliTad,

skandinavuri legenda belad ingimundze gavuwyebs, rogor gadawyvita man

islandiaSi wasvla. man sami fineli daamwyvdia sami dRiT da mosTxova enaxaT

islandia. isini Cavardnen samdRian transSi, “gaagzavnes” sulebi samogzaurod

da sulebis dabrunebis Semdeg mouTxres ingimunds islandiis Sesaxeb. amis

Semdeg ingimundma gadawyvita gamgzavreba.

moCvenebaze TiTqmis igive iTqmis, rac sizmarze. e.tailori Tvlis, rom

pirvelyofili sazogadoebis wevrisTvis sizmrisa da moCvenebis Sinaarsebi iseve

realuria, rogorc fxizeli aRqmis xati. saerTod, primitiuli tomebis macxovreblebi

bevr da cxovel sizmrebs xedaven da miiCneven realobad, Semdeg uyvebian

erTmaneTs rogorc cxovrebiseul movlenas. tailori Tvlis, rom avadmyofobis,

narkotikuli zemoqmedebis, daRlilobis an emociuri egzaltaciis mdgomareobebs,

romelSic halucinatoruli gancdebi advilad Cndeba, pirvelyofilebi anomaliad ar

ganicdian. am mdgomareobaSi nanaxze Semdeg msjeloben sxvebTan erTad,

rac yvela sazogadoebaSi xels uwyobs, rom gamravldnen sulTa mxilvelebi.

yovelive es zrdis moCvenebebis sixSires. amitom moCvenebebi, iseve rogorc

sizmrebi, mniSvnelovan adgils ikaveben pirvelyofilTa cxovrebaSi.

6. sulis ieri

9


mosazrebidan, gardacvlilTa sulebs sizmris an moCvenebis saxiT xedavs

adamiani, logikurad gamomdinareobda, rom suls aqvs ieri. sizmrebisa da

moCvenebebis gamocdilebidan gamomdinare animistur kulturaSi iTvleba, rom

sxeulisgan gaTavisuflebuli suli isev sxeulis iers iRebs da swored amis wyalobiT

aris cnobadi. amdenad, suli amqveyniuri garegnuli niSnebis matarebeli aris im

qveynad. am logikiT xelmZRvanelobs avstralieli aborigeni, roca moklul mters

aWris im TiTs, romliTac, Cveulebriv, Subi ukaviaT tyorcnis dros. avstralieli Tvlis,

rom mtris suls im qveynad aRar eqneba TiTi, anu Subis (Sub-moCvenebis)

tyorcnis unari da zians veRar miayenebs mas imqveyniur cxovrebaSi

(SesaZlebelia, adre igive logika iyo Cadebuli mklavis moWris tradiciaSi, romelic

kavkasiis mTis xalxebSia gavrcelebuli). maRali kulturis qveynebSic xSirad

aqceven yuradRebas sulis sxeulebriv iers. Cinelebi gvianobamde

gansakuTrebul sasowarkveTaSi mohyavda Tavis mokveTiT sikvdils, radgan

miaCndaT, rom maTi suli imqveynadac Tavis gareSe wardgeboda da ver

iqneboda cnobadi.

sulis sxeulebrivi ieris ideac aCens Sebrunebul logikas, kerZod - rom

gamosaxuleba imis sulis matarebelia, rasac gamosaxavs. Tu naxati imis sulis

matarebelia, vis gamosaxulebasac igi warmoadgens, naxatis dazianebiT an

ganadgurebiT SeiZleba xelvyoT (davazianoT an movklaT) naxatze gamosaxuli

arseba. am modelidan logikuri xdeba rwmena, rom cudi niSania, Tu adamianis

sarkeSi yurebis dros sarke (anu adamianis gamosaxuleba am sarkeSi) gatyda.

savaraudoa, rom swored es rwmena ganapirobebs magiis bevr formulas -

sarkis akrZalvas zogierT kulturaSi, naxatisa Tu kerpis saxiT RvTaebis

gamosaxvis akrZalvas da sxva.

7. suli da fizikuri garemo

ieris garda suls sxva kavSirebic aqvs fizikur samyarosTan, magaliTad - suli

nawilobriv damokidebulia fizikur pirobebze. zemoT ukve moviyvaneT

magaliTi, romelSic suls Tokis xids uWimaven wyalze gadasasvlelad. CrdiloeT

amerikis indielebi saxls bades avleben garSemo, rom RamiT daicvan Tavi

daZinebuli mezoblebis moxetiale sulebisgan. kongos zangebi erTi weli ar

10


hgvian micvalebulis saxls, rom amtvrianebiT ar Seawuxon gardacvlilis suli.

amave motiviT ar asufTaveben tinkinelebi saxls axal wels, radgan am dros

micvalebulTa sulebi sadResaswaulod brundebian axloblebTan.

8. sulis masa

fizikur realobasTan sulis kavSiris kidev erTi aspeqtia sulis masa, rac xSirad

gvxvdeba sxvadasxva kulturaSi. pirvelyofil tomebSi farTed gavrcelebuli

Cveulebaa, rom iatakze nacari dayaron, raTa gamoCndes sulebis da

demonebis nafexurebi. zogjer sawolis Cazneqva mianiSnebs, rom avadmyofi

bavSvis gverdiT gardacvlili dedis suli dawva. tonganelebisTvis adamianis suli

haeriviT masis mqonea. zogan sinaTlis, zogan orTqlis an eTeris magvari

substancia aris miCneuli sulis substanciad. am SemTxvevebSi sulic sxeulad

ganixileba, oRond msubuq da aramkvriv sxeulad. garda animisturi kulturisa

uxvad aris amgvari ideebi klasikur berZenul Tu qristianul filosofiaSi.

sxvadasxva ganviTarebis xalxebSi sxvadsxva formiT gvxvdeba idea, rom suls

aqvs wona. es idea aRwevs Tanamedrove spiritualur moZRvrebebamde, sadac

wonac dasaxelebulia - 3 an 4 uncia (wonis inglisuri erTeuli), anu 85,05 an

113,4 grami.

9. sulis urTierTobebi

suli aramarto amqveyniuri fizikuri TavisebebiT xasiaTdeba, aramed

urTierTobebiTac. imqveynad amqveyniuri urTierTobebis gagrZelebis idea

udevs safuZvlad Cveulebas, rom micvalebuls saflavSi Caatanon sagnebi,

romelsac igi amqveynad xmarobda. am rwmenas adasturebs yvela qveynis da

yvela civilizaciis samarxi, gansakuTrebiT, Tu igi warCinebul pirs ekuTvnoda.

saflavSi im sagnebis Cadeba, romelsac micvalebuli amqveynad xmarobda (es

tradicia arc TanamedroveebisTvis aris ucxo), ganpirobebuli iyo rwmeniT, rom

imqveynad mas igive urTierToba eqneba am sagnebTan.

11


micvalebulisTvis sxva adamianebis msxverplad Sewirvac dakavSirebulia

rwmenasTan, rom SewirulTa sulebi micvalebulTan iseTive urTierTobas

gaagrZeleben, rac amqveynad hqondaT. amitom, msxverplad iwireboda

micvalebulis msaxurebi, monebi, colebi. fijis kunZulebze 1839 wels

aborigenebma daaRrCves 80 qali, radgan brZolaSi daiRupnen maTi qmrebi,

romlebsac imqveynad sWirdebodaT moyvaruli meuRleebi. sayuradReboa, rom

kulturis ganviTarebasTan erTad am, Tanamedrove TvalsazrisiT, barbarosuli

ritualebis gavrceleba daklebis magivrad matulobda. cnobilia, rom ganviTarebis

garkveul etapamde evropis, aziis, afrikis da amerikis materikis TiTqmis yvela

civilizaciaSi beladis an mefis gardacvalebisas mas msxverplad swiravdnen

meomrebs, ymebsa da colebs. sul ukanasknel periodamde indoeTSic, sadac

xSirad codvad aris miCneuli mweris mokvlac ki, wvavdnen qvrivebs gardacvlili

meuRlisaTvis. rogorc Cans, adamianis mokvla micvalebulisTvis

msxverplSewirvaa da amitom ar miiCneoda codvad. es modeli axasiaTebs

yvela msxerplSewirvas - RmerTisTvis adamianis, cxovelis Tu sakvebis

msxerplad mitana codvad ar iTvleboda da gulisxmobda, rom maTTan RmerTs

igive urTierToba eqneba, rac amqveyniur cxovrebaSi aris dakanonebuli. es

paraleli, micvalebulis sulisa da RmerTis mimarT erTnairi damokidebuleba kidev

erTxel gvaxsenebs im mosazrebas, rom religiur cnobierebaSi SeiZleba RmerTis

idea sulis, kerZod - micvalebulTa sulis ideidan iRebdes dasabams.

imqveyniuri cxovrebisTvis adamianis Sewirva yovelTvis micvalebulis

axloblebs ar ukavSirdeboda. idaanebTan iTvleboda, rom kacs imqveynad

imdeni yma eyoleba, ramden adamiansac moklavs igi amqveynad. xSirad isini

monas yidulobdnen marto imisTvis, rom moeklaT. daiakebTan igive idea

Camoyalibda rwmenaSi, rom imqveyniur msaxurTa ricxvi ganpirobebulia

amqveynad kacis mier mokveTili Tavebis raodenobiT. amitom, adamianis

Rirsebis gamoxatuleba iyo misi saxlis win aRmarTuli mokveTili Tavebis goraki.

amerikel indielebTan analogiur “funqcias” asrulebda saxlis win gamokidebuli

skalpebi. msgavsi Cveuleba bevr kulturaSi dasaturdeba.

10. cxovelis suli

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sainteresoa cxovelis sulis Tema. animisturi cnobiereba cxovelze xSirad

iseve msjelobs, rogorc adamianze, risi radikaluri gamovlenac aris totemizmi.

xSirad iseve, rogorc cnobil adamians miewereba xolme gvaris dawyeba,

winaparad moiazreba cxoveli, ufro zustad - cxovelis suli. es totemisturi

damokidebuleba Semdeg cxovelis gaRmerTebis safuZveli xdeba, risi elementic

aris TiTqmis yvela religiaSi. adamians mokluli cxovelis sulis iseve eSinia, rogorc

micvalebuli adamianis sulis. monadire xSirad patiebas iTxovs momavali

msxverplisgan nadirobis win da Semdeg mis suls Tavad swiravs msxverlps,

rom Tavidan aicilos misi ganrisxeba. Crdilo-amerikeli indielebi xSirad eridebian

gvelis mokvlas, radgan misi sulis SurisZiebis eSiniaT, zogjer - aRmerTeben

mas. Tu indieli daglija daTvma, igulisxmeba, rom man sxva daTvis Suri iZia.

amitom moklul daTvs sTxoven patiebas, xSirad mSvidobis yalionsac ewevian

masTan erTad - Txrian pirSi anTebul yalions da suls uberaven. cxovelebis

mimarT analogiur damokidebulebas vawydebiT afrikis da aziis xalxebSic. sul

cota xnis win koriakebi daTvs an mgels rom moklavdnen, tyavs aZrobdnen da

gadaacmevdnen erTerT Tanasoflels. mere mis garSemo iwyebdnen ritualur

cekvas da simRerebs, romlebSic arwmunebdnen cxovels, rom daTvis sikvdili

maTi, koriakebis brali ki ar aris, aramed viRac rusi aris damnaSave. zogierT

ganviTarebul kulturaSi moklul cxovelTan urTierTobas xumrobis saxe aqvs

miRebuli, rac savaraudos xdis, rom arqaul periodSi mas Tayvans scemdnen

(aseve SeiZleba ganvixiloT cxovelTa saxeebiT Warbi qarTuli berikaobac,

romelsac bevri analogi arsebobs sxvadasxva qveyanaSi).

yovelive es da sxva mravali faqti miuTiTebs, rom cxovelSi igulisxmeba

iseTive suli, rogorc adamianSia - iseTive survilebi, gansjis, sizmrebis Tu

moCvenebebis xilvis, imqveyniur samyaroSi gardasvlis iseTive unari.

grelandielebi fiqrobdnen, rom avdmyofi adamianis suli jadoqarma

SeiZleba Secvalis kurdRlis, iremis an bavSvis suliT. assamaSi kukis toms

miaCnia, rom maT mier mokluli yvela cxoveli imqveynad misi sakuTreba

iqneba iseve, rogorc omSi mokluli adamiani. analogiuri warmodgenebi aqvT

zulusebs. bevr pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi micvalebuls iseve atandnen mis

sayvarel cxovelebs (gansakuTrebiT, cxenebs), rogorc cols da msaxurebs.

CrdiloeT amerikaSi gardacvlil bavSvebTan marxavdnen ZaRls, raTa misi suli

13


bavSvs daexmareboda saiqios gzis povnaSi. actekebTan ZaRls klavdnen, rom

misi suli micvalebulTa samyarosken gzis gakvalvaSi daxmareboda patronis

suls. analogiuri tradiciebi gvxvdeba aziisa da evropis bevr qveynaSi. cxovelTa

sulebis ukvdavebaze msjeloben piTagora da platonic. antikur warmodgenebSi

ki ukve iyofa - “anima” cxoveluri suli (romelic adamiansac aqvs; qarTulad mas

samSvinveli ewodeba) “animusisgan”, anu specifiurad adamianis sulisagan.

11. mcenaris, sagnis da adgilis suli

ramdenadac mcenare iseve, rogorc cxoveli, ibadeba, izrdeba da kvdeba,

masac miewereboda sulis garkveuli saxe. mcenareuli sulis Tema gavrcelebuli

iyo uZveles periodSi, Sua saukuneebSic da dResac araa daviwyebuli. mcenaris

suli xSirad cxovelisas utoldeboda. karenTa toms miaCnia, rom adamianis

analogiurad mcenaris avadmyofobac misi sulis wasvlis Sedegia. amitomac

brinjis cudi mosavalis dros specialuri ritualebi ewyoba brinjis sulis ukan

mosabruneblad.

am tipis magaliTebi srul suraTs mainc ver qmnis imis Taobaze, Tu rogor

warmoedgina pirvelyofil adamians mcenaris suli. faqtia, rom mcenareebs

(yvavilebis garda) ar ayolebdnen micvalebuls imqveynad gamoyenebisTvis.

meores mxriv, farTed aris gavrcelebuli rwmena, rom adamianis suli gadadis

mcenareSi (misi anareklia sasaflaoze yvavilis an xis dargva da movla, xesTvis

Txovna - “natvris xe”, an farTed gavrcelebuli wminda tyis kulti).

pirvelyofil cnobierebaSi vxvdebiT aramarto cxovelebis da mcenareebis,

aramed sagnebis sulebs. sulierad ganixileba qva, joxi, iaraRi, mdinare, mTa da

a.S. maTi gasuliereba vlindeba imaSi, rom TiToeul maTgans adamiani sityviT

mimarTavs, xandaxan ritualiTac ki, gulisxmobs maTSi azrovnebis da nebis

mqone arsebas. amis erTerTi safuZveli SeiZleba iyos sizmari - sizmarSi

adamiani xom xedavda sxva adamianis samossac, iaraRsac, sxvadasxva

sagnebs da landSafts, ufro zustad - maT gamosaxulebas, anu maT suls.

amitom, mas es sizmriseuli STabeWdilebebi hkarnaxobdnen, rom sagnebis suli

arsebobs. es rwmena gansakuTrebiT iyo gavrcelebuli birmaSi, fijis kunZulebze

da CrdiloeT amerikaSi. am ukanasknelis ajibves tomSi Tvlidnen, rom sagnebis

14


sulebi iseve gadasaxldebian imqveynad, rogorc adamianTa sulebi. es rwmenac

gulisxmobs, rom imqveyniuri samyaro amqveyniuris analogia.

gavrcelebulia mniSvnelovani adgilis ganxilva specifikuri sulis

samflobelod. amgvari warmodgenebi dRemde yvela xalxSia SemorCenili

(SeadareT - “adgilis deda” an “fuZisa da Weris angelozi” saqarTveloSi). adgilTa

sulebi SeiZleba keTilganwyobili iyvnen, SeiZleba - ara. amitom, maT msxverpls

swiravdnen iseve, rogorc micvalebulebs an RmerTebs.

12. usxeulo sulebi

Cven aqamde ganvixilavdiT miwieri arsebebisa Tu sagnebis gasulierebas,

rogorc animizmis gamovlinebas. animizmis etepzec da, gansakuTrebiT, mis

Semdeg religiebSi aRiareben iseT sulebs, romlebsac sxeuli ar gaaCniaT.

animistur kulturaSi aseTebi arian micvalebulTa sulebi, boroti da keTili sulebi.

mogvianebiT Cndebian demonebi, angelozebi, RmerTebi. yvela maTgans

adamianis msgavsad aqvs Semecnebis unari, survilebi da emociebi.

adamianisgan gansxvavebiT maT ara aqvT sxeuli da amdenad - arian

ukvdavebi da floben mistikur Zalas.

13. “sulis” cnebis fsiqologiuri safuZvlebi pirvelyofil kulturaSi

ganxiluli masalaSi yvelaze ufro saintereso aris is, riTac gansxvavdeba

sulis cneba animistur kulturaSi gviandelTan SedarebiT. erTerT amgvar

gansxvavebad SeiZleba miviCnioT is, rom animisturi cnobierebisTvis suli iseve

aris mocemuli empiriul gamocdilebaSi, rogorc nebismieri sxva realoba, igi

dakvirvebadia, kerZod - mas xedaven sizmrebSi da halucinaciebSi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom animisturi cnobierebis saerTo niSnebs vnaxulobT

TiToeuli kontinentis aborigenul mosaxleobaSi, anu maTTan, vinc adre

erTmaneTisgan geografiulad da kulturulad izolirebuli iyo. es savaraudos xdis,

rom sulis kategoria Camoyalibebis etapze iseTi faqtorebis gavlenas ganicdida,

romelic ar daiyvaneba kulturaTSoris kontaqtebze.

15


tailori Tvlis, rom animisturi modeli imdenad axlosaa imasTan, rasac

grZnobis organoebi gvidastureben, imdenad racionaluria da kargad ergeba

bevr movlenas, rom arqaulobis miuxedavad, masTan religiis da mecnierebis

dapirispirebis miuxedavad, misi kvali dRemde arsebobs kulturasa da kulturuli

adamianis cnobierebaSi. Tu sulis arseboba dRevandeli scientisturi (mecnieruli)

kulturis matarebeli adamianisTvisacaa misaRebi, advili warmosadgenia

ramdenad daeyrdnoboda am cnebas pirvelyofili adamiani, romelsac ar unda

hqonoda sakuTari sulieri procesebis “undoblobis”, anu TviTdakvirvebaSi

mocemuli gancdebis eWvqveS dayenebis safuZveli. amitom, bevri mkvlevari

(upirveles yovlisa, TviT tailori) varaudobs, rom pirvelyofili adamianisTvis

erTnairad realuri unda yofiliyo aRqmis, sizmris da halucinaciis Sinaarsebi,

radgan TviTdakvirvebaSi aRqmas, sizmars da halucinacias erTnairad axlavs

realobis gancda.

adamiani introspeqciis (sakuTar gancdebze dakvirvebis) unaris mqone

arsebaa. mis introspeqciul gamocdilebaSia: 1) adamianis gareT arsebuli

realobis eqsteroceptuli gancdebi; 2) adamianis sxeulis mdgomareobis

introceptuli gancdebi guliscemis, sunTqvis, tkivilis, moZraobis Tu sxva

sxeulebrivi procesebis Sesaxeb; 3) adamianSi realurad arsebuli intenciis,

midrekilebis gancda imis mimarT, rac jer ar arsebobs, magaliTad -

moTxovnileba, survili, emocia, neba da a.S. 4) aw ararsebuli warsuli

gamocdilebis gancdebi, romelTagan Sedgeba mexsiereba; 5) sakuTari azris,

varaudis gancda saganTa da movlenaTa Sesaxeb; 6) gancdebi, romlebsac

realobis grZnoba ar axlavs - fantazia, ocneba, momavlis warmodgena da a.S.

7) gancdebi, romlebsac realobis grZnoba axlavs, magram isini realobasTan

logikur SesabamisobaSi ar arian, risi magaliTicaa sizmari da halucinacia, anu

fantaziis specifiuri saxe realobis gancdiT, romelSic bunebis kanonebi

ugulvebelyofilia. es introspeqciuli masala saerToa yvela adamianisTvis.

amave dros, adamiani yovelTvis cdilobda da cdilobs garkveul logikaSi

moeqcios miRebuli STabeWdilebebi. savaraudoa, rom pirvelyofili adamiani

ecdeboda erTian logikur sistemaSi gaerTianebina zemoT CamoTvlili

introspeqciuli STabeWdilebebi. Tu misTvis realuri iyo yvelaferi, rasac axlda

realobis gancda, is logikur sirTuleebs waawydeboda - saerTo logika ar

16


eZebneba realobis grZnobiT gaerTianebul eqstero-introcefcias da sizmrebs. am

sirTulis daZlevis ori gza arsebobda - an erTerTi STabeWdilebis adeqvaturoba

unda uaryofiliyo (magaliTad, sizmrisa da halucinaciebis realobaze uaris Tqma,

rogorc Cven vakeTebT; induri filosofia aRqmaSi mocemul realobas miiCnevs

iluziad), an aRiarebuliyo ori gansxvavebuli bunebis mqone obieqturi realoba -

erTis mxriv, fizikur anu sxeulebriv kanonebze da, meores mxriv, eqstra-fizikur

anu sulier kanonebze agebuli realobebi (pirvelyofili adamianis

damokidebuleba).

usxeulo arsebaTa moqmedebas adamiani akvirdeboda sizmrebisa da

halucinaciebis siuJetebSi - aq aRar moqmedebda sivrcisa da drois, gaSualebuli

mizez-Sedegobriobis da forma-Sinaarsis erTianobis kanonebi. adamiani,

romelic sxeulebriv samyaroSi nabij-nabij gadaadgildeboda, sulier samyaroSi

(sizmarSi) myisierad faravda didi sivrces an dafrinavda; igi fizikuri Zalisxmevis

gareSe, mxolod azris gaelvebis Sedegad angrevda an agebda qalaqebs; is

SeiZleba yofiliyo misTvis Cveul sxeulSi an gadasaxlebuliyo savsebiT uCveulo

formaSi da a.S. sakuTari pirovnebis im nawils, romelic am ze-bunebriv

samyaroSi imyofeboda maSin, roca mis sxeuls eZina, pirvelyofilma adamianma

uwoda suli.

Tanamedrove zrdasrul adamians erTi Tavisebureba ganasxvavebs

bavSvis da pirvelyofili adamianisgan - igi ar ujerebs realobis gancdas,

azrovnebas ufro endoba. amgvari orientaciis da sizmris realobasTan

winaaRmdegobis gamo mas miaCnia, rom misi xilvebi realobis suraTi araa, isini

an miniSnebaa realobaze, an, saerTod, cnobierebis TamaSia da meti araferi.

amisgan gansxvavebiT, patara bavSvi da animisturi cnobiereba realobad Tvlis

yvelafers, rasac realobis gancda axlavs Tan, maT Soris - sizmriseul da

halucinatorul xilvebs. cnobierebis adreuli formebis istoriasa da ontogenezSi

dadasturebuli es Taviseburebebi, savaraudoa, rom safuZvlad edeba sulis

msoflmxedvelobriv gaazrebis saerTo niSnebs sxvadasxva kulturaSi.

amasTanave, animisturi kulturis specifika imaSia, rom adamianma

sakuTari moZraobis dakvirvebadi mizezebi (azrebi, survilebi) gadaitana sxva

sxeulebis moZraobis asaxsnelad da, amis Sedegad, maTSi sulis arseboba

dauSva. am “paradigmis” gaCena bunebrivia - adamiani xom yvelaze ufro

17


Tavdajerebuli sakuTari qcevis axsnisas iyo. amitom, logikuria, adamians

daeSva, rom yvela movlenis determinanti am movlenis sulia.

* * *

im animisturi msoflmxedvelobidan, rom fizikur realobas ganapirobeben

metafizikuri sulebi, logikurad gamodinareobda cxovrebis strategia - sxeulTa

samyarosTan dakavSirebuli praqtikuli problemebis gadaWrisTvis adamians

unda moexdina gavlena sulTa samyaroze, romelic Semdeg Secvlida fizikur

sinamdviles. am gziT cdilobda adamiani mieRo misTvis sasurveli amindi,

nayofieri nadiroba an mosavali. amave gziT ebrZoda igi daavadebebs da

sikvdilsac ki. metafizikuri sinamdvilis aseTi dakavSireba praqtikul

problemebTan ukve gulisxmobda, rom unda Seqmniliyo sulTa samyarosTan

urTierTobis “teqnologia” da misi Semsruleblis socialuri instituti. amgvari

instituti Seiqmna. sxvadasxva kulturaSi mas sxvadasxva saxeli hqonda -

jadoqari, magi, Samani, mkurnali, grZneuli da a.S. msjelobis gaadvilebisTvis

mas Samani vuwodoT, radgan am praqtikis saxelad dRes damkvidrebulia

termini “Samanizmi”.

$ 3. pirvelyofili kulturis fsiqologiuri praqtika - Samanizmi

1. Samanizmis arsi

“Samanizmi... warmoadgens eqstazis erTerT arqaul teqnikas,

amasTanave - mistikas, magias da “religias” am sityvis farTe mniSvnelobiT”

(m.eliade). Samani magic aris da eqimbaSic. igi mkurnalobs, rogorc eqimbaSi,

da, amav dros, fakiriseul saswaulebsac uCvenebs. fsiqoTerapiis TvaliT Tu

SevxedavT, savaraudoa, rom SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos saswaulmoqmedis da

mkurnalis erT pirovnebaSi gaerTianeba - saswauli aCens rwmenas, romelic

sWirdeba fsiqoTerapiul mkurnalobas. amave dros, Samani zebunebriv

ZalebTan urTierTobis unaris demonstraciasac axdens - “aTvinierebs” stiqiebs,

warmarTavs msxverplSewirvas, micvalebulTa sulebi “gadahyavs” sxva

samyaroSi da a.S.

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Samanizmis terminSi erTiandeba sxvadaxva religiuri rwmena, romelSic

centralur adgils ikavebs Samanis figura. igi qarizmatuli pirovnebaa, romelsac

aqvs transSi gadasvlis, avadmyofTa gankurnebis, bunebis Zalebis marTvis,

cxovelebsa da frinvelebTan urTierTobis, Tu micvalebulTa samyarosTan

kontaqtis unari. Samans “zurgs umagrebs” mis sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebuli

miTologia, romelic, ZiriTadad, asaxulia zepir gadmocemebSi. am miTebis

tradiciuli personaJia Samani, romelic adamianTa da sulebis mediatoria - maTi

urTierTobis gamSualebeli. Samanis damxmare sulebic arseboben, romlebic

Citebis, Tevzebis da sxva miwieri cxovelebis saxes iReben (es fragmenti, albaT,

totemisturi azrovnebis Taviseburi gavlenaa). miTebSi Samanis erTerTi ZiriTadi

funqcia - mkurnaloba, warmodgenilia, rogorc Samanis an misi damxmare

sulebis brZola avadmyofobis sulTan. avadmyofobis suls Samani edaveba,

eCxubeba, aSinebs, Seulocavs da a.S. iTvleba, rom am gziT Samani adamianis

suls arTmevs avadmyofobas da ubrunebs patrons, rac am ukanasknelis

gamojanmrTelebas iwvevs. ase Tvlis Samanic da pacientic. am Tvalsazriss

orive maTganSi ayalibebda miTologia. miTologiis erTianobis miuxedavad

Samansa da pacients Soris aris gansxvaveba - Samanis monaTxrobidan

gamomdinare avadmyofi gulisxmobs, rom Samani ibrZvis misi sulisTvis. xolo

transSi myofi Samani uSualod xedavs da ganicdis am “brZolas”.

Samanizmi, viwro gagebiT, aris movlena, romelic amJamad gavrcelebulia

cimbirsa da centralur aziaSi. terminic tungusuri “Saman”-idan modis, romelic

sxva enebSi rusulidan gavrcelda. amave dros, yvela eqimbaSi, an yvela magi

Samani araa. Samans Tavis specializacia aqvs. “Samani aris specialisti

transisa, romlis drosac misi suli, rogorc iTvleba, tovebs sxeuls imisTvis, rom

avides zecaSi an CaeSvas jojoxeTSi” (eliade). Samani ar qmnis religiur

ideologias, igi yvela ideologias iTavsebs. amitom eliade Tvlis, rom Samanizmi

ufro mistikuri fenomenia, vidre religiuri, romelic bevr religiaSia mocemuli

eqstaturi kulturis saxiT. meores mxriv, sayuradReboa, Tu ra iTvleba Samanis

sulis sxeulidan gamosvlad da ra saSualebebs iyenebs igi amisTvis. am

sakiTxebze gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino masalas iZleva Samanad gaxdomis

principebi.

19


2. Samanad gaxdoma

cimbirsa da Crdilo-aRmosavleT aziaSi Samanad gaxdomis gzebi aris: 1)

profesiis gadacema memkvidreobiT; 2) SerCeva bunebrivi midrekilebis,

spontanuri mowodebis mixedviT. aris sxva variantebic, magram eqstazis

bunebrivi gamocdileba yvelgan aucilebelia. yazaxebTan da yirgizebTan

Samans sofeli irCevs yvela axalgazrdidan, gansakuTrebiT - gardamaval asakSi

myofi oboli da nevrotuli axalgazrdebidan. Samanistur sazogadoebaSi epilefsiuri

an isteriuli Seteva RmerTebTan Sexvedrad aris miCneuli. bevrgan adamiani

Samanad xdeba mexis dacemis Semdeg. eqstaturi gamocdilebis qveS

igulisxmeba STambeWdavi sizmrebi, transi, halicunaciebi da a.S. Samanobis

kandidatis es spontanuri eqstaturi gancdebi Zveli Samanis didaqtikis (miTebis,

simboloebis da sulTa geneologiis swavlebis) saSualebiT xdeba kontrolirebadi.

yovelive es gadaaqcevs nevrotiks misi sazogadoebis mier aRiarebul Samanad.

3. Samanis iniciacia

Samanis iniciacia iseve, rogorc yvela iniciacia (laT. initiare - ziareba

sakulto saidumloebasTan; iniciacia garkveul rituals gulisxmobs da xSirad

ukavSirdeba axali socialuri statusis miRebas religiur ierarqiaSi) atarebs

iniciaciis procedurebis saerTo semantikas: tanjva, sikvdili da aRdgoma axal

arsebad. Samanis avadmyofoba cxovrebiseuli tanjvis analogiaa. cnobierebis

dakargva - sikvdili. am etaps xandaxan sxeulis nawilebad simboluri daWris

ceremonia axlavs Tan. SamanobasTan ziarebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli ritualebia

ganmartoeba gaudabnoebul adgilas (imqveyniuri samyaros simboloa) da

akrZalvebi, romelic kandidats micvalebulTan aigivebs - yofna saWmelis da

wylis gareSe; saxeze ferflis wasma da micvalebulTa niRabis tareba

moCvenebasTan misamsgavseblad; simboluri dakrZalva taZarSi; hipnoturi Zili

da sasmeli, romelic cnobierebas akargvinebs adamians; tkivilis ugulvebelyofa.

am mdgomareobidan dabrunebuli neofitebi xSirad iqcevian ise, rogorc

mexsiereba dakarguli adamiani - Tavidan swavloben siaruls, Wamas, Cacmas.

isini iReben axal saxels da swavloben axal (Samanur) “enas”.

20


garemomcvelebic mas xSirad ise uyureben, rogorc im qveynidan mosul

moCvenebas. xandaxan, iniciaciis etaps axlavs analogiuri Sinaarsis sizmrebi,

sadac damatebulia zecad asvlis da qvesknelSi CaSvebis, an gardacvlil

SamanebTan gasaubrebis siuJetebi. es eqstaturi gancdebi Samanis

momzadebis erTerTi safexuria.

avstraliel aborigenebSi Samanad aRiareba xdeba mas Semdeg, rac misi

suli or-sam dRes “dahyofs sulTa samyaroSi”. kondebis qurumi amgvar

aRiarebas aRwevs ToTxmetdRiani transis Semdeg. iTvleba, rom transis

mdgomareobaSi misi erTerTi suli uzenaes RvTaebasTan midis. Tanamedrove

iakuteli Samanebi hyvebian, rom Samanobis msurveli 3-7 dRe “kvdeba” -

sakvebis gareSe, uwylod da uZravad wevs iurtaSi. transSi igi xedavs, rom misi

sxeuli rkinis CangliT an rkinis frinvelis mier iglijeba nawilebad, Tvalebi vardeba

budeebidan, sxeuli icleba siTxisgan; sxeulis naglejebs Wamen sxvadasxva

daavadebis boroti sulebi, rac aZlevs momaval Samans maTi mkurnalobis

unars. amis Semdeg frinveli Samanis Zvlebs agrovebs da kravs rkiniT. es ukve

axali adamiania. Samanobis kandidati (neofiti) am xilvebis Semdeg iRviZebs.

iakutiis sxvadasxva tomSi analogiuria xilvebis Sinaarsi, sadac ramodenime

ZiriTadi Tema figurirebs: sxeulis daqucmaceba da aRdgena; ritualuri sikvdili,

romelsac aRdgoma mohyveba; miTologiuri frinvelic mniSvnelovani figuraa

Samanur warmodgenebSi. analogiuri Temebi (avadmyofobaTa, xeebis da

stiqiebis sulebi, daqucmaceba da aRdgena, samkurnalo codnis miReba)

gvxvdeba avamis samoedebis (nencebis), tungusebis, buriatebis da sxvaTa

sainiciacio transSi.

cimbiris Samanebis am eqstatiuri siuJetebis analogiuri Temebi gvxvdeba

avstraliel SamanebTan. iq zebunebrivi arseba neofits arTmevs da ucvlis

Signeuls ukeTesiT, amatebs magiur kristalebs (an/da gvels), micvalebulTa

sulebi modian da aswavlian mas mkurnalobas. aRsaniSnavia, rom magiur

kristals (kvarcis kristals) avstralieli aborigenebi “gayinul Suqad” Tvlian, romelic

sxeulSi Samanis Sinagan sinaTled gadaiqceva. es warmodgena sainteresoa

ramodenime TvalsazrisiT. jer erTi, Sinagani sinaTle mraval gviandel mistikur

praqtikaSi gvxvdeba - mistikasTan dakavSirebul procedurebs xSirad axlavs Tan

Sinagani sinaTlis realurad gancda (bevr religiur sistemaSi mistiuri Zalis mqone

21


pirs “ganaTlebuls” an “naTeli sulis matarebels” uwodeben). SeiZleba, am

introspeqciuli fenomenis axsnis aucileblobam gaaCina magiuri kristalis miTi da

Semdeg - Sesabamisi xilva. meorec, magiuri kristali ganviTarebul religiebSi

xSirad aris zebunebrivi ZaliT aRWurvili adamianis atributi, rac Samanuri

modelis gvaindel versiad SeiZleba ganvixiloT.

sxeulis iniciaciuri danawileba aseve gvxvdeba amerikis tomebSi, afrikasa

da indoneziaSi. CrdiloeT amerikaSi maias tomis Samanobis kandidati xdeba

Semdegi ritualis monawile: mas “klaven” wamlebis wveniT, mere

“anawileben”, ris Semdegac igi aRdgeba Samanad. rogorc vnaxeT, xSirad es

procedura aris ara ritualis, aramed xilvis siuJeti. sxeulisgan amgvari

gaTavisuflebis erTerTi logikuri fenomenologiuri Sedegia sakuTari ConCxis xilva

- Samani transSi sxeulidan xorcis mocilebis Semdeg xedavs mxolod sakuTar

ConCxs, romlis TiToeul Zvals asaxelebs igi “Samanebis enaze”. amitom xSiria,

rom ConCxis suraTi gadaiqceva Samanis sxeulis moxatulobad.

sikvdili, anu sxeulidan sulis amoReba da mere misi (sxeulis) “ganaxleba”

aris eskimos neofitis xilvebSic. am proceduris Semdeg xilvebSi maswavlebeli

mas gadascems “angagoks” - saidumlo sinaTles da cecxls, romelsac momavali

Samani ganicdis mTel sxeulSi, gansakuTrebiT, TavSi, mis Rrma centrSi. es

lokalizacia Zalian sainteresoa im fonze, rac dRes viciT - siTbos (miT umetes,

simxurvalis) gancda dakavSirebulia sisxlZarRvebis gafarToebasa da sisxlis

mimoqcevis gaZlierebasTan. siTbos gancdis tvinis siRrmeSi lokalizacia

savaraudos xdis, rom Samanuri procedurebis dros intensiuri xdeboda tvinis

qerqqveSa struqturebis kveba.

Samanuri koncefciis mixedviT iTvleboda, rom siTbosa da sinaTlis sxeulsa

da TavSi lokalizaciis Semdeg Samans uCndeboda sibneleSi uxilavi sagnebis,

warsulisa da momavlis, micvalebulebis da sulebis xilvis unari. sayuradReboa,

rom am Sinagani Suqis Sesaxeb laparaki aris gviandel mistikur moZRvrebebSic

- upaniSadebSi, iogas teqnikaSi, “micvalebulTa tibetur wignSi”, qristianul

Teologiasa da mistikaSi. yovelive es savaraudos xdis, rom mistikuri sinaTlis da

simxurvalis gancda religiuri eqstazis aucilebeli fenomenebia Samanobidan

dawyebuli da rTuli religiuri sistemebiT damTavrebuli.

22


Samanuri xilvis iseTi elementi, rogorc aris pirovnebis gaTavisufleba

xorcisagan, sainteresoa rogorc religiis istoriisTvis, ise fsiqoTerapiisTvis,

ramdenadac amgvari xilvebis fonze icvleba Samanis janmrTeloba.

4. Samanis janmrTeloba

Samanad avadmyofi pirovnebis arCeva ar niSnavs, rom Samani

avadmyofia. rogorc wesi, Samanuri praqtika xels uwyobs TviT Samanis

gamojanmrTelebas (anu - Samanis pacienti TviT Samanicaa, rasac ase xSirad

vxvdebiT fsiqoTerapiis istoriaSi). Samanebi hyvebian, rom Samanobis dawyebis

Semdeg isini ukeTesad grZnoben Tavs. roca raime mizeziT maT am praqtikis

saSualeba ara aqvT, janmrTelobis mdgomareoba uuaresdebaT.

Samanis janmrTelobis gaumjobesebis niSnebia is, rom Samani mis

TanasoflelebTan SedarebiT ufro mdgradia daavadebebis mimarT, ukeTesad

marTavs sakuTar mdgomareobas, epilefsiur Setevasac ki - winaswarganzraxviT

SeuZlia misi dawyebac da dasrulebac. Samanis transi gansxvavdeba

Cveulebrivi isteriuli an epileftoiduri gulyrisgan. xalxiT savse iurtaSi igi ritualur

cekvas asrulebs sakmaod didi tvirTiT - mis tansacmelze dakidebuli rkinis

samkaulebi iwonian, daaxloebiT, 15 kilograms. miuxedavad imisa, rom Samani

am cekvas transSi asrulebs da Tvalebi daxuWuli aqvs, igi arasodes arafers da

aravis ar ejaxeba da poulobs yvelafers, rac unda. transis procesis marTvis es

unaric avadmyofobis CarCoebSi ver Tavsdeba.

Cveulebriv mdgomareobaSi Samani Tanasoflelebisgan gansxvavdeba

yuradRebis Zlieri koncetraciis unariT da maRali amtanobiT. igi energiuli da

“inteligenturi” personaa. amave dros, mas aqvs Zlieri da moqnili sxeuli. masSi

igrZnoba upiratesobis gancda, oRond igi arasodes araa qedmaRali.

mexsierebac mas gacilebiT ukeTesi aqvs vidre sxvebs, rac gamoixateba tomis

zepiri folkloris codnaSi. iakutebis Samanis leqsikoni 12 000 sityvas Seicavs,

roca Tanasoflelebis leqsikoni - 4 000 sityvas.

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xolo maSin, roca Samani iZulebulia droebiT Sewyvetos praqtika, mas

usustdeba sakuTari mdgomareobis marTvis Cveva da avadmyofobis

simptomebi matulobs. amdenad, aqtiuri Samanis fsiqologiuri tipi da suliT

avadmyofi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba. sudanis tomebi ar scemen pativs

adamians, romelic avadmyofuria Cveulebriv mdgomareobaSi, transis gareSe.

Samanis fizikur da sulier janmrTelobas iTxoven avstralieli tomebic.

fsiqoTerapiis istoriisTvis, ra Tqma unda, sainteresoa rogor inkurneboda

Samanis pacienti, magram aranakleb sainteresoa is, Tu ris Sedegad

umjobesdeba TviT Samanis janmrTeloba. Samanis pacientis gankurneba

advilad SeiZleba aixsnas imiT, rac dRes vicT sugestiis, kerZod, placebo-efeqtis

Sesaxeb. rac Seexeba Samanis gamojanmrTelebas, es ufro rTuli asaxsnelia.

savaraudoa, rom am saidumlos gasaRebi transSia, radgan transis

gaiSviaTebisas, Samani isev ubrundeboda avadmyofur mdgomareobas.

amasTan dakavSirebiT yuradRebas imsaxurebs sxvadasxva kulturaSi

gameorebuli Samanis iniciaciis xilva, rom Samani kargavs xorcs.

es fragmenti sayuradReboa, radgan aCens erT varauds. SeiZleba am

proceduriT amoqmedebulia fsiqikis is zogadi kanoni, rom erTi gancdis Semdeg

naklebad mosalodnelia pirvelTan logikur winaaRmdegobaSi myofi gancdebis

gaCena. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, erTi gancda aCens ganawyobas, romelic

zrdis masTan logikur SesabamisobaSi myofi gancdebis albaTobas da amcirebs

Seusabamo gancdebisas. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu Samanma “ixila” rogor

dakarga sxeuli, am xilviT Seqmnilma ganwyobam unda uarhyos sxeulidan

(somadan) momdinare stimulacia, radgan fsiqikisTvis am pirovnebas “sxeuli

aRar gaaCnia” da amgvari stimulacia ar unda arsebobdes. somaturi

stimulaciidan am gziT ganTavisufleba SesaZlebelia aRmoCndes Samanis

gamojanmrTelebis erTerTi faqtori, rogorc fsiqosomaturi kavSirebis Sesustebis

meqanizmi.

Samanuri iniciaciis es Tavisebureba savaraudos xdis, rom gviandel

kulturebSi wamoyenebuli sulis xorcisgan ganTavisuflebis religiur-filosofiuri

ideali SeiZleba am eqstatur teqnikidan iRebdes dasabams. Tu am versiiT

vixelmZRvanelebT, unda davuSvaT, rom es religiuri ideali realurad gulisxmobs,

rom fsiqika ar unda iRebdes sxeulebriv (introcefciul) SegrZnebebs, romlebic

24


warmarTaven sxva gancdebis, gansakuTrebiT - emociebis mimdinareobas. am

varauds amyarebs isic, rom “sulis mdgomareobis” Semowmeba xdeba sxeulis

ugrZnoblobiT cecxlis, yinvisa Tu xmlis mimarT. sxeulebrivi gancdebisgan

ganTavisufleba aCenda sulisa da pirovnebis Tavisuflebis gancdas. SeiZleba

amiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom Soreuli aRmosavleTisa Tu iudaizmze dafuZnebul

religiebSi idealad gvevlineba “ganTavisufleba” (qristianobaSi am cnebam

socialuri mniSvnelobac miiRo, rac ver Tavsdeboda religiis logikur sistemaSi).

5. Samanis swavleba

Samanis swavleba mimdinareobs Cveulebriv mdgomareobasa da transSi.

transul xilvebSi RvTaeba, micvalebulTa sulebi an cxovelebi uziareben Samans

cxovrebis wesis Tu mkurnalobis saidumloebebs. amave dros, Cveulebriv

mdgomareobaSi neofits Samanobas aswavlis Zveli Samani. neofits sakraluri

Zala “gadaecema” transSi. mas mfarvelobas xSirad ucxadebs totemuri cxoveli.

zogjer Samanis Zalis wyaro xdeba ZilSi micvalebulTa gamocxadeba. CrdiloeT

amerikis tomebSi Samans Zalas gadascems xilvebSi masTan misuli “mwvane

qondriskaci” - Samanebis mfarveli suli (magiur Zalas qondriskacTan gviani da

ufro ganviTarebuli kulturebic akavSirebdnen). am gamocxadebebs Samani

xandaxan ramodenime wlis ganmavlobaSi elodeba.

“Cveulebrivi” swavlebis saintereso magaliTs warmoadgens karibis

tomebis tradicia. mas Semdeg rac dadasturdeba, rom neofitebs aqvT eqstaturi

xilvebis unari, iqmneba jgufi, rogorc wesi, 6 axalgazrdisgan, romlebic

sacxovreblad gadadian izolirebulad mdgar qoxSi. isini muSaoben Samanis

Tambaqos nakveTze, asruleben sxva samuSaoebsac. maT emsaxureba 6

gogona “qali-instruqtoris” xelmZRvanelobiT. qalebi amarageben axalgazrdebs

Tambaqos wveniT, romelsac gamudmebiT svamen neofitebi. swavleba

grZeldeba 24 dRe da Rame. swavlebis 3 dRe-Ramis Semdeg 3 - dasvenebaa.

swavleba xdeba RamiT: neofitebi wreSi cekvaven cxovelTa moZraobis

imitaciiT, mRerian, Semdeg ismenen maswavleblis monaTxrobs cxovelebze,

keTil da borot sulebze, umaRles arsebaze - Semoqmedze, romlis nebazec aris

damokidebuli neofitebis caSi asvla. dRisiT moswavleebi hamakebSi isveneben,

25


ixseneben maswavleblis naambobs da Tvalebs isresen wiTeli wiwakis wveniT,

raTa ixilon sulebi. swavlebis periodSi moswavleebi arafers ar Wamen,

mudmivad ewevian sigaras, ReWaven Tambaqos foTlebs da svamen Tambaqos

wvens. cekviT daRliloba, marxviT dasusteba da TambaqoTi intoqsikacia xdeba

imis piroba, rom neofits ewyeba xilvebi. samdRiani Sesvenebis Semdeg isini

swavloben Ramurad gadaqcevas. Semdeg maswavlebeli sxvadasxva

simaRleze abams Tokebs da moswavleebi balansireben maTze. swored am

dros iwyeba pirveli xilvebi samyaroTa (Samanebi sxvadasxva samyaros

aRiareben) sazRvrebis gadalaxviT. transis am mdgomareobidan moswavle

maswavlebels gamohyavs Sxamiani WianWvelebis dadebiT. garkveuli periodis

Semdeg moswavleebi jdebian mbrunav saqanelaze da trialSi ciuri sferoebis

xilvebi uCndebaT. amasTanave gamoiyeneba mcenare, romelic Zlier cieb-

cxelebas iwvevs. sxeulis kankali aCens tanis daSlis adre naxseneb grZnobas,

rac borot sulebs miewereba. amis Semdeg moswavle aRwevs mizans - ewyeba

cad amaRlebis xilva. cad amaRlebis gancda TiTqmis yvela Samanur praqtikis

saboloo mizania. am miznis miRwevis Semdeg iTvleba, rom neofiti ukve

daeufla Samanis xelovnebas.

6. Samanis ena

TiTqmis yvelgan aRiniSneba, rom Samani maswavleblisgan swavlobs

“Samanebis enas”. am enis funqciaa komunikacia cxovelebTan, sulebTan,

demonebTan da micvalebulebTan. am enas cxovelebis enas eZaxian, radgan

igi... cxovelTa da Citebis xmebis imitaciaa. sainteresoa Tarjimnis instituti -

zogjer Samans axlavs Tarjimani, romelic xmamaRla warmoTqvams Samanis

mier CurCuliT an “cxovelTa enaze” naTqvams. es kargad miuTiTebs ra didi

mniSvneloba aqvs Samanur mkurnalobaSi imas, rom avadmyofma da misma

axloblebma kargad gaigon Samanis sulis mogzaurobis yvela detali. es elementi

gulisxmobs, rom samkurnalo efeqtis miRebaSi monawileobs sugestiis

meqanizmi.

sxvadasxva tomebis ritualebSi Samani gvelis an sxva magiuri cxovelis

SeWmis Sedegad eufleba Citebis enas (gavixsenoT qarTuli analogia -

26


gvelismWameli mindia, romelsac esmis cxovelTa ena). iTvleba, rom caSi

mfrinavi Citi aris micvalebulis sulis WurWeli. Citis Tema Warbad aris

warmodgenili Samanis gaazrebaSic da garegnobaSic, radgan igi micvalebulTa

sulebTan unda Sevides urTierTobaSi. karibis kunZulebze Samans webos

usvamen da Citis frTebs awebeben, rom man caSi afrena SeZlos; analogiebi

iZebneba cimbiris, CrdiloeT amerikis da indoneziis SamanizmSic. Samanis Zala

mis mfarvel sulebSia, romlebic, umeteswilad, cxovelTa da micvalebulTa sulebs

warmoadgenen. amitomaa, cxovelTa enis codna SamanisTvis aucilebeli. xSiria

Samanis cxovelad gardaqmnis ritualic, rasac Tan axlavs Samanis gamowyoba

cxovelis tyavSi (gavixsenoT safrangeTSi napovni 40 aTasi wlis winandeli

gamosaxuleba, sadac cxovelis tyavSi gamowyobis gamo gauigives igi

Samans). cxovelis tyavis mosxmaSi sakraluri azris Cadeba axasiaTebs rogorc

bevr animistur kulturas, aseve bevr ganviTarebul kulturasac. magaliTad,

sufiebSi gavrcelebuli iyo sakraluri Zalis mqone adamianis gamowyoba vefxvis

tyavSi (am faqtma saqarTveloSi garkveuli interpretaciebisken ubiZga

“vefxvistyaosniT” dainteresebul mkvlevarebs).

7. Samanis adgili tomSi

CrdiloeT amerikaSi sakraluris sxva msaxurebisgan (qurumi, magi,

jadoqari) Samani gansxvavdeba swored imiT, rom flobs eqstaturi

“mogzaurobis” teqnikas. es Samans aniWebs upiratesobas. igi jadoqris avi

Tvalisganac icavs adamianebs. Samanma rom Tqvas jadoqarze “danaSauli

Caidinao”, sofeli jadoqars moklavs.

CrdiloeT aziis iukagirebs swamT, rom yoveli gvari dasabams iRebs

Samanisgan. wina saukuneSi isini pativs scemdnen gardacvlili Samanebis Tavis

qalebs - aTavsebdnen xis CarCoSi da inaxavdnen saxlSi. yvelafers win uZRoda

winaswarmetyveleba Samanis Tavis qalaze (maTi simZimiT irkveoda “ho” Tu

“ara” dasmul kiTxvebze). danarCeni Zvlebi nawildeboda naTesavebSi, sxeuls

aSrobdnen Sesanaxad. amave dros keTdeboda xis figurebi winapari Samanis

pativsacemad. es faqtebi miuTiTebs, rom am tomebSi Samanis funqcia ufro

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mniSvnelovani iyo, vidre praqtikuli problemebis gadaWraa. sakais da

jakunebis Samanebs sikvdilis Semdeg ar marxaven, platformaze toveben.

semangebTan Samanebs marxaven TaviT saflavis zemoT. yovelive es

efuZneba rwmenas, rom Samani gansakuTrebuli vinmea da misi suli midis

zecaSi maSin, roca sxva danarCenebisa - qvesknelSi.

8. Samanis urTierToba RmerTebTan

Samanis RmerTebTan urTierToba Taviseburia. prezident reigans

apaCebis tomis Samanma uTxra “Cemo TeTro Zmav, albaT ar damijereb,

magram me yovlisSemZle var. me arasodes ar movkvdebi. Tu Tofidan mesvri,

tyvia... ar momayenebs mcire ziansac ki... Tu me momindeba vinmes mokvla,

sakmarisia xeli gaviSviro da Sevexo mas da is mokvdeba. Cemi Zliereba

RmerTis Zlierebis tolia”. es sityvebi mianiSnebs, rom dRevandeli Samanic ki

sakuTar Tavs RmerTis tolad ganicdis.

buriatebis erTerTi gadmocemis mixedviT RmerTma boTlSi momawyvdia

gogonas suli da TiTiT daucva boTls Tavi. Samani hara girgeni gadaiqca yviTel

obobad da saxeze ukbina... RmerTs. RmerTma xeli aiqnia da gogona

gaTavisuflda. karibis tomebi hyvebian pirvel Samanis Sesaxeb, romelic avida

caSi da daemuqra RmerTs. RmerTma xmals daavlo xeli da gadmoagdo is

cidan. amis Semdegia, rom Samanebi caSi mxolod eqstazis Sedegad adian.

analogiuri janyi Samanisa RmerTis winaaRmdeg xSirad meordeba sxvadasxva

xalxebSi da religiebis adreul variantebSi (iseTi personaJebi, rogoricaa

RmerTTan morkinali iakobi iudaizmSi, berZnuli promeTe Tu qarTuli amirani,

albaT adreuli Samanisturi kulturis gavleniT SeiZleba aixsnas, romlisTvisac ucxo

ar iyo imis daSveba, rom adamiani SeiZleba SeebrZolos RmerTs, radgan

RmerTisa da Samanis suli arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan,

gansxvavdeba mxolod siZlieriT).

Samanis amgvari “siTamame” RmerTebTan, albaT, im ideiTac aris

gamowveuli, rom Samanur miTologiaSi Samanizmi RmerTisgan iRebs saTaves.

xSir SemTxvevaSi mzis RmerTi gansxeuldeba arwivSi, romelic afexmZimebs

qals da ase ibadeba pirveli Samani. zogjer Samani xdeba TviT qali. arwivis

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saxis umaRlesi RvTaeba xSirad warmoSobs Samans. iakutebTan es RvTaeba

warmodgeba orTaviani arwivis saxiT.

is, rom Samani sakuTar Tavs RmerTis tolad ganicdis, ar unda ganvixiloT

Samanis sxva Taviseburebebidan izolirebulad. kerZod, transis praqtikis

gaiSviaTebisas uaresdeba Samanis rogorc janmrTeloba, aseve TviTSefasebac.

Sesabamisad, savaraudoa, rom transSi mimdinare fsiqo-fiziologiuri procesebi

garkveul kavSirSia im gancdasTan, romelic Samans RmerTTan gatolebis

safuZvels aZlevs.

9. Samanis sulis mogzauroba

Samanis xilvebisTvis specifikuria, rom misi suli mogzaurobs imqveyniur

samyaroSi, qveynebSi, romlebic mdebareobs zecaSi da miwis qveS.

micvalebulTa cxovreba iq iseTivea, rogorc miwaze, mxolod erTi gansxvavebiT -

Sebrunebulia dro, roca aq zamTaria iq zafxulia da piriqiT (iseve, rogorc

sizmarSi - sizmris realuri dro Ramea, xolo warmosaxuli - dRe).

sulebTan urTierTobis aRwerili gzebis garda ritualebsa da xilvebSi

gvxvdeba iseTi “saSualebebic”, rogoric aris qaRaldis gveliT an cisartyeliT asvla

caSi (savaraudoa, rom am saSualebebiT zecaSi asvla Samanis xilvis siuJetia).

cisartyelis es miTiuri funqcia gvxvdeba polineziaSi, indoneziaSi, iaponiaSi da

sxva mraval qveyanaSi. indur, mesopotamiur da iudaistur miTologiaSi

cisartyelis Svidi feri Svid zecasTan da kosmosis wvdomis Svid gzasTan aris

gaigivebuli. RvTisken mimavl gzad gaazrebuli babilonis godolis Svidi sarTuli

cisartyelis Svid ferad iyo SeRebili. apokalipsSic RvTis taxti cisartyeliT aris

garemoculi. civilizaciaTa gansxvavebis miuxedavad analogiuri modeli avstraliel

aborigenebTanac gvxvdeba. am TemasTan aris kavSirSi Samanis magiur

zinzilakebze feradi bafTebis Sebmis tradicia. Turqebi da uigurebi Tvlidnen, rom

Samani am bafTebiani zinzilakiT, romelsac “zecis xids” anu “cisartyelas”

eZaxian, adis zecaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom zinzilakebis xma xSirad axlavs

eqstazis mdgomareobaSi Sesvlis rituals.

cisartyelis Tema sainteresoa kidev erT, kerZod, nimbis TemasTan

dakavSirebiT. bevr ganviTarebul religiur kulturaSi iTvleba, rom mas, visac

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sxvadasxva zebunebrivi unari aqvs, aqvs imis unaric, rom sxvis Tavze dainaxos

nimbi, romelic Sedgeba cisartyelis ferebisgan. gansakuTrebuli Zalis mqone

pirebis nimbs Cvelebrivi adamianebic xedaven (gavixsenoT qristianuli Tu

budisturi gamomsaxvelobiTi xelovnebis Zeglebi). es paraleli savaraudos xdis,

rom ferebis speqtris xilva saerTod axlavs meditaciur xilvebs miuxedavad imisa,

xilvis Sinaarss calkeuli pirovneba warmoadgens Tu “gza” zecisken. amdenad,

gansakuTrebul mdgomareobaSi ferebis speqtris aRmoceneba tipiuria yvela

kulturisTvis, arqaulidan dawyebuli.

transSi mogzaurobis saSualeba mxolod cisartyela araa. Samanis

qvesknelSi, an zecaSi Sesvla xSirad xdeba karis gavliT, romelsac Tu

SemTxveviT “Seexo” Samani, is Zalas dakargavs da gaRviZebis Semdeg

mokvdeba.

10. avadmyofis mkurnaloba

avadmyofis mkurnaloba Samanis ZiriTadi funqciaa Sua da CrdiloeT

aziaSi. avadmyofobis mizezad, ZiriTadad, miCneulia “sulis motaceba” an sulis

mier gzis dakargva. amitom, mkurnaloba daiyvaneba imaze, rom Samanma

unda moZebnos suli da daubrunos avadmyofis sxeuls. avadmyofobis mizezad

zogjer miCneulia avadmyofis tanSi romelime magiuri sxeulis moxvedra, an

boroti sulis Casaxleba (am SemTxvevaSi mkurnaloba mdgomareobs im sagnis

amoRebaSi, an boroti sulis gandevnaSi). xandaxan, orive mizezi erTdrouladaa -

sakuTari sulic tovebs da, amav dros, boroti sulic saxldeba sxeulSi.

indielebis azriT, avadmyofidan sulis gaqcevis mizezi SeiZleba

sxvadasxvanairi iyos: SeiZleba is gadaibiron micvalebulebma, romlebsac

eSiniaT Crdilebis qveyanaSi marto wasvla; SeiZleba Zilis dros sxeulidan

gamosul sulsac aebnes gza.

Crdilo-aziur xalxebSi gavrcelebulia rwmena, rom adamians aqvs sami, an

Svidi suli. maTSi erTerTi suli adamianis sikvdilis Semdeg micvalebulTa

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qveyanaSi midis an SeiWmeba boroti demonebis mier (adamianis sxva sulebi

am dros adian caSi, rCebian miwaze moCvenebebad da a.S.). zogierT tomSi

swored am saimqvenio sulis dakargva iwvevs daavadebas cocxal adamianSi.

zogjer Samanma unda daadginos romelis sulis dakargviT aris gamowveuli

daavadeba. vinaidan Samans aqvs sulis danaxvis da masze zemoqmedebis

unari, avadmyofis gankurnebac Samanis saqmea.

eskimosebTan sulis dakargvasTan erTad avadmyofobis mizezad

miCneulia tabus (abortis gakeTeba, moxarSuli xorcis Wama da a.S.) darRveva.

amitom sulis ZebnasTan erTad Samanis samkurnalo procedurebSi Sedis jgufuri

aRsareba (rac ase popularulia gviandel religiebsa da fsiqoTerapiaSi).

“diagnozs”, romlidanac Semdeg gamomdinareobs mkurnaloba, svams

Samani. igi specialuri balaxebis, cekvis da sxva teqnologiebis gamoyebeniT

vardeba transSi da aRmocenebuli xilva mas hkarnaxobs avadmyofobis

“mizezs”.

upirveles yovlisa, Samani eZaxis suls, Txovs mas daubrundes saxls,

aRuwers rogor moelian mas ojaxis wevrebi, cxeni, ZaRli. Samani am dros

gverdiT iyenebs avadmyofis axloblebs, Tanatolebs, ojaxis wevrebs. igi izidavs

suls saWmel-sasmeliTac. Tu es Zaxili Sedegiani ar aRmoCnda, buriatebis

Samani gadadis transis mdgomareobaSi da iwyebs sulis “Zebnas” soflebSi,

tyeebSi, stepebSi, zRvis stiqiaSic ki. Tu iqac ar aris suli, iTvleba, rom igi

demonebma moitaces. maSin Samani mimarTavs msxverlpSewirvas. Tu

amanac ar gaWra, avadmyofis suls sxva adamianis (msxverplis) suliT ucvlis

demonebs. Samani mas (msxverpls) waarTmevs suls, waiRebs micvalebulTa

samefoSi da gacvlis avadmyofis sulSi (cxadia, yovelive es eqstaturi gancdebis

siuJetia). amis Semdeg avadmyofi janmrTeldeba da msxverpli kvdeba.

seansebi yovelTvis Rame tardeba avadmyofis saxlSi. orive icavs garkveul

akrZalvebs - Tavs arideben urTierTobas menstruaciis mqone an fexmZime

qalTan, xorceulis da marilianis Wamas. xandaxan am akrZalvebs icavs

avadmyofis ojaxic. Samani locviT da meditaciiT, aseve, sxeulis ganwmendiT

aris dakavebuli - dila-saRamos banaobs, guls irevs da a.S. seansis dasrulebisas

Samani Zalian daRlilia. is svams 2-3 litra wyals da Rrma ZiliT iZinebs. Samanis

momsaxureba fasiania, ufasod is mxolod sakuTar ojaxs mkurnalobs.

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abakanel TaTrebTan Samanis seansi grZeldeba 5-6 saaTs. am dros

Samani axorcielebs eqstatur mogzaurobas Soreul qveynebSi, sadac igi eZebs

wamals avadmyofisTvis. analogiuri seansi gvxvdeba CukCebSi, sadac Samani

mogzaurobs sulebTan rCevis misaRebad. igive transuli ritualia ugro-finebTan.

yazaxebTan da yirgizebTan mTavaria boroti sulis gandevna avadmyofisgan.

amisTvis mkurnali vardeba Samanur transSi - xdeba ugrZnobi cecxlis da danis

dartymebis mimarT, anu aRwevs “sulis” mdgomareobas da amiT iZens boroti

sulebis SeSinebis Zalas.

tremiunganeli Samani ukravs zinzilakebsa da gitaraze sanam ar

Cavardeba eqstatur mdgomareobaSi. sxeulis mitovebis Semdeg misi suli

estumreba jojoxeTs da iq eZebs avadmyofis suls. gamoRviZebis Semdeg

Samans avadmyofis suli muStSi aqvs momwyvdeuli da marjvens yuridan

Sehyavs avadmyofSi.

Samanizmis praqtikaSi did adgils ikavebs transis intoqsikaciiT

gamowveva. sokoebis intoqsikaciiT eqstazis miRweva gavrcelebulia cimbirSi.

sxva regionebSi igive funqcias asruleben narkotikebi da Tambaqo.

vasiuganis tomebSi odnav gansxvavebuli proceduraa. aq Samani

damxmare sulebs agzavnis avadmyofis gaqceuli sulis mosabruneblad. am xnis

manZilze Samani gitaraze ukravs da hyveba misi damxmaris Tavgadasavals.

es rituali erT an ramodenime saRamos grZeldeba. eniseis napirebze myofi

tomebis Samani avadmyofis qoxSi zinzilakebs ukvravs, sanam ar miaRwevs

transamde. Semdeg Samani iwyebs xtunvas, rac miuTiTebs, rom igi mowyda

miwas da mifrinavs Rrublebisken. transSi gadasuli Samani xmamaRla hyveba

Tu ras xedavs. Semdeg igi sulebTan erTad “brundeba” qoxSi. es procedura

ramodenimejer meordeba, sanam Samani avadmyofis sulTan erTad ar

dabrundeba. ostiakebTan Samanis eqstaturi monaTxrobi savsea miTologiuri

siuJetebiT. Samani xSirad mimarTavs fakirul saswaulebs, rac misi nanaxis

realobis da mkurnalobis unaris rwmenas amyarebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom

eskimosebTan procedurebSi aqtiurad arian CarTuli soflis macxovreblebi, isini

berZnuli qoros analogiur funqcias asruleben Samanis mier mowyobil

warmodgenaSi.

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iakutebTan mniSvnelovania, Tu romeli boroti sulia avadmyofobis mizezi.

maTTan brZolaSi Samani Zalian iRleba, xSirad ufro itanjeba, vidre avadmyofi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom iakutebis Samani iZinebs avadmyofis qoxSi da Semdeg

mZinare mdgomareobaSi iwyebs “cxovelebis eniT” Zaxils, zinzilakebis dakvras

da simReras, romelSic mimarTavs RmerTebs da sulebs. Semdeg igi CxubiT da

bilwsityvaobiT, xelebis da mujlugunebis kvriT “agdebs” avadmyofobis mizezs

qoxidan. sabolood Samani saWiroebs ganwmendas, risTvisac mas terfebze

adeben nakverCxlebs. Samans ZaluZs gaqceuli sulis dabuneba, radgan misi

sulic igive bunebisaa - SeuZlia datovos sxeuli. mas SeuZlia avadmyofSi

Casaxlebuli boroti sulis gandevna, radgan misi sulic saxldeba sxvagan,

mogzaurobs, wvdeba casac da jojoxeTsac. es “sulieri” Tavisufleba, aqtiuroba,

eqstaturoba misi sisustis mizezicaa, boroti sulebis gavleniT igi avadmyofuri

xdeba TviTonac da sxvisi mkurnalobis Semdeg esaWiroeba “reabilitacia”.

mkurnaloba Samanur kulturaSi uSualod gamomdinareobs avadmyofobis

gagebidan. avadmyofobis, iseve rogorc sikvdilis mizezi sulieri bunebisaa. mtris,

metoqis an cxovelis sulma SeiZleba gamoiwvios adamianis daavadeba.

magaliTad, Cirokis indielebs miaCniaT, rom monadiris revmatizmi mis mier

mokluli iremis sulma gamoiwvia. am diagnozis Sesabamisia mkurnalobac.

Samani (jadoqari, eqimbaSi) Tavis SelocvebSi uZaxis im cxovelebis, kerZod

ZaRlebis sulebs, romlisac iremis suls eSinia. oTx nawilad dayofil SelocvaSi

Samani uZaxis ZaRlis suls aRmosavleTidan, CrdiloeTidan, dasavleTidan da

samxreTidan. TiToeuli mxaridan mosul ZaRls miaqvs avadmyofobis erTi nawili.

am Selocvebs SeiZleba axldes balaxebis nayenebis gamoyeneba. Samanis

mier mistiuri logikiT da intuiciiT napovni es balaxebi xandaxan sasargeblo

Tvisebebisaa, magram umravles SemTxvevaSi isini ar arian samkurnalo. Tu

avadmyofi gamojanmrTelda, Samani iRebs gasamrjelos. Tu uaryofiTia rezultati,

es Samans iSviTad braldeba. mkurnalobis marcxi ixsneba mtruli sulis ufro meti

ZaliT.

Samanur diagnostikas da mkurnalobas Taviseburi logika aqvs, Tumc l.

levi-briuli am tipis azrovnebaSi logikis wesebs ver xedavs da mas pra-logikurs

uwodebs. droSi erTmaneTis mezobeli movlenebi pirvelyofili cnobierebis mier

mizez-Sedegad aRiqmeba. levi-briuli azrovnebis am wesSi mxolod

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“participaciis” (Tanamonawileobis) princips xedavs da amis gamo uaryofs mis

logikurobas. aseTive analizis Sedegad mravali mkvlevari midis daskvnamde,

rom pirvelyofili adamiani movlenebs (arsebebs) Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi

kavSirs xedavs, an maT identurad miiCnevs, Tu am movlenebsa da arsebebs

msgavsi niSnebi aqvT (maT Soris, erTdroulobis). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es aris

ontologiis analogiiT Canacvlebis principi, rac ganviTarebuli kulturebisTvisac ar

aris ucxo. gansakuTrebiT mkafiod Cans es principi rogorc arqaul, ise gviandel

da Tanamedrove magiis kultebSi.

afrikeli zangebis tomSi jadoqari dauswreblad Seulocavs pirovnebas, Tu

xelT aqvs misi tansacmlis nagleji an Tmis kululi. zustad aseve iqceva

Tanamedrove Semlocveli. analogiis am princips farTe gasaqani eZleva

sicocxlis, avadmyofobisgan misi dacvis an mkurnalobis dros. rogorc wesi,

adamiani Tavis sicocxles ukavSirebda raime myar sagans (liToni, qva, Tma,

frCxili). iTvleboda, rom Tu misi sulis matarebeli sagani daculia, daculi iqneba

misi sicocxlec (azrovnebis am stereotipis anarekli Cans Zvel aRTqmaSic -

samsonis Zala mis TmebSia; aseTive stereotipi Semoinaxa rusulma zRaparmac

ukvdavi kaSCeis Sesaxeb, romlis sicocxle liTonis nemsSia; amave stereotipis

gavleniT adamianebi atareben amulets, aSinebT beWdis Tvalis gatexva da

a.S.). aseve adamianis sulis matareblad iTvleba misi gamosaxuleba (amitomaa

cudis momaswavebeli sarkis damsxvreva, roca masSi iyureba adamiani;

amitom krZalavs zogierTi religia adamianebis da wmindanebis grafikul

gamosaxvas; Sua saukuneebSi evropeli jadoqrebi adamianze

zemoqmedebisTvis cvilis figuras iyenebdnen da a.S.), saxeli (amitom aris

tabuirebuli RmerTis an beladis saxeli bevr kulturaSi), misi sagnebi (germaneli

glexi bavSvis monaTvlamde saxlidan ar agdebs arafers, rom mters ar

Cauvardes xelSi da ar imoqmedos mounaTlav bavSvze) da a.S.

pirvelyofil kulturaSi gakeTebuli daSvebidan, rom suli SeiZleba

sxvadasxva saganSi iyos moTavsebuli, gamomdinareobs, rom adamianis

sxeulic sulis mxolod erTerTi WurWelia. am logikidan gamomdinareobs

daavadebac da Samanis praqtikac. daavadeba aris pacientis sulis

gadaadgileba, maT Soris, moxvedra borot sulebTan, mkurnaloba - Samanis

34


sulis mier pacientis sulis povna, an Widili borot sulebTan pacientis sulis

gamosaxsnelad da misi moyvana patronTan.

Samanis procedurebi TiTqmis igivea wvimis moyvanis, Rrublebis

SeCerebis, mdinareebSi yinulis gadnobis, nadirobaSi iRblianobis, mSobiarobis

Tu sxva problemebis gadaWris dros (erTaderTi, sadac Samani ar ereva, aris

omi, romlis drosac igi belads emorCileba).

aRsaniSnavia, rom am kulturisTvis suli bunebis iseTive nawilia, rogorc

sxeuli (rogorc vnaxeT, xSirad materializebulic ki aris). sikvdilis Semdeg suli

sxeulisgan Tavisufldeba. metafizikuri paradigma gulisxmobs, rom sxeulis

gareSe sulSi Tavisufldeba bunebis kanonebis gadalaxvis unari (sizmarSi xom

bunebis kanonebi irRveva). es niSnavs, rom zebunebrivi ZaliT aRiWurveba

micvalebulis sulic. amdenad, arqauli cnobierebisTvis micvalebuli cocxalze ufro

Zlieria. amitom yvela Zveli kultura gansakuTrebul pativs scems micvalebulis

suls (CineTSi es kulti religiis adgils ikavebs). arqaul periodSi, amasTanave,

igulisxmeboda, rom micvalebulebs surT Suri iZion cocxlebze mis mimarT

Cadenili codvebis gamo da agresiulebi arian cocxlebisadmi. amitom,

micvalebulis eSiniaT da swiraven msxverpls, rogorc RmerTs. am procedurebSi

da, saerTod, micvalebulTa sulebTan urTierTobaSi centraluri figuraa Samani.

11. Samanizmi sxvadasxva kulturaSi

sxvadasxva regionebSi Samanizms gansxvavebuli saxe aqvs. es

gansxvavebebi sayuradReboa rogorc imiT, rom zogierTi versia gvxvdeba

gviandel kulturebSi, aseve imiT, rom SeiZleba davinaxoT metafizikuri

paradigmis saerTo konturebi.

Crdilo amerikisgan gansxvavebiT samxreT amerikis indielebSi

avadmyofobis mizezad naklebad ganixileba sulis gaqcevis versia, ufro metad

ucxo sulebis mier sxeulSi magiuri sagnebis Canergvis versiaa gavrcelebuli.

mkurnalobisas es sagnebi gamowoviT gamoaqvs Samans avadmyofis tanidan.

aris mkurnalobis sxva versiac - XVIII saukuneSi seansis dros Samani katalefsiur

mdgomareobaSi ugonod vardeboda iatakze da damswreebi aZlevdnen mas

kiTxvebs avadmyofobis mizezebze, kerZod - romelma sulma daavada

35


adamiani. samxreT da CrdiloeT amerikaSi, okeaniasa da cimbirSi Samanuri

transis Tanmxlebi movlenaa ugrZnobloba - Samani SiSveli fexebiT dadis

cecxlze an ylapavs gaxurebul nakverCxlebs. meores mxriv, misi sulieroba

SeiZleba yinvis mimarT mdgradobiTac Semowmdes.

samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi Samani avadmyofis gansakurnavad uxmobs

“RvTis Zmebs”, romelTa ucnob enaze simReris xmebi ismis xolme Semdeg

qoxidan. isini arkveven daavadebis mizezs da mkurnalobis saSualebebs. am

dros Samani transSia. aqac dgas caSi asvlis sakiTxi. caSi Samani mis TiTebSi

CaxlarTuli ZafebiT “adis”. aqac mkurnalobis mniSvnelovani komponentia

kvarcis kristalebi, romlebSic “RvTis Zmaa” Casaxlebuli. iniciaciis dros aqac

figurirebs magiuri karebis Tema.

Samanis transul simReraSi vlindeba is, Tu ra gancdebi aqvs Samans. am

dros is ambobs, rom aqvs Sinagani sinaTlis gancda, rom mTeli misi sxeuli aris

Tvali da xedavs yvela mimarTulebiT. eskimosebis Samani xSirad sazogadoebis

moTxovnis gareSec, sakuTari siamovnebisTvis Sedis eqstazSi da sulebTan

saubrobs

malakas naxevarkunZulis (indoCineTis samxreTiT) adgilobrivi

macxovreblebis qoxSi dgas ori mcire piramida kibeebiT - cad asvlis simbolo.

malais Samanizmis specifika imaSia, rom SamanSi mkurnalobis dros

“gadmodis” tomis winapris, pirveli Samanis - vefxvis suli. amis Sedegad

Samani gadadis aracnobier mdgomareoba “lupa”-Si da iZleva pasuxs

damswreTa SekiTxvebze. benuas tomis Samani vefxvis sulis masSi

gadmosaxlebamde daJinebiT uyurebs sanTlis als, radgan iTvleba, rom iq

saxldeba suli pirvelad. alSi eZebs Samani avadmyofobis mizezsac.

mentaveebis (indonezia) Samani sulebTan saubrobs imisTvis, rom gaigos ra

sWirs avadmyofs da ra balaxi uwamlebs mas, sxva dramatuli

komponentebisgan misi xilvebi Tavisufalia.

kunZul borneos zogierT tomSi matriarqatis niSnebia, rac imaSi

gamoixateba, rom Samani iTvleba “didi dedis” memkvidred. amitom Samani

qalia an hermofroditi kaci. am ukanasknelTa upiratesoba ixsneba imiT, rom

isini aerTianeben casac (mamri) da miwasac (mdedri), warmoadgenen

dapirispirebulTa RvTaebriv gamTlianebas. maTSi gadadian mxolod RmerTebi

36


(da ara micvalebulTa sulebi). sakraluri mniSvnelobisaa yvela saxis seqsualuri

aqti maTTan.

Samanis atributi xSiradaa navi. indoneziaSi gavrcelebulia Cveuleba, rom

avadmyofoba moaqcion xisgan gamoTlil mcire figuraSi da navSi Camdgari

gaatanon wyals. sxvagan navi figurirebs, rogorc Samanis samyaroebSi

mogzaurobis saSualeba. bevr xalxebSi gavrcelebulia micvalebulis navSi

Casvenebis, an wylisTvis gatanebis tradicia, rac dakavSirebulia sulis

wayvanasTan samSobloSi, saidanac wamovida suli. am “horizontaluri modelis”

gverdiT aris “vertikaluri modeli” - sulebi cxovroben maRal mTebze an caSi.

miTebSi Cveulebrivi adamianebi, rogorc wesi, moZraoben horizontalur

sibrtyeSi, an qvesknelSi. vertikalurSi - moZraoben (dafrinaven) Samanebi.

melaneziaSi avadmyofobis mizez suls mkurnali xedavs kristalis an wylis

xangrZlivi yurebis Sedegad. Semdeg Zafze ikideba simZime da mkurnali

CamoTvlis micvalebulebs. roca xsendeba is micvalebuli, romlis sulmac

gamoiwvia avadmyofoba, simZime iwyebs qanaobas. roca mkurnali suls

ekiTxeba, ras isurvebda msxverpalad - Tevzs, cxovels Tu adamians, suli imave

gziT iZleva pasuxs. avadmyofobis suli SeiZleba daepatronos yvelas, Samanis

garda.

indoevropelebTan ufro rTuli magiko-religiuri struqturebia, romlebic

Samanizmze mTlianad ar daiyvaneba, Tumca maTSi Samanizmis elementebi

aris. indoevropelTa religiur preistoriaze mcire informaciaa. dRes moRweul

sistematizirebul religiur struqturebSi aris eqstaturi teqnikebi, romlebSic

ikiTxeba Samanizmis gavlena. skandinaviuri odinis sxeuli mkvdris magvari roca

iyo, frinvelad gadaqceuli misi suli wvdeboda Sor qveynebs. es tipiuri Samanuri

motivia. jojoxeTSi (romelic xSirad cxrasarTuliani aris, zecis analogiurad)

“orfeosuli” Casvla Zalze xSirad gvxvdeba, maT Soris odinis miTSic (odini

skandinaviuri miTologiis RmerTia, uigivdeba germanul vodans. mas Tayvans

scemdnen germanuli tomebi - frankebi, saqsebi, anglebi, vandalebi, goTebi;

Cv.w-iT I saukuneSi taciti vodans merkuris saxeliT ixseniebs; fiqroben, rom

genezisSi igi RmerT-jadoqari, Samani iyo; odinic magiuri Zalis da eqstaturi

teqnikis mflobelia).

37


sayuradReboa germanuli tomebis erTi tradicia. Tu adamians unda rom

gaxdes winaswarmetyveli an poeti, igi winaswarmetyvelis an poetis saflavze

iZinebs, rom gardacvlilis suli Casaxldes masSi. analogebi iZebneba Samanebis

iniciaciaSic.

istoriuli da miTologiuri dokumentebic Warbad Seicaven Samanur

elementebs, gansakuTrebiT apolonTan dakavSirebuli personaJebi, romlebic

saberZneTSi CrdiloeTidan arian mosulebi. oRond, xsenebul SemTxvevebSi

eqstazis Samanur procedurebs, ZiriTadad, winaswarmetyvelebis funqcia

hqonda. SedarebiT metia Samanuri elementebi miTSi, sadac evridikes

dasabruneblad orfeosi qvesknelSi eSveba. aRsaniSnavia, rom orfeoss hqonda

“didi Samanis” sxva Tvisebebic - mkurnalobis, jadoqrobis, musikis, Seucnobelis

Secnobis unari, uyvarda cxovelebi, adamianTan RvTaebrivi sibrZnis momtani

iyo.

skviTebTan damarxvis ritualSi Sedioda kanafis dayra gaxurebul qvebze,

oxSivaris SesunTqva da ekstazSi Sesvla. am SemTxvevaSi eqstazSi Sesulis suli

micvalebulisas acilebda suleTSi. amgvar procedurebs herodotic aRwers da

altais Tanamedrove mkvidrebSic dasturdeba. rogorc cnobilia, skviTebis bevri

tradicia Semonaxulia kavkasiaSi, gansakuTrebiT - osebTan. Samanizmis

TvalsazrisiT mTis qarTvelebSi sayuradReboa “mesuleTxe” - qali an gogona,

romelic acilebs micvalebulis suls. SeiZleba micvalebuli gansxeuldes masSi da

misi piriT gvamcnos saTqmeli. am funqcias mesuleTxe transSi asrulebs. bevri

saerToa kavkasiis da iranis Samanur tradiciebSi. iranul warmodgenebSi

gamcilebeli micvalebuls esaWiroeba imisTvis, rom “bewvis xidze” borotma

sulebma ar sZlion da ar Caagdon qvesknelSi. amgvar gamcileblad sakuTar

Tavs miiCnevda mazdeanobis Semqneli zaratustra (zaraTuSTra). ra Tqma

unda, es xdeba eqstazSi, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia “bewvis xidze”

gadasvlis Samanuri xilvebi. magram aris bevri sxva elementi, romelic

zaratustrasTan gansxvavdeba Samanizmisgan. yovel SemTxvevaSi, Zveli irani

icnobda kanafis kvamliT eqstazSi Sesvlis praqtikas. aseve cnobili iyo maTTvis

eqstazi RviniT Trobisagan. virafis sulma 7 dRiani Trobis Sedegad datova sxeuli

da imogzaura mazdeanur saiqioSi. iranuli sityva “bangha”, romelic kanafs

aRniSnavs, sxva ugro-finur enebSi gavrcelda rogorc bangis, an Samanuri sokos

38


aRmniSvneli. analogebi bevr sxva enebSic iZebneba, rac iranis maRal religiur

avtoritetze miuTiTebs, rogorc eqstazis intoqsikaciiT miRwevis qveyanaze.

narkotikebiT transis miRweva Samanizmis vulgaruli variantia, es

gaiolebaa rTuli gzis. narkotikebze gadasvla rom eqstazis teqnikis daqveiTebaa

isic mianiSnebs, rom Crdilo-aRmosavlur SamanizmSi narkotikebi SedarebiT

gvian gamoCnda. narkotikebiT transis miRwevam gansakuTrebiT didi adgili

daikava islamur mistikaSi, Tumc wmindanebi ar sargeblobdnen surogatebiT.

bevr derviSs SeeZlo frinvelad “gadaqceva”, rac isev Samanizmis elementia.

Samanizmis Tanmxlebi saxea cad asvla “sicocxlis xis” saSualebiT. igive

saxes vxvdebiT birmaSi. sicocxlis xiT adis Samani caSi. am xesTan swiravdnen

msxverpls, romelic aseve am gziT adioda RmerTTan. amas axlavs qurumis

frinvelad qcevis warmodgenebi. Svidi nabijiT cad amaRleba gvxvdeba

budasTan. TiToeul zecas Seesabameba ioguri meditaciis safexuri. iTvleba, rom

budisti beri im zecaze xvdeba sikvdilis Semdeg, romel donezec SeCerda

meditaciaSi. indoelebis praqtikebSi didi adgili ukavia frenis unaris

ganviTarebas. patanjali iogiT miRweul erTerT uanrad asaxelebs frenis unars -

“...igi gadaadgildeba rogorc surs”. aq gzaa specifiuri - fsiqomentaluri disciplina.

amasTan dakavSirebiT sayuradReboa strabonis informacia “RrublebSi

mosiarule” adamianebze.

sayuradReboa induri “tapasi”-c - uCveulo Sinagani simxurvale, an

asketuri Zalisxmeva. misi Sinaarsi farTed iSleba rigvedaSi. Sedegi - asketi

naTelmxilveli xdeba, zogjer iqceva “RmerTad”. Sinagani simxurvale, romelic

axlavs magebis da Samanebis praqtikas, cecxlis flobis da fizikur kanonTa

daZlevis niSania, anu “gaxurebul” mags SeuZlia marTos samyaro. Warbi siTbo

gamomuSavdeba cecxlTan meditaciiT da sunTqvis SeCerebiT. oRond, iogas

ideologia (sabolood Serwyma aradiferencirebul absolutTan) savsebiT

gansxvavdeba Samanuri ideologiisgan.

rigvedaSi vawydebiT magaliTebs, sadac avadmyofis suls gankurnebisTvis

uZaxian. aseve, indoeTSi aRiarebulia Zilis dros sulis mogzauroba, sulis

dakargva da sxva warmodgenebi, romlebic tipiuria SamanizmisTvis.

ganviTareba hpova im variantmac, rom Samanis suls SeuZlia sxva sxeulSi

Sesvla. iogisTvis samadhisTan erTad arc narkotikebis gamoyeneba aris ucxo

39


eqstaturi gancdebis misaRebad. iogas da Samanuri transis miznebi

gansxvavebulia - pirveli miiswrafvis kosmosis farglebs gareT, srul

ganusazRvrelobaSi gasvlisken; meore - sxvadasxva kosmiur samyaroebSi sulis

mogzaurobisken. Tumc, unda vivaraudoT, rom arsebobda Sualeduri formebi.

upaniSadebsa da tantrizmzSi uxvadaa Sinagani sinaTlis Tema, rac aseve xSirad

gvxvdeba Samanuri gancdebis aRweraSi.

budas erTerTi legendis mixedviT, gasxivosnebis (naTelxilvas miaxlebis,

Sinagani sinaTlis miRwevis) Semdeg igi mimdevarTa Tvalwin avida haerSi,

daanakuwa sxeuli, romlis nawilebi cvioda miwaze, da Semdeg xelaxla aRdga.

indur magiaSi es elementi imdenad aris gavrcelebuli, rom fakirebis

warmodgenis Cveuli nawili gaxda ymawvilis aSveba TokiT zecaSi da Semdeg

misi “daqucmaceba” daniT. igive elementi indoeTis garda gvxvdeba CineTSi,

Zvel meqsikaSi da Sua saukuneebis evropaSi, rasac aRweren XIV-XVII

saukuneebis mogzaurebi. savaraudoa, rom am ritualebSi saqme gvaqvs

Samanuri xilvebis sajaro sanaxaobad gadaqcevasTan. aq aris rogorc zecaSi

TokiT mogzaurobis, aseve sxeulisgan gaTavisuflebis gancdis simboloebi. tibetSi

iTvleboda, rom pirveli mefe TokiT Camovida cidan. Samanizmis elementebi

Warbadaa lamaizmSi, indo-tibetur tantrizmSi da bon-pos religiaSi, romelsac

bevri mkvlevari aigivebs daosizmTan. bon-pos qurums SamanTan bevri saerTo

aqvs - sulTa gadasvla, mediacia, zeciuri TokiT da zinzilakebiT mogzuroba da

sxva amgvari (mogvianebiT sulis “transportad” gadaiqca budisturi borbali).

mkurnaloba mdgomareobs avadmyofis sulis moZebnasa da dabrunebaSi.

lamaizmSi igive elementebi aqvs bodhisatvas (gasxivosnebuls).

lamaizmis da tantrizmis kulturebSi gvxvdeba atmosferos marTva, haerSi frena,

eqstaturi cekvebi, ConCxebis gamosaxulebac tansacmelze, rac cimbirul

Samanizms emsgavseba. es SeiZleba uSualo gavlenebiT ar iyos ganpirobebuli

da kavSirSi iyos im arqaul avtoqtonur warmodgenebTan, romlis mixedviTac,

magaliTad - Zvali sakraluria. tibetSi vxvdebiT demonebisa da cxovelebis mier

sxeulis daglejvis xilvasac (maT Soris budas sxeulis), rac Crdiloamerikel

SamanebTan gvxvdeboda. analogiuri Sinaarsis aris iogebis zogierTi fsiqologiuri

varjiSic.

40


Samanizmis iseTi elementi, rogoricaa “mistiuri siTbo” Zvel vedur

teqstebSic aris dafisqsirebuli. igi mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs ioga-tantrul

teqnikaSic. es siTbo gamoiwveva sunTqvis SeCerebiT da seqsualuri energiis

SekavebiT. zogierT indo-tibetur iniciaciaSi iogi mowmdeba imiT, Tu zamTris

RameSi ramden svel zewars gaaSrobs “Sinagani siTboTi”. analogiuria

manjurieli Samanis iniciacia. vxvdebiT am movlenas labradoris

eskimosebTanac. “cecxlze batonobis” ideac ar unda iyos gadatanili erTi

kulturidan meoreSi, radgan am kulturebis kontaqti ar dasturdeba. savaraudoa,

rom am ideis ganmeorebas sxva organuli sufuZveli aqvs. bevri msgavsebis

miuxedavad unda gaesvas xazi im gansxvavebas, rac arsebobs sulis primitiul

Samanur gagebasa da budisturi metafizikis koncefcias Soris.

lolebi, ta[ilandel]ebi da Cinelebi darwmunebulebi arian, rom pirveli

adamianebi Tavisuflad moZraobdnen casa da miwas Soris. “codvis” Semdeg

gza daiketa. sikvdilis Semdeg suli poulobs gzas zecisaken (aq figurirebs xidi,

xe, frena). amaSi mas Samani exmareba. gvxvdeba SiSveli fexebiT danis

kibeze siarulic da cxeniT mgzavrobac, rac saerTos poulobs centraluri aziis

SamanizmTan. Samanis moxarSva qvabSi da misi uvneblad darCena

gvagonebs cimbireli Samanis iniciaciur xilvebs. aris Samanis mier micvalebulis

codvili sulis gacilebac imqveynad demonebis agresiisgan mis gadasarCenad.

iTvleba, rom am misiiT gamuSves RmerTebma miwaze pirveli Samani.

eqstazis miRwevis uZvelesi saSualebebi iyo marxva, yuradRebis

koncentracia, cekva dacemamde. eqstaturoba mmarTvelis aucilebel atributad

iTvleboda daosistur da konfucianistur traqtatebSi da erqva dao. daos qurums

Cinurad uwodeben “frTian swavluls”. gansxvavebiT Samanizmisgan Cinur

variantSi eqstazas ar axlavs Sepyrobiloba, avadmyofuroba. daosizmSi eqstazis

gacilebiT meti arqauli teqnikaa asimilirebuli, vidre iogasa da budizmSi. daosel

Samans “dao-Si” hqvia, rac daosel mkurnals niSnavs. iniciaciis dros gvxvdeba

sxvadasxva tipiuri ritualebi, maT Soris, nakverCxlebze siarulic (“gaseirneba

cecxlis bilikze”). analogiuria gadasvla “xmlebis xidze”. orives winapirobaa

sulieri momzadeba. Cinur miTologiaSi gvxvdeba orfeuli motivebic, oRond

qvesknelSi xSirad dedis an Svilis amosayvanad "Cadis” xolme Cineli.

aRsaniSnavia, rom rogorc yvelgan, aseve CineTSic cxovelis tyavis Cacma

41


niSnavs adamianis am cxovelad gadaqcevas, mis “me”-s eqstatur

gardaqmnas. am dros adamiani iZens cxovelis, oRond ara imdenad realuri

cxovelis, ramdenadac misi miTologiuri versiis Tvisebebs.

mongoleTSi Samanizmis damarcxeba meCvidmete saukuneSi scada

lamaizmma. sabolood Sereuli suraTi Camoyalibda. iaponiaSi Samani

umeteswilad qalia, Tanac xSirad - dabadebidan brma. maTi swavleba

grZeldeba samidan Svid wlamde. sruldeba - gogonas daqorwilebiT mfarvel

RmerTTan an sulTan. xandaxan, iniciaciis dros qorwinebaSi sulis funqcias

sakuTar Tavze iRebs RvTismsaxuri.

12. Samanizmis paraleluri miTebi, simboloebi da ritualebi

“cxeni” – miTologiaSi sulTa gadamyvania. amitom sxvadasxva qveynis

Samani xmarobs xis cxens. “mWedeli”-s profesia Samanis profesias fexdafex

mohyveba Tavis mniSvnelobiT. mWedlebs aqvT mkurnalobis da naTelxilvis

unari. misi sulis winaSe Samanic uZluria. isini xmauriT muSaoben da afrTxoben

borot sulebs. iakutur miTebSi mWedeli rkinasaviT awrTobs Samanis suls.

mWedels da Samans kidev erTi saerTo Tviseba aqvT - cecxlis moTviniereba,

rac gaxurebul rkinaze siarulis ritualSi gamoixateba. iniciaciur gaerTianebebSi

mWedelebis monawileoba dafiqsirebulia germaniasa da iaponiaSi. mWedeli

profesiuli magiis magaliTia. is xSirad demonur arsebad warmodgeba, radgan

eSmaki sunTqvs cecxliT, anu igi Samanis magvarad imorCilebs cecxls.

cecxlis damorCileba koncentrirebulia “magiuri simxurvalis” ideaSi. es

idea ar ekuTvnis marto Samanizms, igi mTeli magiisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.

bevri magi da jadoqari Seeqceva cxare da marilian saWmels Sinagani

simxurvalis gasaZlereblad. indusebi gansakuTrebiT Zlieri RvTaebebis epiTetSi

“cecxlovans”, “cecxlis mflobels” gulisxmoben. igive xdeba (mxurvali, mduRare)

magiuri ZaliT dajildovebulTa daxasiaTebisas. CrdiloeT amerikaSi Samanis

momzadebaSi aseTive funqcia aqvs ritualur abanos. abano da kanafis kvamli

am funqciiT gamoiyeneboda skviTebTanac. aqve gasaxsenebelia induri tapasi.

42


zogierT miTSi Samani Tavis mxurvalebiT aduRebs wyals. amis meore mxarea

naxverCxlis simxurvalisa Tu yinvebis mimarT ugrZnobloba. Sinagnad gaxureba

niSania Samanis mier im mdgomareobis miRwevis, romlis drosac mas SeuZlia

Tavis funqciis Sesruleba. am mdgomareobaSi igi kargavs mgrZnobelobas danis

dartymis mimarTac. aris im daSvebis safuZveli, rom Sinagani simxurvalis

miRwevas xels uwyobs garkveuli balaxebis moweva.

cimbireli, eskimoseli da Crdlio-amerikeli Samanebi “dafrinaven”.

jadoqrebs da mkurnalebs es uanri miewereba yvela qveyanaSi, maT Soris

evropaSic. cnobilia, rom igive Tvisebas miaweren iogebs da fakirebs. xSirad am

mizniT jadoqari frinvelad gadaiqceva an imagrebs frTebs. amasve miuTiTebs

moZraobebi, Jestikulacia. umravles SemTxvevaSi es niSnavs mxolod gonebriv

aqts. rigveda ambobs “goneba - yvelaze swrafi frinvelia”. frenis atributi cad

amaRlebis mizans ukavSirdeba. es miTi, aseve ukavSirdeba sulieri avtonomiis

da Tavisuflebis ideas, romelsac Tan axlavs gonebis uZlevelobis da sulis

ukvdavebis ideebi. cocxlebs Soris mxolod Samanebs ZaluZT frena. sxva

adamianebs istoriuli codvis gamo mxolod sikvdilis Semdeg SeuZliaT cad asvla

da frena rogorc Cits, isic - mxolod maT suls. suli-Citis saxe gvxvdeba Zvel

egvipteSi, mesopotamiaSi da bevr sxva kulturaSi. winaparTa sulebi Citis saxiT

sxedan sicocxlis xeze. savaraudoa, rom es Tema ufro adrindelia, vidre TviT

Samanizmi. wmindanebis frenisa Tu levitaciis Tema uxvadaa qristianul

kulturaSic.

Samanuri xilvebis kidev erTi universaluri Temaa xidiT gadasvla

qvesknelSi. es Temac scildeba Samanizmis farglebs. am TemaSi Semodis

“viwro kari”, cis da miwis SemaerTebeli kibe, liana, xe an bewvis xidi xilvebSi

da miTologiaSi. samoTxis droSi am xidze yvela gadioda, ramdenadac ar

arsebobda sikvdili. Semdeg es xidi sulier samyaroSi darCa. masze codvianebi

ver gadadian. xidis Tema gvxvdeba qrisitianobaSic, magaliTad pavles xilvebi

samoTxesTan damakavSirebel bewvis xidze. arabuli TqmulebebSic aris xidi da

biliki. Sua saukuneebSi lanceloti gadadis xmlis xidze SiSveli fexebiT. xidze

gadasvlisas Tu karebSi gasvlisas gadamwyvetia siswrafe da simsubuqe -

sxeuliT da codvebiT damZimebuli suli vardeba qvesknelSi, Tu msubuqia -

43


swvdeba cas, gansxivosndeba. es gmiris, Samanis an sxeulisgan Tavisufali

sulis xvedria.

xidis Temis Taviseburi variantia cad asasvleli kibis Tema. kibiT

adamianebic adian caSi da RmerTebic Camodian miwaze. malais arqipelagze

mzis RmerTs miwaze patiJeben, rom Camovides Svidsafexuriani kibiT.

daiakebis Samani mkurnalobisas avadmyofis qoxSi dgams kibes, rom suli

Camovides SamanSi Casasaxleblad. nepalSi micvalebulis kuboSi arWoben cxra

naWdevian (safexurian) joxs, rom suli avides zecaSi. kibis Tema Warbadaa

egviptesa da romis imperiaSi. Svidsafexuriani kibe figurirebs miTraistebis

misteriebSic, berZnebTanac. cad amaRlebis sxva saSualebebia cecxli an

kvamli, xe, mTa, Toki, liana, erTmaneTSi SerWobili isrebi, cisartyela, mzis sxivic

ki da a.S.

13. Samanizmi da Tanamedroveoba

Samanizmis paradigma Tanamedrove fsiqoTerapiisTvis mniSvnelovania

ramodenime mizeziT. jer erTi, sulis gagebis da masze manipulaciis teqnologiis

Semdgomi ganviTareba am paradigmis evolucias warmoadgens. Tanac,

SamanizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebi TiTqmis erTnairad aris

warmodgenili yvela religiur sistemaSi misi mistikuri nawilis saxiT. mistika ki

RvTismsaxurebis is formaa, romelic yvelaze farTed iyenebda fsiqologiur

teqnologiebs.

Samanizmis mniSvnelobis meore aspeqti dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom

rogorc TviT Samanizmi, ise misi elementebi dResac izidavs pacientebs. gvaqvs

Samanizmze dafuZnebuli fsiqoTerapiuli skolebic. Samanuri teqnologiis formebi

xSirad gvxvdeba dRes gavrcelebul seqtebSi, sadac adamianebi swored

fsiqologiuri problemebis gadasaWrelad midian.

mesame aspeqti dakavSirebulia imasTan, rasac Samanuri praqtika

gvaswavlis fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb. upirveles yovlisa, esaa

eqstralogikuri (paralogikuri) azrovneba, rogorc fsiqikuri zemoqmedebisTvis

xelsayreli niadagi. analogiebis mixedviT gaazreba da reagireba mxolod

44


pirvelyofil kulturaSi ar gvxvdeba. amgvari reagireba axasiaTebT bavSvebs,

sxvadasxva sulieri darRvevis mqone adamianebs, garkveuli tipis pirovnebebs.

yvela adamians azrovnebis es stili uCndeba Zlieri emociis an fantazirebis dros.

Samanuri kultura fsiqikis am eqstralogikuri moqmedebis Seswavlis kidev erTi

empirikaa.

Samanuri praqtika aseve gviCvenebs, rom fsiqologiuri

zemoqmedebisTvis ufro didi mniSvneloba aqvs “pacientis” rwmenas, vidre

SeTavazebuli koncefciis WeSmaritebas. Samanizmi gviCvenebs imasac, Tu ra

mniSvneloba aqvs “Terapevtis” TviTSefasebas. vnaxeT is, Tu ra maRali

TviTSefaseba hqonda Samans. SeiZleba, es TviTSefaseba iyo rogorc misi,

aseve pacientis gamojanrTelebis erTerTi mniSvnelovani wyaro.

aseve Samanuri kulturis Tavisebur ganviTarebad SeiZleba miviCnioT

transis gamowvevis is kultura, romlis Tavisebur formebs warmoadgens stresis

marTvasTan dakavSirebuli autosugestiis varjiSebi (kue, Sulci, jakobsoni).

evropam transis gamowvevis es teqnologia aiRo Soreuli aRmosavleTis religiuri

sistemebidan, romlebic Samanis droindeli fsiqologiuri teqnologiebis

ganviTarebis Tanamedrove safexurad SeiZleba ganvixiloT. amasTanave,

Cndeba sakiTxi - iyenebs Tu ara Tanamedrove fsiqTerapia im teqnologiis mTels

speqtrs, rac arsebobda sxvadasxva Samanur kulturebSi? saeWvoa. albaT, amiT

unda aixsnas Tanamedrove fsiqoTerapevtTa interesi am kulturebis mimarT.

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Tavi 2. Soreuli aRmosavleTis sistemebi

Soreuli aRmosavleTis fsiqofizikuri varjiSebis uamravi sistema arsebobs.

maT bevri ram aqvT saerTo, Tumc gansxvavebebic bevria. sistemebis

mrvalferovneba ganpirobebulia ganviTarebis xangrZlivi istoriiT, mravalnairi

religiur-kulturuli konteqstiT da farTe geografiuli arealiT. am sistemebis

sxvadasxva varianti gavrcelebulia Soreuli aRmosavleTis mTel vertikalze.

CrdiloeTiT aris cimbiris da monRoleTis is segmenti, sadac dResac gavrcelebulia

Samanizmi (monRoleTSi - budizmic). Semdeg modis CineTi, iaponia da indoeTi

sadac fsiqofizikuri varjiSebis sistemaTa damuSavebam miaRwia umaRles

dones. vinaidan kontinentis am nawilSi mosaxleobis didi raodenobaa,

ramodenime religiam msoflio religiis masStabs miaRwia, xolo maTSi CarTuli

fsiqofizikur varjiSTa sistemebi msoflio kulturis sakuTrebad iqca (ramac

ganapiroba maTi elementebis gaCena fsiqoTerapiis praqtikaSi).

$ 1. Cinuri fsiqoteqnikuri sistemebi

1. istoriuli monacemebi

CineTSi, romlis mosaxleoba miliardze mets iTvlis, amJamad gavrcelebulia

sami religia - daosizmi, budizmi da konfucianeloba. CineTis pirveli saxelmwifo

Seiqmna XIV saukuneSi Cv. welTaRricxvamde. daosizmi aRmocenda iq 6-5

saukuneSi Cvens welTaRricxvamde. dao-s Sesaxeb moZRvrebis fuZemdebelad

iTvleba lao czi. moZRvrebis mixedviT mxolod bunebrivi kanonebis (daos) dacva

aZlevs adamians saSualebas, rom SeinarCunos sakuTari buneba. daos

kanonizirebuli teqstebi (dao can) Camoyalibda me-12 saukuneSi. amave

periodSi daosizmi daiyo or skolad: samxreTis da CrdiloeTisad. samxreTelebs

swamdaT bedis, winaswarmetyvelebdnen mas da cdilobdnen SeecvalaT igi

amuletebiT, TilismiT, SelocvebiT da locvebiT. isini cxovrobdnen saero

cxovrebiT, ojaxdebodnen, marxulobdnen mxolod zogierT dRes. es

mimdinareoba saTaves iRebda Zveli magebis, jadoqrebis da Samanebisgan.

46


misi mimdevrebi adamianis Sinagan srulyofas ar aqcevdnen did yuradRebas da

moqmedebdnen garegani ritualebis da instrumentebis gamoyenebiT.

CrdiloeTis skolac iyenebda magebis gamocdilebas, magram amasTanave

iswrafvoda adamianis bunebis srulyofisken. misi mimdevrebi iyvnen berebi,

romlebic monastrebSi cxovrobdnen, icavdnen celibats, iyvnen vegetarianelebi,

ar svamdnen Rvinos. maTi moZRvrebis ZiriTad nawils Seadgenda miTiTebebi

meditaciaze, sunTqvis da fizikuri varjiSebze.

2. daosizmi

“dao” (Cinurad - RmerTi, sityva, logosi, gza) Zveli Cinuri filosofiis cnebaa,

romelic aRniSnavs mas, rasac ara aqvs saxeli da forma, rac mudmivia, erTiani,

droisgan damoukidebeli, uxmoa, uxilavi da Seumecnebeli, ganusazRvrelia da

srulyofili, mudmiv simSvidesa da moZraobaSia, yvela cvlilebis pirvelmizezia,

aris “yvela sagnis deda”, “yvelafris fesvi”, mxolod sakuTar Tavze aris

damokidebuli, aris Zala anu suli, romelic marTavs da moicavs samyaros. es

cneba xandaxan gamoiyeneba budas gzis, gasxivosnebis gzis, Zenis gzis da

sxva analogiuri cnebebis mniSvnelobiT. ufro farTed aris gavrcelebuli “daos”

gamoyeneba meTodis, saSualebis da gzis aRsaniSnavad.

daosistebis mier wamoyenebuli mizania ukvdavebis Zieba sakuTari

Zalebis an magiuri ritualebis daxmarebiT. maTTvis ukvdaveba sxeulis

ukvdavebasac niSnavda, radgan miaCndaT, rom usxeulod sulebi ar arseboben.

adamianSi isini mravali sulis arsebobas aRiarebdnen. sulebis ori jgufi iyo - sami

zeda da Svidi qveda. sikvdilis momentSi isini Sordebodnen erTmaneTs, mxolod

erTiani sxeuli iyo am sulebis da pirovnebis erTianobis safuZveli.

daos mimdevrebi Tvlidnen, rom ukvdavni iyvnen mxolod adamianebi,

romlebic aRwevdnen survilebis gareSe arsebobis mdgomareobas.

zogadsakacobrio eTikuri normebis dacva iyo ukvdavebis pirveli piroba. amis

msurvels unda Caedina 1200 keTili saqme Tundac erTi cudi saqcielis gareSe.

am saqcielebis dafiqsirebisTvis specialuri cxrilebic ki Seiqmna, romelsac

Semdeg farTed iyenebdnen konfucianelebi. iyo akrZalvebi yvelasTvis - 5

akrZalva: ar mokla, ar dalio Rvino, ar icruo, ar iqurdo, dauSvebelia sisxlis

47


aRreva. amasaTanave savaldebuloa 10 sikeTe: mSoblebis pativiscema, batonis

da maswavleblis erTguleba, yvela cocxalis TanagrZnoba, gaWirvebulTa

daxmareba, cxovelTa da frinvelTa daxmareba, xidebis aSeneba, xeebis dargva,

saxlebis da Webis Seneba, ugnurTa darigeba.

ukvdavebis maZiebelTa mimarT erTerTi mTavari moTxovna iyo

vegetarianeloba. sxeuli daosistebisTvis mikrokosmia, romelSic makrokosmis

msgavasad materialur nawilebSi sulebi arian Casaxlebuli. maT sxeulSi 36 000

suli daasaxles, romlebic 3 an 6 nawilad jgufdebian da ukavSirdebian sxeulis

sxvadasxva nawils. sxeulis kveba saWiroa, raTa sulebma ar miatovon igi.

ukvdaveba aris sxeulSi sulebis mudmivi yofna. sxeulSi dabadebidanve saxlobs

“sami Wia”. erTi TavSi - “nirvanas sasaxleSi”. meore - mkerdSi, mesame -

qvemoT. isini ikvebebian marcvleuliT. amitom marxva sxeuls aTavisuflebs am

Wiebisgan, romlebsac sxeulis sikvdili undaT, raTa mere TviT gaTavisufldnen da

gadaiqcnen “aCrdilebad”.

daosistebisTvis ukvdavebis meore mniSvnelovani piroba iyo sulis

ganmtkiceba, rac miiRweva haeris SerwymiT esenciasTan “czin”. amis

miRwevis saSualebaa sunTqvis varjiSebi, moZraobiTi varjiSebi da, xandaxan,

wamlebi da masaJebi.

3. Cjen cziun (nemsiT Cxvleta-mowva) Terapia

misi gaCenis dro ucnobia. zustad arc qveyanaa cnobili, Tumc

umravlesoba CineTs Tvlis mis samSoblod. garkveuli wertilebis nemsiT Cxvleta

(akupunqtura), mowva da masaJi (akupresura) farTed gamoiyeneboda CineTSi,

koreaSi, vietnamsa Tu iaponiaSi. meores mxriv, londonis muzeumSi Semonaxul

egviptur papirusSi, romelic daTariRebulia 1550 wliT Cvens welTaRricxvamde,

mocemulia Cxvletis wertilebi. Tumc, faqtia, rom am meTodma CineTSi moipova

yvelaze farTe gavrceleba. 1026 wels Cveni welTaRricxviT CineTSi gaCnda

“brinjaos adamianis atlasi”, romelzec aRniSnuli iyo CJen-cziun wertilebi.

4. ciguni

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“ci”-s yvelasTvis misaRebi ganmarteba ar arsebobs. zogi eleqtrul

energiad miiCnevs, zogi - magniturad, zogi-siTbosad. istoriis mcodnisTvis es

metismetad viwro ganmartebebia. aseve viwroa cigunis miCneva janmrTelobis

gasaumjobesebeli varjiSebis an meditaciis sistemad.

“ci” samyaroSi arsebuli bunebrivi energiaa. aris zeciuri (aminds hqvia

tian ci), miwieri, yoveli cocxali arsebis da maT Soris adamianuri ci (armiis

moralur suls uwodeben “ci Si”-s, anu energiulobas). “gun”-iT aRiniSneba

yvelaferi, rac drosa da energiis daxarjvas gulisxmobs, anu varjiSebi. e.i.

“cigun” aris ci-sTan dakavSirebuli varjiSebi.

adamianis energia zecis da miwis energiis gavlenis qveSaa, amitom

bunebrivi gzebis, anu “daos” codna aucilebelia. adamianuri “ci”-s cirkulaciis

normalizacias emsaxureba akupunqtura, akupresura, meditacia, cigunis

varjiSebi da balaxebiT mkurnaloba. amave mizans emsaxureba sabrZolo

xelovnebis daufleba (risi magaliTsac iZleva Saolinis monasteri).

“ci”-s pirveli koncefcia mocemulia Cv. welTaRricxvamde 1122 wels

Seqmnil wignSi “i-czin”(cvalebadobaTa wigni). arqeologiuri masala miuTiTebs,

rom jer kidev 2690-2590 wlebSi Cv. welTaRricxvamde ukve gamoiyeneboda

qvis nemsebi. lao czi (1122-934 wlebi Cv. welTaRricxvamde) Tavis “dao de

czinSi” axsenebs sunTqviT varjiSebs - janmrTelobisTvis “saWiroa czis Wvreta

da sirbile”-o. aRsaniSnavia, rom am periodis warmodgenebi cigunze ar iyo

kavSirSi religiasTan.

III saukunidan Cinelebma aRmoaCines moZraobebis Terapiuli efeqti.

daaxloebiT, Cv.welTaRricxvis 60-iani wlebidan Cinelebma gaicnes induri

budizmi. induri varianti ufro religiuri iyo da Semecnebis da wvdomis, anu budas

mdgomareobis Seqmnis miznebs isaxavda.

$ 2. induri fsiqoteqnikuri sistemebi

1. istoriuli masala

49


indoeTSi meoce saukunis bolos cxovrobda 800 milionamde adamiani,

romelTagan 83% indiusti, 11% musulmani da 6% sxva religiebis (qristianebi,

sikhebi da a.S.) mimdevrebi iyvnen.

induizmi indoeTis xalxebis sulieri cxovrebis sistemaa, romlis safuZvelia

sanskrituli kultura, da moicavs mecnierul, filosofiur, religiur-miTologiur,

esTetikur, sociologiur, samarTlebriv Tu eTikur codnas da normebs. nepalSi da

indoeTSi igi saxelmwifo religiaa. “induizmi”-s termini Semovida me-19

saukuneSi indoeTis religiur SexedulebaTa aRsaniSnavad. amitom, es cneba

amorfulia. masSi SeuZlebelia gamoiyos erTiani kredo, dogma, kanoni, taZari an

rituali.

savaraudoa, rom induizmi warmoiSva adreuli miwaTmoqmedebis kulturis

Camoyalibebis periodSi, me-10 aTaswleulSi Cven welTaRricxvamde. igi

apogeas aRwevs me-7 aTaswleulSi Cvens welTaRricxvamde uZvelesi drois

yvelaze didi civilizaciis dros, romelsac amJamad protoindurs uwodeben. es

civilizacia mdebareobda indoeTis CrdiloeTiT indsa da gangs Sua (savaraudoa,

rom swored am civilizaciis wiaRSi Seiqmna induizmis safuZveli - “vedebi”).

Cvens welTaRricxvamde 2 aTasi wlis SualedSi iwyeba am zesaxelmwifos

krizisi da mis mcxovrebTa nawili midis Sua da mcire aziaSi, aRmosavleT da

dasavleT evropaSi. veduri kulturis matareblebi sakuTar Tavs ariebs

(gasxivosnebulebs) uwodebdnen. es kulturologiuri termini iyo (mTvaris

RvTaebis mimdevrebs aRniSnavda) da ara - eTnografiuli. Zvel msoflioSi

indoelebis migraciam sanskritisa da veduri msoflmxedvelobis gavrceleba

gamoiwvia, razec miuTiTebs indoevropuli enebis naTesaoba. am kriteriumiT

gamodis, rom yvelaze axlos arielebTan arian iranelebi (induri vedebis da iranuli

avestas teqstebSi identuri adgilebic ki aris), mere slavebi (“ved” - codna),

Semdeg litvelebi, berZnebi, laTinelebi da bolos - kelturi, romanuli da germanuli

xalxebi.

vedebi (rac mecnierebebs niSnavs) Zvelinduri literaturis Zeglia, romelic

Cv.w-mde II aTaswleulis bolosa da I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi Seiqmna ariul

tomebSi. moicavs or nawils. maTgan pirveli (Sruti) moicavs 4 nawils -

aTharvedas, rigvedas, samavedas da iajurvedas. vedebSi mocemulia iseTi

disciplinebi, rogoricaa maTematika, astronomia, medicina da seqsologia,

50


filologia (teqstologia, etimologia, fonetika, gramatika, ritorika, poetika),

pedagogika, samarTali da politologia, sociologia, filosofia kosmologiiT, logika,

fsiqologia, eTika, esTetika, Teologia da a.S. damatebiTi vedebi moicavdnen

medicinas (aiurveda), samxedro saqmes, musikas, qandakebasa da

arqiteqturas. Cvens welTaRricxvamde II-I aTaswleulis es codna xSirad

SesabamisobaSia codnis Tanamedrove donesTan. miTologiur-fsiqologiuri

paralelebis Semcvel nawilebs upaniSadebi ewodeba. upaniSadebs efuZneba

indoeTis fsiqologiuri praqtika.

induizi Cv. welTaRricxvmde I aTaswleulis bolos Secvala vedurma

brahmanizmma. mogvianebiT induizmi aRorZinda axal droSi da gaaerTiana

sxvadasxva induri religiuri warmodgenebi. adreuli etapi induisturi miTologiis

asaxulia “mahabharatasa” da “ramaianaSi”. dasawyisSi panTeonSi wamyvani

adgili ekava mama-RmerTs da RmerT-Semoqmeds (prajapati). Semdeg misi

adgili daikava brahmam, ZiriTadad, upaniSadebis (7-6 s. C.w-mde) filosofiuri

poeziis gavleniT, sadac brahma aris umaRlesi sawyisis, brahmanis

personifikacia.

2. vedeuri miTologia da fsiqologiuri koncefcia

induistur miTologiaSi wamyvani motivia magiuri Zala, romelic asketizmiT

miiRweva. sxeulis “mokvdineba” (tapasi) yvela survilis Sesrulebis, qveynis

Seqmnisa Tu dangrevis saSualebas iZleva. tipiuria am miTologiisTvis asketuri

da erotiuli sawyisebis Serwyma. brZeni-asketi RmerTebze Zlieria. pirveli

legendaluri brZenebis warmomSobi brahmaa, Semdeg es brZenebi

warmoSoben danarCen samyaros. ramdenadac adamiani aRwevs RmerTis

dones, adamianis da RmerTis brZolis Tema xSiria (maT Soris, “mahabharataSi”

arjunasa da Sivas brZola).

upaniSadebze damyarebulia Sastrebi, maT Soris ZiriTadia 6 - mimansa,

vedanta, niia, vaiSeSika, sankhia da ioga. “ioga-vasiSrha” filosofiur-poeturi

eposia, romelic 24 000 strofisgan Sedgeba. mahabharataSi mocemulia

umaRles sulier sawyisTan gaigivebis 4 xerxi an gza (ioga): raja-ioga (adamianis

faruli unarebs ganviTareba uzenaesi Zalis wvdomisTvis), karma ioga (SedegiT

51


dainteresebis gareSe Cadenili saqcieli, rogorc uzenaesi Zalis wvdomis gza),

Jnani-ioga (cnobieri Semecneba, rogorc gza), bhathi-ioga (religiuroba, RvTis

siyvaruli da pativiscema, rogorc gza; zogierTi avtori am meoTxe gzas calke ar

gamohyofs, ramdenadac igi CarTulia danarCen samSi).

WeSmariteba induri filosofiisTvis araa faseuli, faseulia gaTavisufleba,

damoukidebloba WeSmaritebis wvdomis Sedegad. gaTavisufleba gulisxmobs

amqveeyniuri cxovrebisTvis sikvdils da upirobo arsebobis formiT yofnas.

pirovneba araa saboloo elementi, is mxolod gancdebis sinTezia, romelic

waiSleba gasxivosnebisas. iTvleba, rom Tavisuflebis miRwevis Semdeg

pirovnebis fsiqologiuri saWiroeba moxsnilia.

3. iogas principebi

iTvleba, rom termin “ioga”-s etimologia warmodgeba zmna “iuj”-is

Ziridan, rac niSnavs “erTad Sekvras”, “marxvas”, “SeerTebas”. misi

monaTesave sityvebia laTinuri jungum, franguli joung da a.S. zogadad “iogaTi”

aRiniSneba nebismieri asketuri teqnika da meditaciis meTodi.

iogas sxvadasxva skolebi sxvadasxva meTodebs aniWeben upiratesobas.

maT Soris “klasikurad” iTvleba patanjalis “ioga-sutra”. aseve arsebobs

arasistemuri meTodebi, arabrahmanuli (budisturi, janaisturi) ioga da a.S.

dRemde grZeldeba diskusiebi patanjalis pirovnebis Taobaze. bevri mkvlevari,

maT Soris, Sua saukuneebis indoeli komentatorebi miiCneven, rom esaa cnobili

patanjalis gramatikis avtori, romelic cxovrobda Cv. welTaRricxvamde II

saukuneSi. magram am kamaTs didi mniSvneloba ara aqvs, radgan teqnikebi

patajalis ar Seuqmnia, isini saukuneebiT adre iyo Seqmnili. amdenad, patajalis

cxovrebis dro arafers gvetyvis iogas Seqmnis droze.

patajalis iogas filosofia “ioga-darSana” (“darSana” - mzera, dakvirveba,

warmodgena, Tvalsazrisi, swavleba da a.S.) erTerTia orTodoqsaluri filosofiuri

sistemebidan. orTodiqsalurad iTvleba brahmanizmTan TanxmobaSi myofi

sistema (eretikuli filosofia aqvs budizms da janaizms). indoeTis filosofiuri

sistemebi gansxvavdeba evropulisgan - isini, ZiriTadad, adamianis sulier

gamocdilebas aRweren. am filosofiur sistemebSi uxvadaa rCevebi asketizmis

52


da Wvretis teqnikaze. patanjali araa arc filosofiis da arc teqnikebis avtori, igi

mxolod im procedurebis koregirebas da sistematizacias axdens, romlebic

patanjalimde didi xniT adre iyo cnobili indoeTis ezoTeruli wreebisTvis. rac

Seexeba filosofias, man mxolod sankhia gaafarTova - Seitana masSi Teizmi,

Tanac sakmaod zedapiruli, da amaSi dainaxa meditaciis umaRlesi fuqcia. adre

ioga mxolod mistikuri tradicia iyo, patanjalis Semdeg - filosofiuri sistema

gaxda.

sankhias da iogas sistemebs cota ram ganasxvavebs: 1) sankhia

aTeisturia, ioga Teisturi, ramdenadac aRiarebs umaRlesi RvTaebis, iSvaras

arsebobas; 2) sankhia xsnis erTaderT saSualebad miiCnevs metafizikur codnas,

ioga - meditaciis xerxebs aniWebs did mniSvnelobas.

induri tradicia sankhias ganixilavs uZveles koncefciad (darSanad), romlis

ZiriTadi marcvalia samSvinvelis (puruSas) CamoSoreba pirvelmateriisgan

(prakriti). sankhiasa da iogasTvis samyaro realuria (da ara - iluzoruli, rogorc,

magaliTad, vedantisTvis). oRond is arsebobas inarCunebs mxolod imdenad,

ramdenadac me-s (puruSas, suls) ara aqvs Secnobili sakuTari Tavi. rogorc ki

suli Seimecnebs, rom igi Tavisufalia, qreba amqveyniuri tanjva da Cagvra,

yvela qmnileba ubrundeba pirvelad kosmosamdel mdgomareobas.

idea, rom samyaros simtkice aris sulieri umecrebis Sedegi,

ganmsWvalavs mTel indur filosofiur azrovnebas. upaniSadebidan moyolebuli

indoeTi uaryofs samyaros, efemerulad da iluzorulad miiCnevs mas, Tumc ar

vardeba arc nihilizmSi, arc pesimizmSi. amqveyniuri (religiur enaze - profanuli)

cxovrebis sanacvlod indoeTis swrafva inacvlebs wmida, sulier cxovrebisaken

da amiT Tavisufldeba tanjvisgan, radgan tanjvis erTaderT mizezad amqveyniur

cxovrebaze mijaWvuloba miaCnia.

samyaro Camoyalibebis mudmiv procesSia. yovelive arsebuli odesme

gaCnda, ganicada cvlilebebi da mokvda, daiSala da gaqra. am bedis mqone

warmonaqmni ar SeiZleba iyos sakraluri, wminda, romelic Tavisufalia da

ukvdavi. amitom, adamianisTvis xsnas (tanjvisagan xsnas), ganwmendas

warmoadgens amqveyniurisgan gaTavisufleba, rasac ukvdavebac moaqvs.

indoeTis filosofiuri azrovneba swored sulis gaTavisuflebis gzebis ZiebiT aris

dakavebuli (Tu dasavleTisTvis amgvari Tavisufleba mxolod religiuri rwmenis

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gziT miiRweva, indoeTi Tavisuflebis miRwevis gzebis simravles ar zRudavs

romelime erTiT da Semecnebis yvelaze sapatio sagnad gaTavisuflebis gzebis

Zieba miaCnia).

rogorc fsiqoteqnika, aseve filosofia indoeTisTvis Rirebulia mxolod

imdenad, ramdenadac SeuZliaT adamianis gaTavisufleba tanjvisgan.

nebismieri adamianuri gamocdileba tanjviTaa ganpirobebuli (tanjva induri

teqstebSi yvela uaryofiT emocias gulisxmobs). “sxeuli tanjvaa, radgan igi

tanjvis WurWelia; grZnobis organoebi, grZnobis obieqtebi, SegrZnebebi -

tanjvaa, radgan warmoadgenen gzas tanjvisken; TviT siamovnebac ki tanjvaa,

radgan mas tanjva mosdevs” - naTqvamia “sankhia-sutrebi”-s komentarebSi.

miuxedavad aseTi poziciis sayovelTao gavrcelebisa, indoeTis arcerTi filosofiuri

skola sasowarkveTas ar eZleva. piriqiT, tanjva xdeba gaTavisuflebisken

swrafvis stimuli da, amdenad, mas dadebiTi Rirebulebac ki aqvs.

tanjulia yvelaferi, rac droSi arsebobs - RmerTidan mweramde. adamians,

gansxvavebiT RmerTebisa da sxva cocxali arsebebisgan, SeuZlia daZlios Tavis

mdgomareoba, daZlios karma da mospos tanjva - es, indoeTis yvela filosofiuri

da mistikuri mimdinareobisTvis saerTo rwmena gamoricxavs pesimizms da

sasowarkveTas. skolebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian mxolod arCeuli gziT -

tanjvisgan gaTavisufleba zogjer miiRweva codnis SeZeniT (magaliTad, vedantis

da sankhias moZRvrebebSi), zogjer - fsiqoteqnikuri saSualebebiT (iogasa da

budistur skolaTa umravlesobaSi).

niias skolisTvis mtkice argumentaciiT aRWurvili codna fenomenaluri

samyaros iluziidan gaTavisuflebis, realur “me”-sTan (puruSa atmani) Serwymis

saSualebas iZleva. es aris codna imis Sesaxeb, rom Cven samSvinvelSi

mocemuli fsiqomentaluri gamocdileba sulSi ar unda SegveSalos, radgan es

ukanaskneli aris “me”-s WeSmariti realoba (es ganasxvavebs profanul da

spiritualur codnas). misi wvdomis Sedegi aris gasxivosneba. am

transcedentaluri, metafizikuri codnis safuZveli iyo vedebi.

sankhia da ioga am princinebs savsebiT iziareben, filosofia maT saerTo

aqvT. gansxvaveba mxolod imaSia, rom sankhia sulieri damoukideblobis

miRwevisTvis sakmarisad Tvlis Semecnebas, gnoziss, xolo ioga askezis da

meditaciis gzas aRiarebs.

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am saerTo filososfiisTvis samSvinveli (puruSa) - cnobiereba da gancdebi

iseTive bunebisaa, rogorc materialuri samyaro, gansxvaveba mxolod substaciis

simkvriveSia. xolo suli (prakriti) arsebobis sxva donis, sxva bunebis movlenaa,

vidre dakvirvebadi realoba.

ioga ZiriTadad viTardeboda induizmis da budizmis farglebSi, Tumc TviT

ar warmoadgens religiur sistemas. misi mizania daimorCilos cnobierebis xuTive

mdgomareoba - swori da mcdari Semecneba, Zili, qvecnobieri, warmosaxva da

mexsereba. iogas klasikuri versiis avtoris patanjalis 8 safexuriani sistema

mowodebulia SeaCeros cnobierebis yvela formis muSaoba da moaxdinos

umaRlesi fsiqofizikuri integracia. swori pozis da sxeulis wonasworoba,

muskulebis, Sinagani organoebis da sunTqvis kontroli Sevida haTha iogaSi.

iogas bolo safexurs, “samefo iogas” ewodeba raja-ioga da miznad isaxavs

yuradRebis, warmosaxvis da sxva cnobierebis funqciebis CamoSorebas gare

sagnebidan da sakuTar Tavze koncentracias.

4. iogas rva safexuri

patanjalis mier gamoyofili I safexuri (iiama) gulisxmobs “fsiqikur

ganwmendas” - Tavis Sekavebas sibrazis da gaborotebisgan, emociebisgan,

zedmeti sqesobrivi cxovrebisgan da kvebisgan, sikeTes da mimteveblobas

yvela cocxali arsebisadmi, simarTles da cxovrebis wesis sxva momentebs.

Tavis Sekavebis unaris gamomuSaveba iTvleba fsiqikuri TviTregulaciis pirobad,

rac aucilebelia meditaciisTvis.

II safexuris (niiama) mizania fsiqikuris “gare ganwmenda” - Sinagani

organoebis mowesrigeba, moqmedebis neli tempi, Tavis Sekaveba zedmeti

moZraobebisgan, laparakisgan (metyveleba gonebis ganfantvaa).

Semdegi ori safexuri ganekuTvneba haTha iogas, romelic raja iogas

nawilad ganixileba. haTha aris sasicocxlo energiis (pranas) moqmedebis ori

gamovlineba - dadebiTis, mzis, siTbos “ha”-s (“ian”-CinurSi) da uaryofiTis,

mTvaris, sicivis “Tha”-s (“in”-CinurSi). haTha ioga organizmSi maT

harmonizacias axdens pozebis da sunTqvis regulaciiT.

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III safexuris mizania im pozebis (asanebis) gamomuSaveba, romlebSic,

patanjalis mixedviT, moxsnilia dapirispireba insa da ians Soris. Tanamedrove

klinikuri gamokvlevebi adastureben, rom asanebi axdens adamianze fizikur,

fsiqikur da Terapiul zemoqmedebas.

IV safexurze miiRweva sasicocxlo energiis harmonizacia swori sunTqvis

saSualebiT (pranaiama). emociebis da sunTqvis kavSiri didi xnis SemCneulia

(daZabuloba iwvevs sunTqvis Sekavebas; Sveba - Rrma sunTqvas da a.S.).

pranaiamas erTerTi mizania sunTqvis Cveuli ritmis Seneleba, rac sasicocxlo

funqciebis Senelebas gulisxmobs. ramaCaraka Tvlis (1915 w.), rom pranaiama

anelebs metabolizms. maRali rangis iogebi imdenad anelebdnen sunTqvas da

guliscemas, rom miwaSi droebiT damarxvas maTTvis vneba ar mohqonda.

patanjalis sistemis Semdegi safexurebi exeba fsiqikuri unarebis

ganviTarebas, anu raja-iogas. masze gadasvla iwyeba mxolod mas Semdeg,

rac adamiani dauflebulia haTha iogas.

V safexurze (pratiahara) iogis mizania Sesabamisi pozis da sunTqvis

fonze TviTCaRrmaveba, gaTavisufleba grZnobebisgan (meditacia).

Tanamedrove laboratoriebSi gakeTebuli biodenebis Canaweri miuTiTebs, rom

meditaciaSi, roca receftorebisgan moSorebulia yuradReba, iogis tvini aRar

reagirebs gare stimulaciaze. ramaCaraka am safexurze gamohyofs 2 etaps -

Tavisufali, Zaldautanebeli fiqrebi da mere sakuTari sxeulis gaqroba am

fiqrebidan.

VI safexurze (dharana) xdeba yuradRebis fiqsacia raime konkretul

warmosaxul obieqtze (es aris obieqtze pratiahara).

VII safexurze (dhiana) xdeba meditacia, koncentracia araxatovan da

abstraqtul ideebze - siyvaruli, siwminde da a.S. xatebis gaCena gamoricxulia.

yuradReba mimarTulia ideaze, azrze.

VIII da saboloo safexuri (samadhi) gulisxmobs WeSmaritebis wvdomis

sasiamovno grZnobas (dhiana+eqstazi). iTvleba, rom am mdgomareobaSi

adamiani srulyofilad flobs Tavis fizikur da fsiqikur unarebs.

5. budizmi

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budizmi - religiuri da filosofiuri moZRvrebaa, erTerTi (droSi pirveli)

msoflio religiaa qristianobasa da islamis gverdiT. budizmi yalibdeba Cv.

welTaRricxvamde 6-7 saukuneSi. misi damfuZnebeli aris indoeli princi sidharta

gautama. igi aseve cnobilia rogorc Sakiamuni (“brZeni Sakias tomidan”). es

realuri pirovneba cxovrobda CrdiloeT indoeTSi.

sidharThasTan ZiriTadia moZRvreba gardasaxvis, nirvanis da misi

miRwevis gzebis Sesaxeb. pirvelive aswleulebSi budizmi 18 skolad daiyo. I

saukunis bolos yalibdeba ori ZiriTadi skola: hanaiana (“mcire wre”) da

mahaiana (“didi wre”). hanaiana gadarCenis individualuri gzaa, mahaiana -

sxvebis samsaxuri. amave dros, mahaiana umaRles arsebaTa ierarqiulobis

aRiarebs, roca hanaiana mxolod gautamas scems Tayvans. budizmi

gansakuTrebul ayvavebas aRwevs 3-1 saukuneebSi Cv.welTaRricxvamde,

vrceldeba indoeTSi, CineTSi, tibetSi, monRoleTSi, samxreT-aRmosavleT da

centralur, Sua aziasa da cimbirSi. Cveni welTaRricxvis Sua saukuneebSi igi

indoeTidan gandevna aRorZinebulma induizmma (brahmanizmma). amJamad

misi mimdevrebis ricxvi 400 milions aRwevs.

budizmis filosofiac vedebs eyrdnoba. masSi asimilirebulia brahmanizami,

daosizmi da aRmosavleTis sxva religiebi. igi brahmanizmis reformirebis

mcdelobaa - sakulto praqtikis Semcireba, kasturi sistemis dangreva,

adamianTa Tanasworobis aRiareba da a.S. budizmi agebulia “oTx umaRles

WeSmaritebaze” - arsebobs tanjva, misi mizezi, ganTavisufleba da misi

miRwevis gza. tanjva moicavs yvela usiamovno emocias, rac survilebis

arsebobiTaa ganpirobebuli. ganTavisuleba, igive nirvana gare samyarosTan

pirovnebis urTierTobis gawyvetaa. arsebobs misi miRwevis “rva gza”: swori 1)

azrovneba, 2) metyveleba, 3) moqmedeba, 4) Semecneba, 5) cxovreba, 6)

Sroma, 7) gaxseneba da TviTdisciplina, 8) koncentracia. am gzebis miRwevas

uzrunvelyofs eTikuri normebis da fsiqofizikuri varjiSebis sistema. am

ukanasknelSi erTiandeba induri iogas, Cinuri daosizmis da Zveli magiuri

ritualebis elementebi. budizmSi ar vxvdebiT sulis ucvlelobis, RmerTis, rogorc

Semomqmedis da uzenaesi arsebis ideebs. RvTaebrivi Zalis matareblad

SeiZleba iqces nebismieri adamiani, Tu igi gaxda buda.

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nirvana (“Caqroba”) budizmSi da janaizmSi sulis gansakuTrebuli

mdgomareobaa, roca daZleulia miwieri survilebi da vnebebi, sruli simSvidea

arsebobisa da drois gareSe. igi aris tanjvebis miRma gasvla, sansaraseuli

(sansara - pirovnebisa da sulis gardaqmnebis tanjvis momgvreli usasrulo

procesi) gardaqmnebis Sewyveta. nirvanas cneba Cndeba induizmis teqstebSi,

magram gansakuTrebul adgils budizmSi ikavebs. igi cnobierebis umaRles

formad miiCneva, sanasaras sawinaaRmdego, budad qcevis pirobad, rac marto

adamians SeuZlia. masze raime gansazRvrulis Tqma SeuZlebelia, garda imisa,

rom es aris Tavisuflebis, simSvidis da netarebis mdgomareoba. iTvleba, rom

mTeli sisruliT es mdgomareoba miiRweva sikvdilis Semdeg, radgan suli

Tavisufldeba sxeulis da gare samyaros gavlenisgan. budizmi Tvlis, rom nirvana

SeiZleba sicocxleSic iyos miRweuli, radgan zemoxsenebuli pirobebis dacviT

SeiZleba cocxali adamianis sulic gaTavisufldes sansarasgan (anu gancdaTa

monacvleobisgan da samyaros cvalebadobis gancdisgan).

5.1. Can- da Zen budizmi

CineTSi budizmi Seerwya lao-czis moZRvrebas (daosizms) da

Camoyalibda Can-budizmad. iaponiaSi - CineTidan gadavida da miiRo Zen-

budizmis saxe. rogorc erT, ise meore SemTxvevaSi budizmi, gansakuTrebiT -

misi fsiqoteqnika mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs ganicdis. ZenSi satoris (nirvanas)

mdgomareobis Seqmnis ZiriTadi fsiqoteqnikuri instrumentia koani (iaponurad -

gamocana; CinurSi “gunan”-i). werilobiT dadasturebulia 2 000-mde koani.

koanSi ismis paradoqsuli kiTxva, romlis logikuri gadaWra SeuZlebelia. klasikuri

magaliTi: “ori xelis Semokvra aris taSi; ra aris erTi xelis Semokvra?”. mowafis

kiTxva: ”ra aris Zeni?”. maswavleblis pasuxi: “cecxlze dadgmuli mduRare

zeTi”. mowafis kiTxva: “arsebobs Tu ara debuleba, romelic arc WeSmaritia da

arc mcdari?”. moZRvaris pasuxi: “TeTr RrubelSi simaxinjis nasaxi araa” da a.S.

Zenis moZRvari yvelgan cdilobs moswavles agrZnobinos kiTxvis absurduloba

pasuxis absurdiT. cnobierebis logikiT es pasuxi gaugebaria. droTa

ganmavlobaSi, roca mowafe ukuagdebs logikas, igi SeiZleba daeuflos koanis

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gagebas, cnobierebis gasxivosnebis mZafr gancdas analitikuri logikis gareSe.

es gancda aris satori (iaponurad - gaRviZeba, gasxivosneba), romelSic

moxsnilia nebismieri dapirispireba, maT Soris - adamianisa da samyarosi.

* * *

metafizikur fsqologias aseve ganekuTvneba Zveli berZnuli religiuri da filosofiuri

traqtatebi, iudaisturi, qristianuli, musulmanuri da yvela is kultura, sadac

fsiqikad gagebulia suli. aristoteles “perifsiqe” (“sulis Sesaxeb”) aris traqtati,

sadac sulis metafizikuri gageba filosofiur formaSia moqceuli. fsiqologiis istoriis

saxelmZRvaneloebSi umeteswilad es da sxva filosofiuri Sromebi detalurad aris

motanili da naklebad aris naCvenebi am paradigmis eTnografiuli da religiuri

aspeqtebi. Cven swored am aspeqtebze gavamaxvileT yuradReba, radgan, jer

erTi – vTvliT, rom filosofiuri versia meoradia religiurTan mimarTebaSi; da

meore – filosofiur aspeqts bevrgan gaecnoba dainteresebuli mkiTxveli, religiuri

aspeqtis analizi ufro Zneli sanaxavia. mesame da umTavresi - Samanur da

Soreuli aRmosavleTis sistemebs amJamad daeTmo meti yuradReba, radgan iq

yvelaze mkafiodaa gamokveTili fsiqoTerapiis istoriisTvis mniSvnelovani

momentebi (Tumc Zalze saintereso fsiqotenikuri elementebi gvxvdeba

sxvaganac, magaliTad, berZnul da egviptur misteriebSi, iudaistur kabalaSi,

musulmanur sufizmSi da a.S.; maTze msjeloba gadavdoT momavlisTvis).

faqtiurad, fsiqoTerapia fsiqologiuri mecnierebis erTaderTi sferoa, sadac araTu

SenarCunda, aramed Zlierdeba interesi metafizikuri fsiqologiis mimarT, radgan

es fsiqologia moicavs fsiqoteqnikis unikalur arsenals.

59

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