range of tolerance # of survivors temperature f 8694 98 101 106 limit of tolerance optimal range
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Range of Tolerance
#
of
Surv
ivors
Temperature F 86 94 98 101 106
Limit of Tolerance Limit of Tolerance OPTIMAL RANGE
Community interactions
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Ecology Hierarchy
Interactions with biotic factors Individual: physiology, reproduction,
development or behavior Populations/species: habitat and resource
needs, group behavior, population growth, extinction
Communities: how populations interact Interactions with abiotic and biotic factors
Ecosystems Biomes Biosphere
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Species Interactions: competitionIntraspecific competition – Short term- Density dependent population
control Encourages territoriality (K
selected) Send young away Resource partition between
generations Force trespassers away
Long term Encourages specialization
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Species Interactions: competition
Interspecific competition – Competitive exclusion principle
Non-native invasive species
What leads to heterogeneity?
Small changes in the ecosystemTopography, slope aspect, pH, moistureResource partitioning
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Species Interactions: competition
FUNDAMENTAL NICHE REALIZED NICHE
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Species Interactions: competition
Interspecific competition Non-native invasive species Keys to success Generalist species • Excellent dispersal
mechanisms, allowing it to spread
• R-selected or r-strategist Large clutch size/many offspring
produced Early onset of reproduction/early
maturation o Frequent reproduction
Superior defenses against predators in new environment
• Superior skills as a predator in new environment
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Norway rat Snakehead fish
Cane toad Kudzu