ranking flammability of aircraft materials using microscale combustion calorimetry richard e. lyon...
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![Page 1: RANKING FLAMMABILITY OF AIRCRAFT MATERIALS USING MICROSCALE COMBUSTION CALORIMETRY Richard E. Lyon and Richard N. Walters* Fire Safety Branch AAR-440 FAA](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081508/56649dc65503460f94abb365/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
RANKING FLAMMABILITY OF AIRCRAFT MATERIALS USING MICROSCALE COMBUSTION
CALORIMETRY
Richard E. Lyon and Richard N. Walters*
Fire Safety Branch AAR-440FAA W.J. Hughes Technical Center
Atlantic City International Airport, NJ 08405
*Galaxy Scientific Corporation, Egg Harbor Township, NJ
International Aircraft Materials Fire Test Working GroupTrump Taj Mahal Casino, Atlantic City, NJ
March 1-2, 2005
WEB: www.fire.tc.faa.gov E-MAIL: [email protected]
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RANKING FLAMMABILITY USING SMALL SCALE TEST
OUTLINE OF TALK
Flammability
• Ignition Resistance (0, 90, 60,45 Bunsen burner)
• Fire Behavior (OSU, seat cushion test, radiant
panel)
Microscale Combustion Calorimetry
• Operation and Theory
• Comparison of Results for Hidden Materials
• Heat Release Rate (OSU)
• Bunsen Burner tests
• Smoke Density
• Radiant Panel
• 1/4-scale tests
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FAA FLAMMABILITY TESTS
Seat CushionOil Burner Test
Radiant Panel Test
OSU HRR Test
Bunsen Burner Tests
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SCALES OF FLAMMABILITY TESTING
SAMPLE SIZE
FlameTests
Fire Tests
Bench-Scale Component-Scale
MicroscaleCombustion Calorimetry
Kilogram Metric TonGramMilligram
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STEADY BURNING: Nylon 6 data
500
1000
1500
2000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
PA6
External Heat Flux, kW/m2
HRP
1421
Slopes = HRP
Intercepts = HRR0
HRR0
(kW/m2)
230148
Hea
t R
elea
se R
ate,
kW
/m2
Ignitability
Fire Response
HRR = HRP qnet
= HRR0 + HRP qext
.
.
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-400 -200 0 200 400 600
V0
V1
V2
HB
UL
94
Rat
ing
HRR0, kW/m2 (in cone calorimeter)
Self-Propagating Self-Extinguishing
IGNITABILITY: UL 94 vs. HRR0
41 polymers,blends, andcomposites.
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HEAT RELEASE RATE AND HEAT RELEAE CAPACITY
The Heat Release Capacity (HRC), is related to the heat release rate (HRR) in flaming combustion
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Pea
k H
RR
, k
W/m
2
2
Heat Release Capacity, J/g-K
R = 0.93
PVC
PEIPPS
POM
PET
PVDF
PC
PMMA
ABSPA66
HIPS
PP
HDPE
50 kW/m2
FEP
HRR = () HRC
HRC
= Flaming combustionefficiency
= Density
= Pyrolysis depth
= Surface heating rate
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HEAT RELEASE CAPACITY AND FLAMMABILITY
HRR0 HRR* = HRC*
HEAT RELEASE RATE
IGNITABILITY
HRR HRC*
Self extinguishing when:
For a particular heat flux (e.g., 3.5 W/cm2):
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MEASURING HEAT RELEASE CAPACITY
Flaming Combustion Pyrolysis-Combustion
Flow Calorimetry (PCFC)
Exhaust
DAQO2
Pyrolysis
Combustion
Sample
GasScrubber
Gas Flow-meter
O2
Meter
N2
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FLAMMABILITY TESTING OF MILLIGRAM SAMPLES
Stand Alone Device
FAA/Galaxy Invention
TGA CombustionAccessory
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HEAT RELEASE CAPACITY FROM PCFC
260 W/g
= 1 K/s
€
ηc =260W/ g
1K /s
€
=260J
g−K
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0
100
200
300
400
500
250 300 350 400 450 500 550
Hea
t R
elea
se R
ate
(W/g
)
Temperature (°C)
PCFC DATA & FIRE TESTS
• OSU HRR• Bunsen Burner Ignition• Radiant Panel• Oil Burner Seat Test
• Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter
• Setchkins Furnace• Glow Wire Ignition
Relevant FAAFlammability Test
Burning Rate
Heat of Combustion
IgnitionTemperature
PMMA
Combustion Calorimetry Data
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IGNITION RESISTANCE (UL 94) AND HRC
10 100 1000 10,000
HB
V2
V1
V0
Heat Release Capacity, J/g-K
UL 94Rating
Halogen containing F
lam
mab
ility
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IGNITION RESISTANCE (LOI) AND HRC
0
20
40
60
80
100
10 100 1000
Lim
itin
g O
xyg
en I
nd
ex (
LO
I),
%O
2
Heat Release Capacity, J/g-K
10,000
Halogen containing
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12 SECOND VERTICAL BURN TEST AND HRC
0
2
4
6
8
10
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Bu
rn L
eng
th (
cm)
Bu
rn T
ime (seco
nd
s)
HRC (J/g-K)
Hidden Materials
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1
10
100
10 100 1000 104
Engineering PlasticsCommodity PlasticsHidden Area Components
HE
AT
RE
LE
AS
E P
AR
AM
ET
ER
HRC (J/g-K)
FIRE (HRP) AND MATERIAL (HRC) PROPERTIES
HRP = HRC
qnet
cp
Slope should be relativelyconstant for plastics forwell-ventilated burning
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
OS
U P
ea
k H
RR
, kW
/m2
Heat Release Capacity, J/g-K
R = 0.72
Engineering Thermoplastics(0.060 inch sheet)
HRR (OSU PEAK) AND HRC
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0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Sm
oke
Den
sity
, D s
HRC (J/g-K)
NBS SMOKE DENSITY AND HRC
Hidden Materials
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0
5
10
15
20
25
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
BU
RN
TIM
E,
seco
nd
s
HRC (J/g-K)
RADIANT PANEL TEST AND HRC
Hidden Materials
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TEMPERATURE RISE AND HRC OF INSULATION BAGS
PVF1 (120 J/g-K)
PUF block, Baseline
MPET (262 J/g-K)
PI-O (47 J/g-K)
PET1 (138 J/g-K)
PET3 (250 J/g-K)
PET00 (155 J/g-K)
INTERMEDIATE SCALE TEST AND HRC
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0 50 100 150 200 250
Metalized Mylar Bag
Hook & Loop (married)
Cockpit Headliner
GRP Duct
Plastic Conduit
Ceiling Panel (back)
Flexside Duct
Ceiling Panel (face)
Silicone Rubber
Foam Core Duct
SwissAir 111 Database HRC (J/g-K)
HIDDEN MATERIALS: Accident Investigation
PassOSUHRR
PassBunsenBurner
FLAMMABLE
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Fla
mm
abil
ity
(J/
g-K
)
PP PE
PS
PET
ABS
PMMA
Epoxy
POM
NYLON 66
PC
PPOPU
Polyarylate
PPSF
PPS
PES
PEI LCP's
PAI
PEKPEEK
0.1 1 10 100
Price of Plastic ($/lb)
Phenolic
(KAPTON) PI
1000
10
100
PVF (TEDLAR)
Specialty Plastics
PolysulfonePVC (rigid)
FAA Research Plastics
Common Plastics
Current Aircraft
FAA Goal
FLAMMABILITY (HRC) RANKING BY COST
Resin Plastic
Flammable
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CONCLUSIONS
Heat release capacity HRC is a qualitative predictor of fire performance and flammability of aircraft materials
Swelling, dripping, and barrier formation influence flame/fire tests but do not effect HRC.