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ObjectivesObjectives

One-Day Crash Course Coverage Of State-of-the-Art In Underwater Acoustics & Sonar Systems

Illustrations, Animations & Audiovisuals Heavily Used To Help “Visualize” Concepts

Furnish Literature Books, Technical Reports & Research Journals For In-Depth References

Hyperlinks To Internet Resources (e.g., Websites &Podcasts) For Up-To-Date Information

One-Day Crash Course Coverage Of State-of-the-Art In Underwater Acoustics & Sonar Systems

Illustrations, Animations & Audiovisuals Heavily Used To Help “Visualize” Concepts

Furnish Literature Books, Technical Reports & Research Journals For In-Depth References

Hyperlinks To Internet Resources (e.g., Websites &Podcasts) For Up-To-Date Information

Sound AbsorptionSound Absorption

Absorption vs. Attenuation (Careful!) Words Often Used Interchangeably Absorption Is One Attenuation Component Absorption Is Energy Lost To Heat Attenuation In Architectural Acoustics Defined As

Sum Of Energy Lost To Heat & Transmission Attenuation In Underwater Sound Propagation

Defined As Sum Of Energy Lost To Heat & Scattering Units Often Used For Sound Propagation

= dB/nepers = m / 8.686 m = dB/m = / k = dB/km = 1000 m f = dB/kHz-m = 8.686 / f(kHz) = dB/ = 8.686

Absorption vs. Attenuation (Careful!) Words Often Used Interchangeably Absorption Is One Attenuation Component Absorption Is Energy Lost To Heat Attenuation In Architectural Acoustics Defined As

Sum Of Energy Lost To Heat & Transmission Attenuation In Underwater Sound Propagation

Defined As Sum Of Energy Lost To Heat & Scattering Units Often Used For Sound Propagation

= dB/nepers = m / 8.686 m = dB/m = / k = dB/km = 1000 m f = dB/kHz-m = 8.686 / f(kHz) = dB/ = 8.686

Einc Erefl Etran Escat Eabs

Transmitted

ir

c1

c21

2 t

Incident Reflected

Scattered

20 log e = 8.686

Jensen, et. al., Computational Ocean Acoustics

Jensen, et. al., Computational Ocean Acoustics

Sound DiffractionSound Diffraction Described by Van Huygen’s Principle Of Elementary

Waves Interface Points Reached By Sound Wave Act As Secondary

Sources Appears As Waves Bending Around Corners Ray-Theory Can’t Account For Diffraction Gaussian Ray-Bundle Formulation Combines Rays & Waves To

Account For Diffraction At Higher Frequencies

Described by Van Huygen’s Principle Of Elementary Waves Interface Points Reached By Sound Wave Act As Secondary

Sources Appears As Waves Bending Around Corners Ray-Theory Can’t Account For Diffraction Gaussian Ray-Bundle Formulation Combines Rays & Waves To

Account For Diffraction At Higher Frequencies

http://www.pa.op.dlr.de/acoustics/essay1/beugung_en.html

Sound & Waves JAVA AppletsSound & Waves JAVA Applets Oscillations and Waves

Ripple Tank (2-D Waves) Applet Ripple tank simulation that demonstrates wave motion, interference, diffraction, refraction, Doppler effect, etc.

2-D Waves Applet Demonstration of wave motion in 2-D.

3-D Waves Applet Demonstration of wave motion in 3-D.

Coupled Oscillations Applet Demonstration of longitudinal wave motion in oscillators connected by springs.

Dispersion Applet Dispersion and group velocity.

Acoustics Loaded String Applet

Simulation of wave motion of a string. Rectangular Membrane Waves Applet

Vibrational modes in a 2-d membrane. Circular Membrane Waves Applet

Vibrational modes in a 2-d circular membrane (drum head). Bar Waves Applet

Bending waves in a bar. Vowels Applet

The acoustics of speech. Box Modes Applet

Acoustic standing waves in a 3-d box. Acoustic Interference Applet

Generates audio interference between your speakers.

Oscillations and Waves Ripple Tank (2-D Waves) Applet

Ripple tank simulation that demonstrates wave motion, interference, diffraction, refraction, Doppler effect, etc. 2-D Waves Applet

Demonstration of wave motion in 2-D. 3-D Waves Applet

Demonstration of wave motion in 3-D. Coupled Oscillations Applet

Demonstration of longitudinal wave motion in oscillators connected by springs. Dispersion Applet

Dispersion and group velocity.

Acoustics Loaded String Applet

Simulation of wave motion of a string. Rectangular Membrane Waves Applet

Vibrational modes in a 2-d membrane. Circular Membrane Waves Applet

Vibrational modes in a 2-d circular membrane (drum head). Bar Waves Applet

Bending waves in a bar. Vowels Applet

The acoustics of speech. Box Modes Applet

Acoustic standing waves in a 3-d box. Acoustic Interference Applet

Generates audio interference between your speakers.

Sound Speed Profile MeasurementSound Speed Profile Measurement

http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/goos/uot/xbt-what-is.php

XBT = Expendable BathythermographXCTD = Expendable Conductivity/Temperature and Depth

Ocean Waveguide May Be Divided Into Continental Shelf, Slope, & Basin

Ocean Waveguide May Be Divided Into Continental Shelf, Slope, & Basin

Continental SlopeDeep Sea

(Blue Waters)Continental Shelf(Brown Waters)

Dw< 200 m

SoundVelocityProfile

Sound Refraction Due To Variable SpeedSound Refraction Due To Variable Speed Sound Speed Variability Causes Refraction Depth Excess Required To Form Convergence Zones Shadow Zones Are Filled With Interface-Reflected Energy

Sound Speed Variability Causes Refraction Depth Excess Required To Form Convergence Zones Shadow Zones Are Filled With Interface-Reflected Energy

DepthExcess

Monthly Variability In Brown WatersMonthly Variability In Brown Waters

Sound Speed Proportional To Temperature Sound Speed Proportional To Temperature

February

August

February August

Transmission Loss Of Whale VocalizationTransmission Loss Of Whale Vocalization

North Pacific Blue Whale


Gaussian Canyon: Nx2D vs. 3DGaussian Canyon: Nx2D vs. 3D

PE TL Along Canyon

F = 25 Hz, Ds = 30 m, Dr = 35 m,cb = 1700 m/s, = 1.5 gm/cc, = 0.1dB/

Arvelo & Rosenberg, JCA 9:17, 2001

Active Sonar Detection Range EstimationActive Sonar Detection Range Estimation

Once Acceptable Values For Pd &PfaAre Determined, Associated RD Is Used With Computed SNR To Infer Max. Detection Range

SE = SNR – RD > 0 SNR > RD

Once Acceptable Values For Pd &PfaAre Determined, Associated RD Is Used With Computed SNR To Infer Max. Detection Range

SE = SNR – RD > 0 SNR > RD

RD

DetectionRange

Figure-Of-Merit (FOM)Figure-Of-Merit (FOM)

Parameter Used To Estimate Detection Range From TL Curves

More Useful For Passive Than Active Sonars Due To Range-Dependence Of Interference

Passive FOM SE = FOM – TL > 0 FOM = SL-NL+AG+PG-RD TL < FOM

Active FOM SE = FOM – (TL1+TL2) > 0 FOM=SL-(NL+RL)+TS+AG+PG-RD FOM > TL1 + TL2

Parameter Used To Estimate Detection Range From TL Curves

More Useful For Passive Than Active Sonars Due To Range-Dependence Of Interference

Passive FOM SE = FOM – TL > 0 FOM = SL-NL+AG+PG-RD TL < FOM

Active FOM SE = FOM – (TL1+TL2) > 0 FOM=SL-(NL+RL)+TS+AG+PG-RD FOM > TL1 + TL2

http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/fun/part08.htm

FOM

Cylindrical

Spherical

FOM

DetectionRange

DetectionRange


Sonar Effects On Humans & Marine Mammals Must Also Be Assessed

Sonar Effects On Humans & Marine Mammals Must Also Be Assessed

Duration Per Day (hrs) Sound Level (dBA)OSHA NIOSH16 858 906 924 95 883 972 100

1.5 1021 105 94

0.5 110 970.25 115 1000.125 120

Marine Mammals Medium

Injury Criteria Behavioral ResponsePeak Pressure 24-hr Dosage Peak Pressure 24-hr Dosage

Cetaceans Water 230 dB//1uPa 198 dB//1uPa2-s 224 dB//1uPa 183 dB//1uPa2-sPinnipeds Water 218 dB//1uPa 186 dB//1uPa2-s 212 dB//1uPa 171 dB//1uPa2-sPinnipeds Air 149 dB//20uPa 144 dB//20uPa2-s 109 dB//20uPa 100 dB//20uPa2-s

Careful With The Units! Don’t Compare Apples & Oranges!

Human Exposure Is Broadband A-Weighted (Ear Response)

Southall, et. al., “Marine Mammal Noise Exposure Criteria: Initial Scientific Recommendations,” Aquatic Mammals, 33(4), 2007

Southall, et. al., “Marine Mammal Noise Exposure Criteria: Initial Scientific Recommendations,” Aquatic Mammals, 33(4), 2007

Oceanographic & Atmospheric Master Library (OAML) Propagation Models

Oceanographic & Atmospheric Master Library (OAML) Propagation Models

ASTRAL 5.1 Range-Dependent Range-Averaged TL 20 Hz – 4 kHz

Colossus II 1.1 Range-Independent & Semi-Empirical Shallow Waters (

OAML Environmental DatabasesOAML Environmental Databases

GDEM-V 3.0 Generalized Digital Env. Model Variable Resolution

DBDB-V 5.3 Digital Bathymetric Data Base Variable Resolution

LFBL 11.1 Low-Frequency Bottom Loss (F < 1 kHz)

HFBL 2.2 High-Frequency Bottom Loss (F = 3.5 kHz)

BST 2.0 Bottom Sediment Type (F > 10 kHz)

VSS 6.3 Volume Scattering Strength

GDEM-V 3.0 Generalized Digital Env. Model Variable Resolution

DBDB-V 5.3 Digital Bathymetric Data Base Variable Resolution

LFBL 11.1 Low-Frequency Bottom Loss (F < 1 kHz)

HFBL 2.2 High-Frequency Bottom Loss (F = 3.5 kHz)

BST 2.0 Bottom Sediment Type (F > 10 kHz)

VSS 6.3 Volume Scattering Strength

OAML Noise Models & DatabasesOAML Noise Models & Databases Models

ANDES Ambient Noise Directional Estimation System Used Only To Generate Static Shipping Noise (SN)

DANM 1.1 Dynamic Ambient Noise Model Plans To Use For Shipping Noise Database Upgrade Incorporated HITS Vessel Motion Simulation (HVMS)

Databases Shipping Noise (SN) 5.4

Generated With ANDES Historical Temporal Shipping (HITS) 4.1

Yields Shipping Density For Fishing Boats, Merchant Ships, Tankers, Large Tankers & Supertankers

Wind & Residual Noise (WRN) 3.0 Surface Marine Gridded Climatology (SMGC) 2.0

Models ANDES

Ambient Noise Directional Estimation System Used Only To Generate Static Shipping Noise (SN)

DANM 1.1 Dynamic Ambient Noise Model Plans To Use For Shipping Noise Database Upgrade Incorporated HITS Vessel Motion Simulation (HVMS)

Databases Shipping Noise (SN) 5.4

Generated With ANDES Historical Temporal Shipping (HITS) 4.1

Yields Shipping Density For Fishing Boats, Merchant Ships, Tankers, Large Tankers & Supertankers

Wind & Residual Noise (WRN) 3.0 Surface Marine Gridded Climatology (SMGC) 2.0

OAML & Other Sonar ModelsOAML & Other Sonar Models

OAML Sonar Models ASPM 6.1.2

Acoustic System Performance Model CASS 4.1

Comprehensive Acoustic Simulation System Gaussian Ray Bundle (GRAB) Propagation Model

Other Sonar Models NSWC (PC-IMAT, PC-SWAT, …) NRL (BiRASP, BiKr, …) APLUW (SST) JHUAPL (APL-Sonar, HFPSM, HFASM, ARAMIS, …) Adaptive Methods (GAMUT)

OAML Sonar Models ASPM 6.1.2

Acoustic System Performance Model CASS 4.1

Comprehensive Acoustic Simulation System Gaussian Ray Bundle (GRAB) Propagation Model

Other Sonar Models NSWC (PC-IMAT, PC-SWAT, …) NRL (BiRASP, BiKr, …) APLUW (SST) JHUAPL (APL-Sonar, HFPSM, HFASM, ARAMIS, …) Adaptive Methods (GAMUT)

OAML POCWalter Moskal(228) 688-5160

[email protected]

OAML POCWalter Moskal(228) 688-5160

[email protected]

Sonar Performance Prediction Model For Mobile Devices In Process…

Sonar Performance Prediction Model For Mobile Devices In Process…

http://www.faberacoustical.com/products/iphone/

SignalScope SoundMeter SignalSuite














































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