raptors conservation 11/2008

Raptors�Conservation

ПЕРНАТЫЕ�ХИЩНИКИ�И�ИХ�ОХРАНА

2008�№11

Ðàáî÷èé áþëëåòåíü î ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêàõ Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïû è Ñåâåðíîé ÀçèèThe Newsletter of the raptors of the East Europe and North Asia

Áþëëåòåíü «Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà» ó÷-ðåæä¸í ìåæðåãèîíàëüíîé áëàãîòâîðèòåëüíîéîáùåñòâåííîé îðãàíèçàöèåé «Ñèáèðñêèé ýêî-ëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» (Íîâîñèáèðñê) è íàó÷íî-èñ-ñëåäîâàòåëüñêîé îáùåñòâåííîé îðãàíèçàöèåé«Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé» (Í.Íîâãîðîä).

Ðåäàêòîðû íîìåðà: Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî (Ñè-áýêîöåíòð, Íîâîñèáèðñê) è Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí(Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé, Í.Íîâãîðîä).

Ýòîò âûïóñê ãîòîâèëè: Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî,Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí, Íèêîëàé è Åâãåíèé Ïîòàïîâû,Àííà Øåñòàêîâà.

Ôîòîãðàôèÿ íà ëèöåâîé ñòîðîíå îáëîæêè:Ïòåíåö áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà (Aqila clanga) â ãíåç-äå, Àëòàéñêèé êðàé, Ðîññèÿ. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.

Â èëëþñòðàöèè çàäíåé ñòîðîíû îáëîæêè èñ-ïîëüçîâàíû ôîòîãðàôèè È. Êàðÿêèíà.

Äèçàéí: Ä. Ñåíîòðóñîâ, À. Êëåù¸âÂåðñòêà: À. Êëåù¸âÊîððåêòóðà: À. Êàþìîâ

ISSN 1814–0076

Àäðåñ ðåäàêöèè:

630090 Ðîññèÿ,

Íîâîñèáèðñê, à/ÿ 547

Editorial adress:

P.O. Box 547, Novosibirsk,

Russia, 630090Tel./Fax: (383) 363 00 59

E-mail: [email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

http://ecoclub.nsu.ru/raptors

Ýëåêòðîííàÿ âåðñèÿ/RC online

http://ecoclub.nsu.ru/raptors/RC

Ïðàâèëà äëÿ àâòîðîâ äîñòóïíû íà ñàéòå:

Guidelines for Contributors available on website:

http://ecoclub.nsu.ru/raptors/RC/guidelines/

The Raptors Conservation Newsletter was found-ed by the non-governmental organizations theSiberian Environmental Center (Novosibirsk) andthe Center for Field Studies (Nizhniy Novgorod).

Editors: Elvira Nikolenko (Siberian Environmen-tal Center, Novosibirsk, Russia) and Igor Karyakin(Center for Field Studies, N.Novgorod, Russia).

This issue has been made by: Elvira Nikolenko,Igor Karyakin, Nikolay and Eugene Potapov,Anna Shestakova.

Photo on the front cover: Chick of the GreaterSpotted Eagle (Aqila clanga) in the nest, AltaiKray, Russia. Photo by I. Karyakin.

Photos on the back cover by I. Karyakin.

Design by D. Senotrusov, A. KleschevPage-proofs by A. KleschevProof-reader by A. Kayumov

Ðåäàêöèîííàÿ êîëëåãèÿ:

Ñ.Â. Áàêêà, â.í.ñ., ê.á.í., ÃÏÁÇ «Êåðæåíñêèé», Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ;[email protected]

Ò.Î. Áàðàáàøèí, ê.á.í., ÐÃÏÓ, Ðîñòîâ-íà-Äîíó, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected]

Ñ.À. Áóêðååâ, ñ.í.ñ., ê.á.í., ÈÒèÝÁ ÐÀÍ, Ïóùèíî, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected]

Í.Þ. Êèñåëåâà, ê.ïåä.í., ÑÎÏÐ, Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected]

Ð.Ä. Ëàïøèí, äîö., ê.á.í., ÍÃÏÓ, Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected]

À.Ñ. Ëåâèí, äîö., ê.á.í., Èíñòèòóò çîîëîãèè ÌÎèÍ, Àëìàòû, Êàçàõñòàí;[email protected]

Î.Â. Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, ïðîô., ä.á.í., Íàöèîíàëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò, Òàø-êåíò, Óçáåêèñòàí; [email protected]

À.Ñ. Ïàæåíêîâ, ê.á.í., ÖÑÂÓÝÑ, Ñàìàðà, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected]

Ì.Â. Ïåñòîâ, ê.á.í., Ýêîöåíòð «Äðîíò», Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected]

Å.Ð. Ïîòàïîâ, Ph.D., Èññëåäîâàíèå Ïðèðîäû, Âåëèêîáðèòàíèÿ;[email protected]

Þ.Ñ. Ðàâêèí, ïðîô., ä.á.í., ÈÑèÝË ÑÎ ÐÀÍ, Íîâîñèáèðñê, Ðîññèÿ;[email protected]

È.Ý. Ñìåëÿíñêèé, Ñèáýêîöåíòð, Íîâîñèáèðñê, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected]

À.À. Øåñòàêîâà, ê.á.í., ÍÍÃÓ, Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; [email protected]

T. Katzner, Ph.D., Conservation and Field Research National Aviary, USA;[email protected]

M.J. McGrady, Ph.D., Natural Research, UK; [email protected]

Äîðîãèå êîëëåãè!

Ìû ïîçäðàâëÿåì Âàñ ñ íîâûì, 2008 ãîäîì!Â ÿíâàðå ýòîãî ãîäà âûïóñêîì 11-ãî íîìåðà ìû îòìå÷àåì 3

ãîäà ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ íàøåãî æóðíàëà. Çà ýòîò íåáîëüøîé, íî ïðî-äóêòèâíûé ñðîê óæå ìîæíî ïîäâåñòè íåêîòîðûå èòîãè è íàìå-òèòü äàëüíåéøèå ïóòè ðàçâèòèÿ. Ìû çàèíòåðåñîâàíû â âàøåì äå-ÿòåëüíîì ó÷àñòèè â ðàçâèòèè èçäàíèÿ, òàê êàê îäíîé èç öåëåéíàøåãî æóðíàëà ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïîääåðæêà àêòèâíîñòè ðîññèéñêèõ îð-íèòîëîãîâ â äåëå èçó÷åíèÿ è îõðàíû ðåäêèõ õèùíèêîâ Âîñòî÷-íîé Åâðîïû è Ñåâåðíîé Àçèè.

Âàæíåéøèì óñòîé÷èâûì ðåçóëüòàòîì íàøåé ðàáîòû ìû ñ÷èòà-åì òîò ôàêò, ÷òî íàì óäà¸òñÿ ïîëíîñòüþ ïîêðûâàòü ðàñõîäû èçäà-íèÿ çà ñ÷¸ò áëàãîòâîðèòåëüíûõ ñðåäñòâ è ñðåäñòâ ãðàíòîâ – æóð-íàë áûë è îñòà¸òñÿ áåñïëàòíûì äëÿ ïîëó÷àòåëåé. Áîëå òîãî,ðåãóëÿðíî ìû íàõîäèì ñðåäñòâà è íà ðàññûëêó æóðíàëà ïî çàïî-âåäíèêàì è íàöèîíàëüíûì ïàðêàì Ðîññèè. È ýòî ïðè òîì, ÷òîïî÷òîâûå ðàñõîäû âîçðîñëè â öåíå: òàê, ñòîèìîñòü ïåðåñûëêè 1íîìåðà çà ðóáåæ ïðåâûøàåò çàòðàòû íà åãî èçäàíèå â 4 ðàçà.Óâåëè÷åíèå ïî÷òîâûõ ðàñõîäîâ çàñòàâèëî ìíîãèõ çàðóáåæíûõïîëó÷àòåëåé îòêàçàòüñÿ îò ïîëó÷åíèÿ áóìàæíîé âåðñèè æóðíàëàè äîâîëüñòâîâàòüñÿ ëèøü ýëåêòðîííîé âåðñèåé. Èìåííî â ñâÿçè ñýòèì, íà÷èíàÿ ñ 8-ãî âûïóñêà, òèðàæ îñòà¸òñÿ ôèêñèðîâàííûì –1000 ýêç.

Dear colleagues!

Happy New Year 2008!The newsletter «Raptors Conservation» has

been published already 3 years and there isa chance to recon up some results of ourwork and activity of authors. The aspirationof editors release the newsletter free ofcharge for subscribers has been successful.All planned issues have been granted. Un-fortunately post costs have increased andcosts of sending exceed the cost price ofnewsletter, therefore some subscribers haverefused to receive the hard copy and since8-th issue the circulation has been 1000copies. We hope to attract the charitablefacilities for publishing and distribution ofthe newsletter and it should not commer-cial in future.

Last period has demonstrated a necessitythe newsletter for ornithologists and bird-watchers. The number of downloads of on-line version of the newsletter from the «Rus-sian Raptors» web-site increases every year

Ðèñ. 1. Äèíàìèêà çàêà-÷åê ýëåêòðîííîé âåðñèèáþëëåòåíÿ «Ïåðíàòûåõèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà» ïîíîìåðàì

Fig. 1. Loadings of differ-ent issues of the on-lineNewsletter «Raptors Con-servation»

Editors

ОТ�РЕДАКЦИИ

ÑîáûòèÿÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 114

Êîëè÷åñòâî çàêà÷åê âûïóñêîâ æóðíàëà ñ ñàéòà «Ïåðíàòûå õèù-íèêè Ðîññèè» åæåãîäíî ðàñò¸ò, è åñëè çà 2005 ã. áûëî ñêà÷àíî âñðåäíåì 2278 êàæäîãî èç âûïóñêîâ (¹¹ 1–3), òî çà 2007 ã. ýòàöèôðà âîçðîñëà äî 3407, ïðè áîëåå ÷åì òð¸õêðàòíîì óâåëè÷å-íèè êîëè÷åñòâà âûïóñêîâ (¹¹ 1–10) (ðèñ. 1, 2). Â öåëîì çà 3ãîäà ñ ñàéòà ñêà÷àíî 57677 ôàéëîâ ïîëíûõ âåðñèé âûïóñêîâ,ïðè÷¸ì 59% – â 2007 ã., ÷òî ãîâîðèò î ñóùåñòâåííîì ðîñòå àóäè-òîðèè ýëåêòðîííîé âåðñèè æóðíàëà. Ëèäèðóþò ïî êîëè÷åñòâóçàêà÷åê 2-é, 7-é è 8-é íîìåðà: íà ñåãîäíÿøíèé äåíü ïîëíàÿ âåð-ñèÿ êàæäîãî èç íèõ ñêà÷åíà áîëåå 7700 ðàç. Ïðè÷¸ì àáñîëþòíîëèäèðóåò ïî êîëè÷åñòâó çàêà÷åê 8-é íîìåð, 7869 êîòîðîãî ñêà-÷àíî òîëüêî â 2007 ã. Èíòåðåñ ñïåöèàëèñòîâ ê ýòèì âûïóñêàìâûçâàí èõ ñîêîëèíîé òåìàòèêîé, â òîì ÷èñëå è íîâûìè äàííûìèî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè è ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáàíà (Falco cherrug). Íàè-ìåíüøèì óñïåõîì ó ÷èòàòåëåé ýëåêòðîííîé âåðñèè ïîëüçóåòñÿâûïóñê ¹ 5, ïîëíûõ âåðñèé êîòîðîãî ñêà÷àíî íàèìåíüøåå êîëè-÷åñòâî – 3822 çà 2 ãîäà. Èç ýòîãî âûïóñêà ïî çàêà÷êàì ëèäèðóåòåäèíñòâåííàÿ ñòàòüÿ «Õèùíûå ïòèöû è ñîâû Óëóòàó», êîòîðóþ ÷è-òàòåëè çàêà÷èâàþò â áîëüøåì êîëè÷åñòâå, ÷åì ïîëíóþ âåðñèþæóðíàëà, õîòÿ â íîìåðå ïðåäñòàâëåí äîâîëüíî õîðîøèé îáçîðïî ñîâàì Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè è èíòåðåñíåéøàÿ ñòàòüÿ «Ãðèôíà õðåáòå Íóðàòàó, Óçáåêèñòàí». Îòñóòñòâèå ïîïóëÿðíîñòè ó äâóõïîñëåäíèõ ñòàòåé âîçìîæíî âûçâàíî ìèíèìàëüíûì èíòåðåñîì ÷è-òàòåëåé ê ïàäàëüùèêàì è ñîâàì.

Ñîñòàâ àâòîðîâ, ïóáëèêóþùèõ ñâîè ìàòåðèàëû, îñòà¸òñÿ äîñòà-òî÷íî îãðàíè÷åííûì. Òåì íå ìåíåå, ðàäóåò ïîÿâëåíèå àâòîðîâ,íå âõîäÿùèõ â ñîñòàâ ðåäêîëëåãèè è íå ñâÿçàííûõ ñ ó÷ðåäèòåëÿ-ìè æóðíàëà ñîâìåñòíîé ðàáîòîé. Îäíàêî ïðè ýòîì çàìåòíà îá-ùàÿ íèçêàÿ àêòèâíîñòü îðíèòîëîãîâ èç Ðîññèè è äðóãèõ ñòðàí áûâ-øåãî ÑÑÑÐ. Â òî æå âðåìÿ íàáëþäàåòñÿ âûñîêàÿ àêòèâíîñòüçàðóáåæíûõ àâòîðîâ, îñîáåííî èç Àìåðèêè, ìíîãèì èç êîòîðûõìû, ê ñîæàëåíèþ, âûíóæäåíû îòêàçûâàòü â ïóáëèêàöèè ìàòåðèà-ëîâ, òàê êàê èõ ðàáîòû íå èìåþò îòíîøåíèÿ ê òåððèòîðèè Åâðà-çèè. Ëèøü â èñêëþ÷èòåëüíûõ ñëó÷àÿõ áûëè îïóáëèêîâàíû ñòàòüèïî òåððèòîðèè Àìåðèêè, òàê êàê îíè èìåëè ïðÿìîå îòíîøåíèå êîõðàíå ïòèö, êîòîðàÿ íå èìååò ãðàíèö, è òàêîé îïûò ìîæåò áûòüïîëåçåí íà ëþáîì êîíòèíåíòå.

Î÷åíü ÷àñòî ÷ëåíàì ðåäêîëëåãèè çàäà¸òñÿ âîïðîñ: ìîæíî ëè ââàøåì æóðíàëå îïóáëèêîâàòü òó èëè èíóþ ñòàòüþ? Èç ÷åãî ìûäåëàåì âûâîä, ÷òî äî ñèõ ïîð â øèðîêèõ ñëîÿõ îðíèòîëîãîâ áûâ-øåãî ÑÑÑÐ æóðíàë âîñïðèíèìàåòñÿ íå íåçàâèñèìûì èçäàíèåì, àîòðàæàþùåì ìíåíèå è íàó÷íûé ïîäõîä óçêîãî êðóãà ñïåöèàëèñ-òîâ. Ìû åù¸ ðàç àêöåíòèðóåì âíèìàíèå íà òîì, ÷òî ìû çàèíòå-ðåñîâàíû â áîëåå øèðîêîì îõâàòå òåððèòîðèè è âèäîâ, à òàêæåè èíûõ òî÷åê çðåíèÿ, òàê êàê ýòî ñäåëàåò æóðíàë áîëåå èíòåðåñ-íûì è âîñòðåáîâàííûì.

Ìû áëàãîäàðèì âñåõ êîëëåã, êîòîðûå ïèøóò ñòàòüè, àíîíñû,îñóùåñòâëÿþò ïåðåâîä, âñåñòîðîííå áåñêîðûñòíî ïîìîãàþò âèçäàíèè æóðíàëà, è áóäåì ðàäû ëþáîé ïîìîùè.

Ñ óâàæåíèåì,Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí è Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî

(fig. 1, 2). 57677 PDF-files of issues weredownloaded for 3 years, and 59% of which– for 2007, that has demonstrated aboutessential increasing of on-line readers ofNewsletter «Raptors Conservation». Themost popular on-line issues are 2, 7 and 8(more than 7700 downloads for 3 years).Interest of experts to these issues wascaused by the main themes of they: falconsand new data about distribution and numberof the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug), and alsoabout contraband of falcons.

The editorial board accepts papers fromany researchers arranged according toguidelines. We consider that surveys of dif-ferent territories, species and also differentpoints of view of researches make the mag-azine more interesting.

We thank all our colleagues, who writeand translate the papers, announces, andunselfish help to prepare every issue. Weare waiting new and interesting papers fromauthors and will be glad to any help.

With thanksIgor Karyakin and Elvira Nikolenko

Ðèñ. 2. Äèíàìèêà çàêà÷åê ýëåêòðîííîé âåðñèè áþë-ëåòåíÿ «Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà» ïî ãîäàì

Fig. 2. Loadings of the on-line Newsletter «Raptors Con-servation» in different years

Events Raptors Conservation 2008, 11 5

Events

СОБЫТИЯ

Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ êîíôåðåí-öèÿ ïî ñîâàì áûëà ïðîâåäå-íà â Ãðîíèíãåíå (Íèäåðëàí-äû) 31 îêòÿáðÿ – 4 íîÿáðÿ2007 ã.

Â êîíôåðåíöèè ïðèíÿëèó÷àñòèå áîëåå ñòà ñïåöèàëèñ-òîâ áîëåå ÷åì èç 30 ñòðàíìèðà, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî åâ-ðîïåéñêèõ.

Ðîññèéñêèìè ñïåöèàëèñòà-ìè íà êîíôåðåíöèè áûëèïðåäñòàâëåíû ñëåäóþùèå äîê-ëàäû è ïîñòåðû:

1. Ðàçíîîáðàçèå çàíÿòûõìåñòîîáèòàíèé è òðîôè÷åñ-êèå âçàèìîîòíîøåíèÿ ôèëè-íà â ñòåïíûõ, ëåñîñòåïíûõ è

ïîëóïóñòûííûõ ýêîñèñòåìàõ ÖåíòðàëüíîéÑèáèðè. Å.Â. Åêèìîâ, A.A. Ñàôîíîâ[email protected]

2. Ðåàêöèÿ ïîïóëÿöèé áåëîé ñîâû (Nycteascandiaca L.) íà ôëóêòóàöèè ÷èñëåííîñòèëåììèíãîâ íà î-âå Âðàíãåëÿ ïîä âëèÿíèåìãëîáàëüíûõ êëèìàòè÷åñêèõ èçìåíåíèé. È.E.Ìåíþøèíà. [email protected]

3. Ñîâû Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè: ñîâðåìåííûéñòàòóñ è ïîïóëÿöèîííûå òðåíäû. Ñ.Â. Âîë-êîâ, À.Â. Øàðèêîâ. [email protected]

4. Âûáîð ìåñòîîáèòàíèé áîëîòíîé ñîâîé(Asio flammeus) â ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííîìëàíäøàôòå. Ñ.Â. Âîëêîâ, Ò.Â. Ñâèðèäîâà[email protected]

5. Ýêîëîãèÿ è ÷èñëåííîñòü óøàñòîé ñîâû(Asio otus L.) â ãîðîäñêèõ ïàðêàõ Òóëüñêîéîáëàñòè (Öåíòðàëüíàÿ Ðîññèÿ). Î.Â. Áðè-ãàäèðîâà. [email protected]

6. Ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ àãðåãèðîâàííûõ ïî-ñåëåíèé, êàê îäíî èç äåìîíñòðàöèé ñè-íàíòðîïèçàöèè óøàñòîé ñîâû (Asio otus L.).À.Â. Øàðèêîâ, Ñ.Â. Âîëêîâ, Ì.Í. Èâàíîâ,Â.Á. Áàñîâà. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Àáñòðàêòû äîñòóïíû äëÿ ñêà÷èâàíèÿ íàñàéòå êîíôåðåíöèè1. Êîíòàêò (1).

II Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ êîíôåðåíöèÿ «Çîî-ëîãè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ðåãèîíîâÐîññèè è ñîïðåäåëüíûõ òåððèòîðèé»ïðîøëà 15–16 íîÿáðÿ 2007 ã. â ã. Íèæ-

(1) Contact:

Johan de Jong.ChairmanLipomwijk 29247 CH UreterpThe [email protected]

David JohnsonEditor in Chief6504 Carriage DriveAlexandria, [email protected]

1 http://worldowlconference.com/index.php?page=downloadFile&fid=29

World Owl Conference held in Gronin-gen, the Netherlands from 31 Octoberthrough 4 November 2007.

More than a hundred of ornithologistsfrom more than 30 states mainly Europeanparticipated in the conference.

Following oral presentations and posters ofRussian researchers were in the conference:

1. Diversity of habitat occupancies andtrophic relationships of the Eagle Owl insteppe, forest-steppe and semi-desert eco-systems of Central Siberia. E.V. Ekimov andA.A. Safonov. [email protected]

2. Reaction of snowy owl (Nyctea scandi-aca L.) population on lemming number fluc-tuations on Wrangel Island under global cli-matic changes. I.E. Menyushina. [email protected]

3. Owls of Northern Eurasia: present sta-tus and population trends. S.V. Volkov andA.V. Sharikov. [email protected]

4. Habitat selection of Short-eared owl(Asio flammeus) in agricultural landscape.S.V. Volkov and T.V. Sviridova. [email protected]

5. Ecology and number of Long-earedowls (Asio otus L.) in urban parks in the Tularegion (central Russia). O.V. [email protected]

6. The formation of aggregated settle-ments as one of the demonstration synan-thropization of the Long-eared owl (Asiootus L.). A.V. Sharikov, S.V. Volkov, M.N.Ivanov, V.B. Basova. [email protected],[email protected], [email protected]

Abstracts are available on website of theconference1. Contact (1).

II World Conference «Zoological Researchin regions of Russia and contiguous terri-tories » held in N. Novgorod (Russia) on15–16 November 2007. The conferencewas organized by the State PedagogicalUniversity.

Following papers about raptors were inproceedings of the conference:

1. Ectoparasites on chicks of birds of preyin the Tuva Republic. G.A. Fadeeva, M.V.Mokrousov, I.V. Karyakin. [email protected],[email protected]

2. Modern status of Peregrine Falcon andRed-breasted Goose populations in the cent-

Óøàñòàÿ ñîâà (Asio otus).

Ôîòî E. Êîðøóíîâà

Long-eared Owl (Asio

otus). Photo by E. Korsh-hunov


íèé Íîâãîðîä (Ðîññèÿ) íà áàçå Íèæå-ãîðîäñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ïåäàãîãè-÷åñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà.

Íà êîíôåðåíöèè áûëè ïðåäñòàâëåíûäîêëàäû, êàñàþùèåñÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö:

1. Ýêòîïàðàçèòû ïòåíöîâ õèùíûõ ïòèöÒóâû. Ã.À. Ôàäååâà, Ì.Â. Ìîêðîóñîâ, È.Â.Êàðÿêèí. [email protected], [email protected]

2. Ñîâðåìåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèéñàïñàíà è êðàñíîçîáîé êàçàðêè â öåíòðåè íà ñåâåðíîé ãðàíèöå Òàéìûðñêîé ÷àñòèàðåàëà îáîèõ âèäîâ. Ñ.Ï. Õàðèòîíîâ, ß.È.Êîêîðåâ, D.J. Nowak, A.I. Nowak, Ä.Â. Îñè-ïîâ, Î.Â. Íàòàëüñêàÿ, Í.À. Åãîðîâà, Ñ.À.Êîðêèíà. [email protected], [email protected]

Ðàáî÷àÿ âñòðå÷à ïðèðîäîîõðàííûõ îðãà-íèçàöèé Ðîññèè, Êàçàõñòàíà è Ìîíãîëèèñ ó÷àñòèåì ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé òàìîæåííûõîðãàíîâ, Àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ è Íàó÷íûõîðãàíîâ ÑÈÒÅÑ ýòèõ ñòðàí «Ðàçâèòèåìåæäóíàðîäíîãî ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà â ðåà-ëèçàöèè êîíâåíöèè ÑÈÒÅÑ â Àëòàå-Ñà-ÿíñêîì ýêîðåãèîíå» ñîñòîÿëàñü 2–6 äå-êàáðÿ 2007 ã. â ã. Íîâîñèáèðñêå (Ðîññèÿ).

Âñòðå÷à áûëà îðãàíèçîâàíà ÌÁÎÎ«Ñèáèðñêèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð», ÏÐÎ-ÎÍ/ÃÝÔ «Ñîõðàíåíèå áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ âðîññèéñêîé ÷àñòè Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ýêîðå-ãèîíà» è «Ñîõðàíåíèå áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ âêàçàõñòàíñêîé ÷àñòè Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ýêî-ðåãèîíà», Àññîöèàöèåé ñîõðàíåíèÿ áèî-ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ Êàçàõñòàíà, Ìîíãîëüñêèìïðîãðàììíûì îôèñîì Âñåìèðíîãî ôîí-äà äèêîé ïðèðîäû (WWF Ìîíãîëèè).

Îò êàæäîé ñòîðîíû íà âñòðå÷å áûëèïðåäñòàâëåíû äîêëàäû ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé òà-ìîæåííûõ îðãàíîâ, àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ èíàó÷íûõ îðãàíîâ ÑÈÒÅÑ î òðàíñãðàíè÷íîìîáîðîòå îáúåêòîâ ôëîðû è ôàóíû è ðåà-ëèçàöèè êîíâåíöèè ÑÈÒÅÑ. Òàêæå áûëèñäåëàíû äîêëàäû ýêñïåðòîâ î ñîñòîÿíèè âè-äîâ, âîâëå÷¸ííûõ â íåëåãàëüíûé òðàíñãðà-íè÷íûé îáîðîò â ãðàíèöàõ Àëàòå-Ñàÿíñêî-ãî ðåãèîíà. Äîêëàäû î ñèòóàöèè ñáàëîáàíîì (Falco cherrug) ïðåäñòàâèëè: îòÐîññèè – È.Â. Êàðÿêèí2, îò Êàçàõñòàíà –À.Ñ. Ëåâèí3 è îò Ìîíãîëèè – Ñóõ÷óëóóí Ã.4

Ïîëíûå ñòàòüè äîêëàäîâ áóäóò îïóáëèêî-âàíû â 12 íîìåðå æóðíàëà «Ïåðíàòûåõèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà».

Îáðàùåíèå òð¸õñòîðîííåé ðàáî÷åéâñòðå÷è îïóáëèêîâàíî íà ñòð. 7. Êîíòàêò (3).

The Consultative Meeting of NGOs of Rus-sia, Kazakhstan and Mongolia and customsofficers and CITES Management and Sci-entific Authorities of countries – partici-pants of the meeting about the problem ofillegal trade in wildlife «Development of in-ternational cooperation in realization ofCITES in Altai-Sayan Ecoregion» held inNovosibirsk (Russia) on 2–6 December 2007.

The meeting was organized by the NGO Si-berian Environmental Center, Project of UNDP/GEF «Biodiversity Conservation in the RussianPart of the Altai-Sayan Ecoregion» and «Biodi-versity Conservation in the Kazakhstan Part ofthe Altai-Sayan Ecoregion», Association for theConservation of Biodiversity in Kazakhstan,WWF Mongolia Programme Office.

The reports of customs authorities of allstates-participants of the meeting, CITESManagement and Scientific Authorities ontansboundary trade in endangered speciesof wild flora and fauna and realizing CITESwere presented. Also reports of expertsabout population conditions of species in-volved in the illegal transboundary trade inthe territory of the Altai-Sayan region weresounded. Oral presentations about status ofthe Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) were fromRussia – I.V. Karyakin2, Kazakhstan – A.S.Levin3 and Mongolia – Suhchulun G.4

The reports will be published in RaptorsConservation ¹ 12.

The resolution of the meeting has beenpublished on page 7. Contact (3).

(2) Êîíòàêò:

Äìèòðèåâ À.È.Íèæåãîðîäñêèéãîñóäàðñòâåííûéïåäàãîãè÷åñêèéóíèâåðñèòåò603950 ÐîññèÿÍ.Íîâãîðîäóë. Óëüÿíîâà, 1Dmitriev–[email protected]

(2) Contact:

Prof. Dmitriev A.I.State PedagogicalUniversityUlyanova str., 1N.Novgorod Russia603950Dmitriev–[email protected]

(3) Contact:

Ilya SmlanskyElvira NikolenkoNGO SiberianEnvironmental CenterP.O. Box 547Novosibirsk630090 Russiatel./fax:+7 (383) 363 00 [email protected]@ecoclub.nsu.ru

Áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug). Ôîòî À. Ëåâèíà

Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug). Photo by A. Levin

(3) Êîíòàêò:

Èëüÿ ÑìåëÿíñêèéÝëüâèðà ÍèêîëåíêîÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèðñêèéýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð»Ðîññèÿ 630090Íîâîñèáèðñê, à/ÿ 547òåë./ôàêñ:+7 (383) 363 00 [email protected]@ecoclub.nsu.ru

2 http://ecoclub.nsu.ru/raptors/publicat/falco_che/Saker_in_Russia_2007.pdf3 http://ecoclub.nsu.ru/raptors/publicat/falco_che/Saker_in_Kazakhstan_2007.pdf4 http://ecoclub.nsu.ru/raptors/publicat/falco_che/Saker_in_Mongolia_2007.pdf

er and north border of their breeding rang-es in the Taimyr Peninsula. S.P. Kharitonov,Ya.I. Kokorev, D.J. Nowak, A.I. Nowak, D.V.Osipov, O.V. Natalskaya, N.A. Egorova, S.A.Korkina. [email protected], [email protected]


Ó÷àñòíèêè âñòðå÷è,ÎÒÌÅ×Àß íåîáõîäèìîñòü ñîõðàíåíèÿ ãëîáàëüíî

çíà÷èìîãî áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ýêîðå-ãèîíà â ïðåäåëàõ Êàçàõñòàíà, Ìîíãîëèè è Ðîññèè,

ÑÎÇÍÀÂÀß îñîáóþ ðîëü òàìîæåííûõ îðãàíîâ âïðîòèâîäåéñòâèè íåçàêîííîìó òðàíñãðàíè÷íîìó îáî-ðîòó óãðîæàåìûõ âèäîâ æèâîòíûõ è ðàñòåíèé,

ÏÐÈÍÈÌÀß âî âíèìàíèå âûñîêèé óðîâåíü ñîòðóä-íè÷åñòâà ìåæäó òàìîæåííûìè îðãàíàìè íàøèõ ñòðàí,

ÐÅÀËÈÇÓß äîãîâîðåííîñòè, ðàíåå äîñòèãíóòûå íàóðîâíÿõ ãëàâ ãîñóäàðñòâ, ïðàâèòåëüñòâ è ðóêîâîäèòåëåéòàìîæåííûõ ñëóæá Êàçàõñòàíà, Ìîíãîëèè è Ðîññèè,

ÇÀÑËÓØÀÂ ïðåäñòàâëåííûå äîêëàäû è îáìåíÿâøèñüìíåíèÿìè,

ÎÁÐÀÒÈËÈÑÜ ê óïîëíîìî÷åííûì ãîñóäàðñòâåííûìîðãàíàì ñòðàí ñî ñëåäóþùèìè ðåêîìåíäàöèÿìè èïðåäëîæåíèÿìè:

â ñôåðå îáùåé îðãàíèçàöèè ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà èêîîðäèíàöèè ìåæäó òàìîæåííûìè îðãàíàìè

– âêëþ÷àòü âîïðîñ êîíòðîëÿ ñîáëþäåíèÿ òðåáîâà-íèé ÑÈÒÅÑ è íàöèîíàëüíîãî çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâà îá îñî-áîé îõðàíå îòäåëüíûõ âèäîâ (âíåñ¸ííûõ â Êðàñíûåêíèãè Êàçàõñòàíà è Ðîññèè, â Ñïèñîê îñîáî îõðàíÿå-ìûõ âèäîâ Ìîíãîëèè) â ïîâåñòêó äíÿ âñòðå÷ è ñîâìå-ñòíûõ ïëàíîâ âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ òàìîæåííûõ ñëóæá Êà-çàõñòàíà, Ìîíãîëèè è Ðîññèè;

– ðåøèòü âîïðîñ îáìåíà èíôîðìàöèåé ìåæäó òåð-ðèòîðèàëüíûìè ïîäðàçäåëåíèÿìè òàìîæåííûõ ñëóæáñîïðåäåëüíûõ ðåãèîíîâ Ðîññèè è Êàçàõñòàíà, Ðîññèèè Ìîíãîëèè, à òàêæå ìåæäó öåíòðàëüíûìè îðãàíàìèòàìîæåííûõ ñëóæá Ìîíãîëèè è Êàçàõñòàíà;

– ïðîðàáîòàòü âîïðîñ î ïîäãîòîâêå è îòêðûòîé ïóá-ëèêàöèè åæåãîäíûõ äîêëàäîâ (ñâîäîê) òàìîæåííûõñëóæá Êàçàõñòàíà, Ìîíãîëèè è Ðîññèè î çàäåðæàíè-ÿõ îáúåêòîâ ÑÈÒÅÑ è èíîé ðàáîòå, ñâÿçàííîé ñ ðåà-

The�Consultative�Meeting�of�NGOs�of�Russia,�Kazakhstan�and

Mongolia�and�Customs�Officers�and�CITES�Management�and

Scientific�Authorities�of�Countries�–�Participants�of�the�Meeting

about�the�Problem�of�Illegal�Trade�in�Wildlife�«Development�of

Iinternational�Cooperation�in�Realization�of�CITES�in�Altai-Sayan

Ecoregion».

Resolution.�5�December�2007,�Novosibirsk,�Russia

РАБОЧАЯ�ВСТРЕЧА�ПРИРОДООХРАННЫХ�ОРГАНИЗАЦИЙРОССИИ,�КАЗАХСТАНА�И�МОНГОЛИИ�С�УЧАСТИЕМПРЕДСТАВИТЕЛЕЙ�ТАМОЖЕННЫХ�ОРГАНОВ,АДМИНИСТРАТИВНЫХ�И�НАУЧНЫХ�ОРГАНОВ�СИТЕС�ЭТИХСТРАН�«РАЗВИТИЕ�МЕЖДУНАРОДНОГО�СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВА�ВРЕАЛИЗАЦИИ�КОНВЕНЦИИ�СИТЕС�В�АЛТАЕ-САЯНСКОМЭКОРЕГИОНЕ».РЕЗОЛЮЦИЯ.�5�ДЕКАБРЯ�2007,�НОВОСИБИРСК,�РОССИЯ

Participants of the Meeting,NOTING the necessity of conservation of globally

important biodiversity of the Altai-Sayan Ecoregion inKazakhstan, Mongolia and Russia,

CONSCIOUS the special role of customs in counter-action to an illegal transboundary trade in endangeredspecies of wild flora and fauna,

CONSIDERING the high level of cooperation betweencustoms of oKazakhstan, Mongolia and Russia,

REALIZING the arrangements earlier reached at thelevel of presidents, governments and heads of customsservices of Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Russia,

DISCUSSING the presented reports,OFFER to the governmental authorities of the coun-

tries with following recommendations:

In sphere of the international organization for coop-eration and coordination between customs bodies

– include the question about the control to mainte-nance of CITES recommendations and the national leg-islation on special protection of some species (listed inRed Data Books of Kazakhstan and Russia, in the List ofespecially protected species of Mongolia) in the agen-da of following meetings and joint plans on interac-tions between customs of Kazakhstan, Mongolia andRussia;

– solve the problem of information exchange betweenlocal departments of customs of adjacent regions ofRussia and Kazakhstan, Russia and Mongolia, and alsobetween the central bodies of customs services of Mon-golia and Kazakhstan;

– prepare to publish the summary of annual reportsof Kazakh, Mongolian and Russian customs about de-tentions of species listed in CITES Appendixes and oth-er activities regarding realization of CITES requirements


ëèçàöèåé òðåáîâàíèé ÑÈÒÅÑ è íàöèîíàëüíîãî çàêî-íîäàòåëüñòâà îá îñîáîé îõðàíå îòäåëüíûõ âèäîâ;

– èñïîëüçîâàòü âîçìîæíîñòè íåïðàâèòåëüñòâåííûõïðèðîäîîõðàííûõ îðãàíèçàöèé ñòðàí äëÿ îáìåíàèíôîðìàöèåé ìåæäó òàìîæåííûìè è ïðèðîäîîõðàí-íûìè ãîñóäàðñòâåííûìè îðãàíàìè;

â ñôåðå îïåðàòèâíîãî âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ òàìî-æåííûõ ñëóæá

– îðãàíèçîâàòü íåîáõîäèìîå âçàèìîäåéñòâèå ìåæ-äó òåððèòîðèàëüíûìè îðãàíàìè òàìîæåííûõ ñëóæáñîïðåäåëüíûõ ðåãèîíîâ íàøèõ ñòðàí ñ öåëüþ ïðåñå-÷åíèÿ êîíòðàáàíäû îáúåêòîâ ÑÈÒÅÑ;

– îïðåäåëèòü ñïèñêè êîíòàêòíûõ ëèö â òàìîæåííûõîðãàíàõ Êàçàõñòàíà, Ìîíãîëèè è Ðîññèè äëÿ âçàèìî-äåéñòâèÿ ïî ïðîáëåìå ÑÈÒÅÑ;

â ñôåðå ìåæâåäîìñòâåííîãî âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿâíóòðè ñòðàí

– âûðàáîòàòü ïðîöåäóðó âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ìåæäó òà-ìîæåííûìè îðãàíàìè ñòðàí, íàöèîíàëüíûìè Àäìè-íèñòðàòèâíûìè è Íàó÷íûìè îðãàíàìè ÑÈÒÅÑ ñ öåëüþîïåðàòèâíîãî èíôîðìèðîâàíèÿ î ñëó÷àÿõ ïåðåìåùå-íèÿ îáúåêòîâ ÑÈÒÅÑ, à òàêæå îáúåêòîâ, ïîäïàäàþùèõïîä äåéñòâèå çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâà î íàöèîíàëüíûõ Êðàñ-íûõ êíèãàõ, ðàâíî êàê îáî âñåõ ñòàâøèõ èçâåñòíûìèñëó÷àÿõ íåçàêîííîãî ïåðåìåùåíèÿ òàêèõ îáúåêòîâ;

– â ÷àñòíîñòè, Àäìèíèñòðàòèâíîìó îðãàíó ÑÈÒÅÑÐîññèè îáðàòèòüñÿ â ÔÒÑ Ðîññèè ñ ïðîñüáîé î ðåãó-ëÿðíîì ïðåäîñòàâëåíèè èíôîðìàöèè î ïåðåìåùåíèè÷åðåç òàìîæåííóþ ãðàíèöó îáúåêòîâ ÑÈÒÅÑ;

– íàöèîíàëüíûì Àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûì îðãàíàì ÑÈÒÅÑðàçðàáîòàòü è îôèöèàëüíî ïåðåäàòü â òàìîæåííûå îðãà-íû ñòðàí ìåòîäè÷åñêîå ïîñîáèå ïî ðàáîòå ñ ðàçðåøè-òåëüíûìè äîêóìåíòàìè ÑÈÒÅÑ ïðè ïðîâåäåíèè òàìîæåí-íîãî êîíòðîëÿ çà ïåðåìåùåíèåì îáðàçöîâ ÑÈÒÅÑ;

â ñôåðå èíôîðìàöèîííîãî îáåñïå÷åíèÿ äåÿ-òåëüíîñòè ó÷àñòíèêè ðàáî÷åé âñòðå÷è ñ÷èòàþò íå-îáõîäèìûì

– îäîáðèòü ïðîãðàììû Ñèáýêîöåíòðà, ïðîåêòà Ïðî-ãðàììû ðàçâèòèÿ ÎÎÍ è Ãëîáàëüíîãî ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãîôîíäà «Ñîõðàíåíèå áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ â ðîññèéñêîé÷àñòè Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ýêîðåãèîíà», WWF Ðîññèè èWWF Ìîíãîëèè ïî èíôîðìàöèîííîé ïîääåðæêå âû-ïîëíåíèÿ òðåáîâàíèé ÑÈÒÅÑ òàìîæåííûìè îðãàíà-ìè ñâîèõ ñòðàí è ðåêîìåíäîâàòü ïðîäîëæèòü ýòè ïðî-ãðàììû;

– ðàçâèâàòü àíàëîãè÷íûå ïðîãðàììû ïî èíôîðìà-öèîííîé ïîääåðæêå òàìîæåííûõ îðãàíîâ Ðåñïóáëè-êè Êàçàõñòàí ïî âîïðîñó âûïîëíåíèÿ ÑÈÒÅÑ;

– ñîñòàâèòü ñïèñîê ðåêîìåíäóåìûõ ñïåöèàëèñòîâ(êîíñóëüòàíòîâ) â îáëàñòè èäåíòèôèêàöèè îáúåêòîâÑÈÒÅÑ è ïåðåäàòü åãî òàìîæåííûì îðãàíàì Êàçàõ-ñòàíà, Ìîíãîëèè è Ðîññèè;

– Àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûì îðãàíàì ÑÈÒÅÑ ðàçðàáîòàòü èïåðåäàòü òàìîæåííûì îðãàíàì ñâîèõ ñòðàí ñïðàâî÷-íèêè ïî öåíàì íà îáúåêòû ÑÈÒÅÑ;

– îñóùåñòâèòü ïåðåâîä íà ãîñóäàðñòâåííûå ÿçûêèÐîññèè, Êàçàõñòàíà è Ìîíãîëèè íàöèîíàëüíûõ íîð-ìàòèâíî-ïðàâîâûõ àêòîâ ýòèõ ñòðàí, ðåãóëèðóþùèõîáîðîò îáúåêòîâ ÑÈÒÅÑ;

and the national legislation on special protection ofsome species;

- use opportunities of the nongovernmental natureprotection organizations of the countries for informa-tion exchange between customs and nature protectionstate bodies;

In sphere of operative interaction of customs– organize interaction between local bodies of cus-

toms of adjacent regions of the countries with the pur-pose of prevention of contraband of species listed inCITES Appendixes;

– determine lists of persons who should responsiblefor interaction on CITES problems between customs ofKazakhstan, Mongolia and Russia;

In sphere of interdepartmental interaction insidethe countries

– develop the protocol of interaction between cus-toms bodies of the countries, national CITES Manage-ment and Scientific Authorities for operative informingabout the cases of moving of species listed in CITESAppendixes, in national Red Data Books, as well asabout all known cases of illegal moving of such spe-cies;

– in particular, to CITES Management Authorities ofRussia to address in the Federal Customs Service ofRussia asking the regular reports about known cases ofcross-border moving of species listed in CITES Appen-dixes;

– to national CITES Management Authorities under-taking of the customs control of moving of species list-ed in CITES Appendixes to develop and officially directthe manuals on activities with CITES permissions tocustoms of the countries;

In sphere of informational supply of activity par-ticipants of the Consultative Meeting stressed theneed

– to approve programs of the Siberian Environmen-tal Center, Project of UNDP/GEF «Biodiversity Con-servation in the Russian part of the Altai-Sayan Ecore-gion», WWF Russia and WWF Mongolia oninformational supporting implementation of CITES bycustoms of the countries and to recommend to con-tinue these programs;

– to develop similar programs on informational sup-port of customs of the Republic of Kazakhstan concern-ing implementation of CITES ;

– to establish the list of recommended experts (con-sultants) for identification of species listed in CITES Ap-pendixes and to direct it to customs of Kazakhstan,Mongolia and Russia;

– to CITES Management Authorities to develop anddirect the guide on the prices for species listed in CITESAppendixes to customs of the countries;

– to translate on state languages of Russia, Kazakhstanand Mongolia the national laws of these countries reg-ulating the trade in species listed in CITES Appendices;


– ðåêîìåíäîâàòü ïðîåêòó ÏÐÎÎÍ/ÃÝÔ «Ñîõðàíå-íèå áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ â êàçàõñòàíñêîé ÷àñòè Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ýêîðåãèîíà» ïîääåðæàòü ïðîâåäåíèå ñëå-äóþùåé òð¸õñòîðîííåé ðàáî÷åé âñòðå÷è ïî ïðîáëåìåíåçàêîííîãî îáîðîòà îáúåêòîâ ôëîðû è ôàóíû ñ ó÷à-ñòèåì ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé òàìîæåííûõ îðãàíîâ, Àäìèíè-ñòðàòèâíûõ è Íàó÷íûõ îðãàíîâ ÑÈÒÅÑ Ðîññèè, Êàçàõ-ñòàíà è Ìîíãîëèè «Ðàçâèòèå ìåæäóíàðîäíîãîñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà â ðåàëèçàöèè êîíâåíöèè ÑÈÒÅÑ â Àë-òàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ýêîðåãèîíå» â 2009 ã. â Êàçàõñòàíå;

– ïðîñèòü ãîñóäàðñòâåííûå òàìîæåííûå è ïðèðî-äîîõðàííûå îðãàíû Êàçàõñòàíà, Ìîíãîëèè è Ðîññèèñîäåéñòâîâàòü ïðîâåäåíèþ ñëåäóþùåé ðàáî÷åé âñòðå-÷è «Ðàçâèòèå ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà â ðåà-ëèçàöèè êîíâåíöèè ÑÈÒÅÑ â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ýêîðå-ãèîíå»;

– ïðèãëàñèòü íà ñëåäóþùóþ ðàáî÷óþ âñòðå÷ó «Ðàç-âèòèå ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà â ðåàëèçàöèèêîíâåíöèè ÑÈÒÅÑ â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ýêîðåãèîíå»ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé ïîãðàíè÷íûõ ñëóæá Êàçàõñòàíà, Ìîí-ãîëèè è Ðîññèè, à òàêæå ýêñïåðòîâ ïî âîïðîñàì ÑÈ-ÒÅÑ èç îñíîâíûõ ñòðàí ââîçà îáúåêòîâ ÑÈÒÅÑ, ýêñ-ïîðòèðóåìûõ èç Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ýêîðåãèîíà.

Ó÷èòûâàÿ îñòðîòó ïðîáëåìû íåçàêîííîãî îáîðîòàðÿäà âèäîâ ñîêîëîâ (áàëîáàí Falco cherrug, êðå÷åòFalco rusticolus, ñàïñàí Falco peregrinus), âíåñ¸ííûõ âïðèëîæåíèÿ ÑÈÒÅÑ è íàöèîíàëüíûå Êðàñíûå êíèãè èÿâëÿþùèõñÿ îáúåêòàìè òðàíñãðàíè÷íîãî îáîðîòà, ó÷à-ñòíèêè Ðàáî÷åé âñòðå÷è òàêæå ïðîñÿò ïðèðîäîîõðàí-íûå îðãàíû Êàçàõñòàíà, Ìîíãîëèè è Ðîññèè ïðåäïðè-íÿòü ñëåäóþùèé êîìïëåêñ ìåð, íàïðàâëåííûõ íàóðåãóëèðîâàíèå ñîäåðæàíèÿ ýòèõ âèäîâ â íåâîëå:

– óòâåðäèòü ïîðÿäîê åäèíîîáðàçíîãî è îáÿçàòåëü-íîãî ìå÷åíèÿ ñîêîëîâ, ðàçâîäèìûõ â ïèòîìíèêàõ;

– ââåñòè îáÿçàòåëüíóþ ïàñïîðòèçàöèþ îñîáåé, âû-ðàùåííûõ â ïèòîìíèêàõ è íàõîäÿùèõñÿ íà ðóêàõ óñîêîëüíèêîâ, óòâåðäèòü ôîðìû ïàñïîðòîâ è ïîðÿäîêïàñïîðòèçàöèè ïòèö;

– èñêëþ÷èòü âîçìîæíîñòü îáîðîòà ñîêîëîâ, íå èìå-þùèõ óòâåðæäåííûõ ìåòîê è ïàñïîðòîâ, âíå çàâèñè-ìîñòè îò íàëè÷èÿ èíûõ äîêóìåíòîâ î ëåãàëüíîñòè èõïðèîáðåòåíèÿ;

– îïðåäåëèòü ïåðèîä ââåäåíèÿ ïàñïîðòèçàöèè è ïî-ðÿäîê ëåãàëèçàöèè èìåþùåãîñÿ íà ðóêàõ è â ïèòîì-íèêàõ ïîãîëîâüÿ.

Ó÷àñòíèêè ðàáî÷åé âñòðå÷è âûðàæàþò ïðèçíàòåëü-íîñòü îðãàíèçàòîðàì – ÌÁÎÎ Ñèáèðñêèé ýêîëîãè÷åñ-êèé öåíòð (Íîâîñèáèðñê), ïðîåêòàì ÏÐÎÎÍ/ÃÝÔ «Ñî-õðàíåíèå áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ â ðîññèéñêîé ÷àñòèÀëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ýêîðåãèîíà» è «Ñîõðàíåíèå áèîðàç-íîîáðàçèÿ â êàçàõñòàíñêîé ÷àñòè Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ýêî-ðåãèîíà», Àññîöèàöèè ñîõðàíåíèÿ áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿÊàçàõñòàíà, Ìîíãîëüñêîìó ïðîãðàììíîìó îôèñó Âñå-ìèðíîãî ôîíäà äèêîé ïðèðîäû (WWF Ìîíãîëèè) – çàïðîäåëàííóþ èìè ðàáîòó ïî ïîäãîòîâêå è ïðîâåäå-íèþ ðàáî÷åé âñòðå÷è.

– to recommend to Project of UNDP/GEF «Biodiver-sity Conservation in the Kazakh part of the Altai-Say-an Ecoregion» the supporting of organization of thenext consultative meeting on the problem of illegaltrade in species of wild flora and fauna listed in CITESAppendixes with participation of representatives ofcustoms, CITES Management and Scientific Authori-ties of Russia, Kazakhstan and Mongolia «Develop-ment of international cooperation in realization ofCITES in Altai-Sayan Ecoregion» in Kazakhstan in2009;

– to ask customs and nature protection bodies of Ka-zakhstan, Mongolia and to Russia to promote organi-zation of the next Consultative Meeting «Developmentof international cooperation in realization of CITES inAltai-Sayan Ecoregion»;

– to invite representatives boundary services of Ka-zakhstan, Mongolia and Russia, and also experts con-cerning CITES from the main countries importing thespecies listed in CITES Appendixes exported from Al-tai-Sayan Ecoregion of to the next Consultative Meet-ing «Development of international cooperation in real-ization of CITES in Altai-Sayan Ecoregion».

Considering the importance of the problem of illegaltrade in some species of falcons (Saker Falcon Falcocherrug, Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus, Peregrine FalconFalco peregrinus), listed in CITES Appendices and na-tional Red Data Books and being the objects of a trans-boundary trade participants of the Consultative Meet-ing also ask the nature protection bodies ofKazakhstan, Mongolia and Russia to undertake fol-lowing measures directed on regulation of keepingthese species in captivity:

– to confirm the harmonized approach the markingof captive-breeding falcons;

– to establish obligatory passwords for falcons bredin captivity and kept by falconers for falconry, to estab-lish the forms of passwords and the order of bird certi-fications;

– to exclude an opportunity of trade in falcons with-out established passwords and marks, in spite of thepresence of other documents confirmed their legality;

– to determine the period of implementation of certi-fication and the order of legalization of captive-breed-ing birds.

Participants of the Consultative Meeting expressgratitude to organizers – NGO the Siberian Environ-mental Center (Novosibirsk), Projects of UNDP/GEF«Biodiversity Conservation in the Russian part of theAltai-Sayan Ecoregion» and «Biodiversity Conserva-tion in the Kazakhstan part of the Altai-Sayan Ecore-gion», Associations of Biodiversity Conservation inKazakhstan, the Mongolian program office of WWFMongolia – for organizing and holding the Consulta-tive Meeting.

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 1110

Íåîáõîäèìîñòü êðèòè÷åñêîãî îáçîðà ñî-âðåìåííûõ ìåòîäîâ çàùèòû ïòèö íà âîç-äóøíûõ ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è (ÂË)îáóñëîâëåíà íåñêîëüêèìè ïðè÷èíàìè. Íå-ñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî èçó÷åíèå äàííîãî âîï-ðîñà (ñíà÷àëà â ÑÑÑÐ, à ïîçæå â ñòðàíàõÑÍÃ) ïðîäîëæàåòñÿ óæå áîëåå ÷åòâåðòèâåêà, çíà÷èòåëüíûõ ïðàêòè÷åñêèõ óñïåõîââ ýòîé îáëàñòè íå äîñòèãíóòî. Ïîäàâëÿþ-ùåå áîëüøèíñòâî ýêñïëóàòèðóåìûõ ÂË 6–10 êÂ (ïðåæäå âñåãî íà æ/á îïîðàõ ñîøòûð¸âûìè èçîëÿòîðàìè) ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïòèöå-îïàñíûìè è åæåãîäíî íàíîñÿò êîëîññàëü-íûé âðåä îðíèòîôàóíå âñåõ ðåãèîíîâ, íàòåððèòîðèè êîòîðûõ îíè ðàñïîëîæåíû(Ïåðåðâà, Áëîõèí, 1981; Çâîíîâ, Êðèâî-íîñîâ, 1981; Àáäóíàçàðîâ, 1987; Ñòàðè-êîâ, 1996/1997; Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005; Êà-ðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2005; Êàðÿêèí,Íîâèêîâà, 2006; Ìàöûíà, 2005; 2006).Òåíäåíöèÿ àêòèâíîãî îñâîåíèÿ íåôòåãàçî-

Êîíòàêò:

Àëåêñàíäð ÌàöûíàÎðíèòîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ëàáî-ðàòîðèÿ Ýêîöåíòðà«Äðîíò»603000 ÐîññèÿÍèæíèé Íîâãîðîäà/ÿ 631Ýêîöåíòð «Äðîíò»òåë.: +7 (831) 434 46 [email protected]

Contact:

Alexander MatsinaLaboratory ofOrnithology of EcologicalCenter «Dront»P.O. Box 631Nizhniy Novgorod603000 Russiatel.: +7 (831) 434 46 [email protected]

Raptors� Conservation

ОХРАНА� ПЕРНАТЫХ� ХИЩНИКОВ

Short�Review�of�Techniques�for�Preventing�Electrocution�of�Birds

on�Overhead�Power�Lines

КРАТКИЙ�ОБЗОР�МЕТОДОВ�ЗАЩИТЫ�ПТИЦ�ОТ�ПОРАЖЕНИЯЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКИМ�ТОКОМ�НА�ЛИНИЯХ�ЭЛЕКТРОПЕРЕДАЧИ

Matsina�A.I.�(Laboratory�of�Ornithology�of�Ecological�Center�«Dront»,�N.Novgorod,

Russia)

Мацына�А.И.�(Орнитоло�ичес�ая�лаборатория�Э�оцентра�«Дронт»,�Н.Нов�ород,

Россия)

The critical review of modern techniques forpreventing electrocution of birds on over-head power lines (PL) is necessary by sev-eral reasons. Study of the problem of raptorelectrocution has continued already morethan 25 years, unfortunately significant suc-cess has not achieved. The most part of usedPL 6–10 kV poses high risk to birds. Manybirds are killed from electrocution in the re-gions, where such PL are already in use, eve-ry year (Pererva, Blohin, 1981; Zvonov,Krivonosov, 1981; Abdulnazarov, 1987;Starikov, 1996/1997; Karyakin et al., 2005;Karyakin, Barabashin, 2005; Karyakin, No-vikova, 2006; Matsina, 2005; 2006). Activedevelopment of oil and gas industries in theSouth of Russia, in Kazakhstan and the coun-tries of Middle Asia during last decade pro-motes power lines to increase in numberand area covered. It is essential in those re-gions where the routes of migratory birdsspecifically are concentrated. PL pose thehighest risk for raptors because their behav-ior peculiarities.

The most techniques to reduce incidentsof raptor electrocution were modifying thetop of electric poles of PL 6–10 kV (Saltyk-ov, 1999). However many techniques werenot effective but some of them were evendangerous (fig. 1–4). Erecting metal bars(fig. 1–2) on electric poles are prohibited inRussia and should be dismantled but it hasnot realized in many cases.

The most effective techniques intendedto prevent the electrocution of birds is PVCinsulator hoods (fig. 5) or isolated tubing.Now electric utility companies have begunto use the first Russian construction of insu-lator hood (fig. 5).

Ðèñ. 1. Ïòèöåîïàñíàÿ îïîðà ËÝÏ ñ çàãðàäèòåëüíûìè óñàìè – À. ÔîòîÈ. Êàðÿêèíà

Fig. 1. Electric pole potentially lethal to birds equipped with metal bars– A. Photo by I. Karyakin

Raptors Conservation Raptors Conservation 2008, 11 11

âîãî êîìïëåêñà Þãà Ðîññèè,Êàçàõñòàíà è ñòðàí ÑðåäíåéÀçèè â ïîñëåäíåå äåñÿòèëå-òèå ñïîñîáñòâóåò ïîñòîÿííî-ìó ðîñòó ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòè ÂËâ îáëàñòè ìèãðàöèè ìíîãèõâèäîâ ïòèö. Íàèáîëüøàÿîïàñíîñòü óãðîæàåò õèùíûìïòèöàì, ýêîëîãè÷åñêè òÿãîòå-þùèì ê ëèíèÿì ýëåêòðîïåðå-äà÷ ðàçëè÷íûõ òèïîâ. Ïðèýòîì ïîä óãðîçîé îêàçûâàþò-ñÿ íå òîëüêî ìåñòíûå ïîïó-ëÿöèè, íî è áîëüøèíñòâî ïå-ðåë¸òíûõ ïòèö. Òåì ñàìûìîáùàÿ «îáëàñòü ïîðàæåíèÿ»çíà÷èòåëüíî óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ,îõâàòûâàÿ ñåâåðíûå òåððè-òîðèè, ëèø¸ííûå ñîáñòâåí-íîé èíôðàñòðóêòóðû ÂË 6–10 êÂ.

Ñ ìîìåíòà ïîÿâëåíèÿ ïåð-âûõ ðåêîìåíäàöèé ïî çàùè-òå ïòèö îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêò-ðè÷åñêèì òîêîì ÂË 6–10 êÂ

â íà÷àëå 80-õ ãîäîâ XX âåêà, îñíîâíîå êî-ëè÷åñòâî òåõíè÷åñêèõ ðåøåíèé â ýòîéîáëàñòè áûëî ñâÿçàíî ñ âíåñåíèåì èçìå-íåíèé â êîíñòðóêöèþ îãîëîâêà îïîð ÂË 6–10 êÂ (Ñàëòûêîâ, 1999). Äàëåå ðàññìàòðè-âàþòñÿ òîëüêî òå ðàçðàáîòêè, êîòîðûå áûëèîôèöèàëüíî ðåêîìåíäîâàíû â êà÷åñòâåïðîåêòíûõ è ýêñïëóàòàöèîííûõ âàðèàíòîâïòèöåçàùèòíûõ óñòðîéñòâ è ïîëó÷èëè íàè-áîëüøåå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå.

1. Óñòàíîâêà çàãðàäèòåëüíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ(ìåòàëëè÷åñêèå óñû, øòûðè), ïðåïÿòñòâó-þùèõ ïîñàäêå ïòèö â ðàéîíå èçîëÿòîðîâ.Ýòè ðàçðàáîòêè íå ó÷èòûâàþò ìåõàíèçìïîðàæåíèÿ ïòèö ïðè êîíòàêòå ñ ËÝÏ (çà-ìûêàíèå ìåæäó òîêîíåñóùèì ïðîâîäîì è

çàçåìë¸ííûìè ÷àñòÿìè îïîðû – òðàâåðñà,øòûðè èçîëÿòîðîâ è ïð.). Èõ ïðèìåíåíèåïðèâåëî ê îáðàòíîìó ýôôåêòó – ïî ñóòè,îíè óâåëè÷èâàþò ÷àñòîòó çàìûêàíèé è ãè-áåëü ïòèö. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ çàêîíîäà-òåëüíî çàïðåùåíû (ï. 34. Òðåáîâàíèé…,1996). Îäíàêî äåìîíòàæ ðàíåå óñòàíîâ-ëåííûõ ýëåìåíòîâ íà ìíîãèõ ëèíèÿõ íå âû-ïîëíåí (ðèñ. 1). Â ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ óñòàíîâêàçàãðàäèòåëüíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ ïðîäîëæàåòñÿ èâ íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ, îñîáåííî â Êàçàõñòà-íå (ðèñ. 2).

2. Óñòàíîâêà îòâëåêàþùèõ ïðèñàä íàîïîðàõ ÂË. Íåñìîòðÿ íà íåêîòîðûé ïîëî-æèòåëüíûé ýôôåêò, â öåëîì íå îáåñïå÷è-âàåò ñóùåñòâåííîãî ñíèæåíèÿ ãèáåëè ïòèö.Â ñëó÷àå óòåðè äåðåâÿííîé íàêëàäêè â âåð-õíåé ÷àñòè ïðèñàäû (â ïðîöåññå ýêñïëóà-òàöèè) ïåðåõîäÿò â êàòåãîðèþ ïòèöåîïàñ-íûõ, êàê è ïðåäûäóùèå çàãðàäèòåëüíûåýëåìåíòû (ðèñ. 3). Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ïðî-äîëæàþò èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ â êà÷åñòâå ïòèöå-çàùèòíûõ ðåêîìåíäàöèé ïðè ïðîåêòèðî-âàíèè ÂË 6–10 êÂ ââèäó îòñóòñòâèÿ áîëååýôôåêòèâíûõ ðåêîìåíäàöèé.

3. Óñòàíîâêà õîëîñòûõ èçîëÿòîðîâ íàêîíöàõ ìåòàëëè÷åñêèõ òðàâåðñ. Ýôôåê-òèâíîñòü ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ â çíà÷èòåëüíîé ñòå-ïåíè âàðüèðóåò â çàâèñèìîñòè îò êîíå÷-íîãî âèäà êîíñòðóêöèè. Íåñìîòðÿ íàðåêîìåíäóåìîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå â êà÷åñòâåõîëîñòûõ èçîëÿòîðîâ ýëåìåíòîâ ïîäâåñíûõãèðëÿíä (ñ øèðîêîé «þáêîé»), íà ïðàêòè-êå ÷àñòî ïðèìåíÿþòñÿ øòûðåâûå èçîëÿòî-ðû ØÔ–20 è ØÔ(ØÑ)–10, ÷òî çíà÷èòåëü-íî ñíèæàåò êîíå÷íûé ýôôåêò.Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ñïàðåííûõ õîëîñòûõ èçî-ëÿòîðîâ òàêæå ÷àñòî çàìåíÿåòñÿ íà îäèíàð-íûå. Ïðè ýòîì íåîáõîäèìàÿ ñòåïåíü çàùè-òû íå îáåñïå÷èâàåòñÿ. Ïî èñòå÷åíèèíåêîòîðîãî ïåðèîäà ýêñïëóàòàöèè ïðîèñ-õîäèò óòåðÿ ÷àñòè õîëîñòûõ èçîëÿòîðîâ.Îñòàþùèåñÿ ïðè ýòîì âåðòèêàëüíûå ìåòàë-ëè÷åñêèå øòûðè íà êîíöàõ òðàâåðñ ñíîâàóâåëè÷èâàþò ïòèöåîïàñíîñòü êîíñòðóêöèè(ðèñ. 4). Êðîìå ýòîãî, íàãðîìîæäåíèå äî-ïîëíèòåëüíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ â çîíå ïðîõîæ-

Ðèñ. 2. Ïòèöåîïàñíàÿîïîðà ËÝÏ ñ îòâëåêàþ-ùåé ïðèñàäîé è çàãðàäè-òåëüíûìè óñàìè. Ôîòî È.Êàðÿêèíà

Fig. 2. Electric pole poten-tially lethal to birdsequipped with metal barsand perch. Photo by I.Karyakin

Ðèñ. 3. Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis), ñèäÿùèé íà÷àñòè÷íî çàùèù¸ííîé îïîðå – îòâëåêàþùàÿ ïðèñàäàñ äåðåâÿííîé íàêëàäêîé áåçîïàñíà äëÿ ïòèöû, íà òðà-âåðñå äåìîíòèðîâàííû çàãðàäèòåëüíûå óñû, îäíàêîñàì òðàâåðñ îñòà¸òñÿ îïàñíûì äëÿ ïòèö (ñëåâà); ñòåï-íîé îð¸ë, ñèäÿùèé íà àíàëîãè÷íîé îïîðå, íà êîòî-ðîé äåðåâÿííàÿ íàêëàäêà íà îòâëåêàþùåé ïðèñàäåðàçðóøèëàñü, â ðåçóëüòàòå ÷åãî âñÿ êîíñòðóêöèÿ ñòàëàïòèöåîïàñíîé (ñïðàâà). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

Fig. 3. Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) sitting on perchwith wood bar (left) and on perch without wood bar(right). The probability of eagle death on the right pho-to is higher. Photos by I. Karyakin


äåíèÿ ïðîâîäà ó òðàâåðñû ÷àñòî ïðåïÿò-ñòâóåò íåìåäëåííîìó ïàäåíèþ ïîãèáøèõïòèö. Â ðåçóëüòàòå âîçíèêàåò ïðîäîëæè-òåëüíîå çàìûêàíèå ÂË, ñîçäàþùåå ýêñïëó-àòàöèîííûå ïîìåõè.

4. Óñòàíîâêà ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ óñòðîéñòâ(ÏÇÓ) â âèäå êîëïàêîâ èç ïîëèìåðíûõ ìà-òåðèàëîâ, ïîëíîñòüþ çàêðûâàþùèõ èçîëÿ-òîð, è çàùèòíûõ êîæóõîâ (ðóêàâîâ), èçî-ëèðóþùèõ òîêîíåñóùèé ïðîâîä â ðàéîíåîãîëîâêà îïîðû. Äàííûé òèï ÏÇÓ, íåñìîò-ðÿ íà øèðîêîå ïðèìåíåíèå çà ðóáåæîì,òîëüêî íà÷èíàåò èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ íà òåððè-òîðèè Ðîññèè. Åãî ïðåèìóùåñòâà ñîñòîÿò âòîì, ÷òî âñå ýëåìåíòû ÏÇÓ âïåðâûå èçãî-òîâëåíû ïîëíîñòüþ èç äèýëåêòðè÷åñêèõìàòåðèàëîâ. Óñòàíîâêà çàùèòíûõ êîëïàêîâíå òðåáóåò ïðåäâàðèòåëüíîãî âûïîëíåíèÿñëîæíûõ ïîäãîòîâèòåëüíûõ ðàáîò (ñâàðêà,ñâåðëåíèå òðàâåðñ è ïð.), à ïîëíàÿ èçîëÿ-öèÿ òîêîíåñóùåãî ïðîâîäà îáåñïå÷èâàåòèñêëþ÷åíèå îïàñíûõ çàìûêàíèé ñ ó÷àñòè-åì ïòèö. Ó÷èòûâàÿ ýòî, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëî-æèòü, ÷òî äàííûé òèï çàùèòíûõ óñòðîéñòâÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíèì èç íàèáîëåå ïåðñïåêòèâ-íûõ â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ. Â Ðîññèè ðàçðà-áîòàí, àïðîáèðîâàí è íà÷àë ïðèìåíÿòüñÿ

ñ 2007 ã. ïòèöåçàùèòíûé êîìïëåêò ÏÇÓÊÏ–1Á (ðèñ. 5).

5. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå èçîëèðîâàííîãî ïðî-âîäà (ÑÈÏ–3), ïîêðûòîãî ñïåöèàëüíîé ïî-ëèìåðíîé îáîëî÷êîé, íà íàø âçãëÿä îáåñ-ïå÷èâàåò íàèáîëåå íàä¸æíóþ çàùèòó ïòèöïðè ýêñïëóàòàöèè ÂË 6–10 êÂ. Êðåïëåíèåäàííîãî ïðîâîäà íà øòûðåâûõ èçîëÿòîðàõïðîèçâîäèòñÿ áåç íàðóøåíèÿ èçîëèðóþùå-ãî ñëîÿ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, âîçìîæíîñòü êîí-òàêòà ïòèö ñ òîêîíåñóùåé ÷àñòüþ êîíñòðóê-òèâíî èñêëþ÷åíà (ïðè óñëîâèè ñîáëþäåíèÿòåõíîëîãèè êðåïëåíèÿ è ñîåäèíåíèÿ äàí-íîãî âèäà ïðîâîäà). Ê ñîæàëåíèþ, â ðÿäåñëó÷àåâ âîçìîæíîñòè ðåêîíñòðóêöèè ñóùå-ñòâóþùèõ ÂË ñ ïðèìåíåíèåì èçîëèðîâàí-íîãî ïðîâîäà îãðàíè÷åíû â ñâÿçè ñ òåì, ÷òîðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó îïîðàìè ñóùåñòâåííîïðåâûøàåò äîïóñòèìîå äëÿ ÑÈÏ–3.

Ïîäâîäÿ èòîã, íåîáõîäèìî îòìåòèòü îá-ùèé ïîçèòèâíûé ñäâèã â ðàñøèðåíèè èíñò-ðóìåíòîâ äëÿ çàùèòû ïòèö îò ïîðàæåíèÿýëåêòðè÷åñêèì òîêîì íà ËÝÏ. Î÷åâèäíî,÷òî íàèáîëåå ïåðñïåêòèâíûìè øàãàìè ÿâ-ëÿþòñÿ ïðîïàãàíäà èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ èçîëè-ðîâàííîãî ïðîâîäà ïðè ïðîåêòèðîâàíèèè ñòðîèòåëüñòâå íîâûõ âîçäóøíûõ ëèíèéýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è, à òàêæå øèðîêîå ïðè-ìåíåíèå ïîëèìåðíûõ ÏÇÓ íà ýêñïëóàòè-ðóåìûõ ËÝÏ. Ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå ðàñ÷¸òû òàê-æå ïîäòâåðæäàþò ýòî.

Ëèòåðàòóðà

Àáäóíàçàðîâ Á.Á. Îöåíêà ãèáåëè ïòèö íàëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷ ñðåäíåé ìîùíîñòè(6–35 êÂ) â Óçáåêèñòàíå. – Ìëåêîïèòàþùèåè ïòèöû Óçáåêèñòàíà. Òàøêåíò. 1987. Ñ.45.

Çâîíîâ Á.Ì., Êðèâîíîñîâ Ã.À. Ãèáåëü õèù-íûõ ïòèö íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ â Êàëìûêèè. – Áèî-ïîâðåæäåíèÿ: Òåçèñû äîêëàäîâ 2-é Âñåñîþç-íîé êîíôåðåíöèè ïî áèîïîâðåæäåíèÿì.Ãîðüêèé. 1981. Ñ. 206–207.

Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î. ×åðíûåäûðû â ïîïóëÿöèÿõ õèùíûõ ïòèö (ãèáåëü õèù-íûõ ïòèö íà ËÝÏ â Çàïàäíîé Áåòïàê-Äàëå),Êàçàõñòàí. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðà-íà. 2005. ¹ 4. Ñ. 29–32.

Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íîâèêîâà Ë.Ì. Ñòåïíîé îðåëè èíôðàñòðóêòóðà ËÝÏ â Çàïàäíîì Êàçàõñòà-íå. Åñòü ëè ïåðñïåêòèâà ñîñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ? –Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2006. ¹ 6.Ñ. 48–57.

Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íîâèêîâà Ë.Ì., ÏàæåíêîâÀ.Ñ. Ãèáåëü õèùíûõ ïòèö íà ËÝÏ â Ïðèàðà-ëüå, Êàçàõñòàí. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõîõðàíà. 2005. ¹ 2. Ñ. 31–32.

Ìàöûíà À.È. Îöåíêà è ïðîãíîçèðîâàíèåìàñøòàáîâ ãèáåëè õèùíûõ ïòèö íà ËÝÏ â Íè-æåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè (ëåñíàÿ è ëåñîñòåïíàÿ

Ðèñ. 4. Ïòèöåîïàñíàÿîïîðà ËÝÏ ñ ðàçðóøåí-íûìè õîëîñòûìè èçîëÿ-òîðàìè (îñòàëèñü òîëüêîìåòàëëè÷åñêèå øòûðèäëÿ êðåïåæà õîëîñòûõèçîëÿòîðîâ – À). Ôîòî À.Ìàöûíà

Fig. 4. Electric pole poten-tially lethal to birds withdestroyed false insulators– A. Photo by A. Matsina

Ïðîâîä ÑÈÏ–3 íà îïî-ðàõ ñ øòûðåâûìè èçîëÿ-òîðàìè (ñëåâà – îáùèéâèä îïîðû, â öåíòðå – âèä íåñóùåé àðìàòóðû,ñïðàâà – èçîëÿòîð äëÿêðåïëåíèÿ ïðîâîäàÑÈÏ–3 è ñàì ïðîâîä).Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

Wire SIP–3 on electricpoles with up-right insu-lators (power line – at theleft, wire and insulator – on the right). Photos byI. Karjakin


ÊÎÌÏËÅÊÒ ÏÒÈÖÅÇÀÙÈÒÍÛÉ ÏÇÓ ÊÏ–1ÁÎáëàñòü ïðèìåíåíèÿÊîìïëåêò ïòèöåçàùèòíûé ÏÇÓ ÊÏ–1Á ïðåäíàçíà÷åí äëÿ ïðåäîòâ-

ðàùåíèÿ ãèáåëè ïòèö îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì íà ÂË 6–10 êÂ,îñíàù¸ííûõ øòûðåâûìè èçîëÿòîðàìè ØÑ–10, ØÔ–10 è ØÔ–20 ñáîêîâîé âÿçêîé ïðîâîäà. Íàèáîëüøèé çàùèòíûé ýôôåêò äîñòèãàåò-ñÿ ïðè óñòàíîâêå êîìïëåêòîâ ÏÇÓ ÊÏ–1Á íà îãîëîâêàõ æ/á îïîð ÂË6–10 êÂ ñ ìåòàëëè÷åñêèìè òðàâåðñàìè.

Îïèñàíèå ïðîäóêöèèÏÇÓ ÊÏ–1Á ñîñòîèò èç êîëïàêà ñôåðè÷åñêîé ôîðìû (1 øò.), ãèá-

êèõ êîæóõîâ (4 øò.) è õîìóòîâ (6 øò.). Âñå ýëåìåíòû èçãîòîâëåíû èçïîëèìåðíûõ âîäîñòîéêèõ ìàòåðèàëîâ, óñòîé÷èâûõ ê àòìîñôåðíûìóñëîâèÿì (ÃÎÑÒ 16337–77, 16338–85). Ïîâåðõíîñòü èçäåëèé ãëàä-êàÿ. Çàùèòíûé êîëïàê îòêðûò ñ íèæíåé ñòîðîíû è èìååò äâà áîêî-âûõ âåðòèêàëüíûõ êàíàëà äëÿ âûõîäà ïðîâîäà. Êîæóõè â ñå÷åíèèïðÿìîóãîëüíûå ñî ñôåðè÷åñêîé âåðõíåé ÷àñòüþ. Âîëíèñòàÿ ôîðìàñòåíîê êîæóõîâ ïîçâîëÿåò ïðè íåîáõîäèìîñòè èçãèáàòü èõ âî âðå-ìÿ ìîíòàæà. Ïðåäóñìîòðåíî ìåõàíè÷åñêîå ñîåäèíåíèå îòäåëüíûõýëåìåíòîâ ìåæäó ñîáîé ïðè óñòàíîâêå íà øòûðåâûõ èçîëÿòîðàõ ÂË6–10 êÂ è ôèêñàöèÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ êðåïåæíûõ õîìóòîâ.

Òåõíè÷åñêèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêèÐàçìåðû êîëïàêàÄèàìåòð – 180 ììÂûñîòà – 170 ììÌàêñèìàëüíàÿ äëèíà – 210 ììÒîëùèíà ñòåíêè – 1 ììÐàçìåðû êîæóõàÄëèíà – 300 ììÂûñîòà – 40 ììÂíóòðåííèé äèàìåòð – 18 ììÒîëùèíà ñòåíêè – 2 ììÒåìïåðàòóðà ýêñïëóàòàöèè – îò

+55°Ñ äî –35°ÑÄëèíà çàùèùàåìîãî ó÷àñòêà ëèíèè

– 1290 ììÂåñ êîìïëåêòà – 400 ãð.ÏðîèçâîäèòåëüÎÎÎ «ÈÒÑ», Í.Íîâãîðîä, ÐîññèÿÊîíòàêò:ÎÎÎ «ÈÒÑ»Ðîññèÿ, Í.Íîâãîðîäits–[email protected]

BIRD PROTECTING CONSTRUCTION(PZU KP–1B)

Sphere of usingBird protecting construction (PZU

KP–1B) is intended for preventing elec-trocution of birds on overhead powerlines with medium voltage (6–10 kV)equipped with upright insulators.

DescriptionPZU KP–1B consists of spherical cap

(1 copy), flexible hoods (4 copies) andbelts (6 copies). All elements are madeof PVC-materials, steady against at-mospheric conditions. There is me-chanical connection of some elementsbetween themselves to erect on up-right insulators in PL 6–10 kV.

Technique parametersSizes of the capDiameter – 180 mmHeight – 170 mmLength – 210 mmThickness of the wall – 1 mmSizes of the hoodLength – 300 mmHeight – 40 mmInternal diameter – 18 mmThickness of the wall – 2 mmTemperature of using – from +55°Ñ

to –35°Ñ.Length of the protected site of line –

1290 mm.Mass – 400 g.ProducerJSC «ITS», N.Novgorod, Russia.Contact:JSC «ITS»N.Novgorod, Russiaits–[email protected]

Ðèñ. 5. Êîìïëåêò ïòèöåçàùèòíûéÏÇÓ ÊÏ–1Á

Fig. 5. Russian bird protecting con-struction (PZU KP–1B)

çîíà Åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè). – Ïåðíàòûåõèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005. ¹ 2. Ñ. 33–41.

Ìàöûíà À.È. Ðåãèîíàëüíàÿ îöåíêà ìàñø-òàáîâ ãèáåëè ïòèö ïðè êîíòàêòå ñ ËÝÏ (íàïðèìåðå Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè). – Îðíè-òîëîãè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ â Ñåâåðíîé Åâ-ðàçèè: Òåçèñû XII Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé îðíèòîëî-ãè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè.Ñòàâðîïîëü: Èçä-âî ÑÃÓ. 2006. Ñ. 340–342.

Ïåðåðâà Â.È., Áëîõèí À.Î. Îöåíêà ãèáåëèðåäêèõ âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêò-ðîïåðåäà÷. – Áèîëîãè÷åñêèå àñïåêòû îõðà-íû ðåäêèõ æèâîòíûõ. Ì. 1981. Ñ. 36–39.

Ñàëòûêîâ À.Â. Ðóêîâîäñòâî ïî ïðåäîòâðà-ùåíèþ ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðå-

äà÷è 6–10 êÂ. Ìåòîäè÷åñêîå ïîñîáèå. Óëüÿ-íîâñê. 1999. 43 ñ.

Ñòàðèêîâ Ñ.Â. Ìàññîâàÿ ãèáåëü õèùíûõïòèö íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷ â Çàéñàíñ-êîé êîòëîâèíå (Âîñòî÷íûé Êàçàõñòàí). –Selevinia. 1996/1997. Ñ. 233–234.

Òðåáîâàíèÿ ïî ïðåäîòâðàùåíèþ ãèáåëèîáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà ïðè îñóùåñòâëåíèèïðîèçâîäñòâåííûõ ïðîöåññîâ, à òàêæå ïðèýêñïëóàòàöèè òðàíñïîðòíûõ ìàãèñòðàëåé,òðóáîïðîâîäîâ, ëèíèé ñâÿçè è ýëåêòðîïåðå-äà÷è (óòâ. ïîñòàíîâëåíèåì Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà ÐÔîò 13 àâãóñòà 1996 ã. N 99).


Ïîðàæåíèå îò ýëåêòðîòîêàíà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è(ËÝÏ) 6–10 êÂ ÿâëÿåòñÿ îä-íèì èç îñíîâíûõ ôàêòîðîâ,íåãàòèâíî ñêàçûâàþùèõñÿíà äèíàìèêå ÷èñëåííîñòèìíîãèõ âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèöâ àðèäíûõ çîíàõ. Êàçàõñòàí– ñòåïíàÿ ñòðàíà è ëîãè÷íîïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî äàííûéôàêòîð çäåñü íàèáîëåå îùó-òèìî âëèÿåò íà õèùíûõ ïòèö,ïðè÷¸ì ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íå òîëü-êî â Êàçàõñòàíå, íî è â Ðîñ-ñèè, è ïîãèáàþùèõ íà ËÝÏâ õîäå ìèãðàöèè.

Â óñëîâèÿõ èíòåíñèôèêà-öèè â Êàçàõñòàíå íåôòå- èãàçîäîáû÷è è ðàçâèòèÿ èí-ôðàñòðóêòóðû íåôòå- è ãà-çîïðîâîäîâ, à òàêæå ñîïóòñòâóþùåé èì èí-ôðàñòðóêòóðû àíòèêîððîçèîííûõ ËÝÏ,áûëà ïðåäïðèíÿòà ïîïûòêà îöåíèòü óùåðá,íàíåñ¸ííûé êàê ìåñòíûì, òàê è ìèãðèðóþ-ùèì õèùíûì ïòèöàì ïòèöåîïàñíûìè ËÝÏ(ÏÎ ËÝÏ) â íåñêîëüêèõ ìîäåëüíûõ ïðèðîä-íûõ ðàéîíàõ Çàïàäíîãî è Öåíòðàëüíîãî Êà-

Êîíòàêò:

Èãîðü ÊàðÿêèíÖåíòð ïîëåâûõèññëåäîâàíèé603000 ÐîññèÿÍèæíèé Íîâãîðîäóë. Êîðîëåíêî, 17a–17òåë.: +7 (831) 433 38 [email protected]

Contact:

Igor KaryakinCenter of Field StudiesKorolenko str., 17a–17Nizhniy Novgorod603000 Russiatel.: +7 (831) 433 38 [email protected]

Electrocutions on power lines with voltage6–10 kV is the one of the significant factorsimpacting negatively on dynamics of numberof many species of birds of prey in steppes,semideserts and deserts in Kazakhstan. Wemonitored 13 fragments of power lines po-tentially lethal to raptors with total length288.2 km (fig. 1, table 1) in 2003–2007. Weregistered all fresh corpses of electrocutedbirds of prey in the monitored fragments.Also in the zone of influence of potentiallylethal power lines (up to 5 km) we recordedall living birds of prey and, whenever possi-ble, searched their nests.

Monitoring the zone of influence of thepower line we recorded 81 living birds ofprey that was only 26.6 % from the totalnumber of recorded birds. We found 223carcasses of electrocuted raptors (73.4 %).The power line seems to be the most haz-ards for White-tailed Eagles (Haliaeetus al-

Lines-Killers�Continue�to�Harvest�the�Mortal�Crop�in�Kazakhstan

ЛИНИИ�СМЕРТИ�ПРОДОЛЖАЮТ�СОБИРАТЬ�СВОЙ�«ЧЁРНЫЙ»УРОЖАЙ�В�КАЗАХСТАНЕ

Karyakin�I.V.�(Center�for�Field�Studies,�N.Novgorod,�Russia)

Каря�ин�И.В.�(Центр�полевых�исследований,�Н.Нов�ород,�Россия)

Òåòåðåâÿòíèê (Accipiter gentilis), ïîãèáøèé îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì íà îïîðåïòèöåîïàñíîé ëèíèè ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è (ÏÎ ËÝÏ), îñíàù¸ííîé èçîëÿòîðàìè ñ îò-ïàéêîé. Ýòî îäíà èç ñàìûõ îïàñíûõ äëÿ ïòèö êîíñòðóêöèé. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

Electrocuted Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) on the electric pole equipped with insula-tors and jumper wires of the power line potentially lethal to birds. This particularconfiguration, where the jumper is above the phase, is one of the most dangeroustypes of poles. Photos by I. Karyakin

Ðèñ. 1. Îáñëåäîâàííûå ó÷àñòêè ïòèöåîïàñíûõ ËÝÏ âÊàçàõñòàíå â 2003–2007 ãã. Íóìåðàöèÿ ó÷àñòêîâ íàðèñóíêå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè â òàáëèöàõ 1–3

Fig. 1. Monitored fragments of power lines potentiallylethal to birds in Kazakhstan in 2003–2007. Numbersof fragments in the figure are similar with numbers intables 1–3


bicilla), Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos),Greater Spotted Eagles (Aquila clanga) andShort-toed Eagles (Circaetus gallicus), be-cause these species were registered onlyfurther than 5 km from the power line. TheSteppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) absolute-ly dominated among the electrocutedbirds, making 49.8 % from their totalnumber (fig. 2), and the portion of thespecies was high also in territories wherethis species does not breed.

Òàáë. 1. Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà îáñëåäîâàííûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïòèöåîïàñíûõ ËÝÏ

Table 1. Features of monitored fragments of power lines potentially lethal to birds

çàõñòàíà – Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ìåæäóðå÷üå,Ìóãîäæàðàõ, Ïðèàðàëüå, ïåñêàõ Ñàðû-Ñó èÁåòïàê-Äàëå.

Â 2003–2007 ãã. íà ïðåäìåò ãèáåëè õèù-íûõ ïòèö áûëè äåòàëüíî îáñëåäîâàíû 13ó÷àñòêîâ ÏÎ ËÝÏ, îáùåé ïðîòÿæåííîñòüþ288,2 êì (ðèñ. 1, òàáë. 1). Íà äàííûõ ó÷àñ-òêàõ ðåãèñòðèðîâàëèñü âñå ñâåæèå òðóïûõèùíûõ ïòèö è îñòàíêè óòèëèçèðîâàííûõïòèö, ïîãèáøèõ íå ðàíåå 7 äíåé äî íà÷àëàîáñëåäîâàíèÿ ËÝÏ. Ïàðàëëåëüíî ó÷¸òó

Ïòèöû, ïîãèáøèå îò ïî-ðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîìíà ÏÎ ËÝÏ â Êàçàõñòà-íå: 1 – êóðãàííèê (Buteo

rufinus), 2 – êàíþê (Buteo

buteo vulpinus), 3 – ÷¸ð-íûé êîðøóí (Milvus

migrans migrans), 4 –ëóíü ñòåïíîé (Circus

macrourus). Ôîòî È. Êà-ðÿêèíà

Electrocuted birds onpower lines potentially le-thal to birds in Kazakhstan:1 – Long-legged Buzzard(Buteo rufinus); 2 – Buz-zard (Buteo buteo vulpi-

nus); 3 – Black Kite (Mil-

vus migrans migrans); 4 –Pallid Harrier (Circus mac-

rourus). Photos by I. Kar-yakin


îñòàíêîâ ïòèö, ïîðàæ¸ííûõ ýëåêòðîòîêîì,â çîíå âëèÿíèÿ ËÝÏ (äî 5 êì) ó÷èòûâàëèñüâñå æèâûå õèùíûå ïòèöû, à òàêæå, ïî âîç-ìîæíîñòè, èñêàëèñü èõ ãí¸çäà.

Â õîäå ðàáîòû â çîíå âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏó÷òåíà 81 æèâàÿ õèùíàÿ ïòèöà, ÷òî ñîñòà-âèëî âñåãî ëèøü 26,6% îò îáùåãî êîëè÷å-ñòâà ó÷ò¸ííûõ ïòèö. Ïîä îïîðàìè ËÝÏîáíàðóæåíî 223 ñâåæèõ èëè ÷àñòè÷íî óòè-ëèçèðîâàííûõ çà ïðåäûäóùóþ íåäåëþ òðó-ïîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö, ïîãèáøèõ â ðåçóëüòàòåïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì (73,4%). Êàê âèä-íî èç òàáëèö 2 è 3, âëèÿíèå ÏÎ ËÝÏ íàðàçíûå âèäû ïòèö íåîäíîðîäíî è â ïåð-âóþ î÷åðåäü ñòðàäàþò êðóïíûå õèùíèêè –îðëû è îðëàíû. Ñîîòíîøåíèå ïîãèáøèõ è

Dangerous power lines have horrendouseffect especially in the regions with thedense breeding of the Steppe Eagle – upto 108.4 ind./10 km of the power line.More than 90 % of steppe eagles are killedby electrocution in the zone of influenceof power line at the beginning of thebreeding period and only 9.8 % of recordsare living birds, but in the most cases theyare killed during the breeding period. Theportion of living kestrels registered in thezone of the power line influence was 64.9% – it is only due to the small size of birds.The Long-legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus)and the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca)adapt to dangerous electric poles pres-

Òàáë. 2. Êîëè÷åñòâî âñòðå÷åííûõ ïòèö íà îáñëåäîâàííûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ÏÎ ËÝÏ. Íóìåðàöèÿ ó÷àñòêîâ â òàáëèöå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè âòàáë. 1 è íà ðèñ. 1. Æèðíûì øðèôòîì âûäåëåíû âèäû, ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ â çîíå âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ

Table 2. Number of recorded birds in monitored fragments of power lines potentially lethal to birds


æèâûõ ïòèö ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî êðóïíûå ìèã-ðàíòû, òàêèå êàê îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliae-etus albicilla), áåðêóò (Aquila chrysaetos),áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê (Aquila clanga) è çìåå-ÿä (Circaetus gallicus), ïîÿâëÿÿñü â çîíå âëè-ÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ, ãèáíóò äîâîëüíî áûñòðî,ïîýòîìó âèçóàëüíî ýòè âèäû íàáëþäàëèñüëèøü íà ðàññòîÿíèè áîëåå 5 êì îò ÏÎ ËÝÏ.

Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis) àáñî-ëþòíî ëèäèðóåò ñðåäè ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö, ñî-ñòàâëÿÿ 49,8% îò èõ îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâà(ðèñ. 2), ïðè÷¸ì äîëÿ åãî ãèáåëè âûñîêà èòàì, ãäå ýòîò âèä íå ãíåçäèòñÿ. Òàì æå, ãäåÏÎ ËÝÏ ïðîõîäÿò ÷åðåç ìåñòà åãî ìàññî-âîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, ìàñøòàáû ãèáåëè óæà-ñàþò – äî 108,4 ïòèö/10 êì ÏÎ ËÝÏ. Âíà÷àëå ãíåçäîâîãî ïåðèîäà â çîíå âëèÿíèÿÏÎ ËÝÏ ðåãèñòðèðóåòñÿ áîëåå ÷åì 90%-ÿãèáåëü ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ è ëèøü 9,8% âñòðå÷ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà æèâûõ ïòèö, ïðè÷¸ì â áîëü-

Òàáë. 3. Ïëîòíîñòü âñòðå÷åííûõ ïòèö íà îáñëåäîâàííûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ÏÎ ËÝÏ. Íóìåðàöèÿ ó÷àñòêîâ â òàáëèöå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè âòàáë. 1 è íà ðèñ. 1. Æèðíûì øðèôòîì âûäåëåíû âèäû, ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ â çîíå âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ

Table 3. Density of recorded bird in monitored fragments of power lines potentially lethal to birds (ind./10 km)

ence because in the zone of power lineinfluence more than a half of living birdsfrom the total number of records was reg-istered. Adaptation of adult Imperial Ea-gles is confirmed by the fact that the mostpart of recorded electrocuted eagles werejuvenile while the most records (60 %) ofother species were adults. 77.6 % of re-corded electrocuted birds were breedingand only 22.4 % were migrating. About80–90 % of recorded electrocuted birdsare Steppe Eagles and Long-legged Buz-zard in Western Kazakhstan. The portionof Golden Eagles and Short-toed Eagledis more in Central Kazakhstan. Only fol-lowing the data of satellite images Land-sat ETM + and QuickBird the length ofpotentially lethal for birds power lines is9478 km. According with average data ofour monitoring of power lines (7.74 ind./


øèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ îíè ïîãèáàþò â òå÷åíèåãíåçäîâîãî ïåðèîäà. Íà ïîñëåäíåå óêàçû-âàåò òî, ÷òî â çîíàõ âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ èçâå-ñòíû ëèøü åäèíè÷íûå ãí¸çäà ñòåïíûõ îð-ëîâ, ñîñòîÿíèå êîòîðûõ óêàçûâàëî íàóñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå â íèõ ïòèö õîòÿáû îäíîêðàòíî. Èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîñëåäíèõëåò â Çàïàäíîì Êàçàõñòàíå ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî âãëèíèñòûõ ïîëóïóñòûíÿõ ñòåïíîé îð¸ë ïû-òàåòñÿ ãíåçäèòüñÿ ïîä ÏÎ ËÝÏ, íî ïðè âîç-ìîæíîì îáèëèè 37,39 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ/100 êì ÏÎ ËÝÏ (ïî ó÷¸òó âñåõ ãí¸çä), ðå-àëüíîå îáèëèå æèëûõ ãí¸çä ñòåïíîãî îðëàñîñòàâëÿåò 16,03/100 êì ÏÎ ËÝÏ. Ò.å. íà57,14% ó÷àñòêîâ îðëû ãèáíóò â ïåðâûé æåìåñÿö ïîñëå ïðèë¸òà, ìíîãèå åù¸ íå óñ-ïåâ îòëîæèòü ÿéöà. Ê ðàçãàðó ïåðèîäà íà-ñèæèâàíèÿ ÿèö íà ÏÎ ËÝÏ íàáëþäàåòñÿëèøü 18,4% æèâûõ îðëîâ îò îáùåãî êîëè-÷åñòâà çàðåãèñòðèðîâàííûõ, âêëþ÷àÿ ìèã-ðàíòîâ, òîãäà êàê äîëÿ ïîãèáøèõ ñîñòàâëÿ-åò 81,6%. Âåñåííèå ó÷¸òû íà ìàðøðóòàõ(â ïåðèîä êëàäêè) ïîêàçàëè äîñòîâåðíîåóìåíüøåíèå (íà 27,5%) îáèëèÿ æèëûõãí¸çä â çîíå âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ. Åñëè â åñ-òåñòâåííûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ, óäàë¸ííûõîò ÏÎ ËÝÏ áîëåå ÷åì íà 3 êì, äîëÿ æè-ëûõ ãí¸çä ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ ñîñòàâëÿåò95,22±5,77%, òî â çîíå âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ(áëèæå 3-õ êì) äîëÿ æèëûõ ãí¸çä ñòåïíûõîðëîâ ñîñòàâëÿåò ëèøü 67,69±10,69%. Âöåëîì ïî Çàïàäíîìó Êàçàõñòàíó ìîæíîãîâîðèòü î ãèáåëè 5,98 îñîáåé/10 êì ÏÎËÝÏ èëè 0,6 ãí¸çä/10 êì ÏÎ ËÝÏ (Êàðÿ-êèí, Íîâèêîâà, 2006).

Áîëåå óñòîé÷èâûìè ê ãèáåëè îò ýëåêòðî-òîêà îêàçàëèñü ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca),êóðãàííèê (Buteo rufinus) è ïóñòåëüãà (Falcotinnunculus). Äîëÿ ðåãèñòðàöèè æèâûõ ïó-ñòåëüã â çîíå âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ äîñòàòî÷íîâûñîêà, è ñîñòàâëÿåò 64,9%, ÷òî îáúÿñíÿ-åòñÿ äîâîëüíî ìåëêèìè ðàçìåðàìè, êîòî-ðûå ïîçâîëÿþò èçáåæàòü çàìûêàíèÿ. Ñè-òóàöèÿ æå ñ êóðãàííèêîì, îêîëî ïîëîâèíûðåãèñòðàöèé êîòîðîãî ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà æè-âûõ ïòèö â çîíå âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ, è ìî-ãèëüíèêîì, ó êîòîðîãî êîëè÷åñòâî æèâûõïòèö â çîíå âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ äîìèíèðóåòíàä ïîãèáøèìè, íå âñåãäà ïîíÿòíà. Â ðÿäåñëó÷àåâ ñêëàäûâàåòñÿ âïå÷àòëåíèå, ÷òî ýòèâèäû ïðåêðàñíî èäåíòèôèöèðóþò îïàñ-íîñòü, èñõîäÿùóþ îò ÏÎ ËÝÏ, è íå ñàäÿòñÿíà ñìåðòîíîñíûå îïîðû. Â íåêîòîðûõ ñëó-÷àÿõ ìîãèëüíèêè àêòèâíî èñïîëüçóþò ïî-ãèáøèõ îò ýëåêòðîòîêà õèùíûõ ïòèö è âðà-íîâûõ â êà÷åñòâå êîðìà, ò.ê. ó ïàð,ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â çîíå âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ ïîäãí¸çäàìè ñêàïëèâàþòñÿ âî ìíîæåñòâå îñ-òàíêè õèùíèêîâ, êîòîðûõ â íîðìå îðëû â

10 km) about 58000 birds of prey are pro-jected to be killed by electrocution everyyear only during spring migration (8weeks). And the Steppe Eagles dominateabsolutely – about 29000 individuals.355500 individuals of electrocuted birdsof prey are the species listed in the RedData Book of Kazakhstan for murdering ofwhich are punished by the legislation.However the state nature protection bod-ies do not undertake any efforts on pun-ishment of owners of “power lines-killers”.We believe the target project on bird pro-tection actions to retrofit exiting electricpoles-killers should be realized in Kaza-khstan at the state level.

Çèìíÿê (Buteo lagopus), ïîãèáøèé îò ïîðàæå-íèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì íà ÏÎ ËÝÏ (âåðõíåå ôîòî)ñ õàðàêòåðíûìè ñëåäàìè îæîãîâ íà ëàïàõ(íèæíåå ôîòî). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

Electrocuted Rough-legged Buzzard (Buteo

lagopus) (upper image) with character burningsof legs (bottom image). Photos by I. Karyakin


òàêîì êîëè÷åñòâå äîáûâàòü íå â ñîñòîÿíèè.Íà àäàïòàöèþ âçðîñëûõ ìîãèëüíèêîâ êîïàñíîñòè ËÝÏ óêàçûâàåò è òîò ôàêò, ÷òîñðåäè ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö äîìèíèðóþò ñë¸òêè,êîãäà ó äðóãèõ âèäîâ (çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì

îðëàíà) áîëåå ÷åì â 60% ñëó÷àåâ ãèáíóòâçðîñëûå ïòèöû.

Àíàëèç ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ õèùíèêîâ â çîíåâëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ óêàçûâàåò íà òî, ÷òî77,6% ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà óñ-

Îðëû, ïîãèáøèå îò ïî-ðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîìíà ÏÎ ËÝÏ íåôòåïðîâî-äà «Êàçòðàíñîéë» Ïàâëî-äàð – Øûìêåíò â Êàçàõ-ñòàíå: 1–2 – ñòåïíûåîðëû (Aquila nipalensis),3 – ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila he-

liaca), 4 – îðëàí-áåëî-õâîñò (Haliaeetus

albicilla), 5 – çìååÿä(Circaetus gallicus). ÔîòîÈ. Êàðÿêèíà

Eagles, electrocuted onthe potentially lethalpower line along the «Ka-ztransoil» oil pipe-linePavlodar-Shymkent inKazakhstan: 1–2 – SteppeEagles (Aquila nipalensis);3 – Imperial Eagle (Aqui-

la heliaca); 4 – White-tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus

albicilla); 5 – Short-toedEagle (Circaetus gallicus).Photos by I. Karyakin


ëîâíî ìåñòíûõ, è ëèøü 22,4% ïîãèáøèõõèùíèêîâ ÿâëÿþòñÿ ìèãðàíòàìè, ïîãèáøè-ìè íà ïðîë¸òå. Èç óñëîâíî ìåñòíûõ ïòèöáîëåå ïîëîâèíû ïûòàþòñÿ ãíåçäèòüñÿ âçîíå âëèÿíèÿ ÏÎ ËÝÏ, î ÷¸ì ñâèäåòåëü-ñòâóþò ïóñòóþùèå ãí¸çäà. Òàêèì îáðàçîì,íà îïîðàõ ÏÎ ËÝÏ ãèáíóò â ïåðâóþ î÷å-ðåäü èìåííî êàçàõñêèå ïòèöû, íàñåëÿþùèåìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ, ÷åðåç êîòîðûå ïðîõîäÿòýòè «ëèíèè ñìåðòè».

Â Çàïàäíîì Êàçàõñòàíå îêîëî 80–90%ðåãèñòðàöèé ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö ïðèõîäèòñÿ íàñòåïíîãî îðëà è êóðãàííèêà. Èíàÿ ñèòóà-öèÿ ñêëàäûâàåòñÿ â öåíòðàëüíîì Êàçàõñòà-íå – â Áåòïàê-Äàëå è áàññåéíå Ñàðû-Ñó.

Äàííûå òåððèòîðèè ëåæàò â çîíå êî÷¸âîêáåðêóòà ìåæäó åãî êðóïíûìè ãíåçäîâû-ìè ãðóïïèðîâêàìè íà Êàðà-Òàó è Êàçàõ-ñêîì ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå, çäåñü òàêæå ëåæàòîñíîâíûå ìèãðàöèîííûå ïîòîêè ÿñòðå-áèíûõ, ïåðåâàëèâàþùèõ ãîðíûå ñèñòåìûÑðåäíåé Àçèè è çà Êàðà-Òàó âååðîì ðàç-ëåòàþùèõñÿ â ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîì, ñåâåð-íîì è ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íîì íàïðàâëåíèÿõ.Îòñþäà è íàèáîëüøåå ðàçíîîáðàçèå âè-äîâ, ïîãèáàþùèõ íà ÏÎ ËÝÏ Áåòïàê-Äàëû è áàññåéíà Ñàðû-Ñó, â òîì ÷èñëåâûñîêàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü òàêèõ ñåâåðî-âîñ-òî÷íûõ ìèãðàíòîâ êàê çèìíÿê (Buteolagopus), òåòåðåâÿòíèê (Accipiter gentilis)è ÷åðíîóõèé êîðøóí (Milvus migranslineatus). Ïîñëåäíèé ÿâíî äîìèíèðóåò ïî÷èñëåííîñòè íàä åâðîïåéñêèì êîðøóíîì(Milvus migrans migrans). Îñîáî ñëåäóåòîòìåòèòü àíòèêîððîçèîííóþ ËÝÏ âäîëüíåôòåïðîâîäà «Êàçòðàíñîéë» Ïàâëîäàð-Øûìêåíò, îáîðóäîâàííóþ íåêèì ïîäî-áèåì ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ ñîîðóæåíèé (ÏÇÓ)â âèäå ñòàëüíûõ óñîâ è ïðèñàä, íå èìåþ-ùèõ èçîëèðóþùèõ ïëàøåê, è ëèøü óâåëè-÷èâàþùèõ ãèáåëü ïòèö. Íà ýòîé ËÝÏ ãèá-íåò îãðîìíîå êîëè÷åñòâî çìååÿäîâ èáåðêóòîâ, ïî-âèäèìîìó, ìèãðèðóþùèõ êìåñòàì ãíåçäîâàíèÿ â Êàçàõñêèé ìåëêî-ñîïî÷íèê (Êàðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2005).

Îöåíèòü ïîëíîñòüþ óùåðá, íàíîñèìûéïåðíàòûì õèùíèêàì ÏÎ ËÝÏ â ñòåïíîéè ïîëóïóñòûííîé çîíàõ Êàçàõñòàíà, èìåÿíåáîëüøîé âðåìåííîé ñðåç íàáëþäåíèéâ ïåðèîä ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ñ 15 àïðåëÿïî 2 ìàÿ, è íå èìåÿ ïîëíûõ äàííûõ ïîïðîòÿæåííîñòè ÏÎ ËÝÏ, ïðàêòè÷åñêèíåâîçìîæíî. Òåì íå ìåíåå, â ïåðèîäâåñåííåé ìèãðàöèè (8 íåäåëü) òîëüêî íàÏÎ ËÝÏ, õîðîøî âûäåëÿåìûõ ïî ñíèì-

Ïòèöû, ïîãèáøèå îò ïî-ðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîìíà ÏÎ ËÝÏ â Êàçàõñòà-íå: ââåðõó – îáûêíîâåí-íàÿ ïóñòåëüãà (Falco

tinnunculus), âíèçó –ñòåïíàÿ ïóñòåëüãà (Falco

naumanni). Ôîòî È. Êà-ðÿêèíà

Electrocuted birds in Ka-zakhstan: upper – Kestrel(Falco tinnunculus), bot-tom – Lesser Kestrel (Fal-

co naumanni). Photos byI. Karyakin

Ðèñ. 2. Ñîîòíîøåíèå âèäîâ ïåðíàòûõ õèù-íèêîâ, ãèáíóùèõ îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðî-òîêîì â Êàçàõñòàíå

Fig. 2. Proportion of raptor species that elec-trocuted in Kazakhstan


êàì Landsat ETM+ è QuickBird, ïðîòÿ-æ¸ííîñòü êîòîðûõ ñîñòàâëÿåò 9478 êì,îïèðàÿñü íà óñðåäí¸ííûå äàííûå ïîâñåì îáñëåäîâàííûì ó÷àñòêàì ÏÎ ËÝÏ(7,74 îñîáåé/10 êì), ìîæíî ïðåäïîëà-ãàòü åæåãîäíóþ ãèáåëü â Êàçàõñòàíå îòïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì, êàê ìèíèìóì,îêîëî 58 òûñ. õèùíûõ ïòèö, èç êîòîðûõàáñîëþòíî äîìèíèðóåò ñòåïíîé îð¸ë –îêîëî 29 òûñ. îñîáåé. Äàííûå öèôðûõîðîøî ñîãëàñóþòñÿ ñ ïðåæíèìè îöåí-êàìè ãèáåëè ñòåïíîãî îðëà â Êàçàõñòàíå– îêîëî 26 òûñ. îñîáåé åæåãîäíî. Òîëü-êî â Çàïàäíîì Êàçàõñòàíå ïðè ïëîòíîñòèÏÎ ËÝÏ 12 êì/100 êì2 ñóììàðíàÿ ãè-áåëü ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ ìîæåò äîñòèãàòü 7,18îñîáåé/100 êì2 è 0,72 ãíåçä/100 êì2 âãîä, ÷òî ñîîòâåòñòâóåò åæåãîäíîé ãèáåëè1635 ãí¸çä îðëîâ, èëè 7,91% îò ÷èñëåí-íîñòè âèäà â Çàïàäíîì Êàçàõñòàíå (Êà-ðÿêèí, Íîâèêîâà, 2006), ãäå ãíåçäèòñÿ íåìåíåå ÷åòâåðòè êàçàõñêèõ ïòèö.

Èòàê, äàæå ïî ñàìûì ñêðîìíûì îöåí-êàì, â Êàçàõñòàíå åæåãîäíî ïîãèáàåòîêîëî 58 òûñ. õèùíûõ ïòèö, èç êîòîðûõ61% (35,5 òûñ. îñîáåé) – ýòî âèäû, çàíå-ñ¸ííûå â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Êàçàõñòàíà, çàóíè÷òîæåíèå êîòîðûõ çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâîìïðåäóñìîòðåíû èñêè. Îäíàêî ãîñóäàð-ñòâåííûå ïðèðîäîîõðàííûå îðãàíû íåïðåäïðèíèìàþò íèêàêèõ óñèëèé ïî íà-êàçàíèþ âèíîâíûõ â ìàññîâîì óáèéñòâåõèùíûõ ïòèö âëàäåëüöåâ ÏÎ ËÝÏ, õîòÿ âáîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ ýòî íåáåäíûå íåô-òå- è ãàçîäîáûâàþùèå êîìïàíèè, ñïîñîá-íûå íå òîëüêî âîçìåùàòü óùåðá, íî è ðå-êîíñòðóèðîâàòü ñâîè ËÝÏ, îñíàùàÿ èõäåéñòâèòåëüíî çàùèùàþùèìè ïòèö ÏÇÓ.

Óæå äàâíî íàñóùíî íàçðåëà íåîáõîäè-ìîñòü ðåàëèçàöèè öåëåâîãî ïðîåêòà ïîïòèöåçàùèòíûì ìåðîïðèÿòèÿì íà ÏÎ

ËÝÏ â Êàçàõñòàíå íà ãîñóäàðñòâåííîìóðîâíå. Ïåðâûé øàã â ðåàëèçàöèè ïðî-åêòà ñäåëàí ñèëàìè íàó÷íîé îáùåñòâåí-íîñòè – âûÿâëåíû îñîáî-îïàñíûå äëÿõèùíûõ ïòèö ËÝÏ. Ñëåäóþùèé øàã çà ãî-ñóäàðñòâåííûìè ïðèðîäîîõðàííûìèîðãàíàìè – îáÿçàòü âëàäåëüöåâ îñíàñòèòüÏÎ ËÝÏ ÏÇÓ â âèäå êîæóõîâ, èçîëèðóþ-ùèõ ïðîâîä è èçîëÿòîð. Íå òàê äàâíîïîÿâèëàñü ðîññèéñêàÿ ðàçðàáîòêà ÏÇÓòàêîãî òèïà, ñïåöèàëüíî äëÿ îñíàùåíèÿàíòèêîððîçèîííûõ ËÝÏ ñî øòûðåâûìèèçîëÿòîðàìè, êîòîðàÿ ìîæåò áûòü èñ-ïîëüçîâàíà è â Êàçàõñòàíå. Åñëè ïðèðî-äîîõðàííûìè îðãàíàìè Êàçàõñòàíà áóäóòèíèöèèðîâàíû ïðåöåäåíòû ïî ïðåäúÿâ-ëåíèþ èñêîâ âëàäåëüöàì ÏÎ ËÝÏ, âëà-äåëüöû áóäóò âûíóæäåíû îçàáîòèòüñÿðåàëèçàöèåé ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ ìåðîïðèÿ-òèé, ïîÿâèòñÿ ñïðîñ íà ÏÇÓ, èçãîòîâëå-íèå êîòîðûõ ìîæíî îðãàíèçîâàòü è ñè-ëàìè ïðåäïðèíèìàòåëåé íà ìåñòàõ.


Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î. ×¸ðíûåäûðû â ïîïóëÿöèÿõ õèùíûõ ïòèö (ãèáåëüõèùíûõ ïòèö íà ËÝÏ â Çàïàäíîé Áåòïàê-Äàëå), Êàçàõñòàí. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè èèõ îõðàíà. 2005. ¹ 4. Ñ. 29–32.

Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íîâèêîâà Ë.Ì. Ñòåïíîéîð¸ë è èíôðàñòðóêòóðà ËÝÏ â ÇàïàäíîìÊàçàõñòàíå. Åñòü ëè ïåðñïåêòèâà ñîñóùå-ñòâîâàíèÿ? – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõ-ðàíà. 2006. ¹ 6. Ñ. 48–57.

Íàèáîëåå ñìåðòîíîñíàÿ êîíñòðóêöèÿ äëÿ õèùíûõïòèö, íà îïîðàõ ÏÎ ËÝÏ íåôòåïðîâîäà «Êàçòðàíñîéë»Ïàâëîäàð-Øûìêåíò. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

The most hazardous construction to raptors of the «Ka-ztransoil» oil pipe-line Pavlodar-Shymkent.Photo by I. Karyakin

Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë è äâà êà-íþêà, ïîãèáøèå îò ïîðà-æåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì âòå÷åíèå äíÿ íà îäíîéîïîðå ÏÎ ËÝÏ. Ôîòî È.Êàðÿêèíà

Steppe Eagle and twobuzzards, electrocuted onan electric pole during aday. Photos by I. Karyakin


Â êîíöå àâãóñòà 2005 ã. â ðàìêàõ àêöèèÑîþçà îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè ïî ïðèâëå÷å-íèþ ñîâ â èñêóññòâåííûå ãí¸çäà íà òåððè-òîðèè Áîãîðîäñêîãî ðàéîíà Íèæåãîðîäñ-êîé îáëàñòè áûëè èçãîòîâëåíû èóñòàíîâëåíû 4 ãíåçäîâüÿ ÿùè÷íîãî òèïà(äàëåå ñîâÿòíèêè) äëÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íå-ÿñûòè (Strix uralensis). Â 2006 ã. âñå 4 ñî-âÿòíèêà áûëè çàíÿòûìè äëèííîõâîñòûìèíåÿñûòÿìè (Ëåâàøêèí, 2006).

Â 2007 ã. ñîâÿòíèêè ïðîâåðÿëèñü åäè-íîæäû, áåç ïîâòîðíûõ ïðîâåðîê. Ñîâÿò-íèêè ¹ 2 è 4 ïðîâåðÿëèñü 1 ìàÿ. ×òîáûíå îõëàäèòü íåäàâíî âûëóïèâøèõñÿ ïòåí-öîâ, íàñåäîê ñ íèõ íå ñãîíÿëè, ïîýòîìóêîëè÷åñòâî ïòåíöîâ è ÿèö äîñòîâåðíî íåîïðåäåëåíî. Òåì íå ìåíåå, â ñîâÿòíèêå ¹ 2áûë îáíàðóæåí 1 ïòåíåö, â ñîâÿòíèêå ¹ 4– 1 ÿéöî è 1 ïòåíåö. Ïîáëèçîñòè îò ñîâÿò-íèêà ¹ 4 áåñïîêîèëñÿ ñàìåö, èçäàâàÿ òî-

êîâûå ñèãíàëû. Â ñîâÿòíèêå¹ 3 ïðè ïðîâåðêå 9 ìàÿ íà-õîäèëîñü 4 ïòåíöà. Ïðè ïðè-áëèæåíèè íàáëþäàòåëÿ êãíåçäîâîìó äåðåâó ñàìêà âû-ëåòåëà èç ãíåçäà è ñòàëà àòà-êîâàòü íàáëþäàòåëÿ. Ñîâÿòíèê¹1 ïîñåùàëñÿ 16 ìàÿ. Âãíåçäå íàõîäèëîñü 3 êðóïíûõïòåíöà. Ïîâåäåíèå ñàìêèáûëî àãðåññèâíûì – óäàðÿëàâ ãîëîâó.

Â öåëîì çà 2 ãîäà â íàáëþ-äàåìûõ ãí¸çäàõ âûâîäîê (n=5)ñîñòàâèë â ñðåäíåì 3,0±1,22(1–4) ïòåíöà.

Â ñâÿçè ñ ðàííèì íàñòóï-ëåíèåì âåñíû ñðîêè ðàç-ìíîæåíèÿ íåÿñûòåé (è äðó-ãèõ îñ¸äëûõ âèäîâ ïòèö)áûëè ñäâèíóòû íà 2 íåäåëèðàíüøå. Ýòèì îáúÿñíÿåòñÿðàííåå âûëóïëåíèå ïòåíöîâïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ 2006 ã.,êîãäà îíî îòìå÷àëîñü ñ ñå-ðåäèíû ìàÿ.

Êîíòàêò:

Àëåêñåé ËåâàøêèíÍÍÃÓ603009 ÐîññèÿÍ.Íîâãîðîäóë. Áîí÷-Áðóåâè÷à, 1-56òåë.: +7 (831) 464 30 96ìîá.: +7 950 365 27 [email protected]

Contact:

Alexey LevashkinThe N.NovgorodState UniversityBonch-Bruevich str., 1-56Nizhniy Novgorod603009 Russiatel.: +7 (831) 464 30 96mob.: +7 950 365 27 [email protected]

Monitoring�Results�of�Nestboxes�for�Ural�Owl�in�the�Bogorodsk

Region�of�the�N.Novgorod�District,�Russia

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ�ПРОВЕРКИ�ГНЕЗДОВЫХ�ЯЩИКОВ�ДЛЯДЛИННОХВОСТОЙ�НЕЯСЫТИ�В�БОГОРОДСКОМ�РАЙОНЕНИЖЕГОРОДСКОЙ�ОБЛАСТИ,�РОССИЯ

Levashkin�A.P.�(N.Novgorod�State�University,�N.Novgorod,�Russia)

Леваш�ин�А.П.�(Ниже�ородс�ий��ос&дарственный�&ниверситет,�Нижний�Нов�ород,

Россия)

Activity for noting and attracting owls intonestboxes as an action of the Russian BirdConservation Union “Owl – Bird of Russia in2005”was carried out in the in the Bo-gorodsk region of the N.Novgorod district.That territory was also monitored in 2006–2007. All installed nestboxes were occupiedby Ural Owls (Strix uralensis) in 2006 and2007. Nestboxes No 2 and No 4 werechecked on 1 May, No 3 – on 9 May, No 1– on 16 May in 2007. 4 little chicks were inthe nestbox No 3, and 3 large chicks – inthe nestbox No 1.The average brood size was (n=5) 3.0±1.22(1–4) chicks. Chicks hatched out at the endof April – beginning of May in 2007. TheUral Owl’s breeding dates were for 2 weekearlier this year than in 2006 because springhas begun early.

Ïòåíöû äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè âñîâÿòíèêå ¹ 1. Ôîòî À. Ëåâàøêèíà

The chicks of the Ural Owl in a nestbox¹ 1. Photo by A. Levashkin


Ëåâàøêèí À.Ï. Ðåçóëüòàòû ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ äëèí-íîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè â èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿâ Áîãîðîäñêîì ðàéîíå Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñ-òè â 2006 ãîäó. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõ-

ðàíà. 2006. ¹ 6. Ñ. 21–23.

Ñàìêà äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè (Strix

uralensis) ãðååò ïòåíöîâ â ñîâÿòíèêå ¹ 2.Ôîòî À. Ëåâàøêèíà

The female of the Ural Owl (Strix uralensis)

with brood in nestbox ¹ 2. Photo byA. Levashkin

Raptors Research Raptors Conservation 2008, 11 23

Raptors� Research

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ� ПЕРНАТЫХ� ХИЩНИКОВ

Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê (Aquila clanga) ÿâëÿåòñÿóÿçâèìûì âèäîì, íàõîäÿùèìñÿ â Åâðîïå ïîäóãðîçîé èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ (Tucker, Heath, 1994),êàê, ñîáñòâåííî, è â Âîñòî÷íîé Àçèè (Collaret al., 2001). Ïðè ýòîì â åâðîïåéñêèõ è àçè-àòñêèõ ñâîäêàõ ïî ðåäêèì è óãðîæàåìûìâèäàì Çàïàäíàÿ Ñèáèðü ïî êàêèì-òî ïðè÷è-íàì âîîáùå íå ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ ìåæäóíà-ðîäíûì îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèì ñîîáùåñòâîì,õîòÿ îáùåèçâåñòíî, ÷òî ýòî îãðîìíàÿ òåð-ðèòîðèÿ, è íå ó÷èòûâàòü å¸, ïëàíèðóÿ ìåðî-ïðèÿòèÿ ïî îõðàíå óãðîæàåìûõ âèäîâ â Åâ-ðîïå è Àçèè, ïðîñòî áåçîòâåòñòâåííî.Ïîïóëÿöèè åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè, â òîì÷èñëå íàñåëÿþùèå òåððèòîðèþ Ïîâîëæüÿ,Ïðåäóðàëüÿ è Çàïàäíîãî Óðàëà, âíåñåíû âÊðàñíóþ êíèãó Ðîññèè (êàòåãî-ðèÿ 2), à òàêæå âî âñå ðåãèî-íàëüíûå Êðàñíûå êíèãè (èçäàí-íûå ëèáî óòâåðæä¸ííûå)ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â êàòåãîðèè1–2. Â òî æå âðåìÿ çàïàäíîñè-áèðñêèå ïîïóëÿöèè áîëüøîãîïîäîðëèêà äî ñèõ ïîð íå âêëþ-÷åíû â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Ðîññèè,õîòÿ âèä ïðèñóòñòâóåò â áîëü-øèíñòâå ðåãèîíàëüíûõ Êðàñ-íûõ êíèã Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè, èñîñòîÿíèå åãî ïîïóëÿöèé òðàê-òóåòñÿ êàê óãðîæàåìîå (Ïðè-ñÿæíþê è äð., 2004). Ñóäÿ ïîèíôîðìàöèè, ïðèâåä¸ííîé âðåãèîíàëüíûõ Êðàñíûõ êíèãàõ è ñîâðåìåí-íûõ ïóáëèêàöèÿõ èññëåäîâàòåëåé, áîëüøîéïîäîðëèê ÿâëÿåòñÿ íå òîëüêî ðåäêèì, íî èîäíèì èç ñàìûõ ìàëîèçó÷åííûõ âèäîâ íà-ñòîÿùèõ îðëîâ ðåãèîíà, îñîáåííî â Çàïàä-íîé Ñèáèðè.

Äàííàÿ ñòàòüÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïîïûòêîé ñâåñ-òè âîåäèíî èíôîðìàöèþ, íàêîïëåííóþïî ýòîìó âèäó àâòîðîì çà ïåðèîä ñ 1989ïî 2007 ãã.

Êîíòàêò:

Èãîðü ÊàðÿêèíÖåíòð ïîëåâûõèññëåäîâàíèé603000 ÐîññèÿÍèæíèé Íîâãîðîäóë. Êîðîëåíêî, 17a–17òåë.: +7 (831) 433 38 [email protected]

Contact:

Igor KaryakinCenter of Field StudiesKorolenko str., 17a–17Nizhniy Novgorod603000 Russiatel.: +7 (831) 433 38 [email protected]

The�Greater�Spotted�Eagle�in�the�Volga�Region,�Ural�Mountains

and�Western�Siberia

БОЛЬШОЙ�ПОДОРЛИК�В�ПОВОЛЖЬЕ,�НА�УРАЛЕ�И�В�ЗАПАДНОЙСИБИРИ

Karyakin�I.V.�(Center�for�Field�Studies,�N.Novgorod,�Russia)

Каря�ин�И.В.�(Центр�полевых�исследований,�Н.Нов�ород,�Россия)

Distribution of the Greater Spotted Eagle(Aquila clanga) was surveyed during fieldtrips in 1989 – 2007. To estimate a numberof the Greater Spotted Eagle in GIS the mapof potential nesting forests that encompassa total area of 57693.19 km2 – in the Volga-Ural region and 13519.71 km2 – in WesternSiberia was created. Also we set 9 studyplots in the Volga-Ural region. The total areaof potential nesting forests in the all of plotswas 975.05 km2. Extrapolation of data wascarried out for every local population: den-sity of breeding pairs in potential nestingforests of a study plot was extrapolated forthe total area of potential nesting forestswithin local population ranges.

Ïòåíöû áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà (Aquila clanga) â ãíåçäå.Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

Chicks of the Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga).Photo by I. Karyakin

Statistical analysis was realized with us-ing following software: MS Excel 2003, Spa-tial Statistics 1.0, Statistica 6.0.

During our surveys in the Volga-Ural re-gion 417 adults and subadults of the Great-

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 1124

Ïðèðîäíàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà

ðåãèîíà

Ðàññìàòðèâàåìûé â ðàìêàõ äàííîé ñòà-òüè îáøèðíûé ðåãèîí ïðîñòèðàåòñÿ îò ñòå-ïè äî ñðåäíåé òàéãè è äåëèòñÿ íà äâå íå-ðàâíûå ÷àñòè Óðàëüñêèìè ãîðàìè, êîòîðûåîïðåäåëÿþò ãðàíèöó ìåæäó ìàêðîïîïóëÿ-öèÿìè ïîäîðëèêîâ.

Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêèé ðåãèîí â î÷åð÷åííûõíàìè ãðàíèöàõ îõâàòûâàåò Ïîâîëæüå (áàñ-ñåéí Ñðåäíåé Âîëãè), Ïðåäóðàëüå è Óðàë(Þæíûé, Ñðåäíèé è þã Ñåâåðíîãî Óðàëà)â ïðåäåëàõ àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ ãðàíèö îòÍèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè è Ìîðäîâèè íàçàïàäå äî Ïåðìñêîé îáëàñòè è Áàøêèðèèíà âîñòîêå è îò Ñàìàðñêîé è Îðåíáóðãñ-êîé îáëàñòåé íà þãå äî Êèðîâñêîé è Ïåð-ìñêîé îáëàñòåé íà ñåâåðå.

Çàïàäíàÿ Ñèáèðü ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ â ïðå-äåëàõ àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ ãðàíèö îò Ñâåðä-ëîâñêîé è ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòåé äî Òîìñ-êîé, Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòåé è Àëòàéñêîãîêðàÿ âêëþ÷èòåëüíî. Íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òîòåððèòîðèÿ Õàíòû-Ìàíñèéñêîãî àâòîíîì-íîãî îêðóãà âõîäèò â ãíåçäîâîé àðåàë ïî-äîðëèêà, â äàííîé ñòàòüå îíà íå ðàññìàò-ðèâàåòñÿ, òàê êàê ëåæèò çà ïðåäåëàìèîáëàñòè îïòèìàëüíîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âèäà, àòàêæå ïîòîìó, ÷òî ïî íåé íåò ó÷¸òíûõ äàí-íûõ. Íà çàïàäå òåððèòîðèÿ îãðàíè÷åíàÓðàëüñêèìè ãîðàìè. Õîòÿ àäìèíèñòðàòèâ-íûå ãðàíèöû ×åëÿáèíñêîé è Ñâåðäëîâñêîéîáëàñòåé âûêëèíèâàþòñÿ çà Óðàë â Ïðåäó-ðàëüå, çàõâàòûâàÿ ÷àñòü èçîëèðîâàííûõëåñîñòåïåé Ïðåäóðàëüÿ (Óôèìñêàÿ è Ïðè-àéñêàÿ ðàâíèíû), îñíîâíàÿ òåððèòîðèÿëåæèò â Àçèè. Íà âîñòîêå Çàïàäíàÿ Ñèáèðüîãðàíè÷åíà ãîðíûìè ñèñòåìàìè Àëòàå-Ñà-ÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà: Ñàëàèðîì è çàïàäíûììàêðîñêëîíîì Àëòàÿ. Õîòÿ Ñàëàèð è ðàñ-ïîëàãàþùàÿñÿ âîñòî÷íåå íåãî Êóçíåöêàÿêîòëîâèíà ôîðìàëüíî âõîäÿò â ÇàïàäíóþÑèáèðü, â äàííîé ñòàòüå å¸ ãðàíèöà óñëîâ-íî ïðîâåäåíà áåç ó÷¸òà àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõãðàíèö Êåìåðîâñêîé îáëàñòè, ò.ê. òóò óñ-ëîâèÿ îáèòàíèÿ ïîäîðëèêà áëèæå ê óñëî-âèÿì â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå.

Ìåòîäèêà

Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è îñîáåííîñòè ýêîëîãèèáîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà èçó÷àëèñü â õîäå êîìï-ëåêñíûõ ýêñïåäèöèé ïî èçó÷åíèþ õèùíûõïòèö. Öåëåâûõ ïðîåêòîâ ïî èçó÷åíèþ ýòîãîâèäà íå îñóùåñòâëÿëîñü, ïîýòîìó äàííûå íåïðåòåíäóþò íà ïîëíîòó, õîòÿ è ïîçâîëÿþòïîíÿòü îáùóþ ñèòóàöèþ ñ âèäîì.

er Spotted Eagle were recorded in thespring-summer period and 336 adults andsubadults in the migrating period, 210breeding territories were visited. We found83 nests in 73 breeding territories of Great-er Spotted Eagles. In Western Siberia wefound 281 breeding territories and 157 nestsin 146 breeding territories.

The general part of surveyed pairs prefersforests in flood-lands (98.57%) to nest in theVolga-Ural region but in Western Siberia birdsprefer forests in watersheds near lakes andbogs to nest (62.99%) and only 37.01% werefound in flood-forests. The main nesting hab-itats of the Great Spotted Eagle are wet for-ests (94.76% in the Volga-Ural region and67.62% in Western Siberia). And if in theVolga-Ural region birds mainly prefer alderforests (71.43%) to inhabit in Western Sibe-ria they prefer pine forests (55.87%).

The density of Greater Spotted Eagles was4.76 breeding pairs/100 km2 of forested areaand 6.15 breeding pairs/100 km2 of poten-tial nesting forested area in the Volga-Uralregion and 6.55 breeding pairs/100 km2 offorested area and 8.73 breeding pairs/100 km2

of potential nesting forested area in WesternSiberia. The highest density (3.58–17.01 pairs/100 km2 of potential nesting forested area)was registered in bogged alder forests in flood-lands in the Volga-Ural region.

The average distance between GreaterSpotted Eagle nests in the all breedinggroups in the Volga-Ural region is 7.3±3.84km (E

x

= 1.43; n=125; range 2.15 – 20.88).In regions Greater Spotted Eagles return

into breeding territories at the end of March– the beginning of April. Birds lay eggs main-ly during 25 April–15 May. Latest clutchesare noted until 20 May. Earliest broods areregistered since 16–18 May. Chicks are

Ïòåíåö áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà.Ôîòî Ì. Ãðàáîâñêîãî

Chick of the Greater Spotted Eagle.Photo by M. Grabovskiy


Â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå ñ 1989 ïî2007 ãã. â ñòåïíîé è ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíàõàâòîìàðøðóòàìè áûëà îõâà÷åíà ïî÷òè âñÿîáëàñòü âîçìîæíîãî îáèòàíèÿ áîëüøîãîïîäîðëèêà. Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü àâòîìàð-øðóòîâ ñîñòàâèëà îêîëî 70 òûñ. êì. Ñïëàâîñóùåñòâëÿëñÿ ïî ðåêàì ×åðåìøàí è Ñà-ìàðà. Â ëåñíîé è ãîðíî-ëåñíîé çîíàõ (Ïåð-ìñêàÿ îáëàñòü è ðåñïóáëèêà Áàøêîðòîñòàí,÷àñòè÷íî Êèðîâñêàÿ, Íèæåãîðîäñêàÿ îáëà-ñòè è ðåñïóáëèêà Óäìóðòèÿ) ñïëàâîì ïðîé-äåíî áîëüøèíñòâî ðåê, ïî êîòîðûì âîçìî-æåí ñïëàâ íà áàéäàðêàõ. Âîäîõðàíèëèùàáûëè ïðîéäåíû ïîëíîñòüþ íà ìàëîìåðíûõñóäàõ «Ïðîãðåññ» è «Îáü» ñ ïîäâåñíûìèìîòîðàìè, ëèáî íà íàäóâíûõ ìîòîðíûõëîäêàõ. Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü âîäíûõ ìàð-øðóòîâ ñîñòàâèëà îêîëî 19 òûñ. êì.

Â 1999–2007 ãã. èññëåäîâàíèÿìè îõâà-÷åíî áîëüøèíñòâî îáëàñòåé Çàïàäíîé Ñè-áèðè, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ïðåäåëàõ ëåñî-ñòåïíîé çîíû. Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòüàâòîìàðøðóòîâ ñîñòàâèëà îêîëî 50 òûñ. êì.Ñïëàâîì ïðîéäåíî áîëüøèíñòâî ðåê, ïîêîòîðûì âîçìîæåí ñïëàâ íà áàéäàðêàõ, âãîðíî-ëåñíîé è ëåñíîé çîíàõ Ñâåðäëîâñ-êîé è ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòåé, à òàêæå ð.Áåðäü â Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè. Îáùàÿïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü âîäíûõ ìàðøðóòîâ ñîñòàâè-ëà îêîëî 9,5 òûñ. êì.

Â õîäå ðàáîòû ðåãèñòðèðîâàëèñü âñåâñòðå÷è îðëîâ è, ïî âîçìîæíîñòè, èñêàëèñüèõ ãí¸çäà. Âñå âñòðå÷è ïòèö è íàõîäêè ãí¸çäêàðòèðîâàëèñü è âíîñèëèñü â ñðåäó ÃÈÑ âArcView 3x ESRI. Äàííûå, ñîáðàííûå ïîñ-ëå 1998 ã., ïðèâÿçûâàëèñü ê ñèñòåìå êîîð-äèíàò ñ ïîìîùüþ ïåðñîíàëüíûõ ñïóòíèêî-âûõ íàâèãàòîðîâ Garmin.

Ðåãèñòðàöèÿ ïòèö îñóùåñòâëÿëàñü â õîäåâèçóàëüíîãî íàáëþäåíèÿ çà ìåñòíîñòüþ ñïîìîùüþ áèíîêëåé è çðèòåëüíûõ òðóá óâå-ëè÷åíèåì 12–60 êðàò ñ òî÷åê, ðàñïîëîæåí-íûõ íà âîçâûøåííûõ ýëåìåíòàõ ðåëüåôà,ëèáî ñðåäè îòêðûòîãî ïðîñòðàíñòâà â 200–1500 ì îò îïóøåê ëåñîâ. Â ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâäëÿ íàáëþäåíèÿ â ëåñíîé ìåñòíîñòè èñïîëü-çîâàëèñü âåðøèíû ìàÿ÷íûõ äåðåâüåâ, ïî-æàðíûå è ãåîäåçè÷åñêèå âûøêè. Ðàññòîÿ-íèå ìåæäó òî÷êàìè íàáëþäåíèéâàðüèðîâàëî îò 1 äî 6 êì, â çàâèñèìîñòèîò òèïà ìåñòíîñòè, è áûëî ìèíèìàëüíûì âìåñòàõ ñ íàèáîëåå ïåðåñå÷¸ííûì ðåëüå-ôîì è áîëüøåé ïëîùàäüþ ëåñîïîêðûòûõó÷àñòêîâ. Ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü íàáëþäåíèéíà òî÷êàõ âàðüèðîâàëà îò 30 ìèíóò äî 5÷àñîâ, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì îêîëî 2–3 ÷à-ñîâ. Ìåæäó òî÷êàìè èññëåäîâàòåëüñêàÿãðóïïà ïåðåäâèãàëàñü íà àâòîìîáèëÿõ ÂÀÇ21213 «Íèâà» è ÓÀÇ 31519, ëèáî ñïëàâëÿ-

hutching out mainly on 2 – 15 June. Latestbroods are registered until 30 June. Chicksset in the nest 49–58 days. Fledglings leavethe nest on 25 July–15 August. Greater Spot-ted Eagles start to migrate in September.

In the Volga-Ural region Greater SpottedEagles prefer to build their nests (n=83) onalder trees (48.19%) and a pine trees(27.71%). Birch as a nesting tree is at the thirdplace (15.15%). At all in the range we regis-tered 68.67% of nests on deciduous trees and31.33% – on coniferous. But in Western Sibe-ria eagles (n=172) prefer pine trees (50.58%)and birch trees (44.77%) to nest, and weregistered only 49.42% of nests on decidu-ous trees and 50.58% – on coniferous.

The average distance between nesting treeand the edge of forest is 510.67±444.12 m(n=83; range 100–2100 m; E

x

= 3.63) in theVolga-Ural region and 173.67±206.93 m(n=157; range 100–1000 m; E

x

= 3.48) inWestern Siberia, by the way the longest dis-tances were noted in bog-forests amonggrassland. The edge of forest is rare close toa river or a water reservoir (8.43%).

Birds prefer the densest part of forest as anesting habitat in both regions. For nestbuilding birds (n=83 in the Volga-Ural regionand n=157 in Western Siberia) use mainly abranch fork (77.11% and 74.57% according-ly) in the middle part (73.49% and 41.4%) orin the upper part of tree (20.48% and 36.94%).The average height of nest position was9.58±3.80 m (n=83; range 4–20 m) in theVolga-Ural region and 7.22±3.12 m (n=157;range 3–18 m) in Western Siberia.

The nests built by Greater Spotted Eagleshave some particular features. Greater Spot-ted Eagles use for building nest fresh branch-es with foliage. In coniferous forests eaglescover the bottom of nest with the layer ofconifer branches (obligatory with green nee-dles), in deciduous forests it is replaced thelayer of green leaves.

During the all period of surveys we ob-served only full clutches consisted of 2 eggs(n=19). The average size of eggs was68.88õ54.40 mm (range 63.0 – 74.5 õ 50.0– 57.7 mm).

Broods as a rule consist of 1–2 chicks. Weobserved 50 broods in the Volga-Ural regionand 66 broods in Western Siberia, the aver-age sizes of broods were 1.24±0.43 and1.44±0.5chicks or fledglings accordingly.

Analysis of preys, pellets and their remainssurveyed in nests (n=482) was shown themammals to dominate in the diet of GreaterSpotted Eagle (74.7%), the portion of birdsin the diet was 16.0%.


ëàñü ïî ðåêå íà áàéäàðêàõ. Íàáëþäåíèÿíà ìàðøðóòàõ è òî÷êàõ â îáÿçàòåëüíîì ïî-ðÿäêå ñî÷åòàëè ñ îñìîòðîì ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõáèîòîïîâ íà ïðåäìåò îáíàðóæåíèÿ ãí¸çä,äàæå åñëè îòñóòñòâîâàëè ðåãèñòðàöèè ïòèö.Â íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ ïðàêòèêîâàëîñü ïîëíîåïðî÷¸ñûâàíèå ëåñíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ – â ñèëüíîìîçàè÷íûõ ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïàõ (ïîé-ìà ð. Áåëîé), â áîðàõ ïî áåðåãàì îç¸ð èáîëîò, íà ðå÷íûõ òåððàñàõ. Îäíàêî â áîëü-øèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ ïîèñê ãí¸çä áûë îðèåíòè-ðîâàí íà òèïè÷íûå äëÿ ïîäîðëèêà ïîñòðîé-êè â ïðèîïóøå÷íîé çîíå êðóïíûõ, ëèáîâíóòðåííåé ÷àñòè ìåëêèõ îñòðîâíûõ îëüøà-íèêîâ (â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå) èëè âïðèîïóøå÷íîé çîíå áîðîâ èëè ëèñòâåííûõëåñîâ ñðåäè âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ (âÇàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè). Â ýòîì ñëó÷àå, â öåëÿõýêîíîìèè âðåìåíè, ïðè íàõîäêå îäíîãîãíåçäà, ïîèñê ñëåäóþùåãî ïðåäïðèíèìàëñÿíà ïðåäïîëàãàåìûõ ó÷àñòêàõ äðóãèõ ïàð ëèøüíà ðàññòîÿíèè ïîëóòîðà êì îò íàéäåííîãî, àâíóòðè ýòîé áóôåðíîé çîíû (ðàäèóñîì 1,5êì) ïîèñê íå îñóùåñòâëÿëñÿ.

Ó÷¸ò íà ìàðøðóòàõ îñóùåñòâëÿëñÿ íà íåî-ãðàíè÷åííîé ïîëîñå, â õîäå íåãî îïðåäå-ëÿëîñü ñðåäíåå ðàññòîÿíèå ïî ñîâîêóïíî-ñòè ðàäèàëüíûõ äèñòàíöèé äî âñòðå÷åííûõïòèö â ìîìåíò èõ ïåðâîé ðåãèñòðàöèè,øèðèíà ó÷¸òíîé ïîëîñû ðàññ÷èòûâàëàñü êàêóäâîåííîå ñðåäíåå ðàññòîÿíèå îò ó÷¸ò÷è-êà äî ïòèöû (Êàðÿêèí, 2000; 2004).

Íà êëþ÷åâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ, ãäå áûëà îáíà-ðóæåíà îòíîñèòåëüíî âûñîêàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòüïîäîðëèêà (òî åñòü, âûÿâëåíî áîëåå 3-õïàð, ó÷àñòêè êîòîðûõ ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ ïî ñî-

ñåäñòâó äðóã ñ äðóãîì), çàêëàäûâàëèñü ïëî-ùàäêè, àëãîðèòì îáñëåäîâàíèÿ êîòîðûõ áûëòàêèì æå, êàê ïðè ðàáîòå ïî âûÿâëåíèþâèäà âíå ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäåé, ñ òîé ëèøü ðàç-íèöåé, ÷òî íà ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäêàõ ìåòîäè÷-íî îñìàòðèâàëñÿ âåñü äîñòóïíûé äëÿ íàáëþ-äåíèÿ ñåêòîð ðàäèóñîì 1,5–3 êì ñ äîâîëüíîøèðîêîé çîíîé ïåðåêðûòèÿ, à íàáëþäåíèÿíà òî÷êàõ âåëèñü íå ìåíåå 2-õ ÷àñîâ.

Â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå çàëîæåíû9 ïëîùàäîê ïëîùàäüþ 102,6–840,9 êì2.Îáùàÿ ïëîùàäü ïëîùàäîê ñîñòàâèëà2872,54 êì2.

Â Ñâåðäëîâñêîé îáëàñòè ïîëíîöåííûåïëîùàäî÷íûå ó÷¸òû íå ïðîâîäèëèñü, ïî-ýòîìó îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîäîðëèêà âýòîé îáëàñòè îñíîâàíà íà ýêñòðàïîëÿöèèó÷¸òíûõ äàííûõ íà ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ðåê,èìåþùèõ ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûå áèîòîïû âíóò-ðè çîíû óñòàíîâëåííîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áîëü-øîãî ïîäîðëèêà (ïîÿñíåíèÿ â òåêñòå).

Â ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè çàëîæåíî 8 ïëî-ùàäîê (5 – â áîðîâûõ ìàññèâàõ è 3 – â êîë-êîâûõ ëåñàõ), îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 682,6 êì2

(37,6–259,6 êì2). Ïëîùàäü ëåñîâ íà ïëî-ùàäêàõ ñîñòàâèëà 248,3 êì2 (6,1–56,5 êì2).

Â Êóðãàíñêîé îáëàñòè ïëîùàäî÷íûå ó÷¸-òû íå ïðîâîäèëèñü, õîòÿ ïðîâåä¸í ó÷¸òâäîëü áîðîâûõ îïóøåê: îñìîòðåíî 90,39êì îïóøåê áîðîâ âäîëü âîäíî-áîëîòíûõêîìïëåêñîâ.

Â Òþìåíñêîé îáëàñòè ïðîâåä¸í åäèí-ñòâåííûé ó÷¸ò íà ïëîùàäêå áëèç ñ¸ë Ëîêòèè Íîâîëîêòè â 30 êì îò ã. Èøèì. Ïëîùàäüïëîùàäêè ñîñòàâèëà 156,34 êì2, ïëîùàäüëåñîâ – 50,76 êì2, ïåðèìåòð îïóøåê –

Ðèñ. 1. Ñîîòíîøåíèåïëîùàäåé îáëàñòåé èïëîùàäåé ãíåçäîïðèãîä-íûõ äëÿ áîëüøîãî ïîäîð-ëèêà (Aquila clanga) áèî-òîïîâ â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîìðåãèîíå

Fig. 1. Correlation be-tween area regions andarea potential nesting bi-otopes of the GreaterSpotted Eagle (Aquila

clanga) in Volgà-Ural re-gion


123,72 êì, ïåðèìåòð îïóøåê âäîëü âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ – 87,5 êì. Òàêæåïðîâåä¸í ó÷¸ò âäîëü áîðîâûõ ìàññèâîâ:îñìîòðåíî 55 êì îïóøåê.

Â Îìñêîé îáëàñòè ïîëíîöåííûå ïëîùà-äî÷íûå ó÷¸òû íå ïðîâîäèëèñü. Ïðîâåä¸íó÷¸ò íà çàïàäå îáëàñòè (áîëîòî Îðëîâñêîåçàéìèùå), â õîäå êîòîðîãî îñìîòðåíî115,81 êì îïóøåê áåð¸çîâûõ ëåñîâ âäîëüâîäíî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ (îïóøêè ïðî-ñìàòðèâàëèñü íà 0,3–0,5 êì).

Â Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè â 1999 ã. ïðî-âåä¸í ó÷¸ò ïîäîðëèêà â Ñóçóíñêîì áîðó,ãäå îñìîòðåíî 17,1 êì îïóøå÷íîé çîíûâäîëü îç¸ð è áîëîò, â 2001 ã. – â áåð¸çî-âîé ëåñîñòåïè Ïðèîáñêîãî ïëàòî âäîëüâîäîõðàíèëèùà è ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íîãî êðàÿÁóðëèíñêîé ëåíòû, ãäå îñìîòðåíî 36,2 êìîïóøåê êîëêîâûõ ëåñîâ. Çàëîæåíî 4 ïëî-ùàäêè ñ ðàçíîé äîëåé ëåñà è îáâîäí¸ííîñ-òè òåððèòîðèè â öåíòðàëüíîé è þæíîé Áà-ðàáå îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 915,9 êì2 (31,9 –457,56 êì2, â ñðåäíåì 228,98±184,08 êì2).Ïëîùàäü ëåñîâ íà ïëîùàäêàõ ñîñòàâèëà86,9 êì2 (13,07 – 34,83 êì2, â ñðåäíåì21,73±9,28 êì2). Ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îïóøåê íàïëîùàäêàõ ñîñòàâèëà 244,73 êì (39,18 –89,86 êì, â ñðåäíåì 61,18±21,11 êì).

Â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå ó÷¸ò ÷èñëåííîñòè ïî-äîðëèêà ïðîâåä¸í â ëåíòî÷íûõ áîðàõ Îá-ñêîãî ëåâîáåðåæüÿ è â Ïðèîáñêîì áîðó èáûë îðèåíòèðîâàí íà âûÿâëåíèå ãíåçäî-âûõ ó÷àñòêîâ â ïðèîïóøå÷íîé çîíå ëåñîââäîëü âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ. Îáñëå-

äîâàíî 75,9 êì îïóøå÷íîé çîíû âäîëü îç¸ðè áîëîò â ëåíòî÷íûõ áîðàõ è 32,4 êì – âÏðèîáñêîì áîðó (þã Êàðàêàíñêîãî áîðà).Çà ïåðèîä 2003–2006 ãã., åñòåñòâåííî, âêðàå áûëî îáñëåäîâàíî ãîðàçäî áîëüøååêîëè÷åñòâî îïóøå÷íûõ ëåñîâ, îäíàêîîïóøêè áîðîâ âäîëü ñòåïè è èíûõ ñóõèõìåñòîîáèòàíèé íå âçÿòû â ó÷¸ò, ò.ê. ïëîò-íî íàñåëåíû ìîãèëüíèêîì (Aquila heliaca),â ñâÿçè ñ ÷åì ïîäîðëèê çäåñü îòñóòñòâóåò.

Íåêîòîðûå ïëîùàäêè ïîñåùàëèñü íåî-äíîêðàòíî. Åñëè òåððèòîðèÿ, â ïðåäåëàõêîòîðîé áûëà âûäåëåíà ïëîùàäêà, ïîñåùà-ëàñü ðàíåå, òî å¸ îáñëåäîâàíèå îñóùåñòâ-ëÿëîñü òàê æå, êàê îáñëåäîâàíèå íîâûõó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäåé, âíå çàâèñèìîñòè îòíàëè÷èÿ ãí¸çä ïîäîðëèêà, îáíàðóæåííûõâ ïðåæíèå ãîäû.

Äëÿ îöåíêè ÷èñëåííîñòè áîëüøîãî ïî-äîðëèêà â ñðåäå ÃÈÑ ïîäãîòîâëåíà êàðòîã-ðàôè÷åñêàÿ îñíîâà. Âåêòîðèçàöèåé ðàñ-òðîâûõ òîïîãðàôè÷åñêèõ êàðò Ì 1:200000, ïðåäâàðèòåëüíî ïðèâÿçàííûõ êñèñòåìå êîîðäèíàò WGS84 â ïðîåêöèþÀëüáåðñà äëÿ Åâðîïû, ïîäãîòîâëåíû ñëîèíåëåñíûõ òåððèòîðèé è ãèäðîñåòè. Äëÿòåððèòîðèé, ãäå ãíåçäîâàíèå áîëüøîãîïîäîðëèêà íå íîñèëî ñëó÷àéíûé õàðàêòåð,ñ ïîìîùüþ ìîäóëÿ Image Analyst â 1998–2000 ãã. è ERDAS Imagine 8.7 â 2006–2007ãã. áûëè êëàññèôèöèðîâàíû êîñìîñíèìêèLandsat 7 ETM+, íà êîòîðûõ âûäåëåíûáîðû, ëèñòâåííûå ëåñà, âîäíî-áîëîòíûåêîìïëåêñû è ïðåîáðàçîâàíû â ñîîòâåòñòâó-þùèå âåêòîðíûå ñëîè. Ïî äàííûì ðàäèî-çîíäèðîâàíèÿ çåìëè ïîäãîòîâëåíà öèôðî-âàÿ ìîäåëü ðåëüåôà äëÿ êëþ÷åâûõòåððèòîðèé â ôîðìàòå GRID, íà îñíîâåêîòîðîé ðàññ÷èòàí èíäåêñ óâëàæíåíèÿ.Êëàññèôèöèðîâàííûå èçîáðàæåíèÿLandsat è èíäåêñû óâëàæíåíèÿ â ôîðìàòåGRID áûëè ïðåîáðàçîâàíû â âåêòîðíûéôîðìàò äàííûõ (êàðòû ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè èóâëàæí¸ííîñòè). Ñ ïîìîùüþ ìîäóëÿ X-tools äëÿ ArcView 3x êàðòà ðàñòèòåëüíîñòèêëþ÷åâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áûëà ðàçðåçàíà ìàñêà-ìè áåçëåñíûõ òåððèòîðèé, òåððèòîðèé ñíèçêîé ñòåïåíüþ óâëàæíåíèÿ, áóôåðàìèíàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ (R=1 êì) è ïîëèãîíà-ìè âûñîêîãîðèé. Â ðåçóëüòàòå àíàëèçà òî-ïîãðàôè÷åñêèõ ñëî¸â ïîäãîòîâëåíà êàðòàïîòåíöèàëüíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé áîëüøîãîïîäîðëèêà (ëåñîâ, ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ãíåçäî-âàíèÿ). Â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå âûäå-ëåíû âñå óâëàæí¸ííûå ëåñà, ïðåèìóùå-ñòâåííî â ïîéìàõ ðåê. Â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðèâûäåëåíû áîðû, ëèñòâåííûå ëåñà, ëåñî-áîëîòíûå ëàíäøàôòû, áåäíûå ëåñîì âîä-íî-áîëîòíûå êîìïëåêñû. Èç ýòèõ ëåñíûõ

Ðèñ. 2. Ñîîòíîøåíèå ïëî-ùàäåé îáëàñòåé è ïëîùà-äåé ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ äëÿïîäîðëèêà áèîòîïîâ âÇàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè

Fig. 2. Correlation be-tween area regions andarea potential nesting bi-otopes of the GreaterSpotted Eagle in WesternSiberia


ïëîùàäåé îñóùåñòâë¸í îòñåâ ëåñîâ, íåïðè-ãîäíûõ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ – âñå ëåñà, íå ïî-ïàäàþùèå â áóôåðíóþ çîíó âîäî¸ìîâ èîòêðûòûõ áîëîò, à òàêæå îñòðîâíûå ëåñà,ïëîùàäüþ ìåíüøå 0,8 êì2. Ïîñëåäíèé êðè-òåðèé áûë îïóùåí ëèøü äëÿ òåððèòîðèèñåâåðíîé Êóëóíäû, ãäå óñòàíîâëåíî ãíåç-äîâàíèå ïîäîðëèêà â êîëêàõ ìåíüøåé ïëî-ùàäè. Äëÿ áîëüøèíñòâà òåððèòîðèé òàêæåîñóùåñòâë¸í îòñåâ ñïëîøíûõ ëåñíûõ òåð-ðèòîðèé, óäàë¸ííûõ îò îïóøêè áîëåå ÷åìíà 958 ì (ðàññòîÿíèå îïðåäåëåíî ïî ñî-âîêóïíîñòè õàðàêòåðèñòèê ïðîñòðàí-ñòâåííîãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ âûÿâëåííûõãí¸çä). Â èòîãå ïîäãîòîâëåíà êàðòà ëåñîâ,ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áîëüøîãî ïî-äîðëèêà, êîòîðûå äàëåå èìåíóþòñÿ êàêãíåçäîïðèãîäíûå.

Îáùàÿ ïëîùàäü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ äëÿïîäîðëèêà ëåñîâ â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãè-îíå ñîñòàâèëà 57693,19 êì2 (ðèñ. 1). Ïëî-ùàäü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ïîäîðëèêà ëå-ñîâ â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè îïðåäåëåíà â13519,71 êì2, ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò 1,03% îòîáùåé ïëîùàäè ëåñîâ, îäíàêî ïî îáëàñ-òÿì ýòà äîëÿ ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâñóùåñòâåííî èçìåíÿåòñÿ (ðèñ. 2).

Â Ñâåðäëîâñêîé îáëàñòè îáùàÿ ïðîòÿ-æ¸ííîñòü ðåê äëèíîé áîëåå 50 êì ñîñòàâ-ëÿåò 8415,3 êì. 84,63% èç íèõ òåêóò ïîÇàóðàëüþ è 68,87% (5795,8 êì) – â çîíåîõîòíè÷üèõ è ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ áîëüøî-ãî ïîäîðëèêà áèîòîïîâ. Â öåëîì ïî îáëàñ-òè ïëîùàäü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ ëåñîâ ñîñòàâ-ëÿåò 3755,85 êì2 (2,42% îò îáùåé ïëîùàäèëåñîâ îáëàñòè), 76% èç êîòîðûõ ëåæàò âäîëèíàõ ðåê, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â Çàóðàëüå.

Â ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè 57% ëåñîâ ëå-æàò â Çàóðàëüå (Âîñòî÷íûé Óðàë è Çàóðà-ëüå) èç íèõ 2,98% (884,75 êì2) ÿâëÿþòñÿãíåçäîïðèãîäíûìè. Â öåëîì ïî îáëàñòèïëîùàäü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ ëåñîâ ñîñòàâëÿ-åò 1016,17 êì2.

Â Êóðãàíñêîé îáëàñòè îêîëî 40% ïëî-ùàäè ëåñîâ ïðåäñòàâëåíû áîðàìè è ñìå-øàííûìè ëåñàìè ñ ïðèñóòñòâèåì ñîñíû,44,38% îò îáùåé ïëîùàäè ëåñîâ îáëàñòè(11416,35 êì2) ëåæàò â ïðåäåëàõ 3-õ-êè-ëîìåòðîâîé áóôåðíîé çîíû âîäíî-áîëîò-íûõ êîìïëåêñîâ, 20,24% èç êîòîðûõ (8,98%îò îáùåé ïëîùàäè ëåñîâ; 2311,16 êì2) ìî-ãóò áûòü îòíåñåíû ê ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûì. Îá-ùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îïóøåê âñåõ òèïîâ ëåñàâíóòðè áóôåðíîé çîíû ðåê, îç¸ð è áîëîòñîñòàâëÿåò 14157,1 êì, èç êîòîðûõ ìîæíîâûäåëèòü îáëåñåííóþ ÷àñòü ïåðèôåðèèâîäíî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ, êîòîðàÿ íàïðîòÿæåíèè 1232,59 êì ÿâëÿåòñÿ ãíåçäîï-ðèãîäíîé äëÿ ïîäîðëèêîâ.

Â Òþìåíñêîé îáëàñòè 62,76% òåððèòîðèèîáëàñòè ëåæèò â ïðåäåëàõ îïòèìàëüíîãîãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëà ïîäîðëèêà. Ïëîùàäü ëå-ñîâ â äàííîé çîíå ñîñòàâëÿåò 54825,45 êì2,41,07% êîòîðûõ (22514,1 êì2) ëåæàò â ïðå-äåëàõ 3-õ-êèëîìåòðîâîé áóôåðíîé çîíûâîäíî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ, 2014,34 êì2

èç êîòîðûõ (3,67% îò îáùåé ïëîùàäè ëå-ñîâ) ÿâëÿþòñÿ ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûìè. Îáùàÿïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îïóøåê âñåõ òèïîâ ëåñàâíóòðè áóôåðíîé çîíû ðåê, îç¸ð è áîëîòñîñòàâëÿåò 16478,38 êì, èç êîòîðûõ ìîæ-íî âûäåëèòü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíóþ äëÿ ïîäîð-ëèêîâ îáëåñåííóþ ÷àñòü ïåðèôåðèè âîä-íî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòüþ2642,11 êì.

Â Îìñêîé îáëàñòè 80,01% òåððèòîðèèîáëàñòè ëåæèò â ïðåäåëàõ îïòèìàëüíîãîãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëà ïîäîðëèêà. Îáëåñåííàÿ÷àñòü ïåðèôåðèè âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ êîìï-ëåêñîâ, ãíåçäîïðèãîäíàÿ äëÿ ïîäîðëèêà,èìååò ïðîòÿæåííîñòü 2455,67 êì, ÷òî ñî-ñòàâëÿåò 8,69% îò îáùåé ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòèëåñíûõ îïóøåê â çîíå îïòèìàëüíîãî ãíåç-äîâàíèÿ âèäà. Ïëîùàäü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõäëÿ ïîäîðëèêà áèîòîïîâ ñîñòàâëÿåò1484,38 êì2 èëè 3,7% îò îáùåé ïëîùàäèëåñîâ îáëàñòè â çîíå îïòèìàëüíîãî ãíåç-äîâîãî àðåàëà.

Â Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè ïëîùàäü ãíåç-äîïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ïîäîðëèêà ëåñîâ ñîñòàâëÿ-åò 1043,12 êì2 (0,57% îò îáùåé ïëîùàäèëåñîâ îáëàñòè), à ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ãíåçäîïðè-ãîäíûõ îïóøåê – 3080,36 êì (4,23% îò îá-ùåé ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòè îïóøåê ëåñîâ).

Â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå îáëåñåííàÿ ÷àñòü ïå-ðèôåðèè âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ,ãíåçäîïðèãîäíàÿ äëÿ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà,èìååò ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü 1239,48 êì, ÷òî ñî-ñòàâëÿåò 4,93% îò îáùåé ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòèàíàëîãè÷íûõ ëåñíûõ îïóøåê â êðàå è8,51% îò îáùåé ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòè àíàëîãè÷-íûõ îïóøåê â ðàâíèííîé ÷àñòè Îáñêîãîëåâîáåðåæüÿ. Áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü (82,5%) ãíåç-äîïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ïîäîðëèêà îïóøåê ëåñîâëåæèò êàê ðàç â ïðåäåëàõ ðàâíèííîé ÷àñ-òè Îáñêîãî ëåâîáåðåæüÿ. Ïëîùàäü ãíåç-äîïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ïîäîðëèêà ëåñîâ ñîñòàâ-ëÿåò 1187,38 êì2 èëè 0,68% îò îáùåéïëîùàäè ëåñîâ êðàÿ.

Ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïîäîðëèêà íàïëîùàäêàõ â ïðåäåëàõ ïðèðîäíîãî ðàéî-íà ðàññ÷èòûâàëàñü êàê ñðåäíåâçâåøåííàÿ,âû÷èñëÿëàñü ñòàíäàðòíàÿ îøèáêà ñðåäíåé(M±SE) è íåñèììåòðè÷íûé äîâåðèòåëüíûéèíòåðâàë (Ðàâêèí, ×åëèíöåâ, 1990).

Ýêñòðàïîëÿöèÿ ó÷¸òíûõ äàííûõ âåëàñüäëÿ êàæäîé ñïåöèôè÷åñêîé ãíåçäîâîéãðóïïèðîâêè â îòäåëüíîñòè ïóò¸ì ïåðåñ÷¸-


1978), íî îáëàñòü ðåãóëÿðíîãî ãíåçäîâà-íèÿ âèäà âñ¸ æå îãðàíè÷åíà çîíîé ëåñî-ñòåïè, õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ èþæíîé òàéãè, ò.å. ëåæèò â äèàïàçîíå ìåæ-äó 53° è 60° ñ.ø.

Äëÿ áàññåéíà Ñðåäíåé Âîëãè è Ïðåäóðà-ëüÿ áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê óêàçûâàåòñÿ êàê ãíåç-äÿùèéñÿ âèä ñ XIX ñòîëåòèÿ (Ýâåðñìàí,1866; Áîãäàíîâ, 1871). Âåðîÿòíî, ðàíååïîäîðëèê ãíåçäèëñÿ â ïîéìå Âîëãè âïëîòüäî Âîëãîãðàäñêîé îáëàñòè (Çàâüÿëîâ è äð.,2005). Åù¸ â 1987–1990 ãã. ÕÕ âåêà åãîãíåçäîâàíèå â êîëè÷åñòâå 2–3 ïàð ñ óãðî-æàþùèì íåãàòèâíûì òðåíäîì ïðåäïîëàãà-ëîñü â ñåâåðíîé çîíå Âîëãîãðàäñêîãî âî-äîõðàíèëèùà (Ïèñêóíîâ è äð., 2000), à äëÿâîëæñêîãî ëåâîáåðåæüÿ âèä óêàçûâàëñÿ êàêâîçìîæíî ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ äëÿ Äüÿêîâñêîãîëåñà (Êðàñíîêóòñêèé ð-í) (Ëóêúÿíîâ À.Ì.,1999à; ×åðíîáàé, 2004), íî ïîçæå çäåñüïîäîðëèê íå áûë âñòðå÷åí (Áàðàáàøèí,2004; Çàâüÿëîâ è äð., 2005) è, âèäèìî, âíàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ þæíàÿ ãðàíèöà åãî ðàñ-ïðîñòðàíåíèÿ â ïîéìå Âîëãè îãðàíè÷åíàïîéìåííûìè ëåñàìè íàïðîòèâ Ñûçðàíè, àâ âîëæñêîì ëåâîáåðåæüå – äîëèíîé ð. Ñà-ìàðà (Áóçóëóêñêèé áîð).

Â Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòè âñåìè èññëåäî-âàòåëÿìè XIX âåêà ïîäîðëèê óêàçûâàëñÿ êàêõàðàêòåðíûé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä: ðåãóëÿðíîíàáëþäàëñÿ â ïðåäãîðüÿõ Óðàëà è îêðóæà-þùèõ èõ ëåñàõ (Ýâåðñìàí, 1866), ãíåçäèë-ñÿ â ïîéìåííûõ ëåñàõ ñðåäíåãî òå÷åíèÿ ð.Óðàë, â íèçîâüÿõ ðåê Èëåê è Ñàêìàðà (Çà-ðóäíûé, 1888), â ëåñàõ Áóãóëüìèíñêî-Áå-ëåáååâñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè (Êàðàìçèí,1901). Â ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíå ÕÕ âåêà áîëü-øîé ïîäîðëèê ãíåçäèëñÿ ïî ð. Ñàìàðå è âÁóçóëóêñêîì áîðó (Äàðêøåâè÷, 1950; Ðàé-ñêèé, 1951). Âî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíå ÕÕ ñòî-ëåòèÿ ãíåçäîâàíèå âèäà ïîäòâåðæäåíî âëåñàõ ïî ð. Óðàë è íà ñåâåðî-çàïàäå îáëà-ñòè, â ÷àñòíîñòè â 1982 ã. ãíåçäî ïîäîðëè-êà îáíàðóæåíî â ïîéìå ð. Óðàë ó ñ. Äîíñ-êîå (×èáèëåâ, 1995), â 1980–88 ãã. ïàðàãíåçäèëàñü áëèç ñ. Ïîëèáèíî â Áóãóðóñëàí-ñêîì ðàéîíå (Ñàìèãóëëèí Ã.Ì., ïî: Äàâû-ãîðà, 1998). À.À. ×èáèëåâ (1995) óêàçû-âàåò íà íàõîäêè ãí¸çä ïîäîðëèêà ââåðõîâüÿõ ð. Ñàìàðà è â Áóçóëóêñêîì áîðó.Ïîñëåäíåå áûëî ïîñòàâëåíî ïîä ñîìíåíèåÀ.Â. Äàâûãîðîé (1998), íî, òåì íå ìåíåå,â 2000 ã. áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Áóçóëóê-ñêîì áîðó íàáëþäàë Ò.Î. Áàðàáàøèí(2001), à â 2006 ã. çäåñü â íèçîâüÿõ ð.Áîðîâêà áûëî îáíàðóæåíî æèëîå ãíåç-äî, îäíàêî â ïîéìå Ñàìàðû ïîäîðëèêàíå óäàëîñü âñòðåòèòü íè â 2000–2006 ãã.,íè ïðè ñïëàâå â 2007 ã. (äàííûå àâòîðà).

òà äàííûõ ïî ïëîòíîñòè â ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõáèîòîïàõ íà ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäêàõ è ìàðø-ðóòàõ íà îáùóþ ïëîùàäü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõáèîòîïîâ â ïðåäåëàõ îáëàñòè îáèòàíèÿãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè.

Ó÷¸ò ìèãðèðóþùèõ ïòèö îñóùåñòâëÿëñÿëèøü â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå íà òî÷êàõ.Ïðè ðàñ÷¸òå ÷èñëåííîñòè ìèãðàíòîâ ýêñò-ðàïîëèðîâàëè äàííûå ó÷¸òîâ íà ïåðèîäìàññîâîãî ïðîë¸òà äëÿ êàæäîãî âûäåëåí-

íîãî ðóñëà ïðîë¸òà.Ïîñëåãíåçäîâàÿ ÷èñëåí-

íîñòü âèäà â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîìðåãèîíå îöåíèâàëàñü èñõîäÿèç ÷èñëåííîñòè íà ãíåçäîâà-íèè, ñðåäíåãî óñïåõà ðàç-ìíîæåíèÿ è ÷èñëåííîñòèìèãðàíòîâ.

Äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ òèïà èïëîùàäè îõîòíè÷üèõ áèîòî-ïîâ âîêðóã êàæäîãî ãíåçäàèëè ïðåäïîëàãàåìîãî öåíòðàãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà ðàññ÷èòû-âàëñÿ áóôåð ïî ñðåäíåìóðàññòîÿíèþ ìåæäó ïàðàìè âäàííîé ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïè-ðîâêå. Êàðòà ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè

ïåðåñåêàëàñü äàííûì áóôåðîì äëÿ èäåí-òèôèêàöèè ïîëèãîíîâ, äèôôåðåíöèðî-âàííûõ ïî òèïàì ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè, íàêðû-âàåìûõ áóôåðîì ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà.

Ìàòåìàòè÷åñêàÿ îáðàáîòêà äàííûõ îñó-ùåñòâëÿëàñü â Microsoft Excel 2003, SpatialStatistics 1.0, Statistica 6.0. Äëÿ ñðåäíèõïîêàçàòåëåé â âûáîðêàõ ðàññ÷èòûâàëîñüñòàíäàðòíîå îòêëîíåíèå (M±SD) è ñèììåò-ðè÷íûé äîâåðèòåëüíûé èíòåðâàë.

Â 2003 ã. ñ 10 ïî 31 èþëÿ â Àëòàéñêîìêðàå íà 2-õ ãí¸çäàõ ñ 1 è 2 ïòåíöàìè îñó-ùåñòâëÿëîñü âèäåîíàáëþäåíèå ñ äèñòàíöè-îííûõ êàìåð â ñâåòëîå âðåìÿ ñóòîê. Â õîäåíàáëþäåíèÿ ðåãèñòðèðîâàëîñü êîëè÷åñòâîïðèë¸òîâ, âðåìÿ, ïðîâîäèìîå âçðîñëûìèïòèöàìè íà ãíåçäå, è, ïî âîçìîæíîñòè, îï-ðåäåëÿëàñü äî âèäà ïðèíîñèìàÿ äîáû÷à.

Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå

Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêèé ðåãèîí

Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêèé ðåãèîí â øèðîòíîì íà-ïðàâëåíèè ëåæèò ôàêòè÷åñêè â ãðàíèöàõãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëà áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà.Íåñîìíåííî, ñïîðàäè÷íîå ãíåçäîâàíèåïîäîðëèêà âîçìîæíî êàê ñåâåðíåå ðåãè-îíà (â ðåñïóáëèêå Êîìè), ãäå îí íåîäíîê-ðàòíî íàáëþäàëñÿ â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä (Âî-ðîíèí, 1995), òàê è þæíåå (â Êàçàõñòàíå),ãäå ãíåçäîâûå íàõîäêè èçâåñòíû â ïîéìåð. Óðàë íà þã äî 50° ñ.ø. (Ëåâèí, Ãóáèí,

Ïòåíåö áîëüøîãî ïîäîð-ëèêà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

Chick of the Greater Spot-ted Eagle. Photo by I. Kar-yakin


Â õîäå ýêñïåäèöèé Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ èñ-ñëåäîâàíèé ãíåçäîâàíèå âèäà òàêæå óñ-òàíîâëåíî â ïîéìåííûõ ëåñàõ Ñàìàðû èÓðàëà (Êàðÿêèí, 1998). Îïðåäåë¸ííî, ïî-äîðëèê èçäàâíà ãíåçäèëñÿ â áîðó áëèç Çå-ëåíîäîëüñêà Êâàðêåíñêîãî ðàéîíà, ãäå 13ìàÿ 2003 ã. áûëà âñòðå÷åíà îäèíî÷íàÿ ïòè-öà, à â àâãóñòå áûë îáíàðóæåí ó÷àñòîê ñòðåìÿ ïîñòðîéêàìè, îäíà èç êîòîðûõ îêà-çàëàñü æèëîé.

Â Áàøêèðèè ïîäîðëèê áûë ðàñïðîñòðà-í¸í ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïîâñåìåñòíî (Ñóøêèí,

1897). Ïðåäïî÷èòàë ðàâíè-íû, íî, â òî æå âðåìÿ, â íå-âûñîêèõ þæíîóðàëüñêèõ ãî-ðàõ äîõîäèë äî âåðõíåéãðàíèöû ëåñà (Äåìåíòüåâ,1951). Â 90-õ ãã. XX âåêà îïîâñåìåñòíîñòè ðàñïðîñòðà-íåíèÿ ïîäîðëèêà ãîâîðèòüóæå íå ïðèõîäèòñÿ, òåì íåìåíåå, îñíîâíûå ìåñòà ãíåç-äîâàíèÿ âèäà áûëè è îñòàþò-ñÿ ñîñðåäîòî÷åííûìè â äîëè-íå ð. Áåëàÿ. Êàê è ïîâñþäó, âäîëèíå Áåëîé è å¸ ïðèòîêîâïîäîðëèê ñîñðåäîòî÷åí íåðàâíîìåðíî, à ïðèóðî÷åí ê 6êëàñòåðàì áîëîòíûõ ìàññèâîâ:1 – íèçîâüÿ ðåê Çèëèì, Èíçåð,Ñèì è ïðèëåãàþùàÿ ïîéìà ð.Áåëîé, 2 – íèçîâüÿ ð. Óôà, 3 –

íèçîâüÿ ð. Áåëàÿ îò ã. Óôû äî ñ. Äþðòþëè, 4– Êàëòàñèíñêèé ëåñíîé ìàññèâ è íèçîâüÿ ð.Áûñòðûé Òàíûï, 5 – óñòüåâîé ó÷àñòîê ð. Áå-ëàÿ, 6 – ñðåäíåå òå÷åíèå ð. Áûñòðûé Òàíûï.Ãíåçäîâàíèå ïîäîðëèêà òàêæå óñòàíîâëåíîâ äîëèíàõ ðåê Àé è Þðþçàíü è â ãîðàõ Þæ-íîãî Óðàëà, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íà åãî çà-ïàäíîì ìàêðîñêëîíå (Êàðÿêèí, 1998).

Â ÕÕ ñòîëåòèè â Òàòàðèè ïîäîðëèê íàáëþ-äàëñÿ íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â óñòüå ð. Áåëàÿ (Ïðè-êëîíñêèé, 1960; Ãðèãîðüåâ è äð., 1977), âÏðåäêàìüå, íà ðåêàõ Ì. è Á. ×åðåìøàí,Áóãóëüìèíñêî-Áåëåáååâñêîé âîçâûøåííî-ñòè è â óñòüåâîì ó÷àñòêå ð. Èê (Àñüêååâ,Àñüêååâ, 1999). Â ñîâðåìåííûé ïåðèîäãíåçäîâàíèå áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà óñòàíîâ-ëåíî íà áîëîòàõ â äîëèíàõ ðåê Ìàëûé èÁîëüøîé ×åðåìøàí, íà Áóãóëüìèíñêî-Áåëå-áååâñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè, â ïîéìå ð. Èæ èå¸ ïðèòîêà ð. Êûðûêìàñ. Íà Êûðûêìàñå âïðåäåëàõ Òàòàðèè è Óäìóðòèè â ìàå 1994 ã.âûÿâëåíî 5 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áîëüøèõ ïî-äîðëèêîâ, íà 3-õ èç êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíûæèëûå ãí¸çäà (äàííûå àâòîðà). Î ãíåçäå, èç-âåñòíîì ëåñíèêó íà Êûðûêìàñå (â Óäìóðòñ-êîé ÷àñòè), êîòîðîå ïîçæå áûëî ñðóáëåíî,ñîîáùàåò À.Ã. Ìåíüøèêîâ (1998), âîçìîæ-

íî ðå÷ü èä¸ò îá îäíîì èç èçâåñòíûõ ãíåçäî-âûõ ó÷àñòêîâ. Â ïîéìåííûõ ëåñàõ Áîëüøîãîè Ìàëîãî ×åðåìøàíà íà ãðàíèöå Òàòàðèè,Ñàìàðñêîé è Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòåé â àâãóñ-òå 1998 ã. áûëî âûÿâëåíî 14 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷à-ñòêîâ áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ, íà êîòîðûõ îá-íàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà, çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíûñë¸òêè, ëèáî íåîäíîêðàòíî íàáëþäàëèñüïàðû ïòèö (Êàðÿêèí, 1999à). Íà Áóãóëüìèí-ñêî-Áåëåáååâñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè ãíåçäî-âàíèå óñòàíîâëåíî íà ð. Ñóëà è îäíîì èçå¸ ïðèòîêîâ â Áóãóëüìèíñêîì ð-íå Òàòàð-ñòàíà (äàííûå àâòîðà).

Â áûâøåé Ñèìáèðñêîé ãóáåðíèè (íûíåÓëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè è ÷àñòè ïðàâîáåðå-æüÿ ð. Âîëãè Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè) ïîäîð-ëèê áûë øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í (Æèòêîâ,Áóòóðëèí, 1906). Â ñîâðåìåííîé Óëüÿíîâ-ñêîé îáëàñòè Î.Â. Áîðîäèí (1994) íàáëþ-äàë ïîäîðëèêà â Ñóðñêîì çàêàçíèêå, Â.Â.Ôðîëîâ íàø¸ë ãíåçäî ïîäîðëèêà íà ð. Áà-ðûø â Ñóðñêîì ðàéîíå (Áîðîäèí, 1994).Äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè íàõîäêà ãíåçäàïîäîðëèêà Â.Â. Ôðîëîâûì îñòàâàëàñü åäèí-ñòâåííîé â ëåñíûõ ìàññèâàõ Ñóðû. Ïîçæå,íà òåððèòîðèè Ñóðñêîãî çîîëîãè÷åñêîãîçàêàçíèêà, ñòàëî èçâåñòíî ãíåçäîâàíèå 2-õïàð, îäíà èç êîòîðûõ â 1997 ã. óñïåøíîâûâåëà 2-õ ïòåíöîâ, íî ïîñëå 2002 ã. çäåñüãí¸çä ïîäîðëèêà ñíîâà íèêòî íå íàõîäèë(Áàðàáàøèí, 2003), õîòÿ âûâîäîê ïîäîð-ëèêîâ èç 2-õ ïòåíöîâ ïðè âçðîñëîé ïòèöåâ àâãóñòå 2006 ã. íàáëþäàëñÿ íàä Ñóðîé âìåæäóðå÷üå ðåê Áàðûø è Ñóñîëåéêà (äàí-íûå àâòîðà), ÷òî ÿâñòâåííî óêàçûâàåò íàòî, ÷òî ïîäîðëèê ïðîäîëæàåò ãíåçäèòüñÿ âçàêàçíèêå. Ì.Â. Êîðåïîâ (2005) â àâãóñòå2003 ã. íåîäíîêðàòíî íàáëþäàë ïîäîðëè-êîâ â Èíçåíñêîì ðàéîíå áëèç ãðàíèöû ñÏåíçåíñêîé îáëàñòüþ â äîëèíå ð. Ñóðû èó ñ. Ãîðîäèùè, íî ãí¸çä íå íàø¸ë. Â 2004–2006 ãã. äàííàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ ïîñåùàëàñüàâòîðîì â ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòà ïî èçó÷åíèþîðëà-êàðëèêà. Çäåñü óäàëîñü íàáëþäàòüïîäîðëèêîâ íà ð. Àðãàø (âîçìîæíî ýòîèìåííî òî ìåñòî, ãäå ïîäîðëèêà íàáëþäàëÌ.Â. Êîðåïîâ áëèç ñ. Ãîðîäèùè) è ð. Òàëà,íî ãí¸çäà íå áûëè îáíàðóæåíû. Åù¸ 2 ó÷à-ñòêà, ïðè÷¸ì íà îäíîì èç íèõ áûëî îáíà-ðóæåíî æèëîå ãíåçäî, âûÿâëåíû â ñóðñ-êèõ ëåñàõ, íî óæå íå íà òåððèòîðèèÓëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè, à íà òåððèòîðèèÌîðäîâèè, â óñòüå ðå÷åê Ñèíÿø è ×åðìå-ëåé; ïàðà ïòèö, òàêæå âîçìîæíî ãíåçäÿ-ùàÿñÿ, íî áåç âûâîäêà, íàáëþäàëàñü íàä ð.Øòûðìà áëèç ä. Êðàñíàÿ ïîëÿíà (äàííûåàâòîðà), âîçìîæíî èìåííî ýòîò ó÷àñòîêèìåþò â âèäó À.Ñ. Ëàïøèí è Å.Â. Ëûñåíêîâ(2001), óêàçûâàÿ íà ãíåçäîâàíèå ïîäîðëè-




êà íà ð. Øòûðìà ó ñ. ×¸ðíàÿ Ïðîìçà. Íèæåïî ð. Ñóðà îäèíî÷íûõ ïîäîðëèêîâ â àâãó-ñòå 2005–2006 ãã. ïðèõîäèëîñü íàáëþäàòüíàä ïîéìîé ó ñ¸ë ßâëåé, Ìóðçèöû è ßçû-êîâî, îäíàêî ïàðà ïòèö áûëà âñòðå÷åíàëèøü îäíàæäû – áëèç ñ. Áîðòñóðìàíû, ôàê-òè÷åñêè òàì æå, ãäå â 2002 ã. Ñ.Â. Áàêêà(ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå) íàáëþäàë âçðîñëûõïòèö. Â íèæíåì òå÷åíèè Ñóðû âûâîäêîâèëè ãí¸çä ïîäîðëèêà îáíàðóæèòü íå óäà-ëîñü (äàííûå àâòîðà), õîòÿ, íåñîìíåííî,ýòîò âèä çäåñü ãíåçäèòñÿ.

Â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè, ïîìèìî äîëèí Á.è Ì. ×åðåìøàíîâ, ïîäîðëèê äîñòîâåðíîðåãèñòðèðîâàëñÿ íà Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêå, âïîéìå Âîëãè è ×àïàåâñêèõ Ëèìàíàõ. ÍàÑàìàðñêîé Ëóêå ïîäîðëèêè íàáëþäàëèñüòðèæäû â þæíîé å¸ ÷àñòè: â 1986 ã. – âîêðåñòíîñòÿõ îç. Ìåëüíè÷íîå, â 1987 ã. –â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Íîâèíêèíñêîãî áîðà è â1992 ã. – â Øåëåõìåòñêîé ïîéìå (Ïàâëîâ,1999). Ïîçæå, â 1997 ã., ãíåçäîâàíèå ïàðûïîäîðëèêîâ óñòàíîâëåíî áëèç îç. ÁîëüøîåÎñòðîâíîå (Êàðÿêèí, Ïàæåíêîâ, 1999). Âìàå 1999 ã. åù¸ 3 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ïî-äîðëèêîâ âûÿâëåíû â ïîéìå Âîëãè íèæå Ñà-ìàðû (äàííûå àâòîðà). Òàêæå, â ìàå 1999 ã.îäèíî÷íàÿ ïòèöà íàáëþäàëàñü íà Ìàéòó-ãå, à â ñåíòÿáðå 2003 ã. çäåñü æå ìîëîäîãîïîäîðëèêà íàáëþäàë Ñ.Â. Áàêêà (ëè÷íîå ñî-

îáùåíèå); íåñìîòðÿ íà òî,÷òî ïîñëåäíèå âñòðå÷è íåïðåäïîëàãàþò èõ ãíåçäîâîéõàðàêòåð, ãíåçäîâàíèå ïî-äîðëèêà íà Ìàéòóãå âåñüìàâåðîÿòíî. Èíôîðìàöèÿ Ã.Ï.Ëåáåäåâîé ñ ñîàâòîðàìè(2007) î âñòðå÷àõ ïîäîðëè-êîâ â Êèíåëü÷åðêàññêîì,Ñåðãèåâñêîì è Êðàñíîÿðñ-êîì ðàéîíàõ âûçûâàåò áîëü-øèå ñîìíåíèÿ, ò.ê. íè íàìèçà ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé ñ1997 ïî 2007 ãã., íè Ò.Î. Áà-ðàáàøèíûì (2006) çäåñü ýòîòâèä íå íàáëþäàëñÿ, õîòÿ ðå-ãóëÿðíî ðåãèñòðèðîâàëñÿ ìî-ãèëüíèê, ïðè÷¸ì áîëüøèí-

ñòâî – èìåííî â ìåñòàõ îáíàðóæåíèÿ Ã.Ï.Ëåáåäåâîé ñ ñîàâòîðàìè ïîäîðëèêîâ (Êà-ðÿêèí, Ïàæåíêîâ, 1999).

Â Ìîðäîâèè ãíåçäîâàíèå áîëüøîãî ïî-äîðëèêà ïîìèìî ð. Øòûðìà óñòàíîâëåíîíà Àëàòûðå, â Ìîðäîâñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå –2–3 ïàðû â 90-õ ãã., Çóáîâî-Ïîëÿíñêîìðàéîíå – 6 ïàð íà ð. Âàä, Òåíãóøåâñêîì èÅëüíèêîâñêîì ðàéîíàõ – ïî 2 ïàðû (Ëàï-øèí, Ëûñåíêîâ, 2001). Â àâãóñòå 2003 ã.ïîäîðëèêè íàáëþäàëèñü íà 2-õ ó÷àñòêàõ íà

ð. Ïàðöà áëèç ñ¸ë ßñíàÿ Ïîëÿíà è Ïîäëÿ-ñîâî, â íèçîâüÿõ ð. Þçãà è íà ð. Óðêàò (äàí-íûå àâòîðà). Â 2005 ã. ïîäòâåðæäåíî îáè-òàíèå ïîäîðëèêà â Òåíüãóøåâñêîì ð-íå âîêðåñòíîñòÿõ ñ. Ñòàíäðîâî, â Çóáîâî-Ïî-ëÿíñêîì ð-íå â ïîéìå ð. Âàä áëèç ï. Êðó-òåö, ó ï. Âûøà è â óñòüå ð. Âèíäðåé; ïàðàïòèö â òå÷åíèå èþëÿ íåîäíîêðàòíî íàáëþ-äàëàñü â çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè Ìîðäîâñêîãî çà-ïîâåäíèêà (Ëàïøèí è äð., 2005).

Â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè â íà÷àëå ÕÕñòîëåòèÿ áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê ãíåçäèëñÿ ïîðåêàì ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñåé îáëàñòè (Ñåðåá-ðîâñêèé, 1918; Ïóçàíîâ è äð., 1955). Â 70–90-õ èçâåñòíû âñòðå÷è ïòèö â ãíåçäîâîéïåðèîä íà Êàìñêî-Áàêàëäèíñêèõ áîëîòàõ,â ïîéìàõ ðåê Âåòëóãà, Íþæìà, Êëÿçüìà,Ñåðåæà, Ñóðà, Ïüÿíà, íî ïðè ýòîì çà ïîñ-ëåäíèå 15 ëåò íà òåððèòîðèè îáëàñòè áûëîîáíàðóæåíî ëèøü 3 ãíåçäà ïîäîðëèêîâ – âïîéìàõ ðåê Âàõòàí, Àëàòûðü è íà ×åáîê-ñàðñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå (Áàêêà, Êèñåëåâà,2007). Ãíåçäî ïîäîðëèêà, îáíàðóæåííîåâ àâãóñòå 2003 ã. íà ð. Àëàòûðü, ê 2006 ã.óïàëî âìåñòå ñ äåðåâîì, îäíàêî ïòèöûïåðåìåñòèëèñü íà ãíåçäîâóþ ïëàòôîðìó,è èõ ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ (äàí-íûå àâòîðà). Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ìîæíîîæèäàòü ãíåçäîâàíèå ïîäîðëèêà â áàññåé-íå ð. Îêè: çäåñü èìåþòñÿ óñëîâèÿ äëÿ ãíåç-äîâàíèÿ è îõîòû ýòîãî âèäà, òåððèòîðèÿíàõîäèòñÿ ìåæäó äâóìÿ ãíåçäîâûìè ãðóï-ïèðîâêàìè ïîäîðëèêà, ëîêàëèçîâàííûìè âÐÿçàíñêîé (Îêñêèé çàïîâåäíèê) (Ñàïåòèíà,2005) è Èâàíîâñêîé îáëàñòÿõ (áàññåéíËóõà è Êëÿçüìû) (Ìåëüíèêîâ, Áàðèíîâ,2002). Îäíàêî ïîéìà Îêè ñ ïðèëåãàþùè-ìè áîëîòàìè â ïðåäåëàõ Íèæåãîðîäñêîéîáëàñòè äî ñèõ ïîð îñòàåòñÿ ïëîõî îáñëå-äîâàííîé íà ïðåäìåò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áîëüøî-ãî ïîäîðëèêà.

Â Êèðîâñêîé îáëàñòè ïîäîðëèê ðàñïðî-ñòðàí¸í ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ïî äîëèíå ð.Âÿòêè è å¸ êðóïíûì ïðèòîêàì. Â îáùåéñëîæíîñòè â îáëàñòè óñòàíîâëåíî îêîëî13-òè ñëó÷àåâ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ. Â ãíåçäîâîåâðåìÿ âèä òàêæå âñòðå÷àëñÿ â Âåðõíåêàì-ñêîì ðàéîíå íà ð. Èìà, â Íîëèíñêîì èÊèðîâî-×åïåöêîì ðàéîíàõ (Ïëåññêèé,1971; Ñîòíèêîâ, 1999). Â 1992 ã. ãíåçäî-âûå ó÷àñòêè 4-õ ïàð âûÿâëåíû íà ð. Ïèæ-ìà è 1 – â 1995 ã. íà Âåðõíåé Êàìå íèæåñ. ×óñ (äàííûå àâòîðà).

Â Ïåðìñêîé îáëàñòè â êîíöå XIX âåêàïîäîðëèê áûë øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàí¸ííîéïòèöåé, áîëåå îáû÷íîé â þæíûõ ðàéîíàõ,íî âñòðå÷àþùåéñÿ è ñåâåðíåå Êàìû (Ñà-áàíååâ, 1874). Ñ.Ë. Óøêîâ (1927) âñòðå-÷àë ïîäîðëèêà â öåíòðàëüíûõ ðàéîíàõ

Ïòåíöû áîëüøîãî ïîäîð-ëèêà â ãíåçäå. Ôîòî È.Êàðÿêèíà

Chicks of the GreaterSpotted Eagle. Photo byI. Karyakin


Ïðèêàìüÿ ïîâñåìåñòíî ïî äîëèíàì êðóï-íûõ ðåê è ïîä Ïåðìüþ. Â 40-õ ãã. XX âåêàïîäîðëèê ãíåçäèëñÿ ïî âñåìó Ïðèêàìüþ,ïðè ýòîì íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî íàáëþäàëñÿ âþæíûõ ðàéîíàõ (Âîðîíöîâ, 1949). À.È.Øåïåëü (1992) îáíàðóæèë ëèøü 2 ãíåçäàáîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ â Ïåðìñêîé îáëàñòè,íà îñíîâàíèè âñòðå÷ ïòèö â ãíåçäîâîé ïå-ðèîä, ïðåäïîëàãàÿ, ÷òî ïîäîðëèê ãíåçäèò-ñÿ â îñíîâíîì â öåíòðàëüíûõ è ñåâåðíûõðàéîíàõ. Â 90-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ â ëåñíîéçîíå Ïðèêàìüÿ áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê áûë ðàñ-ïðîñòðàí¸í êðàéíå ñïîðàäè÷íî, è çàêîíî-ìåðíîñòü åãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ñîâïàäàëà ñòîé, êîòîðóþ îïèñûâàëè Ë.Ï. Ñàáàíååâ(1874), Ñ.Ë. Óøêîâ (1927) è Å.Ì. Âîðîíöîâ(1949) – èç 23 èçâåñòíûõ íà 1998 ã. ïàðïîäîðëèêîâ 12 ãíåçäèëèñü ìåæäó 56° è 58°ñ.ø., ò.å. íà 25% òåððèòîðèè îáëàñòè â å¸þæíîé ÷àñòè, à îñòàëüíûå 11 ïàð ãíåçäè-ëèñü ñåâåðíåå Ïåðìè (Êàðÿêèí, 1998).Íàèáîëåå êðóïíàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâ-êà ïîäîðëèêîâ â Ïåðìñêîé îáëàñòè ïðè-óðî÷åíà ê å¸ þãî-çàïàäó – íèçîâüÿì Êàìûè äîëèíå ð. Ïèçü ñ å¸ ïðèòîêàìè, ôàêòè-÷åñêè ÿâëÿÿñü ïðîäîëæåíèåì íà ñåâåðÁåëüñêîé ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè. Ñ õîðî-øåé ïëîòíîñòüþ âèä ãíåçäèëñÿ òàêæå íàÒóëâèíñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè, ïðåèìóùå-ñòâåííî â äîëèíå ð. Áàáêà, îäíàêî â ñâÿçèñ ðàçâèâàþùèìñÿ äà÷íûì ñòðîèòåëüñòâîìè ðåêðåàöèåé ê 2007 ã. áîëüøèíñòâî ãíåç-äîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ çäåñü ïåðåñòàëè ñóùåñòâî-âàòü. Íåêîòîðàÿ ÷àñòü ïòèö ãíåçäèòñÿ íà íå-çàðåãóëèðîâàííîì ó÷àñòêå Êàìû íèæåÏåðìè è ïî äîëèíàì ðåê, âïàäàþùèõ âÊàìó è Êàìñêîå âîäîõðàíèëèùå (Îáâà,Èíüâà, ßéâà, Êîñà, Êîëâà), íî êðàéíå ñïî-ðàäè÷íî (Êàðÿêèí, 1998).

Çàïàäíàÿ Ñèáèðü

Íàèáîëåå ñåâåðíûå âñòðå÷è áîëüøîãîïîäîðëèêà â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè èçâåñòíû íàøèðîòå óñòüÿ Êîíäû, Ñóðãóòà è Òîìñêà (Äå-ìåíòüåâ, 1951). Þ.È. Ãîðäååâ (1997) â 50–80-õ ãã. äâàæäû íàáëþäàë ïîäîðëèêîâ â ìàåíàä ã. Õàíòû-Ìàíñèéñê. À.Ä. Øàðîíîâ(1951) íàø¸ë ãíåçäî áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêàïîä Ñóðãóòîì è ñ÷èòàë åãî ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ äî63° ñ.ø. Îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû íàáëþäàëèñü 27èþíÿ 1932 ã. â ñðåäíåì òå÷åíèè ð. Åëîãóé(Ñêàëîí, Ñëóäñêèé, 1941), â êîíöå ìàÿ1988 ã. íà ð. Âîéêàð (Ãîëîâàòèí, 1995) èâî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíå àâãóñòà â Ïðèîáüå(Âàðòàïåòîâ, 1998). Îáëàñòü îïòèìàëüíî-ãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Çà-ïàäíîé Ñèáèðè ëåæèò â çîíå ëåñîñòåïè,ïîäòàéãè è þæíîé òàéãè. Âèäèìî, â ñðåä-

íåé òàéãå âèä óæå ãíåçäèòñÿ òîëüêî ïî äî-ëèíàì ðåê Èðòûøà è Îáè, à åãî ïðåáûâà-íèå â ñåâåðíîé òàéãå, ñêîðåå âñåãî, íîñèòñëó÷àéíûé õàðàêòåð.

Äëÿ Ñâåðäëîâñêîé îáëàñòè â 50–60-õ ãã.ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê ïðèâîäèò-ñÿ â êà÷åñòâå øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàí¸ííîãîîáû÷íîãî õèùíèêà (Äàíèëîâ, 1969). Ã.Í.Áà÷óðèí (2003) îáíàðóæèë ãíåçäÿùèõñÿïîäîðëèêîâ â Çàéêîâñêîì ëåñíè÷åñòâåÈðáèòñêîãî ëåñõîçà. Â ñîâðåìåííûé ïå-ðèîä Â.À. Êîðîâèí (2004) ïðèâîäèò òðèâñòðå÷è ïîäîðëèêà íà 2-õ ó÷àñòêàõ â Ñëî-áîäî-Òóðèíñêîì è Áåëîÿðñêîì ðàéîíàõ â1998 è 1999 ãã. ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Þ.Â. Áîá-êîâ ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (1997) íàáëþäàë ïîäîðëè-êîâ â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä â Òàâäèíñêîì ðàéî-íå ó ïîñ. Ëåíèíî, À.À. Êóçüìè÷ (2001) – íàîçåðå Òûãèø áëèç Êàìåíñê-Óðàëüñêà.

Â ðàìêàõ ðàáîòû Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ èññëå-äîâàíèé ïî èíâåíòàðèçàöèè ôàóíû ïòèöÓðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà â 90-õ ãã. â Ñâåðäëîâ-ñêîé îáëàñòè áûëî âûÿâëåíî 54 ãíåçäîâûõó÷àñòêà ïîäîðëèêîâ, 78% èç êîòîðûõ ëî-êàëèçîâàíû â Çàóðàëüå (íà ñåâåð äî 60,55°ñ.ø.), 18,5% – íà Ñðåäíåì Óðàëå (íà ñåâåðäî 58° ñ.ø.) è 3,7% – â äîëèíå ð. Óôà âïðåäåëàõ ëåñîñòåïè (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 1999).Áîëüøèíñòâî ó÷àñòêîâ, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííîïî âñòðå÷àì âçðîñëûõ ïòèö, âûÿâëåíî âáàññåéíå Òàâäû (íèçîâüÿ ðåê Ñîñüâà, Ëîçü-âà, Âàãèëü, Ïåëûì), ò.ê. èìåííî çäåñü âå-ëèñü îñíîâíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ, õîòÿ òåððè-òîðèÿ ïî ñâîèì õàðàêòåðèñòèêàì äàëåêà îòîïòèìàëüíîé äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áîëüøîãîïîäîðëèêà. Íà ð. Ëîçüâà â èþíå 1992 ã.âûÿâëåíî âñåãî 2 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ïîäîð-ëèêîâ: ïåðâûé – â 4,3 êì íèæå ïðèñòàíèÊðàñíîÿðêà (äàëåå íà ïðîòÿæåíèè 239 êìïî ðåêå è îêîëî 120 êì ïî ïðÿìîé ïîäîð-ëèê íå íàáëþäàëñÿ, õîòÿ ïðèãîäíûå äëÿãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìåñòà, ãðàíè÷àùèå ñ îõîòíè-÷üèìè óãîäüÿìè, âñòðå÷àëèñü íà ïðîòÿæå-íèè 30 êì âûøå è íèæå óñòüÿ ð. Ïîíèë è âíèçîâüÿõ Ëîçüâû), âòîðîé – â ðàéîíå óñòüÿð. Ñèíòóðêà. Íà ð. Ñîñüâà, âêëþ÷àÿ âåðõ-íåå òå÷åíèå ð. Òàâäà, â èþëå 1992 ã. óñòà-íîâëåíî ãíåçäîâàíèå 6-òè ïàð ïîäîðëèêîâ:1-ÿ – â 1,5 êì âûøå ä. Ïîñïåëêîâà, 2-ÿ – â17 êì âûøå óñòüÿ ð. Ëÿëÿ, 3-ÿ – â 2,5 êì îòä. Êèñåë¸âà (îêðåñòíîñòè ñò. Íîâ. Ñîñüâà),4-ÿ – áëèç îç. Ìèðñêîå âûøå ï. Ãàðè, 5-ÿ –â 4-õ êì âûøå óñòüÿ ð. Ëèíòîâêà, 6-ÿ – â 8êì âûøå ñ. Ïóêñèíêà. Òðè ïàðû ïîäîðëè-êîâ âûÿâëåíû òàêæå â áîëîòíîì ìàññèâåîç. Ñèíòóð: 1 ïàðà ìåæäó îç¸ðàìè Ïðè-ñòàíèùå è Ñèíòóð, 2-ÿ ïàðà – íà îç. Íèæ-íåå è 3-ÿ ïàðà – â óñòüå ð. Îñüÿ. Â ñåíòÿá-ðå 1992 ã. âçðîñëàÿ ïòèöà ñî ñë¸òêîì


íàáëþäàëàñü áëèç îç. Ïåëûìñêèé Òóìàí.Âåðîÿòíî å¸ ãíåçäî â èþíå 1993 ã. áûëîîáíàðóæåíî â èçëó÷èíå Ïåëûìà áëèç ñ.Îøìàðüÿ. Â èþíå-èþëå 1993 ã. íà Ïåëû-ìå áûëî îáíàðóæåíî â îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè7 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, âêëþ÷àÿ âûøåîïè-ñàííûé: âçðîñëàÿ ïòèöà, óêëîíÿâøàÿñÿ îòàòàê áîðîäàòîé íåÿñûòè (Strix nebulosa),íàáëþäàëàñü â óñòüå ð. Øåâüÿ, ïàðà âñòðå-÷åíà âûøå îç. Âîòüïèíñêîå, ãíåçäî ïîäîð-ëèêîâ îáíàðóæåíî áëèç îç. Õëåáíîå, ïàðàïòèö âñòðå÷åíà â 2,5 êì âûøå ä. Øàíòàëüñ-êàÿ è åù¸ îäèí âçðîñëûé ïîäîðëèê ñ ãíåç-äîâûì ïîâåäåíèåì íàáëþäàëñÿ âûøå ñ.Åðåìèíî ìåæäó ïðîòîêàìè Ïåëûìà.

Íà Ñåâåðíîì Óðàëå âèä íå îáíàðóæåí(Êàðÿêèí è äð., 1999; Áîéêî è äð., 2003),õîòÿ ðàíåå, âïëîòü äî 1989 ã., íàáëþäàëñÿâ ïîéìàõ ðåê, â ÷àñòíîñòè â ïîéìå ð. Ëîçü-âà (Øòðàóõ, 1997). Èìååòñÿ òàêæå óêàçà-íèå Í.È. Êóçíåöîâà (1959) î äîáû÷å ñàì-êè ïîäîðëèêà â èþëå 1952 ã. áëèç îç.Íèæíåå Ï.Í. Ðîãàëåâûì, íî ïîñëå ýòîãîêàêèå ëèáî âñòðå÷è ïîäîðëèêà â ðàéîíå çà-ïîâåäíèêà Äåíåæêèí Êàìåíü îòñóòñòâóþò.

Â ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè â 20–30-õ ãã.áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê áûë îáû÷åí íà Âîñòî÷-íîì Óðàëå (Ñíèãèðåâñêèé, 1929; Óøêîâ,1993). Â 80-õ ãã. Â.Ä. Çàõàðîâ (1989) íà-áëþäàë ïòèö â Èëüìåíñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå,×åáàðêóëüñêîì è Îêòÿáðüñêîì ðàéîíàõ,îäíàêî ãí¸çä íå íàõîäèë, À.À. Êóçüìè÷(2002) íàáëþäàë ïîäîðëèêà 26 àïðåëÿ2002 ã. íàä áîë. Ìàìûíêóëü. Äëÿ Âîñòî÷-íî-Óðàëüñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà óêàçûâàåòñÿãíåçäîâàíèå 1–2-õ ïàð ïîäîðëèêîâ â ñî-âðåìåííûé ïåðèîä (Ðÿáèöåâ, Òàðàñîâ,1993; Òàðàñîâ, 2004). Ï.Ñ. Ðåäüêî (1998)áûëî èçâåñòíî 3 ãíåçäà: äâà â Åòêóëüñêîìáîðó è îäíî – â Íàçàðîâñêîì. Äàííàÿ èí-ôîðìàöèÿ áûëà ïîñòàâëåíà ïîä ñîìíåíèå,

ò.ê. À.À. Êîçëîâûì â ýòèõ áîðàõ áûë îáíà-ðóæåí ëèøü ìîãèëüíèê (Êàðÿêèí, Êîçëîâ,1999), íî âèäèìî íåîáîñíîâàííî, ò.ê. ïîç-æå (â 2004 ã.) çäåñü îáíàðóæåíî 4 ãíåçäàáîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ (äàííûå àâòîðà). Â.À.Êîðîâèí (1997) ïîäîðëèêà íà þãå îáëàñ-òè íå âñòðå÷àë. Â.À. Ãàøåê (2003) íàáëþ-äàëà âçðîñëîãî ïîäîðëèêà â èþëå 2003 ã.áëèç ï. Âàðøàâñêèé Êàðòàëèíñêîãî ð-íà.

Â 1996–98 ãã. â ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòèÖåíòðîì ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé áûëî óñ-òàíîâëåíî ãíåçäîâàíèå 19 ïàð ïîäîðëèêîâ,à èõ îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü îöåíåíà â 50 ïàð(Êàðÿêèí, 1998). Ïî ñîñòîÿíèþ íà 1999 ã.â îáëàñòè ñòàëî èçâåñòíî 22 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷à-ñòêà ïîäîðëèêîâ è 6 ìåñò âåðîÿòíîãî ãíåç-äîâàíèÿ âèäà: 10 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ è 4ìåñòà âåðîÿòíîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïðèóðî÷å-íû ê ëåñîñòåïíîìó Çàóðàëüþ, 8 ãíåçäîâûõó÷àñòêîâ – ê Âîñòî÷íîìó Óðàëó è 4 ó÷àñò-êà è 2 ìåñòà âåðîÿòíîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ – êöåíòðàëüíûì ðàéîíàì ãîðíî-ëåñíîé çîíûÞæíîãî Óðàëà (Êàðÿêèí, Êîçëîâ, 1999).Óæå â òîò ïåðèîä áûëî âûäâèíóòî ïðåäïî-ëîæåíèå, ÷òî â Çàóðàëüå ïîäîðëèê áîëååîáû÷åí, ïîýòîìó â 2003–2006 ãã. îñíîâ-íîé óïîð ñäåëàí íà îáñëåäîâàíèå êîëêî-âûõ ëåñîâ è áîðîâ ëåñîñòåïíîãî Çàóðàëüÿ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè. Â èòîãå âûÿâëåíî 16íîâûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áîëüøîãî ïîäîð-ëèêà, íî ïðè ýòîì 3 ðàíåå îáíàðóæåííûõãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ïîäòâåðäèòü íå óäàëîñü.Èç íàèáîëåå çíà÷èìûõ ãíåçäîâûõ íàõîäîêáîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü ó÷à-ñòêè â Ñàíàðñêîì (îêðåñòíîñòè ñ. Âåðõ.Ñàíàðêà) è Äæàáûê-Êàðàãàéñêîì (äâåïàðû þæíåå ñ¸ë Ïàðèæ è Êóæåáàåâñêèéâ 6,7 êì äðóã îò äðóãà) áîðàõ, ÷òî íåñêîëü-êî ðàñøèðÿåò çîíó äëÿ ýêñòðàïîëÿöèè ÷èñ-ëåííîñòè âèäà.

Èíôîðìàöèÿ î áîëüøîì ïîäîðëèêå âÊóðãàíñêîé îáëàñòè êðàéíå ñêóäíà. Ò.Ê. èÂ.Í. Áëèíîâû (1997) íàáëþäàëè ïîäîðëè-êà â ñåâåðíîé ëåñîñòåïè, ãäå îí áûë îáû-÷åí íà âåðõîâûõ áîëîòàõ è â ïåðåëåñêàõ,÷åðåäóþùèõñÿ ñ ïîëÿìè (1–2 îñîáè/êì2),à â þæíîé ëåñîñòåïè âèä áûë ðåäîê è ëèøüèçðåäêà âñòðå÷àëñÿ â ëåñàõ äîëèíû ð. Òî-áîë. Â ñîâðåìåííûé ïåðèîä ïîäîðëèê íà-áëþäàëñÿ âî ìíîãèõ ðàéîíàõ îáëàñòè, õîòÿôàêòîâ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íå òàê óæ è ìíîãî:âñòðå÷åí áëèç îç. ×¸ðíîå íà ãðàíèöå ñÒþìåíñêîé îáëàñòüþ (Òàðàñîâ, 2004), ãíåç-äîâàíèå ïî 1 ïàðå ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ áëèçîç¸ð Ìàíüÿññ è Àòÿæ (Òàðàñîâ, 2006),îäèíî÷íûå îñîáè íàáëþäàëèñü â áîðàõó ñ. Ïðîðûâíîå è ñ. Òðóä è ñ. Çíàíèå íàÒîáîëå è ó ñ. Áåëîå, â êîëè÷åñòâå 1–2 ïàðãíåçäèòñÿ â áîðó ó ñ. Ðåäóòü (Ìîðîçîâ,




Êîðíåâ, 2002à; Ìîðîçîâ, 2006; Ðÿáèöåâè äð., 2002), 3 ãíåçäà ïîäîðëèêîâ â Ïðè-òîáîëüñêèõ áîðàõ îáíàðóæåíû â ñåçîí2004 ã. (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005à).

Íåëüçÿ ñêàçàòü, ÷òî Êóðãàíñêàÿ îáëàñòüäàæå óìåðåííî îáñëåäîâàíà íà ïðåäìåò

ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïîäîðëè-êà. Çäåñü ê 2007 ã. àâ-òîðîì ñ êîëëåãàìè âû-ÿâëåíî âñåãî 20ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ,ò.ê. èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïðî-âîäèëèñü â ðàìêàõ ýêñ-ïåäèöèé Öåíòðà ïîëå-âûõ èññëåäîâàíèé ïîïðîåêòó èçó÷åíèÿ èðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ÷èñ-ëåííîñòè áàëîáàíà(Falco cherrug), è îñ-íîâíîå âíèìàíèå áûëîóäåëåíî ëèøü áîðîâûììàññèâàì âäîëü Òîáîëà.Êàê ñëåäñòâèå, ìåòîäè-êà îáñëåäîâàíèÿ áûëàîðèåíòèðîâàíà íà îñ-

ìîòð îïóøêè, ïîýòîìó ãí¸çäà ïîäîðëèêîâèñêàëèñü ëèøü ïðè ðåãèñòðàöèè ïòèö, ÷òîïîäðàçóìåâàåò áîëüøóþ äîëþ ïðîïóñêàýòîãî âèäà. Â îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè â áîðàõâûÿâëåíî 15 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ è, ñóäÿ ïîâñòðå÷àì ïòèö, ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ ãíåçäîâà-íèå ïîäîðëèêà åù¸ íà 3-õ ó÷àñòêàõ.

Â Òþìåíñêîé îáëàñòè áåç àâòîíîìíûõîêðóãîâ äàííûõ î áîëüøîì ïîäîðëèêå åù¸ìåíüøå, ÷åì â Êóðãàíñêîé îáëàñòè. Ëåòîì1982 ã. ïîäîðëèê íàáëþäàëñÿ â ßëóòîðîâ-ñêîì ð-íå áëèç ï. Èâàíîâêà (Þäêèí è äð.,2002), à ëåòîì 1991 ã. – â Óâàòñêîì ðàéî-íå (îêðåñòíîñòè ïîñ. Óêè, Ãîðíî-Ñëèíêè-íî è Ìèññèÿ) (Áîáêîâ è äð., 1997). Â.Â.Ìîðîçîâ è Ñ.Â. Êîðíåâ (2002á) íàáëþäà-ëè ïîäîðëèêà íàä îç. Òóíäðîâî îêîëî ñ.Ñàâèíà â 2002 ã.

Â 2001–2006 ãã. â õîäå ôðàãìåíòàðíûõðàáîò â Íèæíåòàâäèíñêîì, ßðêîâñêîì,Òþìåíñêîì, Èñåòñêîì, ßëóòîðîâñêîì, Óïî-ðîâñêîì, Àááàòñêîì è Èøèìñêîì ðàéîíàõóäàëîñü âûÿâèòü 35 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâáîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà, íà 26 èç êîòîðûõ îá-íàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà è âñòðå÷åíû ñë¸òêè. Êàêâèäíî èç ðèñ. 2, âûÿâëåííûå ãíåçäîâûåó÷àñòêè äîñòàòî÷íî êó÷íî ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ íàþãî-âîñòîêå è þãî-çàïàäå îáëàñòè. Ñâÿçà-íî ýòî â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ñ òåì, ÷òî îñíîâ-íûå ðàáîòû âåëèñü âäîëü äîëèí Èøèìà èÒîáîëà ñ èõ êðóïíûìè ïðèòîêàìè è ïðè-ëåãàþùèìè ê äîëèíàì âîäíî-áîëîòíûìèêîìïëåêñàìè, äîñòóïíûìè ñ àâòîòðàññ. Òåìíå ìåíåå, âîäîðàçäåë ìåæäó Òîáîëîì è

Èøèìîì äåéñòâèòåëüíî ÿâëÿåòñÿ ìåíååáëàãîïðèÿòíûì äëÿ îáèòàíèÿ ïîäîðëèêàèç-çà ìàëîé ïëîùàäè çäåñü âîäíî-áîëîòíûõêîìïëåêñîâ.

Îìñêàÿ îáëàñòü ÿâëÿåòñÿ íàñòîÿùèì «áå-ëûì ïÿòíîì» â àðåàëå ïîäîðëèêà â Çàïàä-íîé Ñèáèðè, ò.ê. îòñþäà ïðîèñõîäèò ìè-íèìóì èíôîðìàöèè î íàõîäêàõ ãí¸çä ýòîãîâèäà, êàê ñîáñòâåííî è âñòðå÷ â ãíåçäîâîéïåðèîä. Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê, êàê ÷àñòîâñòðå÷àþùèéñÿ âèä, óêàçûâàëñÿ äëÿ Îìñ-êîé îáëàñòè åù¸ â XIX âåêå, îäíàêî âîç-ìîæíî çäåñü èìååò ìåñòî áûòü îøèáêà âîïðåäåëåíèè âèäà, êàê ìèíèìóì äëÿ íåêî-òîðûõ ñëó÷àåâ, ò.ê. ðå÷ü èä¸ò, â òîì ÷èñëå,è î çèìíèõ íàáëþäåíèÿõ (Ñîòíèêîâ, 1892).È.Í. Øóõîâ (1926) óêàçûâàåò ïîäîðëèêà âêà÷åñòâå ãíåçäÿùåãîñÿ âèäà îáëàñòè â íà-÷àëå ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ. Ñ.Ï. Ìèëîâèäîâ è Ñ.Ç.Øåâûðíîãîâ (1977) ïðèâîäÿò ïîäîðëèêà âêà÷åñòâå ìèãðàíòà äëÿ ã. Îìñêà. Â.Â. ßêè-ìåíêî (1998) äîñòàòî÷íî àáñòðàêòíî õà-ðàêòåðèçóåò ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ïîäîðëèêàâ îáëàñòè, îòìå÷àÿ, ÷òî â ëåòíåå âðåìÿ âèäâñòðå÷àåòñÿ â òà¸æíîé è ïîäòà¸æíîé çî-íàõ, â ëåñîñòåïè – âåñíîé, à â îòäåëüíûåãîäû è ëåòîì, ïðè ýòîì ãí¸çä ïîäîðëèêààâòîðîì íå îáíàðóæåíî.

Â 1996–2005 ãã. ïîäîðëèê ðåãóëÿðíî íà-áëþäàëñÿ â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä â ðàéîíå ñ.Ëóêüÿíîâêà Îäåññêîãî ðàéîíà (Ïóòèëîâà,2006), ïàðà âñòðå÷åíà 21 àâãóñòà 1998 ã. âñåâåðíîé ëåñîñòåïè áëèç ïîñ. ßêîâëåâêàÃîðüêîâñêîãî ðàéîíà, îäíà ïòèöà íàáëþ-äàëàñü òàì æå ñ 22 ïî 24 àâãóñòà 1999 ã.(Ñîëîâüåâ, 2006). Ãíåçäî ïîäîðëèêà áûëîîáíàðóæåíî 11 ìàÿ 2002 ã. â 15 êì þæ-íåå ã. Òàðà (Ìîðîçîâ, Êîðíåâ, 2002á).

Â 2004–2007 ãã. â Îìñêîé îáëàñòè âûÿâ-ëåíî 7 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïîäîðëèêîâ, 2èç êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíû â êîëêîâûõ ëåñàõ(áëèç îç. Øèøêèíî ìåæäó ñ¸ëàìè Ïàâëîâêàè Áåêèøåâî è áëèç áûâøåãî ñ. Àíäðîíêèíî)âäîëü àâòîòðàññû Îìñê – Òþìåíü â õîäå òðàí-çèòíîãî ìàðøðóòà â 2005 ã. è 5 – â õîäå ñïå-öèàëüíîãî îáñëåäîâàíèÿ òåððèòîðèè ê çàïà-äó îò îç. Ñàëòàèì. Â ïîñëåäíåì ñëó÷àå 3ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà â 10,9 è 13,9 êì äðóã îòäðóãà âûÿâëåíû â çàáîëî÷åííûõ áåð¸çîâûõëåñàõ â þæíîé ÷àñòè áîëîòà Îðëîâñêîå Çàé-ìèùå, îäèí – â 8 êì çàïàäíåå Êðóòèíêè èäðóãîé – áëèç ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîãî ïîáåðåæüÿîç. Ñàëòàèì ó áîëîòà Ñàëòàèìñêîå.

Â Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè áîëüøîé ïî-äîðëèê îòìå÷åí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè Î.Í. Äà-íèëîâûì (1976) â Öåíòðàëüíîé Áàðàáåáëèç ñ. Êàìà Êóéáûøåâñêîãî ðàéîíà, ïðè-÷¸ì ñ 1959 ïî 1971 ãã. ÷èñëåííîñòü ãíåç-äÿùèõñÿ ïîäîðëèêîâ çäåñü ñîêðàòèëàñü ñ 8




äî 1 ïàðû. Äëÿ ñåâåðíîé Êóëóíäû (Êàðà-ñóêñêèé ñòàöèîíàð, îêðåñòíîñòè îç. Êðî-òîâàÿ Ëÿãà) ïîäîðëèê ïðèâîäèòñÿ Î.Í. Äà-íèëîâûì (1976) êàê ïðîë¸òíûé è èçðåäêàëåòóþùèé, õîòÿ íà êàðòîñõåìàõ îïûòíîãîó÷àñòêà îòìå÷åíû ãí¸çäà â îäíîì è òîì æåêîëêå, çàíèìàâøèåñÿ â 1967 è 1972 ãã. Ïîäàííûì Ä.À. Âàñåíüêîâà (ëè÷íîå ñîîáùå-íèå) ãíåçäî ïîäîðëèêà â ýòîì êîëêå ñîõðà-íÿëîñü âïëîòü äî 2000 ã. è â ïîñëåäíèé ãîäíàáëþäåíèé çàíèìàëîñü êîðøóíîì (Milvusmigrans).

Â ñîâðåìåííûé ïåðèîä áîëüøèíñòâîâñòðå÷ ïîäîðëèêà â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä èíàõîäîê ãí¸çä ñäåëàíî â þæíîé è öåíò-ðàëüíîé ÷àñòè Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè.

Â ðàìêàõ ðàáîòû Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ èññëå-äîâàíèé è Ñèáèðñêîãî ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî öåí-òðà â 1999–2006 ãã. â îáëàñòè âûÿâëåíî 28ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïîäîðëèêîâ, 82,14% èçêîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíî â Îáñêîì ëåâîáåðå-æüå (íà 12 ó÷àñòêàõ îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà,íà 8 âñòðå÷åíû ñë¸òêè ñî âçðîñëûìè ïòè-öàìè è íà 8 – ïàðû ïòèö ëèáî âçðîñëûåïòèöû ñ ãíåçäîâûì ïîâåäåíèåì). Â.Ï. Áåëèêñ ñîàâòîðàìè (2005) â èþíå-èþëå 2005 ã.ïåðåñåêëè ïðàêòè÷åñêè âåñü çàïàä Íîâî-ñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè îò ãðàíèöû ñ Àëòàéñ-êèì êðàåì äî âåðõîâüåâ ð. Óé íà ãðàíèöå ñÎìñêîé îáëàñòüþ è âñòðåòèëè 11 áîëüøèõïîäîðëèêîâ. Ïî ñâåäåíèÿì Â.Â. Íèêîëàåâà(Áåëèê è äð., 2005) 5 ïàð ïîäîðëèêîâ ãíåç-äèëèñü â êîíöå 90-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ â ×ó-ëûìñêîì è Êî÷åí¸âñêîì ð-íàõ ê çàïàäó îòÍîâîñèáèðñêà (4 ãíåçäà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü âáåð¸çîâûõ êîëêàõ è 1 ãíåçäî – íà ñîñíåñðåäè âåðõîâîãî áîëîòà).

Â õîäå îïåðàöèè «×¸ðíûé àèñò», ïðîâå-ä¸ííîé Ýêîêëóáîì ÍÃÓ â 1995 ã., áûëàïîëó÷åíà èíôîðìàöèÿ î ãíåçäîâàíèè ïî-äîðëèêà áëèç îç. Óáèíñêîå, îäíàêî â òîòïåðèîä ýòè äàííûå ïðîâåðèòü íå óäàëîñü.Ïîçæå â õîäå öåëåíàïðàâëåííûõ ïëîùà-äî÷íûõ ó÷¸òîâ â ðàéîíå îç. Áèçþðà è ñèñ-òåìû îç¸ð Êîøêàáà â Êàðãàòñêîì ðàéîíåíà 2-õ ïëîùàäêàõ âûÿâëåíî 5 ãíåçäîâûõó÷àñòêîâ ïîäîðëèêîâ.

Â 1999 ã. ãíåçäîâàíèå ïîäîðëèêà â êî-ëè÷åñòâå 2-õ ïàð óñòàíîâëåíî â Ñóçóíñêîìáîðó, à ïîçæå è â Êàðàêàíñêîì áîðó (Êà-ðÿêèí è äð., 2005á). Â 2001 ã. 3 ãíåçäàïîäîðëèêîâ îáíàðóæåíû â áåð¸çîâûõ êîë-êàõ Ïðèîáñêîãî ïëàòî â Îðäûíñêîì ðàéî-íå. Â 2003–2004 ãã. â õîäå ðàáîò â Çäâèí-ñêîì, Êðàñíîç¸ðñêîì è Äîâîëåíñêîìðàéîíàõ âûÿâëåíî 12 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâïîäîðëèêîâ.

Â ñåâåðíîé ÷àñòè îáëàñòè â ñâÿçè ñ íèç-êîé ñòåïåíüþ îáñëåäîâàííîñòè òåððèòî-

ðèè èçâåñòíî ìàëî ðåãèñòðàöèé ïîäîðëè-êà. Â 1999 ã. â õîäå ýêñïåäèöèè ïî ïîèñêóìåñò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âåðòëÿâîé êàìûøåâêè(Acrocephalus paludicola) ó÷àñòíèêàìè ýê-ñïåäèöèè áûëè âñòðå÷åíû 9 ïîäîðëèêîâ:îäíà ïòèöà íàáëþäàëàñü 11 èþíÿ â 25 êì êñåâåðó îò Ìåæîâêè, äðóãàÿ – 12 èþíÿ íàäð. Êàìà ê þãó îò ðàéöåíòðà Ñåâåðíîå, ÷å-òûðå, à â 2-õ êì îò ìåñòà ïåðâîé âñòðå÷èåù¸ äâà ïîäîðëèêà (âîçìîæíî ïòèöû èçïðåäûäóùåé ãðóïïû), âñòðå÷åíû 13 èþíÿâ îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ñ. Åëàíêà Óáèíñêîãî ðàéî-íà, îäèíî÷íàÿ ïòèöà íàáëþäàëàñü 15 èþíÿíåìíîãî þæíåå ñ. ×¸ðíûé Ìûñ Êîëûâàí-ñêîãî ðàéîíà â ïîéìå ð. Îáü (Êàëÿêèí èäð., 2000). Â.Ï. Áåëèê ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (2005)4 èþëÿ 2005 ã. 1 è 2 ïòèöû íàáëþäàë ñðå-äè ïåðåëåñêîâ â ðàéîíå ñèñòåìû êðóïíûõîç¸ð ìåæäó ñ. ßíàáèíî Óñòü-Òàðêñêîãî ð-íà è ñ. Âîðîáüåâî Âåíãåðîâñêîãî ð-íà.

Â Òîìñêîé îáëàñòè ê çîíå îïòèìàëüíîãîãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïîäîðëèêà ìîæíî îòíåñòèëèøü å¸ þãî-âîñòî÷íóþ ÷àñòü. Ïî-âèäèìî-ìó, ýòîò îð¸ë ñ íàèáîëåå âûñîêîé ÷èñëåí-íîñòüþ ãíåçäèòñÿ â îáëàñòè ëèøü â Ïðèîá-ñêèõ ëåñàõ. Ì.Â. Êàëÿêèí ñ ñîàâòîðàìè(2000) 16 èþíÿ 1999 ã. íàáëþäàë ïîäîð-ëèêà íàä Îáñêèì áîëîòîì þæíåå ñ. Ìåëü-íèêîâî. Ñ.Ñ. Ìîñêâèòèí (2006) óêàçûâàåòíà ãíåçäîâàíèå â 2001–2002 ãã. êàê ìèíè-ìóì 2-õ ïàð ïîäîðëèêîâ íà Ïåðøèíñêî-Ìàíàòêèíñêîì ó÷àñòêå ïîéìû Îáè è 5–8ïàð – íà Áàòóðèíî-Ñèìàíñêîì ó÷àñòêåïîéìû Îáè (íà ãðàíèöå ñ Íîâîñèáèðñêîéîáëàñòüþ). Äëÿ Ïðè÷óëûìñêîé òàéãè ôàê-òîâ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïîäîðëèêà íå óñòàíîâëå-íî, è îí ñ÷èòàåòñÿ çäåñü èñêëþ÷èòåëüíîðåäêîé ïòèöåé íà îñíîâàíèè 3-õ âñòðå÷:27 àâãóñòà 1999 ã. – â Çûðÿíîâñêîì ðàéî-íå íà ð. Òîíãóë, 7 èþíÿ 2000 ã. – â îêðåñ-òíîñòÿõ ï. Òåãóëüäåò, 3 èþëÿ 2001 ã. – âÏåðâîìàéñêîì ðàéîíå â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ îç.Á. ×åðòàíû (Áëèíîâà è äð., 2001). Òåì íåìåíåå, âèä îïðåäåë¸ííî ãíåçäèòñÿ ïî ×ó-ëûìó, òàê êàê îáíàðóæåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèèâ äîëèíå ×óëûìà â Êðàñíîÿðñêîì êðàå, àòàêæå íà ð. Êèÿ â Êåìåðîâñêîé îáëàñòèáëèç ãðàíèö ñ Òîìñêîé îáëàñòüþ (äàííûåàâòîðà).

Êàê ñëåäóåò èç Êðàñíîé êíèãè Àëòàéñêî-ãî êðàÿ (1998) â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä áîëü-øîé ïîäîðëèê íàéäåí â Áèéñêî-×óìûøñ-êîé ëåñîñòåïè, â ëåíòî÷íûõ è ïðèîáñêèõáîðàõ, â Ïðèñàëàèðüå è â ïðåäãîðüÿõ(Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà…, 1996). Â ïåðâîé ïîëî-âèíå XX ñòîëåòèÿ áîëüøèå ïîäîðëèêè ðå-ãèñòðèðîâàëèñü ëåòîì íà îç. Á. Ðàêèò (Âå-ëèæàíèí, 1928), ó ñ¸ë Íîâåíüêîå è Ëîêîòü(Ñåëåâèí, 1928). Â 70–80-õ ãã. ïîäîðëèê


íàáëþäàëñÿ íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ó ñ. Ñâåòëîî-ç¸ðñêîå, ó Áèéñêà, ïî ð. Øóáåíêà ó ñ. Ëîæ-êèíî (Êó÷èí, 1976), îäíàêî â 90-õ ãã. â ýòèõïóíêòàõ íå îáíàðóæåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè(Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà…, 1998), õîòÿ ó Áèéñêà, óñ¸ë Êëåïèêîâî è Âîåâîäñêîå íàáëþäàëèñüìîëîäûå ïòèöû (Êó÷èí, 1991), à äëÿ íèçî-âüåâ Áèè ãíåçäîâàíèå âñ¸ æå óñòàíîâëåíîâ 2004 ã.: çäåñü 9–10 èþëÿ âñòðå÷åíû 2ïàðû, ó îäíîé èç êîòîðûõ íàéäåíî ãíåçäî,è åù¸ 2 îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû îòìå÷àëèñü çàïðåäåëàìè âûÿâëåííûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (Êàðÿêèí,Áàêêà, 2004; Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005à). Â èþíå1993 ã. æèëîå ãíåçäî ïîäîðëèêà íàéäåíîâ íèçîâüÿõ Áîáðîâêè, à â ìàå 1997 ã. – óîç. Ì. Ïåòóõîâî (Èðèñîâà è äð., 1998).

Â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèêíàáëþäàëñÿ â ïîéìå Îáè â îêðåñòíîñòÿõñ¸ë Àêóòèõà, Ðàññêàçèõà è Êó÷óê (ÔîìèíÁ.Í., ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå, èç: Êðàñíàÿ êíè-ãà…, 1998). Âñòðå÷è ïòèö ëåòîì îòìå÷åíûòàêæå íà ïðåäãîðíîé ðàâíèíå â Ñîëòîíñ-êîì ðàéîíå (Ðàâêèí, 1973), â îêðåñòíîñ-òÿõ îç. Êóëóíäèíñêîå, íà îç. Ñòàðè÷íîåÏàíêðóøèõèíñêîãî ðàéîíà, ó ñ. ÊàòêîâîÐóáöîâñêîãî ðàéîíà è â Êîðíèëîâñêîìáîðó (äàííûå Ê.Â. Òîðîïîâà, Â.Þ. Ïåòðî-âà, À.Ï. Êó÷èíà, À.À. Òðóíîâà èç: Êðàñíàÿêíèãà…, 1998). Â 2003–2004 ãã. â ðàìêàõðàáîò ïî ïðîãðàììå èíâåíòàðèçàöèè ÊÎÒÐâ Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè ïðåáûâàíèå íå ìåíåå3-õ ïàð áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà âûÿâëåíî âÊîðíèëîâñêîì áîðó, 3-õ ïàð – â Ïðèîáñ-êîì áîðó ñåâåðíåå ñ. Äðåñâÿíêà, è ñòîëüêîæå â Áàðíàóëüñêîì áîðó â îêðåñòíîñòÿõîç. Âàâèëîí (Ïåòðîâ, 2004).

Êðîìå òîãî, â êîíöå ëåòà – íà÷àëå îñåíèïîäîðëèêè îòìå÷àëèñü â ñðåäíåì òå÷åíèè

Êàñìàëû, â âåðõîâüå Êóëóíäû, â ðàéîíåñëèÿíèÿ Áàðíàóëüñêîé è Êàñìàëèíñêîéëåíò áîðà íà òåððèòîðèè Åãîðüåâñêîãî çà-êàçíèêà (Èíâåíòàðèçàöèÿ… 1994–1995,èç: Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà…, 1998). Î.ß. Ãàðìñ(1998) ïðèâîäèò èíôîðìàöèþ î âñòðå÷àõïîäîðëèêà â 1995–1997 ãã. âåñíîé è îñå-íüþ ó ñ. Îç¸ðêè Òàëüìåíñêîãî ðàéîíà.

Â ðàìêàõ ðàáîò Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ èññëå-äîâàíèé è Ñèáýêîöåíòðà â 2003 ã. òîëüêîâ 2-õ áîðîâûõ ëåíòàõ Îáñêîãî ëåâîáåðå-æüÿ ëîêàëèçîâàíî 50 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâáîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà, à â 2004 ã. â ýòèõ æåëåíòàõ (Êàñìàëèíñêàÿ è Áàðíàóëüñêàÿ) åù¸2 ðàíåå íåèçâåñòíûõ è 6 íîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ âÊóëóíäèíñêîé ëåíòå è îñòðîâíûõ ëåñàõâäîëü ð. Êóëóíäà (Êàðÿêèí, Áàêêà, 2004;Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005à; 2005á).

×èñëåííîñòü íà ãíåçäîâàíèè

è å¸ äèíàìèêà


Â ðÿäå îáëàñòåé è ðåñïóáëèê Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà îöåíêè ÷èñëåííîñòèáîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà íåîäíîçíà÷íû ïî ìà-òåðèàëàì ðàçíûõ èññëåäîâàòåëåé, íî íå-ñîìíåííî îäíî – â ïðîøëîì ÷èñëåííîñòüáîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà áûëà ñóùåñòâåííîâûøå ñîâðåìåííîé.

Â Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòè â XIX âåêå ïî-äîðëèê ñ÷èòàëñÿ íåìíîãî÷èñëåííîé ãíåç-äÿùåéñÿ ïòèöåé (Ýâåðñìàí, 1866), õîòÿÍ.À. Çàðóäíûé (1888) äëÿ íåêîòîðûõ ñòåï-íûõ ðåê ïðèâîäèë ôàíòàñòè÷åñêèå ïîêà-çàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè – 4 ãíåçäà íà 6 äåñÿòèí,÷òî ÿâíî ãîâîðèò îá îáû÷íîñòè âèäà â òîòïåðèîä. Â ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíå ÕÕ âåêà áîëü-øîé ïîäîðëèê ïðèâîäèòñÿ äëÿ ÇàïàäíîãîÎðåíáóðæüÿ êàê íàèáîëåå îáû÷íûé èçîðëîâ (Äàðêøåâè÷, 1950; Ðàéñêèé, 1951),îäíàêî â êîíöå ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ åãî ÷èñëåí-íîñòü äëÿ Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòè îöåíåíà

Ðèñ. 3. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Âîë-ãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå.Óñëîâíûå îáîçíà÷åíèÿ: 1 – ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè áîëü-øîãî ïîäîðëèêà ïî äàííûì èññëåäîâàíèé àâòîðà è êîë-ëåã, 2 – ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà ïîëèòåðàòóðíûì äàííûì, 3 – ãðàíèöû îáëàñòåé è ðåñ-ïóáëèê, 4 – âîäî¸ìû, 5 – ëåñ

Fig. 3. Distribution of the Greater Spotted Eagle in theVolga-Ural region.Labels: 1 – breeding territories of the Greater SpottedEagle following the survey data of the author andcolleges, 2 – territories of the Greater Spotted Eaglefollowing the published data, 3 – borders of districtsand republics, 4 – lakes, water reservoirs and rivers, 5 –forest


â 25–30 ïàð (Äàâûãîðà, 1998). Â ðàìêàõðàáîòû Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé âïîéìåííîì ëåñó ð. Ñàêìàðà â 1996–97 ãã.áûëî îáíàðóæåíî 4 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàïîäîðëèêîâ, 2 èç êîòîðûõ â Áàøêèðèè è 2â Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòè (Êàðÿêèí, 1998),îäíàêî â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ïîäîðëèêè ãíåç-äÿòñÿ ëèøü íà îäíîì ó÷àñòêå â Îðåíáóðãñ-êîé îáëàñòè, ãäå ïåðâîå æèëîå ãíåçäî ïî-äîðëèêà áûëî îáíàðóæåíî åù¸ 6 èþíÿ1997 ã. Â 1996–98 ãã. â ïîéìå ð. Óðàë áûëîèçâåñòíî 9 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïîäîðëèêîâ(Êàðÿêèí, 1998), îäíàêî èõ ïîñåùåíèå â2005–2007 ãã. ïîêàçàëî ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñ-ëåííîñòè ïòèö – ïîäîðëèêè áûëè âñòðå-÷åíû ëèøü áëèç ñ¸ë Äîíñêîå è Âåðõíåî-ç¸ðíîå, ãäå ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü èõãíåçäîâàíèå, à â óñòüå ð. Èëåê âñòðå÷åíâûâîäîê (äàííûå àâòîðà). Òàêèì îáðàçîì,ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ïîäîðëèêà â Îðåíáóðã-ñêîé îáëàñòè â ñîâðåìåííûé ïåðèîä êðàé-íå ñïîðàäè÷íî è êàêèõ-ëèáî óñòîé÷èâûõãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê çäåñü íå âûÿâëå-íî, ïðè÷¸ì äèíàìèêà ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäàÿâíî îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ.

Â Áàøêèðèè âèä áûë îáû÷åí â êîíöå ÕIXâåêà è íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî âñòðå÷àëñÿ â Ïðå-äóðàëüå; ìåñòàìè ïîäîðëèêè ãíåçäèëèñü íàðàññòîÿíèè 400 ì äðóã îò äðóãà (Ñóøêèí,1897). Îäíàêî â 80-õ ãã. ÕÕ âåêà ñèòóàöèÿñ âèäîì â Áàøêèðèè îïèñûâàëàñü êàê êðè-òè÷åñêàÿ (Èëüè÷åâ, Ôîìèí, 1988). Íåñìîò-ðÿ íà ýòî, â 90-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ â Ïðèáå-ëüå áûëà âûÿâëåíà êðóïíåéøàÿ â ðåãèîíåãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëè-êîâ – 50 èçâåñòíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, ÷òîñîñòàâëÿëî íà òîò ïåðèîä 67,6% îò îáùåãî÷èñëà èçâåñòíûõ ãí¸çä â Áàøêèðèè è 31,8%

îò îáùåãî ÷èñëà èçâåñòíûõ ãí¸çä â Óðàëüñ-êîì ðåãèîíå (Êàðÿêèí, 1998). Â ñîâðåìåí-íûé ïåðèîä â äàííîé ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâ-êå èçâåñòíî 74 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà (83,15%îò îáùåãî ÷èñëà èçâåñòíûõ â Áàøêèðèè), ñó÷¸òîì òîãî, ÷òî 4 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà â óñ-òüå Áåëîé ïåðåñòàëè ñóùåñòâîâàòü èç-çàïîäú¸ìà óðîâíÿ Íèæíåêàìñêîãî âîäîõðà-íèëèùà, à 6 íîâûõ ïîÿâèëèñü íà òåððèòî-ðèÿõ, íà êîòîðûõ ðàíåå ïîäîðëèê îòñóò-ñòâîâàë (äàííûå àâòîðà). Îñòàëüíûåãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè îáíàðóæåíû â õîäå áî-ëåå äåòàëüíîãî îáñëåäîâàíèÿ ðàíåå íå ïî-ñåùàâøèõñÿ òåððèòîðèé. Ãîâîðèòü î êà-êîì-ëèáî ðîñòå ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîäîðëèêàçäåñü ïðåæäåâðåìåííî. Ñêîðåå âñåãî,èìååò ìåñòî ïåðåðàñïðåäåëåíèå ïòèö, êî-òîðîå ñâÿçàííî ñ ïîäòîïëåíèåì ÷àñòèïîéì, êîðåííîé òðàíñôîðìàöèåé ñåëüñ-êîãî õîçÿéñòâà è, êàê ñëåäñòâèå, ñ èçìåíå-íèÿìè â õàðàêòåðå èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ñîõðà-íèâøèõñÿ ïàñòáèù è ñåíîêîñíûõ ëóãîâ. Íàòåððèòîðèè ñåâåðî-âîñòîêà Áàøêèðèèáûëî âûÿâëåíî 4 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ïîäîð-ëèêîâ â äîëèíå ð. Þðþçàíü â ïðåäåëàõÓôèìñêîãî ïëàòî è 1 – íà ð. Àé (Êàðÿêèí,1998). Â ãîðàõ Þæíîãî Óðàëà ïîäîðëèêãíåçäèëñÿ êðàéíå ñïîðàäè÷íî, òÿãîòåÿ êïîéìàì ðåê çàïàäíîãî ìàêðîñêëîíà. Çäåñüâ îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè áûëî èçâåñòíî 14 ãíåç-äîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, âêëþ÷àÿ 2 íà âîñòî÷íîììàêðîñêëîíå (Êàðÿêèí, 1998), ïðè ýòîììåñòîîáèòàíèÿ 3-õ ïàð ïîäîðëèêîâ â äî-ëèíå Áåëîé áûëè ïîëíîñòüþ óíè÷òîæåíûâ õîäå ñòðîèòåëüñòâà Þìàãóçèíñêîãî âî-äîõðàíèëèùà â 2000–2004 ãã.

Âèäèìî ñ êîíöà XIX âåêà ñèòóàöèÿ ñ ïî-äîðëèêîì íà Þæíîì Óðàëå èçìåíèëàñüêîðåííûì îáðàçîì. Ñ ñåðåäèíû ÕÕ âåêàíè î êàêîì ãíåçäîâàíèè âèäà â ãîðàõ âïëîòüäî âåðõíåé ãðàíèöû ëåñà, íà ÷òî îáðàùà-ëè âíèìàíèå èññëåäîâàòåëè ïðîøëîãî (Äå-ìåíòüåâ, 1951), ñâåäåíèé íåò. Â íàñòîÿùååâðåìÿ ïîäîðëèê ïðîäîëæàåò îñòàâàòüñÿ

Ðèñ. 4. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Çà-ïàäíîé Ñèáèðè.Óñëîâíûå îáîçíà÷åíèÿ: 1 – ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè áîëü-øîãî ïîäîðëèêà ïî äàííûì èññëåäîâàíèé àâòîðà èêîëëåã, 2 – ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêàïî ëèòåðàòóðíûì äàííûì, 3 – ãðàíèöû îáëàñòåé, 4 –âîäî¸ìû, 5 – ëåñà

Fig. 4. Distribution of the Greater Spotted Eagle in theWestern Siberia.Labels: 1 – breeding territories of the Greater SpottedEagle following the survey data of the author andcolleges, 2 – breeding territories of the Greater SpottedEagle following the published data, 3 – borders ofdistricts, 4 – lakes, water reservoirs and rivers, 5 – forests


îäíèì èç ñàìûõ ðåäêèõ îðëîâ ãîðíî-ëåñ-íîé çîíû Áàøêèðèè.

Äëÿ Áàøêèðèè â öåëîì â êîíöå 90-õ ãã.ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîäîðëèêà íàãíåçäîâàíèè áûëà îöåíåíà â 100 ïàð (Êà-ðÿêèí, 1998), è, êàê ïîêàçàëè äàëüíåéøèåèññëåäîâàíèÿ, áûëà çàíèæåíà â 2 ðàçà.

Íà Áóãóëüìèíñêî-Áåëåáååâñêîé âîçâû-øåííîñòè â ïðåäåëàõ Áàøêèðèè è Òàòàðèèäî 1998 ã. ïîäîðëèêè äàæå íå íàáëþäà-ëèñü â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä (Êàðÿêèí, 1998),íî â ìàå 1998 ã. óäàëîñü îáíàðóæèòü ãí¸çäà2-õ ïàð, õîòÿ îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü âèäà çäåñüêðàéíå íèçêà. Â Òàòàðèè â íàñòîÿùèé ìî-ìåíò òåíäåíöèè, ïðîèñõîäÿùèå â ïîïóëÿ-öèè ïîäîðëèêà, íå èçâåñòíû, îäíàêî ñóäÿïî ãðóïïèðîâêå íà ×åðåìøàíàõ è îòäåëü-íûì ïàðàì, ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ íà Áóãóëüìèíñêî-Áåëåáååâñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè, ñèòóàöèÿ ñâèäîì äîñòàòî÷íî ñòàáèëüíà.

Â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè ïîäîðëèê ãíåçäèò-ñÿ ñ óñòîé÷èâî íèçêîé ÷èñëåííîñòüþ íà Á.×åðåìøàíå è â ïîéìå Âîëãè â âåðõíåìáüåôå Ñàðàòîâñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà. Èç-çà âûïàäåíèÿ ïîäòîïëåííîãî ëåñà â ×àïà-åâñêèõ ëèìàíàõ âèä âåðîÿòíî èñ÷åç ñ äàí-íîé òåððèòîðèè, íî íà îñòàëüíûõòåððèòîðèÿõ ñèòóàöèÿ ñ íèì áëàãîïîëó÷-íà, õîòÿ íè ðîñòà, íè ïåðåðàñïðåäåëåíèÿïòèö íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íå íàáëþäàåòñÿ.

Â áûâøåé Ñèìáèðñêîé ãóáåðíèè åù¸ âêîíöå XIX – íà÷àëå ÕÕ âåêà ïîäîðëèê áûëäîñòàòî÷íî îáû÷åí è øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðà-í¸í (Æèòêîâ, Áóòóðëèí, 1906), íî óæå âêîíöå ÕÕ âåêà ðåãèñòðàöèè ïòèö ñòàíîâÿò-ñÿ åäèíè÷íûìè (Áîðîäèí,1994) è ïðèóðî-÷åíû â îñíîâíîì ê ïîéìå Ñóðû. Ñëåäóåòçàìåòèòü, ÷òî ðàíåå â ïîéìå ð. Ñóðû âèäáûë îáû÷åí âïëîòü äî âåðõîâüåâ (Àðòîáî-

ëåâñêèé, 1923), îäíàêî â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿåãî ãíåçäîâàíèå â âåðõíåé ÷àñòè Ñóðû íå-èçâåñòíî (Êîðêèíà, Ôðîëîâ, 2002).

Ïî îöåíêå Ò.Î. Áàðàáàøèíà (2004) âÑðåäíåì Ïîâîëæüå â çîíå îõâàòà îêîëî150 êì âîñòî÷íåå è çàïàäíåå äîëèíû Âîë-ãè â ïðåäåëàõ Óëüÿíîâñêîé, Ñàìàðñêîé,Ñàðàòîâñêîé è Âîëãîãðàäñêîé îáëàñòåéãíåçäèòñÿ íå áîëåå 20–30 ïàð ïîäîðëèêîâïðè îòíîñèòåëüíîé ïëîòíîñòè íàñåëåíèÿ0,02 ïàðû/100 êì2, ñ óãðîæàþùèì íåãà-òèâíûì òðåíäîì.

Â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè äî 50-õ ãã.áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê áûë îáû÷åí ïðàêòè÷åñ-êè íà âñåõ êðóïíûõ ðåêàõ (Ñåðåáðîâñêèé,1918; Ïóçàíîâ è äð., 1955), â íà÷àëå 70-õãã. îí óæå îòíîñèòñÿ ê ìàëî÷èñëåííûì (Çè-ìèí, 1974), à â 90-õ ãã. – ê êðàéíå ðåäêèìè åãî ÷èñëåííîñòü çäåñü îöåíèâàåòñÿ íåáîëåå ÷åì â 10–15 ïàð (Áàêêà, 2003). Êà-êèõ-ëèáî íåãàòèâíûõ èëè ïîçèòèâíûõ òåí-äåíöèé â èçìåíåíèè ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîäîð-ëèêà â îáëàñòè íå âûÿâëåíî, õîòÿ âáàññåéíå Îêè ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü å¸ íå-êîòîðîå óâåëè÷åíèå, ò.ê. â ñîñåäíåé ãíåç-äîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêå íà ð. Ëóõ (Èâàíîâñêàÿîáëàñòü) ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîäîðëèêà ñ 1995 ïî2002 ãã. óâåëè÷èëàñü ñ 1 äî 6-òè ïàð (Ìåëü-íèêîâ, Áàðèíîâ, 2002).

Â Êèðîâñêîé îáëàñòè èç îáû÷íîãî âèäàïîäîðëèê òàêæå ïåðåõîäèò â êàòåãîðèþðåäêèõ, à îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü äëÿ îáëàñòèîöåíèâàåòñÿ â 10–15 ïàð (Ñîòíèêîâ, 1999).

Â Ïåðìñêîé îáëàñòè ïîäîðëèê èç îáû÷-íîãî ïðåâðàùàåòñÿ â êðàéíå ðåäêîãî â 80-õãã., è ïî ìíåíèþ À.È. Øåïåëÿ (1992) ãíåç-äèòñÿ çäåñü â êîëè÷åñòâå 18 ïàð ñ ïëîòíîñ-òüþ 0,02 – 0,34 ïàðû/1000 êì2, à åãî ÷èñ-ëåííîñòü ïðîäîëæàåò ñîêðàùàòüñÿ è â

Òàáë. 1. Äàííûå ó÷¸òà áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà (Aquila clanga) íà ïëîùàäêàõ. Íóìåðàöèÿ ïëîùàäîê ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè íà ðèñ. 5

Table 1. Survey data for the Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga) in study plots. Numbers of plots are according with the numbers of ones inthe fig. 5


íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ: èç 20 èçâåñòíûõ åìó ìåñòãíåçäîâàíèÿ îáèòàåìûìè îñòàëèñü òîëüêî5 (Øåïåëü, 2006). Îäíàêî îöåíêè ÷èñëåí-íîñòè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Ïåðìñêîéîáëàñòè ïî äàííûì Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ èññëå-äîâàíèé äëÿ 90-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ âûãëÿäÿòêóäà áîëåå îïòèìèñòè÷íûìè – íà îñíîâà-íèè 23 âûÿâëåííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâìåòîäîì ñåòî÷íîãî êàðòèðîâàíèÿ ÷èñëåí-íîñòü äëÿ îáëàñòè áûëà îïðåäåëåíà â 30–35 ïàð (Êàðÿêèí, 1998). Êàê ïîêàçàëè äàëü-íåéøèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ, è ýòà îöåíêàîêàçàëàñü çàíèæåííîé. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðå-ìÿ â Ïåðìñêîé îáëàñòè èçâåñòíî ãíåçäî-âàíèå 49 ïàð, ïðè÷¸ì åñëè íà Òóëâèíñêîéâîçâûøåííîñòè ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîäîðëèêà ñî-êðàòèëàñü, òî íà Êàìñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå

è âåðõíåé Êàìå ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîäîðëèêà îï-ðåäåë¸ííî âûðîñëà: îí ïîÿâèëñÿ íà ãíåç-äîâàíèè íà Êàìñêîì ñòàöèîíàðå, ãäå äî1998 ã. äàæå íå íàáëþäàëñÿ, à òàêæå â íè-çîâüÿõ ßéâû è â óñòüå Âèøåðû (äàííûåàâòîðà). Ò.å., äëÿ Ïåðìñêîé îáëàñòè â íà-ñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î íåêîòî-ðîì ðîñòå ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîäîðëèêà.

Â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå ñ ó÷¸òîìñîâðåìåííûõ ëèòåðàòóðíûõ äàííûõ ïîñîñòîÿíèþ íà 2007 ã. âñòðå÷åíî 417 âçðîñ-ëûõ è ïîëóâçðîñëûõ ïîäîðëèêîâ â âåñåí-íåå-ëåòíèé ïåðèîä è 336 âçðîñëûõ è ìî-ëîäûõ â ïåðèîä ìèãðàöèé, âûÿâëåíî îêîëî250 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëè-êîâ, 210 èç êîòîðûõ ïîñåùàëèñü àâòîðîì(ðèñ. 3). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, òîëüêî êîëè÷åñòâîðåàëüíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïîäîðëèêà âðåãèîíå óæå ïðåâûøàåò êàê ïðåæíèåîöåíêè àâòîðà (Êàðÿêèí, 1998), òàê è áî-ëåå ïîçäíèå îöåíêè äðóãèõ èññëåäîâàòå-ëåé (Mischenko, Galushin, 2001).

Ñ ó÷¸òîì ïðîâåðîê 2000–2007 ãã. ìîæ-íî ïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî 193 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñò-êà áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ â íàñòîÿùåå âðå-ìÿ çàíèìàþòñÿ ïòèöàìè. Ïîíÿòíî, ÷òî âòàêîì îáøèðíîì ðåãèîíå äàæå â òå÷åíèå5 ëåò î÷åíü òðóäíî ïðîâåðèòü âñå âûÿâëåí-íûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè, îñîáåííî òå, êî-òîðûå íàõîäÿòñÿ â òðóäíîäîñòóïíûõ ãîð-íûõ èëè ñåâåðíûõ ðàéîíàõ, íî ïîóìîë÷àíèþ äî ïîñëåäóþùåé ïðîâåðêè ìûèõ ñ÷èòàåì çàíÿòûìè.

Ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûé àíàëèç ïîïóëÿöèîí-íîé ñòðóêòóðû àðåàëà ïîäîðëèêà â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå ïîçâîëÿåò ãîâîðèòü îíàëè÷èè ëèøü 3-õ êðóïíûõ î÷àãîâ âèäà –ýòî íèæíåå òå÷åíèå Áåëîé (À), áàññåéíÍèæíåé Êàìû (Á) è ðåêè Áîëüøîé è Ìà-ëûé ×åðåìøàí (Â) (ðèñ. 6). Òîëüêî íà òð¸õýòèõ òåððèòîðèÿõ âèä ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í äîñ-òàòî÷íî ðàâíîìåðíî ñ äîâîëüíî âûñîêîéïëîòíîñòüþ. Íà îñòàëüíîé òåððèòîðèè ðå-ãèîíà ïîäîðëèêè ãíåçäÿòñÿ êðàéíå ñïîðà-äè÷íî, îáðàçóÿ ëîêàëüíûå ãðóïïèðîâêè èç2–5 ïàð ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ïî ïîéìàì êðóï-

Ðèñ. 5. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ïîäîð-ëèêà áèîòîïîâ è ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäîê â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñ-êîì ðåãèîíå.Óñëîâíûå îáîçíà÷åíèÿ: 1 – ãðàíèöû îáëàñòåé è ðåñ-ïóáëèê, 2 – ó÷¸òíûå ïëîùàäêè, 3 – ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûåáèîòîïû. Íóìåðàöèÿ ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäîê ñîîòâåòñòâó-åò íóìåðàöèè â òàáë. 1

Fig. 5. Distribution of potential nesting forests and studyplots in the Volga-Ural region.Labels: 1 – borders of districts and republics, 2 – studyplots, 3 – potential nesting forests. Numbers of studyplots are according with numbers of ones in the table 1


íûõ ðåê (êðóïíûõ ïðèòîêîâ Êàìû, Âîëãè,Îêè è Ñóðû). Íåñîìíåííî, íèæíåå òå÷åíèåð. Áåëàÿ â ïðåäåëàõ Áàøêèðèè ÿâëÿåòñÿ ÿä-ðîì ðåãèîíàëüíîé ïîïóëÿöèè âèäà.

Ïëîùàäêè äëÿ èçó÷åíèÿ ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ èîöåíêè ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîäîðëèêà áûëè çàëî-æåíû â ìåñòàõ åãî íàèáîëüøåé ïëîòíîñòè(ðèñ. 5), ïîýòîìó ýòè äàííûå ìîæíî êîð-ðåêòíî ýêñòðàïîëèðîâàòü ëèøü íà òåððè-òîðèè, çàíÿòûå âûäåëåííûìè ãíåçäîâûìèãðóïïèðîâêàìè. Ïî äàííûì ïëîùàäî÷íûõó÷¸òîâ ïëîòíîñòü ïîäîðëèêà ñîñòàâèëà âñðåäíåì 2,09 ïàð/100 êì2, 4,76 ïàð/100 êì2

ëåñíîé ïëîùàäè è 6,15 ïàð/100 êì2 ïëî-ùàäè ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ ëåñîâ (òàáë. 1).

Áèîòîïè÷åñêèé àíàëèç ïîçâîëÿåò îòíåñ-òè ê ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûì äëÿ ïîäîðëèêà áèî-òîïàì ëèøü 57693,19 êì2 ëåñíûõ òåððèòî-ðèé, ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò 14,46% îò îáùåéïëîùàäè ëåñîâ ðåãèîíà. Ëèøü 10,63% ãíåç-äîïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ïîäîðëèêà ëåñíûõ òåððè-òîðèé îò èõ îáùåé ïëîùàäè ëåæèò â ïðå-äåëàõ âûÿâëåííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê.Â èçâåñòíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâêàõ óñ-òàíîâëåíî ãíåçäîâàíèå 145 ïàð, ÷òî ñî-ñòàâëÿåò 75,1% îò îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâà èç-âåñòíûõ è çàíèìàåìûõ â íàñòîÿùèéìîìåíò ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïîäîðëèêîâ.Èíà÷å ãîâîðÿ, 75,1% ïîäîðëèêîâ çàñå-ëÿåò òîëüêî 10,63% ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ äëÿâèäà áèîòîïîâ èëè âñåãî ëèøü 1,54% ëå-ñîâ ðåãèîíà.

Îáùàÿ ïëîùàäü òåððèòîðèé, çàíèìàåìûõâûäåëåííûìè ãíåçäîâûìè ãðóïïèðîâêàìèïîäîðëèêîâ, âêëþ÷àþùèõ íåïðèãîäíûå äëÿãíåçäîâàíèÿ è àíòðîïîãåííî íàðóøåííûåáèîòîïû, îïðåäåëåíà â 46983,8 êì2, ÷òîñîñòàâëÿåò 5,2% îò îáùåé ïëîùàäè ðåãèî-

íà. Ïðè ñðåäíåé ïëîòíîñòè 7,79±0,1 ïàð/1000 êì2, ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîäîðëèêîâ äëÿ äàí-íûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê ìîæåò áûòü ðàññ÷èòàíàâ 316–424, â ñðåäíåì 366 ïàð (òàáë. 2).

Ñ ó÷¸òîì òîãî, ÷òî 24,9% ïàð ïîäîðëè-êîâ áûëî âûÿâëåíî âíå î÷åð÷åííûõ ãíåç-äîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü,÷òî ÷èñëåííîñòü âèäà â ðåãèîíå ñîñòàâëÿ-åò 407–515, â ñðåäíåì 457 ïàð (òàáë. 3).

Åñòåñòâåííî, âûøåîïèñàííûé ïîäõîä âýêñòðàïîëÿöèè ó÷¸òíûõ äàííûõ ïðèâîäèòê íåäîó÷¸òó âîçìîæíîé ÷èñëåííîñòè ïî-äîðëèêà â ìåñòàõ åãî ñïîðàäè÷íîãî ðàñ-ïðîñòðàíåíèÿ íà òåððèòîðèÿõ ñ ÿâíûìëèìèòîì ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ(Îðåíáóðãñêàÿ îáëàñòü), ëèáî íà ñëàáîîáñëåäîâàííûõ íà ïðåäìåò âûÿâëåíèÿ ïî-äîðëèêà òåððèòîðèÿõ, ðàñïîëàãàþùèõáîëüøèì çàïàñîì ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòî-ïîâ (Êèðîâñêàÿ, îò÷àñòè Íèæåãîðîäñêàÿîáëàñòè) (ðèñ. 7). Îäíàêî ýòîò íåäîó÷åòìåíåå ñóùåñòâåíåí äëÿ îöåíêè âñåé ïî-ïóëÿöèè âèäà â ðåãèîíå, ÷åì çàâûøåíèå÷èñëåííîñòè ïðè ýêñòðàïîëÿöèè ïëîòíîñ-òè íà âñþ ïëîùàäü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèî-òîïîâ, ëèáî íà âñþ ïëîùàäü ðåãèîíà äàæåñ ó÷¸òîì íóëåâûõ ïëîùàäîê.

Ìàêñèìàëüíûå ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè(17,01 ïàð/100 êì2 ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ ëå-ñîâ) õàðàêòåðíû âîâñå íå äëÿ îïòèìàëü-íûõ óñëîâèé îáèòàíèÿ ïîäîðëèêà, à ñêî-ðåå âñåãî äëÿ ñóáîïòèìàëüíûõ óñëîâèé ââûäåëåííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâêàõ,ò.å. äëÿ òåððèòîðèé, ãäå ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûéëåñ ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í äèñïåðñíî è èìååòìàëóþ ïëîùàäü, íî óñëîâèÿ äëÿ êîðìî-äîáû÷è õîðîøè. Íàèáîëåå îïòèìàëüíû-ìè ïîêàçàòåëÿìè ïëîòíîñòè ãíåçäîâàíèÿïîäîðëèêà ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïëîòíîñòü â äèàïàçî-íå îò 3,58 äî 9,07 ïàð/100 êì2 ãíåçäîï-ðèãîäíûõ ëåñîâ (3,39–8,40 ïàð/100 êì2

ëåñîâ), ïðè÷¸ì äîìèíèðóþùèì òèïîìãíåçäîïðèãîäíîãî áèîòîïà â äàííîì ñëó-÷àå ÿâëÿëñÿ ïîñòîÿííî óâëàæí¸ííûé ïîé-ìåííûé ÷åðíîîëüõîâûé ëåñ ñðåäè ñåëüñ-êîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ óãîäèé. Ïëîòíîñòü íèæå3,58 ïàð/100 êì2 ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ ëåñîâõàðàêòåðíà äëÿ ñåâåðíûõ òåððèòîðèé,ãäå îáøèðíûå îëüøàíèêè â ïîéìàõ ñî-ñåäñòâóþò ñ ìàëûìè ïî ïëîùàäè ñåëüñ-êîõîçÿéñòâåííûìè óãîäüÿìè, ëèáî âåðõî-âûìè áîëîòàìè íà òåððàñàõ. Ñëåäóåòçàìåòèòü, ÷òî â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ ìåæ-äó î÷åíü íèçêîé (0,01–0,81 ïàð/100 êì2

ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ ëåñîâ) è îïòèìàëüíîé(âûøå 3,58 ïàð/100 êì2 ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõëåñîâ) ïëîòíîñòüþ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áîëüøî-ãî ïîäîðëèêà ñóùåñòâóåò íåêèé äèàïàçîí(0,8–3,58 ïàð/100 êì2 ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ

Ðèñ. 6. Ïîïóëÿöèîííàÿñòðóêòóðà àðåàëà áîëü-øîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå.Íóìåðàöèÿ ãíåçäîâûõãðóïïèðîâîê ñîîòâåò-ñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè âòàáë. 2

Fig. 6. Population struc-ture of the Greater Spot-ted Eagle range in theVolga-Ural region.Numbers of breedinggroups are according withthe numbers of ones inthe table 2


ëåñîâ), êîòîðûé êðàéíå ðåäêî âñòðå÷à-åòñÿ â îáðàáîòàííûõ ó÷¸òíûõ äàííûõ.Ñâÿçàíî ýòî â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ñ òåì, ÷òîïðè íàëè÷èè îáøèðíîãî ãíåçäîïðèãîäíî-ãî áèîòîïà è èäåàëüíûõ îõîòíè÷üèõ óãî-äèé ïîáëèçîñòè, ïîäîðëèê ñòðåìèòñÿ ðàâ-íîìåðíî çàíÿòü òåððèòîðèþ, è òîãäàïëîòíîñòü åãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ñòðåìèòñÿê îïòèìàëüíîé. Íåðàâíîìåðíîå æå ðàñ-ïðåäåëåíèå è, êàê ñëåäñòâèå, íèçêèå ïî-êàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè íàáëþäàþòñÿ òîãäà,êîãäà îïòèìàëüíûå ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûå(âëàæíûå ïîéìåííûå ëåñà) è îõîòíè÷üèáèîòîïû (ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûå óãîäüÿ)íå ñîñåäñòâóþò äðóã ñ äðóãîì è ïðîèñ-õîäèò èñêàæåíèå èõ äîëè â ëàíäøàôòå âñòîðîíó óâåëè÷åíèÿ ëèáî îäíîãî (ñåâåðÏåðìñêîé îáëàñòè), ëèáî äðóãîãî (Îðåí-áóðãñêàÿ îáëàñòü).

Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ïîäîðëèêà âãðóïïèðîâêàõ (n=125) âàðüèðóåò îò 2,15 äî20,88 êì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì 7,3±3,84 êì(Ex

= 1,43). Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå â öåëîì áëèçêî

ê ëîãî-íîðìàëüíîìó (õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ ïî-ëîæèòåëüíîé àñèììåòðèåé), çà ñ÷¸ò âûñî-êîé äîëè â âûáîðêå ïàð, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â èçî-ëèðîâàííûõ ìàññèâàõ áîëîò, óäàë¸ííûõäðóã îò äðóãà íà ðàññòîÿíèÿ, ïðåâûøàþùååñðåäíåå ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ïàðàìè â öåëü-íûõ áîëîòíûõ ìàññèâàõ. Âèäèìî, íàèáîëååîïòèìàëüíûì äëÿ âèäà ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðàñïðåäå-ëåíèå â 2,5 – 4,5 êì ïàðà îò ïàðû â êðóï-íûõ ïî ïëîùàäè ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòî-ïàõ, ãðàíè÷àùèõ ñ êðóïíûìè ïî ïëîùàäèîõîòíè÷üèìè áèîòîïàìè (òàáë. 4). Ïî êðàé-íåé ìåðå, â ïîéìå ð. Áåëîé âî âñåõ îëüøà-íèêàõ, ïðåâûøàþùèõ â äëèíó 4 êì è â øè-ðèíó 1 êì, ãðàíè÷àùèõ ñ ïàñòáèùàìè èñåíîêîñíûìè ëóãàìè, ãíåçäèòñÿ íå ìåíåå2-õ ïàð ïîäîðëèêîâ. Îäíàêî ïîäîáíûåìàññèâû ëåñîáîëîòíûõ ëàíäøàôòîâ ñðåäèñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ óãîäèé â ðåãèîíåÿâëåíèå ðåäêîå, ïîýòîìó ïîäîðëèêè âû-íóæäåíû ãíåçäèòüñÿ â íåáîëüøèõ ôðàãìåí-òàõ ëåñíûõ áîëîò, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ïîé-ìàõ ðåê ñ ðàçâèòûì ñåëüñêèì õîçÿéñòâîì

Òàáë. 2. Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â ðàçíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâêàõ Åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà. Íóìå-ðàöèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè íà ðèñ. 6

Table 2. Estimation of the Greater Spotted Eagle number in different breeding groups in the European part of the Volga-Ural region. Numbersof breeding groups are according with the numbers of ones in the fig. 6


ïî òåððàñàì. Êàê ñëåäñòâèå ýòîãî, îñíîâ-íàÿ ìàññà ïîäîðëèêîâ ãíåçäèòñÿ â äèàïà-çîíå îò 4 äî 8 êì ïàðà îò ïàðû, ò.å., ïîñóòè, íà ãðàíè îïòèìóìà (ðèñ. 8).

Ïî äàííûì Ì.Í. Èâàíîâà ñ ñîàâòîðàìè(2003) â Äóáíåíñêîé íèçìåííîñòè (Ìîñ-êîâñêàÿ îáëàñòü) ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸ç-äàìè ðàçíûõ ïàð ïîäîðëèêîâ ñîñòàâëÿåò1,82–3,69 êì (n=5), â ñðåäíåì 2,81±0,67êì. Àâòîðû ñâÿçûâàþò ñòîëü íåáîëüøîå ðàñ-ñòîÿíèå ìåæäó ïàðàìè ñî ñïåöèôèêîé àí-òðîïîãåííîãî îñâîåíèÿ íèçìåííîñòè è ñî-õðàííîñòüþ ìîçàèêè ìàññèâîâ ïîéìåííûõ÷åðíîîëüõîâûõ ëåñîâ, íèçèííûõ áîëîò èçàëèâíûõ ëóãîâ.

×èñëåííîñòü íåðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ ìîëî-äûõ ïîäîðëèêîâ â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèî-íå ôàêòè÷åñêè íå ïîäëåæèò îöåíêå, ò.ê. â

îòëè÷èå îò áåðêóòà (Aquila chrysaetos) èëèìîãèëüíèêà, ìîëîäûå ïîäîðëèêè, íå ïðè-âÿçàííûå ê ãíåçäîâûì ó÷àñòêàì, êðàéíåðåäêî ïîïàäàþòñÿ íà ãëàçà. Çà âåñü ïåðèîäèññëåäîâàíèé â âåñåííèé ïåðèîä áûëîâñòðå÷åíî ëèøü 6 ìîëîäûõ ïîäîðëèêîâ ââîçðàñòå 1–2-õ ëåò, ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò 1,44%îò îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâà âñòðå÷åííûõ â ãíåç-äîâîé ïåðèîä ïòèö (2,86% îò ÷èñëà âûÿâ-ëåííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ), â òî âðåìÿ êàêíà îñåííèõ ìèãðàöèÿõ ìîëîäûå ïòèöû ñî-ñòàâëÿþò 33,33% îò îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâàâñòðå÷åííûõ ïîäîðëèêîâ. Ñêëàäûâàåòñÿâïå÷àòëåíèå, ÷òî ìîëîäûå ïòèöû â áîëü-øèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ ïðîñòî íå âîçâðàùàþòñÿê ìåñòàì èõ ïîÿâëåíèÿ íà ñâåò è ëèáî îñ-òàþòñÿ êî÷åâàòü, ëèáî ãèáíóò íà çèìîâ-êàõ. Òàê èëè èíà÷å, èìåþùèåñÿ äàííûå

Òàáë. 3. Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â ðàçíûõ îáëàñòÿõ è ðåñïóáëèêàõ Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà

Table 3. Estimation of the Greater Spotted Eagle number in different districts and republics in the European part of the Volga-Ural region


ïîçâîëÿþò îöåíèòü ÷èñëåííîñòü ìîëîäûõíåãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïîäîðëèêîâ â ðåãèîíå â9–19 îñîáåé, ÷òî, åñòåñòâåííî, äàëåêî îòðåàëüíîñòè.

Ïîñëåãíåçäîâàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîé ïîïóëÿöèè ïîäîðëèêîâ ïðèñðåäíåì êîëè÷åñòâå 0,8 ìîëîäûõ íà çàíÿ-òîå ãíåçäî ìîæåò ñîñòàâëÿòü 1138–1443îñîáåé, èç êîòîðûõ 488–619 îñîáåé ïðè-õîäèòñÿ íà ìîëîäûõ òåêóùåãî ãîäà.


Â Ñâåðäëîâñêîé îáëàñòè áîëüøîé ïîäîð-ëèê áûë îáû÷åí â 50–60-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ(Äàíèëîâ, 1969), îäíàêî óæå â êîíöå 70-õãã. âèä èñ÷åç íà ãíåçäîâàíèè âî ìíîãèõ ìåñ-òàõ îáëàñòè, ãäå ðàíüøå áûë îáû÷åí (Äàíè-

ëîâ, 1983). Ã.Í. Áà÷óðèí (2003) óêàçûâàåòíà ñèëüíîå ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè ãíåç-äÿùèõñÿ ïîäîðëèêîâ â Çàéêîâñêîì ëåñíè-÷åñòâå Èðáèòñêîãî ëåñõîçà: ñ 4-õ ïàð â 60–70-õ ãã. äî 1 ïàðû â 90-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ.

Ìåòîäîì ñåòî÷íîãî êàðòèðîâàíèÿ â1998 ã. ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîäîðëèêà â Ñâåðä-ëîâñêîé îáëàñòè îöåíåíà â 60 ïàð (Êà-ðÿêèí, 1998), à â 1999 ã. – â 80–85 ïàð(Êàðÿêèí è äð., 1999), íî è ïîñëåäíèåäàííûå áûëè çàíèæåíû.

Áîëüøèíñòâî òåððèòîðèé, ãäå áûëè îáíà-ðóæåíû ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè áîëüøîãî ïî-äîðëèêà çà ïðåäåëàìè Ñåâåðíîãî Çàóðà-ëüÿ, çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì äîëèí ðåê ×óñîâîé èÑûëâû, ïðèóðî÷åíû ê äîëèíàì ðåê, êîòî-ðûå äîâîëüíî áûñòðî ïðîéäåíû ñïëàâîìáåç ðàäèàëüíûõ ìàðøðóòîâ è ñåðü¸çíûõíàáëþäåíèé íà òî÷êàõ, ïîýòîìó íàõîäêèïîäîðëèêîâ çäåñü áûëè ñëó÷àéíû. Ëèøüäîëèíà ð. Óôà âûäåëÿåòñÿ âûñîêîé ïëîò-íîñòüþ âñòðå÷ ïîäîðëèêîâ âî âðåìÿ ñïëà-âà – â ñðåäíåì 5,5 îñîáåé/100 êì2 (5–20îñîáåé íà 100 êì ðåêè), ò.ê. çäåñü óäàâà-ëîñü íàáëþäàòü çà ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûìè áèî-òîïàìè ñ âîçâûøåííîñòåé ïðàâîãî áåðå-ãà; îäíàêî â ïîéìå Óôû áûëî îáíàðóæåíîâñåãî 2 ãíåçäà è åù¸ äëÿ îäíîé ïòèöû ïðåä-ïîëàãàëîñü ãíåçäîâàíèå ïî å¸ ïîâåäåíèþ.

Ðåêè ×óñîâàÿ è Ñûëâà ïîñåùàëèñü íåî-äíîêðàòíî, çà ðÿä ýêñïåäèöèé íà ×óñîâîéïîäîðëèê âñòðå÷åí ëèøü ÷åòûðåæäû â 1995è 1997 ãã. (äî ýòîãî íå íàáëþäàëñÿ), ïðè-÷¸ì ïîâòîðíî óäàëîñü ïîäòâåðäèòü ïðèñóò-ñòâèå ïòèö ëèøü íà îäíîì ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñ-òêå. Íà Ñûëâå âûÿâëåíî 3 ãíåçäîâûõó÷àñòêà, ïðè÷¸ì ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãíåç-

Ðèñ. 7. Ïëîùàäü ãíåçäîï-ðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ èïðåäïîëàãàåìàÿ ÷èñëåí-íîñòü áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëè-êà â ðàçíûõ îáëàñòÿõ Åâ-ðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà

Fig. 7. Area of potentialnesting forests and esti-mated number of theGreater Spotted Eagle indifferent districts of theEuropean part of the Vol-ga-Ural region

Ðèñ. 8. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæ-äó ãí¸çäàìè è öåíòðàìèãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áîëü-øèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ â âûäå-ëåííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóï-ïèðîâêàõ Åâðîïåéñêîé÷àñòè Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîãîðåãèîíà

Fig. 8. Distances betweennests and centers ofbreeding territories ofGreater Spotted Eagles inexamined breedinggroups in the Europeanpart of the Volga-Ural re-gion


äîì îäíîé ïàðû è öåíòðîì ó÷àñòêà âòîðîéïàðû â âåðõîâüÿõ ðåêè (âûøå ñ. Êîïòåëû)ñîñòàâèëî 4,8 êì. Ãíåçäî, îáíàðóæåííîåâûøå ñ. Êðåìëåâî, ïðîâåðÿëîñü äâàæäû, èîáà ðàçà áûëî æèëûì.

Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó öåíòðàìè ó÷àñòêîâïîäîðëèêîâ íà Ïåëûìå âûøå îç. Ïåëûìñ-êèé Òóìàí ñîñòàâëÿëî 8,2 è 7,3 êì – ýòîíàèìåíüøåå ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó âûÿâëåííû-ìè ïàðàìè ïîäîðëèêîâ â áàññåéíå Òàâäû,÷òî ãîâîðèò î êðàéíå íèçêîé ïëîòíîñòè.Äëÿ Ñåâåðíîãî Çàóðàëüÿ îáû÷íîå ðàññòî-ÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè è öåíòðàìè ó÷àñò-êîâ ïîäîðëèêîâ ñîñòàâëÿåò 10–18 êì, àïëîòíîñòü â ñðåäíåì 0,1 ïàðà/100 êì2. Ïðèïåðåñ÷¸òå íà ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ðåê îáèëèåñîñòàâëÿåò 0,89 ïàð/100 êì. Èç 29 ó÷àñò-êîâ ïîäîðëèêîâ, âûÿâëåííûõ â áàññåéíåÒàâäû, 72,4% îáíàðóæåíî â ïîéìàõ ðåê.Äàæå åñëè ó÷åñòü, ÷òî ÷àñòü ïàð ïîäîðëè-êîâ íà äàííûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ ïðîïóùåíà èíå ïîïàëà â ó÷¸ò, òî, ïðè ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòèðåê â 3217,3 êì, îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè âðÿäëè áóäåò ïðåâûøàòü 50 ïàð (ñ ó÷¸òîì ïàð,âñòðå÷åííûõ âíå ðå÷íûõ ïîéì).

Äëÿ äîëèí ðåê Òóðà, Íèööà, Ïûøìà ðà-íåå áûëî âûÿâëåíî ëèøü 12 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷à-ñòêîâ ïîäîðëèêîâ. Áåãëûé îñìîòð ïðèäî-ëèííûõ ëåñîâ ðåê Èðáèò, Íèööà, Òóðà èÏûøìà â 2005–2006 ãã. ïîçâîëèë âûÿâèòüçäåñü åù¸ 20 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïîäîðëè-

êîâ, äëÿ 8 èç êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäàè âñòðå÷åíû âûâîäêè. Íà Òóðå íîâûå ãíåç-äîâûå ó÷àñòêè ïîäîðëèêà âûÿâëåíû áëèçñ¸ë Äóáðîâèíî, Ëåíñêîå, Äàâûäîâî, Êîêó-çîâî, Ïóøêàðåâî, íà Íèööå – áëèç ñ¸ëÓäèíöåâà, Äóáñêàÿ, ×óáàðîâñêîå, Êð. Áîð,íà Èðáèòå – áëèç ñ. Ñèìàíîâà è îêîëî óñ-òüÿ ð. Âÿçîâêà, íà Áîðîâêå – áëèç ñ¸ë Ëå-áåäêèíî, Îñèíöåâñêîå, Ñêîðîäóìñêîå, íàÏûøìå – áëèç ñ¸ë Ìîõèðåâà, Áåëÿêîâñ-êîå, Ñìèðíîâà (ð. Äåðíåé); òàêæå íîâûéó÷àñòîê îáíàðóæåí â ìåæäóðå÷üå Íåé-âû è Ðåæ áëèç Êóëèêîâà áîëîòà. Çäåñüðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó öåíòðàìè ó÷àñòêîâðàçíûõ ïàð (ñ ó÷¸òîì âûÿâëåííûõ ðàíåå,íî â 2005–2006 ãã. íå ïîñåùàâøèõñÿ) ñî-ñòàâëÿåò (n=18) 5,9 – 26,5 êì, â ñðåäíåì13,3±5,7 êì. Ïðè ïåðåñ÷¸òå íà ïðîòÿæ¸í-íîñòü ðåê îáèëèå ñîñòàâëÿåò 1,96 ïàð/100êì. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, íà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè,ïðè ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòè ðåê â 2578,5 êì, ìîæ-íî ïðåäïîëàãàòü ãíåçäîâàíèå íå ìåíåå ÷åì50 ïàð ïîäîðëèêîâ.

Íà îñòàëüíîé òåððèòîðèè þæíîé ÷àñòèîáëàñòè ïîäîðëèê ãíåçäèòñÿ äîñòàòî÷íîñïîðàäè÷íî è åãî ÷èñëåííîñòü îöåíèâàåò-ñÿ â 20–30 ïàð.

Â öåëîì äëÿ Ñâåðäëîâñêîé îáëàñòè ñî-âðåìåííàÿ îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè áîëüøîãîïîäîðëèêà ñîñòàâëÿåò 110–130 ïàð è áîëü-øåé ÷àñòüþ îíà ýêñïåðòíàÿ, ò.ê. î÷åíü

Òàáë. 4. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæ-äó ãí¸çäàìè è öåíòðàìèãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áîëü-øèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ â ðàç-íûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïè-ðîâêàõ Åâðîïåéñêîé÷àñòè Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîãîðåãèîíà

Table 4. Distances be-tween nests and centersof breeding territories ofGreater Spotted Eagles indifferent breeding groupsin the European part ofthe Volga-Ural region

,


ñëîæíî îöåíèòü íåäîó÷¸ò ïòèö íà ìàðø-ðóòàõ, îñîáåííî ïðè ñòîëü íèçêîé ïëîòíî-ñòè âèäà, à òàêæå áîëüøîì êîëè÷åñòâå èïëîùàäè ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ íåãî ìåñòîîáèòà-íèé. Íåâîçìîæíî òî÷íî ñêàçàòü, èìååòñÿëè ðîñò ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà â îáëàñòè, íî,ñóäÿ ïî âñåìó, îí õîòü è íåçíà÷èòåëüíûé,íî èìååò ìåñòî áûòü êàê ìèíèìóì íà þãåîáëàñòè. Â öåëîì æå ïî îáëàñòè ÷èñëåí-íîñòü îñòàåòñÿ áîëåå èëè ìåíåå ñòàáèëüíîíèçêîé ïîñëå ñïàäà â 60–70-õ ãã.

Â ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè â 20–30-õ ãã.áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê íà Âîñòî÷íîì Óðàëå ïîîáùåé ÷èñëåííîñòè óñòóïàë òîëüêî êàíþ-êó (Buteo buteo) è êîðøóíó (Ñíèãèðåâñêèé,1929; Óøêîâ, 1993), îäíàêî â êîíöå 30-õãã. íà÷àëîñü ñîêðàùåíèå åãî ÷èñëåííîñòè.Ïî äàííûì Ñ.Ë. Óøêîâà (1993) â Èëüìåíñ-êîì çàïîâåäíèêå â 1939 ã. èç èçâåñòíûõðàíåå 10 ãí¸çä áûëî çàíÿòî òîëüêî 5, à â1941 ã. – òîëüêî 3. Â êîíöå 1930-õ ãã. ãíåç-äîâàíèå áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â êîëè÷åñòâåíåñêîëüêèõ ïàð áûëî çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî âÒðîèöêîì çàêàçíèêå, îäíàêî â 90-õ âèäçäåñü óæå îòñóòñòâîâàë (äàííûå àâòîðà).

Èç 37 èçâåñòíûõ â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ íàòåððèòîðèè ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè ãíåçäî-âûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà ëèøü16,2% ïðèóðî÷åíû ê ðå÷íûì äîëèíàì,àáñîëþòíîå æå áîëüøèíñòâî âûÿâëåííûõó÷àñòêîâ ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ â âîäîðàçäåëüíûõëåñàõ ïî áåðåãàì îç¸ð ëèáî ëåñîñòåïíûõáîëîò. Íà âñåõ çàëîæåííûõ 8 ïëîùàäêàõ,ãäå ïðåäïîëàãàëîñü îáèòàíèå áîëüøîãî

ïîäîðëèêà, îí áûë îáíàðóæåí â êîëè÷å-ñòâå îò 1 äî 3 ïàð (âñåãî íà ïëîùàäêàõ ó÷-òåíî 16 ïàð ïîäîðëèêîâ). Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæ-äó ãí¸çäàìè è öåíòðàìè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâñîñòàâëÿåò 8,47±3,72 êì (4,59–16,01 êì).Ïëîòíîñòü: 1,16–4,92, â ñðåäíåì 2,34 ïàð/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè èëè 2,82–16,46, âñðåäíåì 6,44 ïàð/100 êì2 ïëîùàäè ëåñîâ.Äëÿ áîðîâûõ ìàññèâîâ è ñìåøàííûõ ëå-ñîâ ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâèëà 2,82–5,93, â ñðåä-íåì 4,95 ïàð/100 êì2 ïëîùàäè ëåñîâ, äëÿêîëêîâûõ ëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ – 11,66–16,46,â ñðåäíåì 13,0 ïàð/100 êì2 ïëîùàäè ëå-ñîâ. Ó÷èòûâàÿ, ÷òî áîëüøîé ðàçíèöû âïëîòíîñòè ïîäîðëèêà íà ïëîùàäêàõ íà Âî-ñòî÷íîì Óðàëå è â ëåñîñòåïíîì Çàóðàëüåíå îáíàðóæåíî, ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòèýêñòðàïîëèðîâàíû íà âñþ ïëîùàäü ãíåçäîï-ðèãîäíûõ ëåñîâ â ïðåäåëàõ äàííûõ òåððè-òîðèé (áåç ó÷¸òà ãîðíî-ëåñíîé çîíû Þæ-íîãî Óðàëà è îñòðîâíûõ ëåñîâ ñòåïíîéçîíû). Ýêñòðàïîëÿöèÿ ñðåäíèõ äàííûõ ïîïëîòíîñòè ïîäîðëèêà íà âñåõ ïëîùàäêàõïîçâîëÿåò îöåíèòü ÷èñëåííîñòü âèäà íàãíåçäîâàíèè â îáëàñòè â 45–72, â ñðåäíåì57 ïàð. Õîòÿ ðàçäåëüíûé ïåðåñ÷¸ò íà ëåñàñ ñîñíîé è ìåëêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà âèäèòñÿáîëåå òî÷íûì. Â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ìîæíî ïðåä-ïîëîæèòü, ÷òî 26–36, â ñðåäíåì 31 ïàðàïîäîðëèêîâ ãíåçäèòñÿ â áîðàõ è ñìåøàí-íûõ ëåñàõ è 30–40, â ñðåäíåì 35 ïàð – âëèñòâåííûõ êîëêîâûõ ëåñàõ. Íå áîëåå 10ïàð ïîäîðëèêîâ ãíåçäèòñÿ íà Þæíîì Óðà-ëå, â ñâÿçè ñ ÷åì, îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü âèäà

Òàáë. 5. Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â ðàçíûõ îáëàñòÿõ Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè

Table 5. Estimation of the Greater Spotted Eagle number in different districts in the Western Siberia


â ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè ìîæåò áûòü îöåíå-íà â 65–85, â ñðåäíåì 75 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð.

Ñîâðåìåííàÿ îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîäîð-ëèêà â ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè ïðåâûøàåò åãî÷èñëåííîñòü íà êîíåö 90-õ ãã. â 1,5 ðàçà,÷òî ñâÿçàíî îò÷àñòè ñ èíòåíñèôèêàöèåéèññëåäîâàíèé, à îò÷àñòè ñ óâåëè÷åíèåì÷èñëåííîñòè ýòîãî âèäà. Ìîæíî îäíîçíà÷-íî óòâåðæäàòü, ÷òî ïîäîðëèê ïîÿâèëñÿ íàãíåçäîâàíèè â Ñàíàðñêîì è Äæàáûê-Êàðà-ãàéñêîì áîðàõ, à äëÿ þãà è âîñòîêà îáëàñ-òè åãî âñòðå÷è ó÷àñòèëèñü â 1,5 – 2 ðàçà,åñëè ñðàâíèâàòü àíàëîãè÷íûå 7-ìè ëåòíèåïðîìåæóòêè âðåìåíè äî è ïîñëå 2000 ã.

Â Êóðãàíñêîé îáëàñòè â áîðàõ âûÿâëåíî15 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ è ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿãíåçäîâàíèå ïîäîðëèêà åù¸ íà 3-õ ó÷àñò-êàõ, ñóäÿ ïî âñòðå÷àì ïòèö. Â êîëêîâûõëåñàõ ãíåçäîâàíèå ïîäîðëèêà óñòàíîâëåíîôàêòè÷åñêè ñëó÷àéíî íà òðàíçèòíûõ ìàð-øðóòàõ â 2003–2006 ãã., ïîýòîìó ïëîòíîñòüåãî íà ãíåçäîâàíèè çäåñü íåèçâåñòíà. Ñðàâ-íèâàÿ òèï ëåñà è îáâîäí¸ííîñòü òåððèòî-ðèè, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî ïëîòíîñòüïîäîðëèêà â êîëêîâûõ ëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõÊóðãàíñêîé îáëàñòè áëèçêà ê ïëîòíîñòè âòàêîì æå áèîòîïå â ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñ-òè. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó âûÿâëåííûìè æèëû-ìè ãí¸çäàìè è öåíòðàìè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñò-êîâ ïîäîðëèêîâ â çîíå ñïëîøíîãî îñìîòðàîïóøå÷íîé ÷àñòè áîðîâ ñîñòàâëÿåò 4,98 –18,97 êì (n=9), â ñðåäíåì 11,19±4,59 êì.Ìàêñèìàëüíîå ðàññòîÿíèå õàðàêòåðíî äëÿíåáîëüøèõ ïî ïëîùàäè áîðîâûõ ó÷àñòêîââäîëü Òîáîëà â Çâåðèíîãëîâñêîì ð-íå, äî-âîëüíî ïëîòíî íàñåë¸ííûõ ìîãèëüíèêàìèè îðëàíàìè (Haliaeetus albicilla), ñ êîòîðû-ìè ïîäîðëèê äîâîëüíî æ¸ñòêî êîíêóðèðó-åò çà ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, ìèíèìàëüíîå – âÁåëîç¸ðñêîì ðàéîíå, ãäå ìîãèëüíèê óæåíå îáíàðóæåí, à ïëîòíîñòü îðëàíà êàêìèíèìóì â 2 ðàçà ìåíüøå.

Â ñâÿçè ñ òåì, ÷òî ïëîùàäî÷íûõ ó÷¸òîâïîäîðëèêà â Êóðãàíñêîé îáëàñòè íå ïðî-âîäèëîñü, ñäåëàíà ïîïûòêà îöåíèòü åãî÷èñëåííîñòü, èñõîäÿ èç îáèëèÿ íà îáëåñåí-íûõ îïóøêàõ âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ.Äëÿ Ïðèòîáîëüñêèõ áîðîâ, à òàêæå îç¸ðÁîë. Áåëîå è Òèøêîâî â Þðãàìûøñêîì ðàé-îíå, îáèëèå ïîäîðëèêîâ ñîñòàâèëî 12,2ïàð/100 êì îáëåñåííîé ÷àñòè ïåðèôåðèèâîäíî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ, ÷òî îçíà÷à-åò, ÷òî íà ïàðó ïòèö ïðèõîäèòñÿ 8,22 êìîïóøå÷íîé çîíû ëåñà âäîëü âîäíî-áîëîò-íûõ êîìïëåêñîâ. Ó÷èòûâàÿ ýòè äàííûå,ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî â Êóðãàíñêîéîáëàñòè ãíåçäèòñÿ îêîëî 150 ïàð áîëüøèõïîäîðëèêîâ. Åñëè ýêñòðàïîëèðîâàòü ó÷¸ò-íûå äàííûå ñ ïëîùàäîê ×åëÿáèíñêîé îá-

ëàñòè íà ïëîùàäü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ ëåñîâÊóðãàíñêîé îáëàñòè, òî ïîëó÷àåòñÿ öèôðàâ 118–188, â ñðåäíåì 149 ïàð, ò.å. ôàêòè-÷åñêè àíàëîãè÷íàÿ òîé, êîòîðóþ äà¸ò ïå-ðåñ÷¸ò îáèëèÿ íà ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îáëåñåí-íîé ÷àñòè ïåðèôåðèè âîäíî-áîëîòíûõêîìïëåêñîâ. Ïî-âèäèìîìó, îöåíêà ÷èñëåí-íîñòè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèèâ Êóðãàíñêîé îáëàñòè, äîñòàòî÷íî áëèçêàÿê ðåàëüíîé, ëåæèò â äèàïàçîíå îò 120 äî180 ïàð, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì 150 ïàð.

Íà þãî-çàïàäå Òþìåíñêîé îáëàñòè âûÿâ-ëåíî 22 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà. Íà âîñòî÷íîéîêîíå÷íîñòè Áîðîâëÿíñêîãî áîðà ãíåçäî-âàíèå ïîäîðëèêà óñòàíîâëåíî íà 3-õ ó÷àñ-òêàõ áëèç îç¸ð Âåäåíÿòñêîå, Ðÿìîâîå èÔîôàíîâî, óäàë¸ííûõ äðóã îò äðóãà íà 7,7è 9,4 êì. Âîçìîæíî, ïîäîðëèê èç äðóãîéïàðû íàáëþäàëñÿ äîâîëüíî âûñîêî â íåáåíàä Òîáîëîì â 5,5 êì âûøå ñ. Ñóåðêà. Äâàó÷àñòêà ïîäîðëèêîâ îáíàðóæåíû íåïîñ-ðåäñòâåííî áëèç ïîéìû Òîáîëà ó ïðîòîêèÁîðîâàÿ Èíãîëà â 17 êì çàïàäíåå Çàâîäî-óêîâñêà è íàïðîòèâ ßëóòîðîâñêà ó îç. Èì-áèðÿé. Òàêæå äâà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà â 13,5êì îäèí îò äðóãîãî âûÿâëåíû â ßëóòîðîâñ-êîì áîðó íà ëåâîáåðåæüå Èñåòè ïî îáåñòîðîíû ñ. ßð. Ïî ñîîáùåíèþ îäíîãî èçæèòåëåé ñ. ßð ãíåçäî, âåðîÿòíî ïðèíàäëå-æàùåå ïîäîðëèêó, íàõîäèòñÿ â ïîéìå âìàññèâå ëåñà ó ïðîòîêè Ñàçûê íàïðîòèâñåëà, îäíàêî îíî íå ïðîâåðåíî. Òðè ãíåç-äîâûõ ó÷àñòêà îáíàðóæåíû áëèç ñ. Íîâî-àòüÿëîâî íà Òîáîëå â 7,4 è 8,9 êì äðóã îòäðóãà. Òðè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà âûÿâëåíî âíèæíåì òå÷åíèè Ïûøìû â ðàéîíå òðàññûÊóðãàí – Òþìåíü: 1-é – â çàáîëî÷åííîìëåñó ïî ð. Öûíãà, 2-é – â íèæíåì òå÷åíèèð. Áàëäà ó ä. Ìè÷óðèíî è 3-é – â óð. Çàé-ìèùå íà ëåâîì áåðåãó Ïûøìû (ðàññòîÿíèåìåæäó äâóìÿ ïîñëåäíèìè ó÷àñòêàìè ñîñòàâ-ëÿåò 6,3 êì) è äâà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà áëèçóñòüÿ ð. Ïûøìû. Äâà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàïîäîðëèêîâ îáíàðóæåíû â äîëèíå Òóðûáëèç ñ¸ë Êàìåíêà è Ñàëàèðêà âûøå Òþìå-íè. Íà Òóðå íèæå Òþìåíè ïîäîðëèê ñ äîñ-òàòî÷íî âûñîêîé ïëîòíîñòüþ âûÿâëåí â ðàé-îíå îçåðà Àéãèíñêîå. Çäåñü îáíàðóæåíî4 ãíåçäà: 2 íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ó îç. Àéãèíñ-êîå è ïî îäíîìó ó Ñåì¸íîâñêèõ îç¸ð è îç.Áîë. Åëîâîå. Íà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè îáè-ëèå ïîäîðëèêà ñîñòàâèëî 7,27 ïàð/100 êìâíåøíåé îïóøêè ëåñà.

Íà Èøèìå â 2004 ã. îäèíî÷íûé áîëüøîéïîäîðëèê áûë âñòðå÷åí ó ñ. Àááàòñêîå âïîñëåäíèõ ÷èñëàõ ìàÿ (Êàðÿêèí è äð.,2005à). Ïîçæå äàííàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ íà ïðî-òÿæåíèè 45 êì ïîéìû Èøèìà â ðàéîíå ñ.Àáàòñêîå áûëà îáñëåäîâàíà áîëåå èëè


ìåíåå ïîäðîáíî, â ðåçóëüòàòå ÷åãî âûÿâ-ëåíî 5 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïîäîðëèêîâ, 3èç êîòîðûõ ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà ïðàâîì áå-ðåãó è 2 íà ëåâîì. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ó÷à-ñòêàìè ïîäîðëèêîâ áëèç ñ¸ë Àááàòñêîå èÒóøíîëîáîâî ñîñòàâèëî 9,2 è 10,2 êì ñî-îòâåòñòâåííî. Â ðàéîíå ã. Èøèì âïåðâûåãíåçäî ïîäîðëèêà áûëî îáíàðóæåíî â2003 ã. áëèç îç. Ìåðãåíü. Ïîçæå 2 ãíåç-äîâûõ ó÷àñòêà âûÿâëåíî áëèç ñ¸ë Êëåïè-êîâî è Îðëîâêà è 5 â ðàéîíå ñ¸ë Ëîêòè èÍîâîëîêòè. Íà ïîñëåäíåé òåððèòîðèè áûëàçàëîæåíà ïëîùàäêà, íà êîòîðîé ïëîòíîñòüïîäîðëèêà â õîäå ó÷¸òîâ áûëà îïðåäåëåíàâ 3,2 ïàð/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè è 9,85ïàð/100 êì2 ëåñîïîêðûòîé ïëîùàäè. Îáè-ëèå ñîñòàâèëî 4,04 ïàð/100 êì âíåøíåéîïóøêè è 5,72 ïàð/100 êì âíåøíåé îïóø-êè âäîëü âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ. Ó÷è-

ïàð ïîäîðëèêîâ. Âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî äàí-íàÿ îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè çàâûøåíà â 1,5ðàçà, ò.ê. ýêñòðàïîëÿöèÿ îáèëèÿ ãíåçäîâûõó÷àñòêîâ ïîäîðëèêîâ íà ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòüãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ îïóøåê ëåñîâ âäîëü âîä-íî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ ïîçâîëÿåò îöå-íèòü ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîäîðëèêà äëÿ âñåé þæ-íîé ÷àñòè îáëàñòè â 150 ïàð, êîòîðûåðàñïðåäåëåíû ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì: 30 ïàðíà þãî-çàïàäå (Òîáîëî-Òóðèíñêîå ìåæäó-ðå÷üå è ïåðèôåðèÿ áîëîòíûõ ìàññèâîâ ñå-âåðíåå Òþìåíè), 80 ïàð íà þãî-âîñòîêå(îç¸ðíàÿ ÷àñòü ïî ãðàíèöå ñ Êóðãàíñêîéîáëàñòüþ è äîëèíà Èøèìà), 40 ïàð – äîëè-íà Èðòûøà è íèæíèå òå÷åíèÿ åãî þæíûõ èçàïàäíûõ ïðèòîêîâ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷èñ-ëåííîñòü ïîäîðëèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Òþ-ìåíñêîé îáëàñòè ìîæíî îöåíèòü êàê ìè-íèìóì â 150 ïàð, ïðåäïîëàãàÿ âåðõíèéïðåäåë îöåíêè ÷èñëåííîñòè â 180 ïàð.

Ó îç. Ñàëòàèì â Îìñêîé îáëàñòè îáèëèåïîäîðëèêà ñîñòàâèëî 3,45 ïàð/100 êìîïóøêè âäîëü âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ,ýòî çíà÷èò, ÷òî íà ïàðó ïòèö ïðèõîäèòñÿ28,95 êì ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ îïóøåê. Ýêñòðà-ïîëÿöèÿ ýòèõ ïîêàçàòåëåé ïîçâîëÿåò îöåíèòü÷èñëåííîñòü áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Îìñêîéîáëàñòè â 85 ïàð, 64% èç êîòîðûõ ñîñðåäî-òî÷åíû â öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè îáëàñòè, íàè-áîëåå áîãàòîé îç¸ðàìè è áîëîòàìè.

Â Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè íà å¸ çàïàäå â2005 ã. ñðåäíÿÿ ïëîòíîñòü ïîäîðëèêîâ ñî-ñòàâèëà 0,8 îñîáåé/100 êì2 (Áåëèê è äð.,2005). Â õîäå öåëåíàïðàâëåííûõ ïëîùà-äî÷íûõ ó÷¸òîâ â ðàéîíå îç. Áèçþðà è ñèñ-òåìû îç¸ð Êîøêàáà â Êàðãàòñêîì ðàéîíåíà 2-õ ïëîùàäêàõ âûÿâëåíî 5 ãíåçäîâûõó÷àñòêîâ ïîäîðëèêîâ, ðàñïîëàãàâøèõñÿ â3,03 – 8,65 êì (n=3), â ñðåäíåì â 5,85±2,81êì ïàðà îò ïàðû. Ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâèëà 2,11– 6,26, â ñðåäíåì 2,87 ïàð/ 100 êì2 ó÷¸ò-íîé ïëîùàäè è 8,61 – 15,30, â ñðåäíåì10,44 ïàð/100 êì2 ëåñîïîêðûòîé ïëîùà-äè. Îáèëèå ñîñòàâèëî 3,34 – 5,10, â ñðåä-íåì 3,87 ïàð/100 êì âíåøíåé îïóøêè.

Â 1999 ã. ãíåçäîâàíèå ïîäîðëèêà â êîëè-÷åñòâå 2-õ ïàð óñòàíîâëåíî â Ñóçóíñêîìáîðó, à ïîçæå è â Êàðàêàíñêîì áîðó. Ïîäàííûì ó÷¸òîâ â Ñóçóíñêîì áîðó îáèëèåïîäîðëèêà ñîñòàâèëî 17,5 ïàð/100 êì îá-ëåñåííîé ÷àñòè ïåðèôåðèè âîäíî-áîëîòíûõêîìïëåêñîâ (1 ïàðà íà 5,7 êì îïóøåê ëåñàâäîëü îç¸ð è áîëîò) (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005á).

Â áåð¸çîâûõ êîëêàõ Ïðèîáñêîãî ïëàòî â2001 ã. îáèëèå ïîäîðëèêà ñîñòàâèëî 8,29ïàð/100 êì îáñëåäîâàííûõ ëåñíûõ îïóøåê.

Â 2003–2004 ãã. â õîäå ðàáîò â Çäâèíñ-êîì, Êðàñíîç¸ðñêîì è Äîâîëåíñêîì ðàéî-íàõ âûÿâëåíî 12 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïîäîð-

òûâàÿ, ÷òî äàííàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ ïðåäñòàâëå-íà ìåëêîëèñòâåííûìè ëåñàìè, òî 17,5 êìîáëåñåííîé ÷àñòè ïåðèôåðèè âîäíî-áî-ëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ, ïðèõîäÿùèõñÿ íà 1ïàðó áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ äëÿ äàííîé òåð-ðèòîðèè – íå òàêîé óæ è ïëîõîé ïîêàçà-òåëü. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó öåíòðàìè ó÷àñòêîâè ãí¸çäàìè ïîäîðëèêîâ çäåñü ñîñòàâèëî 4,93– 9,88 êì (n=4), â ñðåäíåì 6,22±2,44 êì,÷òî âûøå ñðåäíèõ ïîêàçàòåëåé â öåëîì äëÿÇàóðàëüÿ è Òîáîëî-Èøèìñêîé ðàâíèíû.

Åñòåñòâåííî, ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè, ïî-ëó÷åííûå íà äàííîé ïëîùàäêå, íåëüçÿ ýê-ñòðàïîëèðîâàòü íà âñå ëåñà îáëàñòè, ò.ê. íàäàííîé òåððèòîðèè óñëîâèÿ íàèáîëåå áëà-ãîïðèÿòíû äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïîäîðëèêà. Ýê-ñòðàïîëÿöèÿ æå ýòèõ ïîêàçàòåëåé òîëüêî íàëåñà þãî-âîñòîêà îáëàñòè (òåððèòîðèÿ ñìàêñèìàëüíîé ïëîòíîñòüþ îç¸ð â âåðõîâü-ÿõ ðåê Âàãàé è Åìåö â ëåâîáåðåæíîé ÷àñ-òè Èøèìà ïëîùàäüþ 1413,31 êì2) ïîçâî-ëÿåò ïðåäïîëîæèòü çäåñü ãíåçäîâàíèå 139




ëèêîâ, 11 èç êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíû íà ïëî-ùàäêàõ â õîäå öåëåíàïðàâëåííûõ ó÷¸òîââñåõ õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ ïëîòíîñòüãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïîäîðëèêà óñòàíîâëåíà â íè-çîâüÿõ ðåê ×óëûì è Êàðãàò ìåæäó îç¸ðàìèÌàë. ×àíû è Óðþì: 2,11 ïàð/100 êì2 ó÷¸ò-íîé ïëîùàäè è 32,35 ïàð/100 êì2 ëåñîïîê-ðûòîé ïëîùàäè. Îáèëèå ñîñòàâèëî 10,75ïàð/100 êì âíåøíåé îïóøêè. Ðàññòîÿíèåìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè è öåíòðàìè ó÷àñòêîâ ðàç-íûõ ïàð íà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè ñîñòàâëÿåò2,24–6,40, â ñðåäíåì 4,38±1,91 êì, è ýòî,ïîæàëóé, åäèíñòâåííàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ â Çà-ïàäíîé Ñèáèðè, ãäå óñòàíîâëåíî ãíåçäîâà-íèå ïîäîðëèêà â ñèëüíî ôðàãìåíòèðîâàí-íûõ êîëêàõ ìàëîé ïëîùàäè (îäíî ãíåçäîáûëî îáíàðóæåíî â íåáîëüøîé ãðóïïå áå-ð¸ç), ÷òî, ïî-âèäèìîìó, ñâÿçàíî ñ ñèëüíîéçàáîëî÷åííîñòüþ è òðóäíîäîñòóïíîñòüþìíîãèõ ó÷àñòêîâ. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òîèìåííî çäåñü (â íèçîâüÿõ ð. ×óëûì ê âîñ-òîêó îò îç. Ìàëûå ×àíû) Â.Ï. Áåëèê ñ ñî-àâòîðàìè (2005) 28–29 èþíÿ 2005 ã. íà-áëþäàëè 7 èç 11 âñòðå÷åííûõ çàýêñïåäèöèþ ïîäîðëèêîâ: 4 îäèíî÷íûå ïòè-öû îõîòèëèñü ó îç¸ð, â òîì ÷èñëå îäèí ïî-äîðëèê äåðæàëñÿ íà êîëîíèè îáûêíîâåí-íûõ ÷àåê (Larus ridibundus), è åù¸ 3 ïòèöû(âçðîñëûå ñàìåö c ñàìêîé è ãîäîâàëàÿ ñàì-êà) äåðæàëèñü íà îïóøêå ñòàðîãî áåð¸çî-âî-îñèíîâîãî êîëêà; åù¸ 1 ïòèöà âñòðå÷å-íà 30 èþíÿ â êîëêå áëèç ñ. Ìàëûøåâî êþãî-âîñòîêó îò îç. Ñàðòëàí. Äëÿ Çäâèíñêî-ãî ðàéîíà ïëîòíîñòü ïîäîðëèêà îïðåäåëå-íà â 3–7 îñîáåé èëè 2–3 ïàð/100 êì2 (Áå-ëèê è äð., 2005). Â íèçîâüÿõ ð. Áàãàí âîêðåñòíîñòÿõ ñ. Áàêëóøè ïîäîðëèêè ãíåç-äèëèñü äîâîëüíî äèñïåðñíî. Ðàññòîÿíèåìåæäó 5 ïàðàìè ñîñòàâèëî 7,74–17,79, âñðåäíåì 13,92±4,9 êì, ïëîòíîñòü – 0,87ïàð/100 êì2 ó÷¸òíîé ïëîùàäè è 19,56 ïàð/

100 êì2 ëåñîïîêðûòîé ïëîùàäè, îáèëèå –6,68 ïàð/100 êì âíåøíåé îïóøêè. Ïî-âè-äèìîìó, äàííûå ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè õà-ðàêòåðíû äëÿ âñåãî þãà îáëàñòè (ÑåâåðíîéÊóëóíäû).

Òàêèì îáðàçîì, äëÿ þæíîé è öåíòðàëü-íîé ÷àñòè Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè ñðåäíÿÿïëîòíîñòü ïîäîðëèêà ñîñòàâèëà 1,64 ïàð/100 êì2 ó÷¸òíîé ïëîùàäè è 17,26 ïàð/100 êì2 ëåñîïîêðûòîé ïëîùàäè, îáèëèå –6,13 ïàð/100 êì âíåøíåé îïóøêè.

Ñóäÿ ïî ðåãèñòðàöèÿì îðëîâ, ìîæíîïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî íà ñåâåðå Íîâîñèáèð-ñêîé îáëàñòè âïëîòü äî Âàñþãàíñêèõ áîëîòïîäîðëèê ãíåçäèòñÿ ñ ïëîòíîñòüþ, òàêîé æå,êàê â öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè Áàðàáû.

Èñõîäÿ èç äàííûõ ó÷¸òîâ, ÷èñëåííîñòüáîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îá-ëàñòè îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 160–200, â ñðåäíåì180 ïàð.

Â Òîìñêîé îáëàñòè äàííûå ïî ïëîòíîñòèãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïîäîðëèêà îòñóòñòâóþò. Ìîæ-íî ëèøü ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî â Ïðèîáüå îíìîæåò ãíåçäèòüñÿ êàê ìèíèìóì ñ ïëîòíîñ-òüþ 1 ïàðà íà 10 êì äîëèíû Îáè (õîòÿ äàí-íûå Ñ.Ñ. Ìîñêâèòèíà óêàçûâàþò íà áîëååâûñîêóþ ïëîòíîñòü íà êðàéíåì þãå îáëàñ-òè). Ýòî ïðåäïîëîæåíèå ïîçâîëÿåò îöåíèòü÷èñëåííîñòü ïîäîðëèêà â ðàññìàòðèâàåìîé÷àñòè Òîìñêîé îáëàñòè â 45–55 ïàð.

Â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå Ê.Ò. Þðëîâ (1974) ñ÷è-òàë ïîäîðëèêà îáû÷íîé ãíåçäÿùåéñÿ ïòè-öåé ëåñíûõ êîëêîâ è áîðîâ Êóëóíäû, ïðè-÷¸ì íà îç. Êóëóíäèíñêîå ó óñòüÿ Êóëóíäû â1984 ã. âî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíå ëåòà áîëüøîéïîäîðëèê ïîïàäàë â ó÷¸òû êàê ðåäêàÿ ïòè-öà – 0,2 îñ./êì2 (Òîðîïîâ Ê.Â., ëè÷íîå ñî-îáùåíèå, èç: Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà…, 1998). Â ãíåç-äîâîé ïåðèîä áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê íàáëþäàëñÿâ ïîéìå Îáè, ïðè÷¸ì â õâîéíî-ëèñòâåííîìïîéìåííîì ëåñó ó ñ. Àêóòèõà â 1978 ã. îáè-ëèå ýòîãî âèäà ñîñòàâëÿëî 5 îñ./ êì2 (Ôî-ìèí Á.Í., ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå, èç: Êðàñíàÿêíèãà…, 1998). Â ïðîøëîì äëÿ òåððèòîðèèêðàÿ â îòêðûòûõ ñëàáî îáëåñåííûõ óðî-÷èùàõ ëåñîñòåïíîé ïðåäãîðíîé ðàâíèíûîáèëèå áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â òå÷åíèåëåòà êîëåáàëîñü îò 0,005 äî 0,4 îñ./êì2.Ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî òàêèì æå îíî áûëî â1976–1978 ãã. íà ðàçíûõ ó÷àñòêàõ îáñêîéïîéìû â îòêðûòûõ ñëàáî îáëåñåííûõ óðî-÷èùàõ – îò 0,003 äî 0,4 îñ./êì2 (Êðàñíàÿêíèãà…, 1998).

Êàê âèäíî èç îáçîðà ïóáëèêàöèé, êîëè-÷åñòâî ðåãèñòðàöèé áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ èíàõîäîê ãí¸çä ýòîãî âèäà â Àëòàéñêîì êðàåñóùåñòâåííî ïðåâûøàåò äàííûå äëÿ äðóãèõòåððèòîðèé Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Åñòåñòâåí-íî, ýòî ñâÿçàíî â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ñ âûñî-

Ðèñ. 9. Ïîïóëÿöèîííàÿñòðóêòóðà àðåàëà áîëü-øîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Çàïàä-íîé Ñèáèðè.Íóìåðàöèÿ îáëàñòåé ñîîò-âåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè âòàáë. 5

Fig. 9. Population struc-ture of the Greater Spot-ted Eagle range in theWestern Siberia.Numbers of regions areaccording with thenumbers of ones in thetable 5


êîé ïëîòíîñòüþ ïîäîðëèêà, àíàëîãîâ êîòî-ðîé â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè áîëüøå íèãäå íåâûÿâëåíî (ðèñ. 9). Îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ïòèöãíåçäèòñÿ â ëåâîáåðåæíîé ÷àñòè Îáè, ïðå-èìóùåñòâåííî â Àëòàéñêèõ ëåíòî÷íûõ áî-ðàõ. Çäåñü íà ìîäåëüíûõ ó÷àñòêàõ â Óãëîâ-ñêîì, Âîë÷èõèíñêîì, Ðîìàíîâñêîì èÌàìîíòîâñêîì ðàéîíàõ îáíàðóæåíî 19ãí¸çä ïîäîðëèêîâ. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸ç-äàìè ðàçíûõ ïàð è öåíòðàìè ó÷àñòêîâ, íàêîòîðûõ ðåãèñòðèðîâàëèñü ñë¸òêè (n=23), ñî-ñòàâëÿåò 1,82–10,64 êì, â ñðåäíåì 5,94 êì.Íà ïàðó ïòèö ïðèõîäèòñÿ 27,67 êì2 ëåñ-íîé ïëîùàäè èëè 3,3 êì îáëåñåííîé ÷àñòèïåðèôåðèè âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ.

Ïåðåñ÷¸ò ïîêàçàòåëåé ëåñíîé ïëîùàäè,ïðèõîäÿùåéñÿ íà ïàðó ïòèö, íà âñþ ëåñ-íóþ ïëîùàäü ðàâíèííîé ÷àñòè ëåâîáåðå-æüÿ äà¸ò îöåíêó ÷èñëåííîñòè â 368 ïàð,÷òî, ïî íàøåìó ìíåíèþ, çàâûøåíî. Ñâÿçà-íî ýòî, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü, ñ òåì, ÷òî ó÷¸òâ¸ëñÿ íà ëåñíîé ïëîùàäè, áîëåå ïðèãîäíîéäëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïîäîðëèêà, ÷åì îáùàÿ òåð-ðèòîðèÿ ëåñîâ, íà êîòîðóþ ýêñòðàïîëèðî-âàíû äàííûå. Ïåðåñ÷¸ò ëèíåéíûõ åäèíèö(ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îáëåñåííîé ÷àñòè ïåðèôå-ðèè âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ, ïðèõîäÿ-ùåéñÿ íà òåððèòîðèàëüíóþ ïàðó) äà¸òîöåíêó â 310 ïàð, ÷òî, âèäèìî, áëèæå êðåàëüíîé ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà. Â ðàñ÷¸ò íåáûëà âêëþ÷åíà ïîéìà Îáè, â ëåñàõ êîòî-ðîé ïîäîðëèê, âåðîÿòíî, òàêæå ãíåçäèòñÿ(Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà…, 1998). Ïîéìà Îáè â ïðå-äåëàõ êðàÿ íå áûëà îáñëåäîâàíà; ïðåäïî-ëîæèòåëüíî, çäåñü ìîæåò ãíåçäèòüñÿ 5–8ïàð îðëîâ. Âîçìîæíî, îòäåëüíûå ïàðû ñïî-ðàäè÷íî ãíåçäÿòñÿ ïî ïîéìàì ðåê è â ãîð-íîé ÷àñòè êðàÿ, îäíàêî, âðÿä ëè ýòî ÿâëåíèåíîñèò çàêîíîìåðíûé õàðàêòåð. Çäåñü íàì èç-

âåñòíà åäèíñòâåííàÿ ïàðà ïîäîðëèêîâ, íà-ñåëÿþùàÿ áîëîòíûé êîìïëåêñ â Ãîðíîé Êî-ëûâàíè áëèç ñ. Ñàâóøêà (Êàðÿêèí, Áàêêà,2004). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷èñëåííîñòü áîëüøîãîïîäîðëèêà â Îáñêîì ëåâîáåðåæüå Àëòàéñ-êîãî êðàÿ ìîæíî îöåíèòü â 310–320 ïàð.

Â ìåæäóðå÷üå Áèè è Êàòóíè îáùóþ ÷èñ-ëåííîñòü áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà ìîæíî îöå-íèòü â 4–6 ïàð. Â ïðàâîáåðåæüå Îáè ïî-äîðëèê ãíåçäèòñÿ â áîðàõ âäîëü Îáè. Äëÿäàííîé òåððèòîðèè â ïðåäåëàõ Àëòàéñêîãîêðàÿ èìåþòñÿ ëèøü äàííûå ïî þæíîé ÷àñ-òè Êàðàêàíñêîãî áîðà (Ïðèîáñêîãî áîðà)ñåâåðíåå ñ. Äðåñâÿíêà, ãäå óñòàíîâëåíîãíåçäîâàíèå 3-õ ïàð è ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ ãíåç-äîâàíèå åù¸ 3-õ ïàð íà ïëîùàäè 180 êì2.Îáèëèå ñîñòàâëÿåò 18,5 ïàð/100 êì îáëå-ñåííîé ÷àñòè ïåðèôåðèè âîäíî-áîëîòíûõêîìïëåêñîâ. Áëèçêèå ïîêàçàòåëè îáèëèÿíàáëþäàþòñÿ â Ñóçóíñêîì áîðó íà ãðàíè-öå ñ Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòüþ. Ó÷èòûâàÿâûøåïðèâåä¸ííûå äàííûå, ÷èñëåííîñòüïîäîðëèêà äëÿ ïîáåðåæèé îç¸ð è áîëîòâíóòðè ïðèîáñêèõ áîðîâ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ(176,4 êì) ìîæíî îöåíèòü â 30–35, â ñðåä-íåì â 32 ïàðû.

Â õîäå èññëåäîâàíèé íà Áèå-×óìûøñêîéâîçâûøåííîñòè ïîäîðëèê íå áûë îáíàðóæåí,ïðè÷åì çäåñü îí èñ÷åç, âèäèìî, óæå ê íà÷à-ëó 90-õ ãã. (Êó÷èí, 1991). Â ïðåäãîðüÿõ Ñà-ëàèðà èçâåñòíû âñòðå÷è òîëüêî â ïîéìå ð.×óìûø, ãäå, äàæå ïî ñàìûì îïòèìèñòè÷íûìîöåíêàì, ãíåçäèòñÿ íå áîëåå 8–10 ïàð.

Òàêèì îáðàçîì, îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü áîëü-øîãî ïîäîðëèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Àëòàéñ-êîì êðàå îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 350–370 ïàð, âñðåäíåì 360 ïàð.

Èñõîäÿ èç âûøåïðèâåä¸ííûõ äàííûõ,÷èñëåííîñòü âñåé çàïàäíîñèáèðñêîé ïîïó-

Ðèñ. 10. Ñîîòíîøåíèåïëîùàäåé ãíåçäîïðèãîä-íûõ äëÿ ïîäîðëèêà áèî-òîïîâ è ÷èñëåííîñòè âîáëàñòÿõ Çàïàäíîé Ñè-áèðè

Fig. 10. Correlation be-tween area potentialnesting biotopes of theGreater Spotted Eagleand number breedingpairs of the Greater Spot-ted Eagle in regions ofthe Western Siberia


ëÿöèè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà ìîæíî îöåíèòüâ 1070–1290 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð è, âèäèìî,ýòó îöåíêó ñëåäóåò ñ÷èòàòü íåêîé ìèíèìàëü-íîé îöåíêîé ÷èñëåííîñòè, ò.ê. îíà ñäåëàíàëèøü äëÿ òèïè÷íûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé âèäà âïðåäåëàõ îïòèìàëüíîãî ãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëà.

×èñëåííîñòü íåðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ áîëü-øèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè îöåí-êå íå ïîääàåòñÿ èç-çà åù¸ ìåíüøåé äîëèðåãèñòðàöèé ìîëîäûõ ïòèö, ÷åì â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå.

×èñëåííîñòü â ìèãðàöèîííûé

ïåðèîä

Â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå â ïåðèîäìàññîâîãî ïðîë¸òà íà èçîëèðîâàííûõ êîì-ïëåêñàõ áîëîò â ëåñîñòåïíîé è ñòåïíîéçîíàõ â òå÷åíèå íåñêîëüêèõ äíåé ìîæíîíàáëþäàòü äåñÿòêè ïðîë¸òíûõ ïòèö. Òàê, âñåíòÿáðå 1994 è 1996 ãã. â ïîéìå Áåëîéíèæå Óôû âî âðåìÿ ó÷¸òà æóðàâëåé íàïðåäîòë¸òíûõ ñêîïëåíèÿõ áûëî ó÷òåíî 27è 49 îñîáåé, à îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîäîð-ëèêà äëÿ ïîéìû â ïåðèîä ïðîë¸òà îöåíåíàâ 68–81 ïàð (Êàðÿêèí, 1999á), â êîíöå ñåí-òÿáðÿ 1998 ã. â äîëèíå ð. Áîëüøîé ×åðåì-øàí â îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè áûëî ó÷òåíî 47áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ (Êàðÿêèí, 1999à), íå

ìåíåå äåñÿòêà ïòèö áûëî âñòðå÷åíî â 20-õ÷èñëàõ ñåíòÿáðÿ 2003 ã. íà Ìàéòóãå (Ñ.Â.Áàêêà, À.Ñ. Ïàæåíêîâ, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå).Ýòè íàáëþäåíèÿ îòíîñÿòñÿ, ñêîðåå âñåãî, êïòèöàì, ìèãðèðóþùèì èç ðåãèîíà, íî íàâîñòîêå Áàøêèðèè ìèãðàíòàìè ÿâëÿþòñÿÿâíî ïòèöû çàïàäíîñèáèðñêèõ ïîïóëÿöèé.Åñëè â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä íà êðàéíåì âîñ-òîêå ðåãèîíà áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê ÿâëÿåòñÿñàìûì ðåäêèì èç ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ îðëîâ, ñó-ùåñòâåííî óñòóïàÿ ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîãèëü-íèêó è áåðêóòó, òî â ìèãðàöèîííûé ïåðè-îä îí ñóùåñòâåííî ïðåâîñõîäèò èõ ïî÷èñëåííîñòè, óñòóïàÿ ëèøü õèùíèêàì ñå-ìåéñòâà ÿñòðåáèíûõ ñðåäíåãî êëàññà (êà-íþêè, îñîåäû, ëóíè è ò.ï.). Òàê, íà òåððè-òîðèè Ïðèàéñêîé ðàâíèíû (ñåâåðî-âîñòîêÁàøêèðèè), ãäå ãíåçäîâàíèå ïîäîðëèêà äîïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè íå óñòàíîâëåíî, âîâðåìÿ ñåíòÿáðüñêèõ ýêñêóðñèé ðåãóëÿðíîíàáëþäàëîñü îò 12 äî 20 ïòèö. Èíòåíñèâ-íûé ïðîë¸ò ïîäîðëèêîâ ïðîèñõîäèò âäîëüâîñòî÷íîãî ìàêðîñêëîíà Þæíîãî Óðàëà.Ïî äàííûì ó÷¸òîâ 1995–97 ãã. çäåñü ó÷òå-íî áîëåå 120 ïîäîðëèêîâ íà òð¸õ êëþ÷å-âûõ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ òåððèòîðèÿõ: ÷èñ-ëåííîñòü ïðîë¸òíûõ ïòèö â ñåíòÿáðåñîñòàâëÿåò 45–97 îñîáåé äëÿ ðàñïàäêàìåæäó õðåáòàìè Óðàëòàó è Èðåíäûê, 5–23îñîáåé – äëÿ þæíîé îêîíå÷íîñòè õð. Èðåí-äûê, 6–9 îñîáåé – äëÿ Çèëàèðñêîãî Ïðèñàê-ìàðüÿ (Êàðÿêèí, 1999á). Âî âðåìÿ ïðîë¸òàïîäîðëèê ÿâíî èçáåãàåò öåíòðàëüíûõ ãîð-íûõ ðàéîíîâ, ò.ê. â èçâåñòíûõ «áóòûëî÷íûõãîðëûøêàõ» íàä õðåáòàìè Çèãàëüãà, Àâàëÿêíà ãðàíèöå Áàøêèðèè è ×åëÿáèíñêîé îá-ëàñòè â õîäå ó÷¸òîâ â ñåíòÿáðå 1995 è 1997ãã. âñòðå÷åíî ëèøü 2 ïîäîðëèêà, ÷òî ñîñòàâ-ëÿåò ëèøü 0,05% îò îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâà ïðî-ëåòàâøèõ õèùíûõ ïòèö (â 2000 ã. â íà÷àëåñåíòÿáðÿ ïîäîðëèêè çäåñü íå áûëè îáíà-ðóæåíû âîîáùå, õîòÿ òàêæå íàáëþäàëñÿìàññîâûé ïðîë¸ò ÿñòðåáèíûõ).

Íà îñíîâàíèè ýòèõ äàííûõ íå ïðåäñòàâ-ëÿåòñÿ âîçìîæíûì ìåòîäè÷åñêè êîððåêò-íî îöåíèòü ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîäîðëèêîâ íàïðîë¸òå, ò.ê. íå ñóùåñòâóåò ìåòîäèêè îöåí-êè ïðè íàáëþäåíèè íà òî÷êàõ, óäàë¸ííûõäðóã îò äðóãà íà áîëüøèå ðàññòîÿíèÿ, åù¸è â ðàçíûå ãîäû. Îäíàêî, áûëà ñäåëàíà ýê-ñïåðòíàÿ îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè – 300–500îñîáåé, íà îñíîâàíèè ïðåäïîëîæåíèÿ, ÷òî÷åðåç Ïîâîëæüå è Çàóðàëüå ëåòÿò ðàçíûåïòèöû, ïðè÷¸ì, â îñíîâíîì, îòãíåçäèâøèå-ñÿ â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî âÑâåðäëîâñêîé è ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòÿõ.

Â ñâåòå âûøåïðèâåäåííûõ äàííûõ, îáùóþ÷èñëåííîñòü áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Åâðî-ïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà â

Òèïè÷íûå ãíåçäîâûå áèî-òîïû áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëè-êà â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðå-ãèîíå – ÷åðíîîëüøàíèêè(ââåðõó), à â ÇàïàäíîéÑèáèðè – çàáîëî÷åííûåáåðåçíÿêè (âíèçó). ÔîòîÈ. Êàðÿêèíà

Typical nesting biotopesof the Greater SpottedEagle are alder forests inthe Volga-Ural region (up-per) and wet birch forestsin Western Siberia (bot-tom). Photos by I. Kar-yakin


ïîñëåãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä ñ ó÷¸òîì ìèãðàí-òîâ ìîæíî îöåíèòü â 1438–1943 îñîáåé.

Ïî Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè íàáëþäåíèÿ çà âè-äîì â ìèãðàöèîííûé ïåðèîä îòñóòñòâóþò.

Ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ, ãíåçäîâûå

áèîòîïû


Ïî ñîâîêóïíîñòè âñòðå÷ ê ïîòåíöèàëü-íûì ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿì ïîäîðëèêà â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå ìîæíî îòíåñòè âñåïîéìû ðåê, èìåþùèå çàëèâàåìóþ òàëûìèâîäàìè ïîéìó, øèðèíîé áîëåå 0,5 êì. Èç210 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ëèøü 3 ó÷àñòêà íåïðèóðî÷åíû ê ïîéìàì ðåê – 2 èç íèõ ðàñ-ïîëàãàþòñÿ â íèçèííûõ áîëîòàõ íà âîäî-ðàçäåëå (Íèæåãîðîäñêàÿ îáëàñòü) è 1 – âçàáîëî÷åííîì ñìåøàííîì ëåñó íà îïóø-êå ñòåïíîãî áîðà (Îðåíáóðãñêàÿ îáëàñòü).Ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, 98,57% ïàð ïîäîðëèêîâãíåçäèòñÿ â ðåãèîíå â ïîéìàõ ðåê èëè íàñêëîíàõ ðå÷íûõ äîëèí íàä ïîéìîé. Áîëü-øàÿ ÷àñòü ïàð (72,86%) ãíåçäèòñÿ â ïîéìàõðåê, øèðèíîé áîëåå 2 êì (ðèñ. 11). Äàæåòå ïàðû, êîòîðûå ãíåçäÿòñÿ â ïîéìàõ ðåêøèðèíîé ìåíåå 1 êì (ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî âãîðàõ Þæíîãî Óðàëà), äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿâûáèðàþò ó÷àñòêè ðàñøèðåíèÿ ïîéìû, ÷à-ñòî ñ çàáîëî÷åííûìè îñòðîâàìè, ïðèáëè-æàþùèìèñÿ ïî øèðèíå ê êèëîìåòðó.

Â.Í. Ñîòíèêîâ (1999) äëÿ Êèðîâñêîé îá-ëàñòè ïðèâîäèò àíàëîãè÷íóþ èíôîðìà-öèþ: çäåñü áîëüøèíñòâî îáíàðóæåííûõãí¸çä è âñòðå÷ áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ ïðè-õîäèòñÿ íà ïîéìåííûå çàáîëî÷åííûå ëåñà(îëüøàíèêè, ìøèñòûå åëüíèêè), ãðàíè÷à-

ùèå ñ áåçëåñüåì (ëóãàìè, çàêóñòàðåííûìèáîëîòàìè), îäíàêî íàáëþäàåòñÿ, õîòÿ èêðàéíå ðåäêî, ñòåðåîòèï ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âðàçðåæåííûõ âûñîêîñòâîëüíûõ ëåñàõ,âáëèçè ñûðûõ âûðóáîê è âåðõîâûõ áîëîò.

Ëèøü ó 6,19% ïàð â ïðåäåëàõ ãíåçäîâî-ãî ó÷àñòêà îòñóòñòâóþò ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåí-íûå óãîäüÿ (4 ó÷àñòêà â Íèæåãîðîäñêîéîáëàñòè, 7 – â Ïåðìñêîé è 2 – â Áàøêè-ðèè). Íà îñíîâíîé ìàññå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñ-òêîâ áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ (93,81%) ñåëüñ-êîõîçÿéñòâåííûå óãîäüÿ ïðèñóòñòâóþò, èáîëåå ÷åì äëÿ 75% èç íèõ èãðàþò ãëàâíóþðîëü äëÿ äîáû÷è ïèùè.

Äîìèíèðóþùèìè îõîòíè÷üèìè áèîòîïà-ìè íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ïîäîðëèêîâ âðåãèîíå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñåíîêîñíûå ëóãà è ïàñò-áèùà (ðèñ. 12) – îíè ïðèñóòñòâóþò íà87,14% ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (n=210) â ðàç-íûõ ïðîïîðöèÿõ (51% ñðåäè âûáîðêè áèî-òîïîâ; n=359). Íà ïðåäïî÷èòàåìîñòü ïî-äîðëèêîì â êà÷åñòâå îõîòíè÷üèõ áèîòîïîâñåíîêîñíûõ ïîéìåííûõ ëóãîâ îáðàùàåòâíèìàíèå Â.È. Íèêîëàåâ (1998) äëÿ Âåðõ-íåâîëæüÿ. Ïîëÿ ïðèñóòñòâóþò íà 33,81%ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïîäîðëèêîâ, îäíàêî âêà÷åñòâå îõîòíè÷üèõ áèîòîïîâ èãðàþò íåîñíîâíóþ ðîëü, òàê êàê â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó-÷àåâ ïðèñóòñòâóþò íà ó÷àñòêàõ íàðÿäó ñïàñòáèùàìè, ëèáî ñåíîêîñíûìè ëóãàìè.Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî ê êîíöó 90-õ ãã. áî-ëåå 77% ïîëåé íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ïî-äîðëèêîâ áûëî çàáðîøåíî, è â íàñòîÿùååâðåìÿ îíè ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé çàëåæè 5 –10-òè ëåòíåé äàâíîñòè è ñòàðøå, ìíîãèå èçêîòîðûõ â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ çàðàñòàþò ëå-ñîì. Ñàìûìè ðåäêèìè îõîòíè÷üèìè áèî-òîïàìè ïîäîðëèêà â ðåãèîíå ÿâëÿþòñÿ îò-êðûòûå âåðõîâûå áîëîòà è çàáîëî÷åííûåâûðóáêè. Îíè ïðèñóòñòâóþò íà ó÷àñòêàõïîäîðëèêà ëèøü íàðÿäó ñ äðóãèìè òèïàìèáèîòîïîâ – îòêðûòûå íèçèííûå áîëîòà èëèíåêîøåíûå ëóãà. Íåñìîòðÿ íà áîëüøóþïëîùàäü âåðõîâûõ áîëîò, â òîì ÷èñëå èïðèïîéìåííûõ, â ñåâåðíîé ÷àñòè Ïåðìñ-êîé è Êèðîâñêîé îáëàñòåé, à òàêæå â Íèæå-ãîðîäñêîì Çàâîëæüå, ïîäîðëèê çäåñü êðàé-

Ðèñ. 11. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèåãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïî-äîðëèêà ïî ïîéìàì ðåêâ çàâèñèìîñòè îò èõ øè-ðèíû

Fig. 11. Distribution of theGreater Spotted Eagle’sbreeding territories inflood-lands of rivers ac-cording with their widths

Ðèñ. 12. Ñòðóêòóðà îõîò-íè÷üèõ áèîòîïîâ áîëü-øîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå

Fig. 12. Structure of hunt-ing territories of theGreater Spotted Eagle inthe Volga-Ural region


íå ðåäîê. Íàïðèìåð, íà ñåâåðå Ïåðìñêîéè ñåâåðî-âîñòîêå Êèðîâñêîé îáëàñòåé ïëî-ùàäü âåðõîâûõ áîëîò ñîñòàâëÿåò 3042,06 êì2;çäåñü âûÿâëåíî ëèøü 12 ïàð ïîäîðëèêîâ,êîòîðûå ãíåçäÿòñÿ â íèçèííûõ ïîéìåííûõëåñîáîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñàõ, ïëîùàäü êîòîðûõâ 4 ðàçà ìåíüøå, ÷åì ïëîùàäü âåðõîâûõ áî-ëîò. Âîçìîæíî, âåðõîâûå áîëîòà íå îáåñ-ïå÷èâàþò ïîäîðëèêà äîñòàòî÷íûì êîëè÷å-ñòâîì ïèùè, ëèáî, èçáåãàÿ ýòîò áèîòîï,ïîäîðëèê óõîäèò îò ïðåñëåäîâàíèÿ áåðêó-òîì, êîòîðûé â Ïåðìñêîé, Êèðîâñêîé è Íè-æåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòÿõ çàñåëÿåò êîìïëåêñûâåðõîâûõ áîëîò äîñòàòî÷íî ðàâíîìåðíî, èåãî ÷èñëåííîñòü çäåñü ñóùåñòâåííî ïðåâû-øàåò ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîäîðëèêà. Èíòåðåñíî òî,÷òî èçáåãàíèå ïîäîðëèêîì òèïè÷íûõ âåðõî-âûõ áîëîò îòìå÷åíî è â Áåëîðóññèè, â òîì÷èñëå íà òåððèòîðèÿõ, ãäå áåðêóò êðàéíåðåäîê (Äîìáðîâñêèé è äð., 2000; 2001).

Îñíîâíûìè ãíåçäîâûìè áèîòîïàìè áîëü-øîãî ïîäîðëèêà â ðåãèîíå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïåðå-óâëàæíåííûå ëåñà (94,76%), ïðåèìóùå-

ñòâåííî ÷åðíîîëüøàííèêè (71,43%) (ðèñ.13). Òÿãîòåíèå áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà ê ÷åð-íîîëüøàííèêàì íàáëþäàåòñÿ íà âñ¸ì ïðî-òÿæåíèè àðåàëà â Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïå (Ãà-ëóøèí, 1971; Äîìáðîâñêèé è äð., 2000;2001; Èâàíîâ è äð., 2003; Ìàëü÷åâñêèé,Ïóêèíñêèé, 1983; Vali, 2004). Ëèøü 5,24%ïàð ãíåçäÿòñÿ â ñóõèõ áèîòîïàõ: 2,38% ïàð– â ñìåøàííûõ ëåñàõ ïî ñêëîíàì ðå÷íûõäîëèí, 1,90% – â áîðàõ ïî ñêëîíàì äîëèíè 0,95% – â ñêëîíîâûõ åëüíèêàõ (4,29%ýòèõ ïàð îòìå÷åíû íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â ãîð-íûõ ðàéîíàõ Óðàëà). Äàæå åñëè ïîäîðëè-êè ãíåçäÿòñÿ â ñóõîì áèîòîïå, èõ îõîòíè-÷üèìè áèîòîïàìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ âëàæíûåîòêðûòûå ïðîñòðàíñòâà, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííîíèçèííûå áîëîòà èëè çàëèâíûå ëóãà.


Ïî ñîâîêóïíîñòè âñòðå÷ ê ïîòåíöèàëü-íûì ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿì ïîäîðëèêà â Çàïàä-íîé Ñèáèðè ìîæíî îòíåñòè âñå òèïû ëåñà,âíå çàâèñèìîñòè îò èõ óâëàæíåíèÿ, ãðàíè-

Ðèñ. 13. Ñòðóêòóðà ãíåç-äîâûõ áèîòîïîâ áîëüøî-ãî ïîäîðëèêà â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå

Fig. 13. Structure ofbreeding territories of theGreater Spotted Eagle inthe Volga-Ural region

Ðèñ. 14. Ñòðóêòóðà ìåñ-òîîáèòàíèé áîëüøîãîïîäîðëèêà â ÇàïàäíîéÑèáèðè

Fig. 14. Structure of in-habitant places of theGreater Spotted Eagle inthe Western Siberia.Labels: 1 – Wet forest inthe river valley, 2 - Wetforest on the river terrace,3 – Forest on the dryslope of the river terrace,4 – Wet forest aroundwetland, 5 – Wet forestaround open dry territo-ry, 6 - Forest in dry terri-tory around wetland, 7 –Forest in dry territoryaround open dry territory

.

,

,

,

,


÷àùèå ñ âîäíî-áîëîòíûìè êîìïëåêñàìè.Èç 281 ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà 104 ó÷àñòêà(37,01%) ïðèóðî÷åíû ê äîëèíàì ðåê, 177(62,99%) – ê âîäîðàçäåëüíûì âîäíî-áîëîò-íûì êîìïëåêñàì. Ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, 16,73%ïàð ïîäîðëèêîâ ãíåçäèòñÿ â çàáîëî÷åííûõëåñàõ ïîéì ðåê, 14,23% – â çàáîëî÷åííûõëåñàõ íà òåððàñàõ, íî ïðè ýòîì èõ îõîòíè-÷üè áèîòîïû ëåæàò â ïîéìå, 6,05% – â ñó-õèõ ëåñàõ ñêëîíîâ ðå÷íûõ äîëèí, 34,88% –â çàáîëî÷åííûõ ëåñàõ íà âîäîðàçäåëàõ ïîáåðåãàì îç¸ð è áîëîò, 2,14% – â çàáîëî-÷åííûõ ëåñàõ íà âîäîðàçäåëàõ, ãðàíè÷àùèõñ ñóõèìè îòêðûòûìè áèîòîïàìè, 23,84% – âñóõèõ ëåñàõ íà âîäîðàçäåëàõ ïî áåðåãàìîç¸ð è, íàêîíåö, 2,14% ïàð íèêàê íå ñâÿçà-íû ñ âîäíî-áîëîòíûìè óãîäüÿìè è ãíåçäÿòñÿâ ñóõèõ ëåñàõ ñðåäè ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõóãîäèé ðàçëè÷íîãî íàçíà÷åíèÿ (ðèñ. 14).

Ïî-âèäèìîìó, îñíîâíûìè ãíåçäîâûìèáèîòîïàìè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â ðåãèî-íå ÿâëÿþòñÿ çàáîëî÷åííûå áåð¸çîâûåëåñà, ëèáî ñìåøàííûå ëåñà ñ äîìèíèðîâà-íèåì áåð¸çû, îäíàêî â íàøåé âûáîðêå äî-ìèíèðóþò ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ïîäîðëèêà,ñâÿçàííûå ñ ñîñíîâûìè ëåñàìè (55,87%),

ïî ïðè÷èíå öåëåíàïðàâëåííîãî îáñëåäî-âàíèÿ áîðîâ â ñòåïíîé è ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíåðåãèîíà. Åñëè ðàññìàòðèâàòü ñóõèå è çà-áîëî÷åííûå áåð¸çîâûå è ñîñíîâûå ëåñà ïîîòäåëüíîñòè, òî ïîëó÷àåòñÿ ÷òî îñíîâíàÿìàññà ïàð ãíåçäèòñÿ â çàáîëî÷åííûõ áåð¸-çîâûõ ëåñàõ ëèáî ñìåøàííûõ ëåñàõ ñ äî-ìèíèðîâàíèåì áåð¸çû – 39,5% (ðèñ. 15),26,33% ïàð ãíåçäèòñÿ â çàáîëî÷åííûõ ñî-ñíîâûõ ëåñàõ ëèáî ñìåøàííûõ ëåñàõ ñ äî-ìèíèðîâàíèåì ñîñíû, 29,54% – â ñóõèõáîðàõ, 2,85% – â ñóõèõ áåð¸çîâûõ ëåñàõ è1,78% – â îëüøàíèêàõ (â äîëèíå ð. Óôà âïðåäåëàõ Ñâåðäëîâñêîé è ×åëÿáèíñêîéîáëàñòåé). Íåñìîòðÿ íà äîìèíèðîâàíèåáåð¸çîâûõ ëåñîâ â çîíå îïòèìàëüíîãî ãíåç-äîâîãî àðåàëà âèäà â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè,ïîäîðëèê ñòàðàòåëüíî èçáåãàåò ñóõèõ áå-ðåçíÿêîâ, õîòÿ ñóõèå áîðû ïî áåðåãàì ðåêè îç¸ð, íàïðîòèâ, èì îõîòíî çàñåëÿþòñÿ,îñîáåííî â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå.

Âñå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ïîäîðëèêà òåñíîñâÿçàíû ñ îòêðûòûìè ïðîñòðàíñòâàìè, ïðè-÷¸ì â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ (96,8%) ýòè îò-êðûòûå ïðîñòðàíñòâà ÿâëÿþòñÿ çàáîëî÷åí-íûìè èëè óâëàæíåííûìè. Ëèøü ó 7,47%

Ðèñ. 15. Ñòðóêòóðà ãíåç-äîâûõ áèîòîïîâ áîëüøî-ãî ïîäîðëèêà â ÇàïàäíîéÑèáèðè

Fig. 15. Structure ofbreeding biotopes of theGreater Spotted Eagle inthe Western Siberia.Labels: 1 – Alder forest,2 - Wet birch forest, 3 –Wet pine forest, 4 – Birchforest in dry territory, 5 –Pine forest in dry territory

Ðèñ. 16. Ñòðóêòóðà îõîò-íè÷üèõ áèîòîïîâ áîëü-øîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Çàïàä-íîé Ñèáèðè

Fig. 16. Structure of hunt-ing territories of the GreatSpotted Eagle in theWestern Siberia


ïàð â ïðåäåëàõ ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà îòñóò-ñòâóþò ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûå óãîäüÿ (âñåâ Ñâåðäëîâñêîé îáëàñòè). Íà îñíîâíîé æåìàññå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áîëüøèõ ïîäîð-ëèêîâ (92,53%) ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûå óãî-äüÿ ïðèñóòñòâóþò, õîòÿ íå ÿñíî, íàñêîëüêîâàæíóþ ðîëü îíè èãðàþò, ò.ê. ïðàêòè÷åñ-êè âñåõ îõîòÿùèõñÿ ïòèö ïðèõîäèëîñü íà-áëþäàòü ïî áåðåãàì îç¸ð.

Äîìèíèðóþùèìè îõîòíè÷üèìè áèîòîïà-ìè íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ïîäîðëèêîâ âðåãèîíå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïîéìåííûå åñòåñòâåííûåè ñåíîêîñíûå ëóãà è ïàñòáèùà (ðèñ. 16) –îíè ïðèñóòñòâóþò íà 97,86% ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷à-ñòêîâ (n=281) â ðàçíûõ ïðîïîðöèÿõ (55%ñðåäè âûáîðêè áèîòîïîâ; n=579). Îáðà-ùàåò íà ñåáÿ âíèìàíèå âûñîêàÿ äîëÿ íàîõîòíè÷üèõ ó÷àñòêàõ îòêðûòûõ íèçèííûõ,ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî òðîñòíèêîâî-îñîêîâûõ(36%), ïðè÷¸ì äëÿ íåêîòîðûõ ãíåçäîâûõó÷àñòêîâ, ðàñïîëîæåííûõ âíóòðè áîðîâûõìàññèâîâ, îíè ÿâëÿþòñÿ åäèíñòâåííûìèîõîòíè÷üèìè áèîòîïàìè. Ïîëÿ ñîñòàâëÿþòëèøü 3% îò îáùåé âûáîðêè áèîòîïîâ, ïðè-ñóòñòâóÿ òîëüêî íà 5,7% ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñò-êîâ, ïðè÷¸ì áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü èç íèõ â 90-õ ãã.ïåðåñòàëà èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ â êà÷åñòâå ïàõîò-íûõ óãîäèé è ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé çàëåæèðàçíîãî âîçðàñòà. Íåñìîòðÿ íà áîëüøóþïëîùàäü âåðõîâûõ áîëîò â òà¸æíîé çîíå

Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè, ïîäîðëèê çäåñü êðàéíåðåäîê. Â çîíå ïîäòàéãè è ñåâåðíîé ëåñî-ñòåïè ïîäîðëèê îõîòíî ãíåçäèòñÿ íà âåð-õîâûõ áîëîòàõ ìàëîé ïëîùàäè, ñôîðìèðî-âàâøèõñÿ â «áëþäöàõ» çàðàñòàþùèõ îç¸ð,òàê íàçûâàåìûõ «ðÿìàõ», íî ëèøü â òîì ñëó-÷àå, åñëè âîêðóã èìåþòñÿ èíûå îòêðûòûåïðîñòðàíñòâà, òàêèå êàê íèçèííûå áîëî-òà, ëóãà è ïàñòáèùà.

Ãí¸çäà


Çà ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé â Âîëãî-Óðàëü-ñêîì ðåãèîíå îáíàðóæåíî 83 ãíåçäà áîëü-øèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ íà 73 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ.

Êàê óæå îòìå÷àëîñü âûøå, íà ðàññìàò-ðèâàåìîé òåððèòîðèè áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèêãíåçäèòñÿ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ïîéìåííûõîëüøàíèêàõ, îòñþäà è äîìèíèðîâàíèåãí¸çä (n=83) íà îëüõå (48,19%). Îñíîâíàÿìàññà ãí¸çä â Ïðèáåëüå è íà ×åðåìøàíåðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ èìåííî íà îëüõå. Ñîñíà, êàêïîðîäà äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä áîëüøèìèïîäîðëèêàìè, íàõîäèòñÿ íà âòîðîì ìåñòåâ íàøåé âûáîðêå – íà íåé îáíàðóæåíî27,71% ãí¸çä. Íà Þæíîì Óðàëå è Áóãóëü-ìèíñêî-Áåëåáååâñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè âñåèçâåñòíûå ãí¸çäà ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ íà ñîñíàõ.Â îñíîâíîì ïîäîðëèêè èñïîëüçóþò äëÿ óñ-òðîéñòâà ãí¸çä ñîñíû, ðàñòóùèå ïî êðàþçàáîëî÷åííîãî ëåñà, ðåæå – ðàñòóùèå íàãðèâàõ ñðåäè îëüõîâûõ òîïåé, íî ðåäêîñòüïîñëåäíåãî ÿâëåíèÿ ñâÿçàíà ñ òåì, ÷òî íà-ëè÷èå ñîñíû â îëüøàíèêàõ ðåäêîå ÿâëåíèå.Ïðàêòè÷åñêè íà âñåõ îëüõîâûõ áîëîòàõ, ãäåñðåäè îëüõè ïðèñóòñòâîâàëà ñîñíà, ïîäîð-ëèêè óñòðàèâàëè ãí¸çäà èìåííî íà ñîñíå.Êðàéíå ðåäêî ïîäîðëèêè ãíåçäÿòñÿ íà ñî-ñíàõ, ðàñòóùèõ â ñóõèõ áèîòîïàõ. Íà òðå-òüåì ìåñòå â êà÷åñòâå ãíåçäîâîãî äåðåâàñòîèò áåð¸çà (15,15%). Áåð¸çà ÿâëÿåòñÿîñíîâíîé ïîðîäîé, íà êîòîðîé ïîäîðëè-êè óñòðàèâàþò ãí¸çäà â Çàóðàëüå (Êàðÿêèí,1998), à â Åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Âîëãî-Óðàëü-ñêîãî ðåãèîíà óñòðîéñòâî ãí¸çä íà áåð¸çåíàáëþäàåòñÿ â îñíîâíîì â çàáîëî÷åííûõïîéìåííûõ ëåñàõ â þæíîé òàéãå (Êèðîâñ-êàÿ è Ïåðìñêàÿ îáëàñòè). Â öåëîì ïî ðå-ãèîíó 68,67% ãí¸çä áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêàóñòðîåíî íà ëèñòâåííûõ äåðåâüÿõ è31,33% – íà õâîéíûõ (ðèñ. 17).

Â Êèðîâñêîé îáëàñòè èçâåñòíûå ãí¸çäàðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà ñîñíàõ (5), áåð¸çàõ (3),îëüõå (1), â ïåðåêðåñòèè çàâèñøåé áåð¸çûè ñòîÿùåé ðÿäîì åëè (1) (Ñîòíèêîâ, 1999).

Óñòðîéñòâî ãí¸çä íà äåðåâüÿõ, ðàñòóùèõâ ïðèîïóøå÷íîé çîíå ëåñîâ, îò 1 äî 100 ìâãëóáü ëåñà, äëÿ ïîäîðëèêà ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåä-

Ðèñ. 17. Ãíåçäîâûå äå-ðåâüÿ áîëüøîãî ïîäîð-ëèêà â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîìðåãèîíå

Fig. 17. Nesting trees ofthe Greater Spotted Eaglein the Volga-Ural region

Òèïè÷íûå ãí¸çäà áîëüøî-ãî ïîäîðëèêà óñòðîåí-íûå íà îëüõå â ïîéìåðåêè â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîìðåãèîíå (ñëåâà) è íà áå-ð¸çå áëèç îçåðà â Çàïàä-íîé Ñèáèðè (ñïðàâà).Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

Typical nests of the Great-er Spotted Eagle werebuilt on an alder in the riv-er valley in the Volga-Uralregion (left) and on a birchnear the lake in WesternSiberia (right). Photos byI. Karyakin


êîñòüþ (n=83; 9,64%). Â îñíîâíîì âûáè-ðàþòñÿ äåðåâüÿ (n=75), óäàë¸ííûå îòîïóøêè íà 100–2100 ì, â ñðåäíåì510,67±444,12 ì, ïðè÷¸ì íàèáîëüøåå óäà-ëåíèå îò îïóøêè íàáëþäàåòñÿ â ëåñîáîëîò-íûõ ìàññèâàõ, îêðóæ¸ííûõ àãðîöåíîçàìè.Âûáîðêà ðàññòîÿíèé îò ãí¸çä ïîäîðëèêà äîîïóøåê ëåñíûõ ìàññèâîâ, â êîòîðûõ íàõî-äÿòñÿ ãí¸çäà, õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ âûñîêèìïîëîæèòåëüíûì ýêñöåññîì (E

x

= 3,63), ÷òîóêàçûâàåò íà äîìèíèðîâàíèå â âûáîðêåðàññòîÿíèé öåíòðàëüíîãî äèàïàçîíà ãàì-ìà-ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ – 100 – 600 ì (ðèñ. 18).Ëèøü â 8,43% ñëó÷àåâ áëèæàéøàÿ ê ãíåçäóîïóøêà ìàññèâà, âíóòðè êîòîðîãî íàõîäèò-ñÿ ýòî ãíåçäî, ïðèìûêàåò ê óðåçó âîäî¸ìà(ðåêå, îçåðó), â îñòàëüíûõ ñëó÷àÿõ – ê îò-êðûòîìó ïðîñòðàíñòâó ïîéìû ëèáî òåððà-ñû. Ìàêñèìàëüíîå óäàëåíèå îò îïóøêè òàê-

æå õàðàêòåðíî äëÿ ãí¸çä, ðàñïîëîæåííûõñðåäè òîïåé ñ áîëüøèì êîëè÷åñòâîì îòêðû-òûõ ó÷àñòêîâ íèçèííîãî áîëîòà. Â öåíòðåòàêèõ áîëîòíûõ ìàññèâîâ ãíåçäà ìîãóò ðàñ-ïîëàãàòüñÿ íà óçêèõ ãðèâàõ (12,05% ñëó-÷àåâ; n=83), à èíîãäà è íà îäèíî÷íûõ äå-ðåâüÿõ (2,41%). Ïîäîáíîå ãíåçäîïîäîðëèêà, ðàñïîëîæåííîå íà îäèíî÷íîìäóáå ñðåäè ïîäòîïëåííîé âîäàìè ×åáîê-ñàðñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà ïîéìû, îáíàðó-æèë Ñ.Â. Áàêêà (ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå) â Íè-æåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè íà ãðàíèöå ñÌàðèéñêîé ðåñïóáëèêîé. Î ãíåçäå ïîäîð-ëèêà, ðàñïîëîæåííîì ñîâåðøåííî îòêðû-òî â óçêîé ãðèâå ñóõîñòîéíûõ áîëîòíûõ ñî-ñåí â Áåëîðóññèè èìååòñÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ óÂ.×. Äîìáðîâñêîãî ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (2000).Â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ îòêðûòî ðàñïîëî-æåííûå ãí¸çäà íàõîäÿòñÿ â òðóäíîäîñòóï-íûõ áèîòîïàõ, è ÷åì âûøå äîñòóïíîñòüãíåçäà, òåì ëó÷øå îíî çàìàñêèðîâàíî.

Äëÿ áîëüøèíñòâà ãí¸çä õàðàêòåðíî èõóñòðîéñòâî â ñîìêíóòûõ, õîòÿ è ìîçàè÷íûõäðåâîñòîÿõ, à äëÿ ãí¸çä, óñòðîåííûõ íàñóõèõ ìåñòàõ, õàðàêòåðíî åù¸ è ðàçâèòèåãóñòîãî ïîäëåñêà èç ëèñòâåííûõ ïîðîä.

Â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ (n=83) ïîäîðëè-êè èñïîëüçóþò äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãíåçä ðàç-âèëêè – 77,11% (ðèñ. 19). Ðàñïîëîæåíèåãí¸çä â îñíîâàíèè áîêîâûõ âåòâåé ó ñòâî-ëà (22,89%) íàáëþäàåòñÿ â îñíîâíîì íà ñî-ñíàõ, ÷òî ñâÿçàíî ñ àðõèòåêòóðîé êðîíáîëîòíûõ ñîñåí. Íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî ãí¸çäàðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ â ñåðåäèíå ñòâîëà – 73,49%,îñòàëüíûå – â âåðõíåé òðåòè (20,48%) ëèáî

Ðèñ. 18. Ðàññòîÿíèå îòãí¸çä áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëè-êà äî îïóøåê ëåñíûõìàññèâîâ, â êîòîðûõ îíèíàõîäÿòñÿ, â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå

Fig. 18. Distance from theGreater Spotted Eagle’snests to the edges of for-ests where the nests lo-cate in the Volga-Ural re-gion

Ðèñ. 19. Õàðàêòåð ðàñïî-ëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä áîëüøîãîïîäîðëèêà íà ðàçíûõ âè-äàõ äåðåâüåâ â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå

Fig. 19. Character of theGreater Spotted Eagle’snest location on differentspecies of trees in the Vol-ga-Ural region


â íèæíåé òðåòè ñòâîëà (6,02%). Áîëüøèí-ñòâî ãí¸çä óñòðàèâàåòñÿ òàêèì îáðàçîì,÷òîáû ðàñïîëàãàòüñÿ â ñåðåäèíå èëè íèæ-íåé òðåòè êðîíû.

Âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä âàðüèðóåò âøèðîêîì äèàïàçîíå (n=83), îò 4 äî 20 ì,ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì 9,58±3,80 ì. Íàèáî-ëåå íèçêî ðàñïîëàãàþùèåñÿ ãí¸çäà íàõî-äÿòñÿ â áîëîòíûõ ìàññèâàõ, îäíàêî è çäåñüèìåþòñÿ ìàÿ÷íûå ñîñíû è âûñîêèå îëüõè,íà êîòîðûõ ïîäîðëèê óñòðàèâàåò ãí¸çäàäîñòàòî÷íî âûñîêî. Íî âñ¸ æå â ñóõèõ ìå-ñòàõ ðàñïîëîæåíèå ãí¸çä ïîäîðëèêà âñðåäíåì îäíîçíà÷íî âûøå (n=5; 11–20, âñðåäíåì 15,8±3,42 ì), ÷åì âî âëàæíûõ(n=78; 4–20, â ñðåäíåì 9,18±3,48 ì).


Çà ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé àâòîðîì ñ êîë-ëåãàìè â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè îáíàðóæåíî157 ãí¸çä áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ íà 146ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ. Ñ ó÷¸òîì ëèòåðàòóð-íûõ äàííûõ ïî Ñâåðäëîâñêîé (Áà÷óðèí,2003), Êóðãàíñêîé (Ðÿáèöåâ Â.Ê. è äð.,

2002), Îìñêîé (Ìîðîçîâ Â.Â., Êîðíåâ Ñ.Â.,2002) è Íîâîñèáèðñêîé (Íèêîëàåâ Â.Â. èç:Áåëèê, 2005) îáëàñòÿì, ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü îíàõîäêå â ðåãèîíå 172 ãí¸çä, äëÿ êîòîðûõîïèñàíû âèäû äåðåâüåâ.

Áîëüøèíñòâî ãí¸çä áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà,îáíàðóæåííûõ â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè, ðàñïî-ëàãàåòñÿ íà ñîñíàõ (n=172) – 50,58% ãí¸çä.Âòîðîå ìåñòî â êà÷åñòâå ãíåçäîâîãî äåðåâàçàíèìàåò áåð¸çà, íà íåé óñòðîåíî 44,77%ãí¸çä. Óñòðîéñòâî ãí¸çä ïîäîðëèêîì íà äðó-ãèõ âèäàõ äåðåâüåâ â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè íî-ñèò ñëó÷àéíûé õàðàêòåð (ðèñ. 20).

Äëÿ áîëüøèíñòâà òåððèòîðèé ÇàïàäíîéÑèáèðè äîñòàòî÷íî õàðàêòåðíî íåáîëüøîåóäàëåíèå ãí¸çä âãëóáü ëåñà. Â ïðèîïóøå÷-íîé çîíå, îò 1 äî 100 ì âãëóáü ëåñà, ðàñ-ïîëàãàëîñü (n=157) 61,15% îáíàðóæåííûõãí¸çä, íà ðàññòîÿíèè 100–300 ì – 21,02%ãí¸çä, îñòàëüíûå 17,83% áûëè óäàëåíû îòîïóøêè áîëåå ÷åì íà 300 ì, íî íå äàëåå 1êì. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî äëÿ Åâðîïåéñêîé÷àñòè Ðîññèè áîëåå õàðàêòåðíûì äëÿ áîëü-øîãî ïîäîðëèêà ÿâëÿåòñÿ óñòðîéñòâî ãí¸çäâ óäàëåíèè îò îïóøêè áîëåå ÷åì íà 300 ì.Ïî ñîâîêóïíîñòè âñåé âûáîðêè ðàññòîÿíèåîò îïóøêè ëåñà äî ãíåçäà ñîñòàâèëî â ñðåä-íåì 173,67±206,93 ì. Âûáîðêà ðàññòîÿ-íèé îò ãí¸çä ïîäîðëèêà äî îïóøåê ëåñíûõìàññèâîâ, â êîòîðûõ íàõîäÿòñÿ ãí¸çäà, õà-ðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ âûñîêèì ïîëîæèòåëüíûìýêñöåññîì (E

x

= 3,48), ÷òî óêàçûâàåò íàäîìèíèðîâàíèå â âûáîðêå ðàññòîÿíèé öåí-òðàëüíîãî äèàïàçîíà ãàììà-ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ– äî 100 ì (ðèñ. 21). Íàèáîëüøåå óäàëå-íèå îò îïóøêè íàáëþäàåòñÿ â ëåñîáîëîò-íûõ ìàññèâàõ, ãðàíè÷àùèõ ñ àãðîöåíîçà-ìè, â ïîäòà¸æíîé è òà¸æíîé çîíå.Ìèíèìàëüíîå ðàññòîÿíèå îò ãíåçäà äîîïóøêè õàðàêòåðíî äëÿ ïîäîðëèêîâ, ãíåç-

Ðèñ. 20. Ãíåçäîâûå äåðå-âüÿ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêàâ Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè

Fig. 20. Nesting trees ofthe Greater Spotted Eaglein the Western Siberia

Ðèñ. 21. Ðàññòîÿíèå îòãí¸çä áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëè-êà äî îïóøåê ëåñíûõìàññèâîâ, â êîòîðûõ îíèíàõîäÿòñÿ, â ÇàïàäíîéÑèáèðè

Fig. 21. Distance from theGreater Spotted Eagle’snests to the edges offorests where the nestslocate in the Western Si-beria


äÿùèõñÿ â áîðàõ, ïðè÷¸ì â ýòîì ñëó÷àå77,01% îïóøåê (n=87) ïðèìûêàåò ê óðåçóîçåðà, ëèáî ìåæäó îçåðîì è îïóøêîé òÿ-íåòñÿ óçêàÿ (10–200 ì) ïîëîñà íåïðîõîäè-ìîãî òðîñòíèêîâîãî áîëîòà, ÷àñòî ñ áåð¸-çîâûìè «îáëîìûøàìè», õàîòè÷íîòîð÷àùèìè ñðåäè òðîñòíèêà ïî ñàìîìóêðàþ áîðà. Íàäî çàìåòèòü, ÷òî â Åâðîïåé-ñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè ãíåçäîâàíèå íà îïóø-êå, ïðèìûêàþùåé íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ê âî-äî¸ìó, íîñèò ñëó÷àéíûé õàðàêòåð (ìåíåå10% ñëó÷àåâ).

Â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ (n=157) ïîäîð-ëèêè èñïîëüçóþò äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä ðàç-âèëêè – 74,57% (ðèñ. 22). Âñå ãí¸çäà íàëèñòâåííûõ äåðåâüÿõ áûëè óñòðîåíû â ðàç-âèëêàõ, à òèï óñòðîéñòâà â îñíîâàíèè âåò-âåé ó ñòâîëà íàáëþäàëñÿ òîëüêî íà ñîñíàõâ 25,48% ñëó÷àåâ. Â ýòó æå êàòåãîðèþ îò-íåñåíû ãí¸çäà, óñòðîåííûå íà âåòâÿõ äå-ðåâüåâ, çàâàëåííûõ íà ñîñåäíèå – òàêèõáûëî îáíàðóæåíî 6.

Íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî ãí¸çäà ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ âñåðåäèíå ñòâîëà – 41,4%, îñòàëüíûå – â âåð-õíåé òðåòè (36,94%), ëèáî â íèæíåé òðåòèñòâîëà (21,66%), ïðè ýòîì áîëüøèíñòâî ãí¸çä– â ñåðåäèíå èëè íèæíåé òðåòè êðîíû.

Âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä âàðüèðóåò âøèðîêîì äèàïàçîíå (n=157), îò 3 äî 18 ì,ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì 7,22±3,12 ì. Íàèáî-ëåå íèçêî ðàñïîëàãàþùèåñÿ ãí¸çäà, êàêïðàâèëî, âñòðå÷àëèñü â öåíòðå óãíåò¸ííûõçàáîëî÷åííûõ áåðåçíÿêîâ èëè ñîñíîâî-áåð¸çîâûõ ëåñîâ, íàèáîëåå âûñîêî ðàñïî-ëîæåííûå – â ñóõèõ áîðàõ.

Â ëèòåðàòóðå èìåþòñÿ óêàçàíèÿ íà òî, ÷òîïîäîðëèêè èíîãäà èñïîëüçóþò ãí¸çäà äðó-ãèõ ÿñòðåáèíûõ õèùíèêîâ (Äåìåíòüåâ,1951; Ñîòíèêîâ, 1999), îäíàêî íàì òàêèåñëó÷àè äîïîäëèííî íåèçâåñòíû. Â áîëüøèí-ñòâå ñëó÷àåâ ïîñëå 1–2-õ ëåò ðàçìíîæå-íèÿ â ïîñòðîéêå ïîäîðëèêà òðóäíî ñêàçàòü,êòî áûë å¸ ïðåäûäóùèé õîçÿèí, åñëè ýòîòõîçÿèí íå áûë èäåíòèôèöèðîâàí ðàíåå.

Çà âåñü ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé óäàëîñüíàáëþäàòü ïåðåìåùåíèå 5-òè ïàð ïîäîð-ëèêîâ íà íîâûå ãí¸çäà: îäíà ïàðà ñìåíè-ëà ãíåçäî 2 ðàçà, îñòàëüíûå ïî îäíîìóðàçó. Â 4-õ ñëó÷àÿõ ïòèöû ïåðåìåùàëèñüíå äàëåå 400 ì îò ãíåçäà è äëÿ óñòðîéñòâàíîâûõ ãí¸çä âûáèðàëè òå æå âèäû äåðåâü-åâ, ÷òî è òå, íà êîòîðûõ áûëè óñòðîåíûñòàðûå ãí¸çäà. Â îäíîì ñëó÷àå ïòèöû ïå-ðåìåñòèëèñü íà 2 êì, ñìåíèâ ãíåçäî íàîëüõå (ãíåçäîâîå äåðåâî óïàëî â ðåçóëü-òàòå ïîäòîïëåíèÿ òåððèòîðèè) íà ãíåçäî-âóþ ïëàòôîðìó, óñòðîåííóþ íà áåð¸çå,îäíàêî â äàííîì ñëó÷àå íåò óâåðåííîñ-òè, ÷òî ïëàòôîðìó çàíÿëà èìåííî ýòà ïàðàïîäîðëèêîâ.

Ãíåçäî, âûñòðîåííîå ïîäîðëèêîì, ïîõî-æå íà ïîñòðîéêó òåòåðåâÿòíèêà (Accipitergentilis), êîòîðûé òîæå ÷àñòî ãíåçäèòñÿ âëåñîáîëîòíûõ ìàññèâàõ, îñîáåííî â þæ-íîé òàéãå, îäíàêî â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷à-åâ â ñòðóêòóðå ãíåçäà ïîäîðëèêà âåòêèêðóïíåå è îòñóòñòâóåò êîðà, êîòîðîé òàêëþáèò âûñòèëàòü ëîòîê òåòåðåâÿòíèê íàíà÷àëüíûõ ýòàïàõ êëàäêè. Â ãíåçäå ïðàê-òè÷åñêè âñåãäà ïðèñóòñòâóåò ñâåæàÿ çå-ëåíü, íî â ìåíüøåì êîëè÷åñòâå, ÷åì â ãí¸ç-äàõ îðëà-êàðëèêà.

Ðèñ. 22. Õàðàêòåð ðàñïî-ëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä áîëüøîãîïîäîðëèêà íà ðàçíûõ âè-äàõ äåðåâüåâ â ÇàïàäíîéÑèáèðè

Fig. 22. Character of theGreater Spotted Eagle’snest location on differentspecies of trees in theWestern Siberia

Òèïè÷íûå ãí¸çäà áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà, óñòðîåííûå íàñîñíàõ â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè: ñðåäè çàáîëî÷åííîãî áå-ð¸çîâîãî ëåñà íà âîäîðàçäåëå (ñëåâà) è â ñìåøàííîìëåñó íà ðå÷íîé òåððàñå (ñïðàâà). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

Typical nests of the Greater Spotted Eagle were builton pines in Western Siberia: in the wet birch forest onthe watershed (left) and in the mixed forest on the riv-er terrace (right). Photos by I. Karyakin


Îñîáåííîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ

Ôåíîëîãèÿ

Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê ïîÿâëÿåòñÿ íà ìåñòàõãíåçäîâàíèÿ â þæíîé ÷àñòè Âîëãî-Óðàëüñ-êîãî ðåãèîíà â êîíöå ìàðòà – ïåðâûõ ÷èñ-ëàõ àïðåëÿ. Ïî ìåðå òàÿíèÿ ñíåãà ïîäîð-ëèêè ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ íà ìåñòàõ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âãîðàõ è áîëåå ñåâåðíûõ ðàéîíàõ ðåãèî-íà. Â ÷àñòíîñòè íà Êàìñêîì âîäîõðàíèëè-ùå (Ïåðìñêàÿ îáëàñòü) ïî íàáëþäåíèÿì â1989 – 1998 ãã. ïåðâûå ïîäîðëèêè ïîÿâ-ëÿëèñü â ïåðèîä ñ 5 ïî 15 àïðåëÿ (Êàðÿ-êèí, 1998). Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî â áîëååþæíûõ ðàéîíàõ, íàïðèìåð â ïîéìå ð.Óðàë â Êàçàõñòàíå, ïåðâûå ïîäîðëèêè ïî-ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêè â òå æå ñðîêè, ÷òî èâ Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè, è â Áàøêèðèè, òî åñòü25 ìàðòà – 5 àïðåëÿ, õîòÿ çäåñü ñíåã ñõî-äèò åù¸ â ñåðåäèíå ìàðòà (äàííûå àâòî-ðà). Â íà÷àëå àïðåëÿ ïîäîðëèêè ïîÿâëÿþò-ñÿ è â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Âåñü àïðåëü âëåñîñòåïè è ïîäòàéãå èä¸ò èíòåíñèâíûéïðîë¸ò ïîäîðëèêîâ, êîòîðûé ñ 20-õ ÷èñåëàïðåëÿ íà÷èíàåò çàòóõàòü. Òàê èëè èíà÷å,â ïîéìàõ Áåëîé è Êàìû, à òàêæå íà âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñàõ þãà Çàïàäíîé Ñèáè-ðè ïîäîðëèêè íà âñåõ ó÷àñòêàõ íàáëþäà-þòñÿ òîêóþùèìè ñ 20-õ ÷èñåë àïðåëÿ, èýòîò ïåðèîä, ïîæàëóé, ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñàìûì îï-òèìàëüíûì äëÿ èõ âûÿâëåíèÿ.

Ïî ñâåäåíèÿì Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâà (1951) âíà÷àëå ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ â Ïîâîëæüå ïåðâûåïîäîðëèêè ïîÿâëÿëèñü 8–9 àïðåëÿ, âàëî-âîé ïðèë¸ò ïðîèñõîäèë 19–22 àïðåëÿ, àçàïîçäàâøèå ïòèöû ïðèëåòàëè 7 ìàÿ, îä-íàêî Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèí (1897) åù¸ â êîíöå XIXâåêà äëÿ Áàøêèðèè îòìå÷àë, ÷òî ïîäîðëè-êè ïðèëåòàþò è íà÷èíàþò òîêîâàòü â íà÷à-ëå àïðåëÿ. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî çà 100 ëåò ñèòó-àöèÿ ñî ñðîêàìè ïðèë¸òà ïîäîðëèêîâ âðåãèîíå íå èçìåíèëàñü. Â Êèðîâñêîé îá-ëàñòè Ï.Â. Ïëåññêèé (1971; 1976) ðåãèñò-ðèðîâàë ïîäîðëèêîâ ñî âòîðîé äåêàäû àï-ðåëÿ, à Â.Í. Ñîòíèêîâ (1999) – ñ 13 ïî 29àïðåëÿ, â ñðåäíåì 18 àïðåëÿ.

Íà ïðîë¸ò ïîäîðëèêîâ â ñåðåäèíå àïðå-ëÿ â Ñàðàòîâñêîé îáëàñòè óêàçûâàåò À.Í.Ìåëüíè÷åíêî (1938), â Îêñêîì çàïîâåäíè-êå (Ðÿçàíñêàÿ îáëàñòü) ïîäîðëèêè ïðèëå-òàþò ôàêòè÷åñêè â òå æå ñðîêè, ÷òî è âÂîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå: íàèáîëåå ðàí-íÿÿ äàòà ïðèë¸òà – 18 ìàðòà 1959 ã., íàè-áîëåå ïîçäíÿÿ – 21 àïðåëÿ 1983 ã., ñðåä-íÿÿ – 10 àïðåëÿ (Ñàïåòèíà, 2005).

Ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü òîêà îáóñëîâëåíàêàê õîäîì âåñíû è, êàê ñëåäñòâèå, èíòåí-ñèâíîñòüþ ïðèë¸òà ïòèö, òàê è îáèëèåì èäîñòóïíîñòüþ êîðìîâ (ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî

âîäÿíûõ ïîë¸âîê). Íà îäíîì ó÷àñòêå â1990 ã. óäàëîñü íàáëþäàòü òîêîâàíèå ïî-äîðëèêîâ â òå÷åíèå 13 äíåé, õîòÿ íà ñî-ñåäíåì ñ íèì ó÷àñòêå â 1989 ã. ïîäîðëèêèòîêîâàëè, ñóäÿ ïî èíòåíñèâíîé âîêàëèçà-öèè è âèçóàëüíîìó íàáëþäåíèþ, íå áîëåå4-õ äíåé. Èíîãäà ìåæäó íà÷àëîì òîêà è îò-êëàäêîé ÿèö ïðîõîäèò 2–3 íåäåëè, îñîáåí-íî åñëè íàáëþäàåòñÿ âîçâðàò õîëîäîâ âêîíöå àïðåëÿ – íà÷àëå ìàÿ.

Ñðîêè íà÷àëà îòêëàäêè ïåðâûõ ÿèö äî-ïîäëèííî íåèçâåñòíû, ò.ê. â ýòîò ïåðèîäáîëüøèíñòâî ãíåçäîâûõ áèîòîïîâ ïîäîð-ëèêà êðàéíå òÿæåëî ïðîõîäèìû, íî âèäè-ìî ýòî ïðîèñõîäèò â àïðåëå. Â ðåãèîíå (âïîéìå ð. Áåëàÿ) èçâåñòíû 2 ñëó÷àÿ ðàííå-ãî âûëóïëåíèÿ ïòåíöîâ (16 è 18 ìàÿ çà-ôèêñèðîâàíû äâóõ-òð¸õäíåâíûå ïòåíöû),ïðè êîòîðîì íà÷àëî êëàäêè ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà5–7 àïðåëÿ. Ïîäîáíûå ñëó÷àè èçâåñòíû èçà ïðåäåëàìè ðåãèîíà. Â Îêñêîì çàïîâåä-íèêå â 1982 ã. 2 ïóõîâûõ ïòåíöà ïîäîðëè-êà îáíàðóæåíû À.Â. Ïîñòåëüíûõ 24 ìàÿ,÷òî îçíà÷àåò íà÷àëî êëàäêè íå ïîçäíåå 13àïðåëÿ (Ñàïåòèíà, 2005). Â ÁåëîðóññèèÀ.Â. Ôåäþøèí è Ì.Ñ. Äîëáèê (1967) ññû-ëàþòñÿ íà íàõîäêó ãîòîâîãî ê âûëåòó ïòåí-öà ïîäîðëèêà 4 èþëÿ 1916 ã., ÷òî îçíà÷àåòíà÷àëî êëàäêè òàêæå â ïåðâûõ ÷èñëàõ àï-ðåëÿ. Îäíàêî äàííûå ñëó÷àè ñëåäóåò ðàñ-öåíèâàòü êàê èñêëþ÷åíèå.

Áîëüøèíñòâî ãí¸çä ïîäîðëèêà ñ êëàäêà-ìè îáíàðóæåíî â öåíòðàëüíûõ ðàéîíàõðåãèîíà â ñðîê ñ 1 ìàÿ ïî 15 èþíÿ è ïðàê-òè÷åñêè âñå êëàäêè, îáíàðóæåííûå â ïåð-âûå äâå íåäåëè ìàÿ, áûëè ñëàáî íàñèæåí-íûìè, õîòÿ è ïîëíûìè. Â ïåðâóþ äåêàäó ìàÿòàêæå îáíàðóæåíî ìíîãî ñâåæèõ ãí¸çä áåçêëàäîê, ÿéöà â êîòîðûõ, ñóäÿ ïî âûëåòóïòåíöîâ, ïîÿâèëèñü êàê ðàç â ïåðâîé ïîëî-âèíå ìàÿ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìîæíî ïðåäïî-ëîæèòü, ÷òî íàèáîëåå ìàññîâàÿ îòêëàäêàÿèö ó ïîäîðëèêà â þæíîé è öåíòðàëüíîé÷àñòè ðåãèîíà ïðîèñõîäèò â ïåðèîä ñ 25àïðåëÿ ïî 10 ìàÿ, à íà ñåâåðå ðåãèîíà ñ 1ïî 15 ìàÿ. Â ãîðàõ ïîäîðëèêè íà÷èíàþòêëàñòüñÿ ïîçæå, ÷åì íà ðàâíèíå íà òîé æåøèðîòå. Â 1996 ã. íà Ñåâåðíîì Óðàëå áûëîîáíàðóæåíî ãíåçäî ñ ïòåíöàìè, â êîòîðîìêëàäêà áûëà çàêîí÷åíà íå ðàíåå 20 ìàÿ(Êàðÿêèí, 1998). Áîëüøèíñòâî èññëåäîâà-òåëåé XIX-ÕÕ ñòîëåòèé ïðèâîäÿò áëèçêèåäàííûå ïî îòêëàäêå ÿèö ïîäîðëèêàìè: êëàä-êà ïðîèñõîäèò â ìàå ñ ïåðâûõ ÷èñåë è äîñåðåäèíû ìåñÿöà. Â ÷àñòíîñòè, íåïîëíàÿêëàäêà èç 1 ÿéöà áûëà îáíàðóæåíà 6 ìàÿ óÁóãóðóñëàíà è òàì æå ïîëíàÿ – 10 ìàÿ; ñëåã-êà íàñèæåííûå ÿéöà îáíàðóæåíû 14–16ìàÿ â ãíåçäå ïîäîðëèêà â Êóéáûøåâñêîé


îáëàñòè (íûíå Ñàìàðñêàÿ îáëàñòü), ñâåæååÿéöî â ãíåçäå îáíàðóæåíî 10 ìàÿ â Áàø-êèðèè (Ñóøêèí, 1897; Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951), 10ìàÿ ïîëíàÿ êëàäêà è 22 ìàÿ ñâåæåå ðàñ-êë¸âàííîå ÿéöî – â ãí¸çäàõ â Êèðîâñêîéîáëàñòè (Ñîòíèêîâ, 1999). Òàêèå æå ñðîêèðàçìíîæåíèÿ, êàê â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðå-ãèîíå, íàáëþäàþòñÿ è â Îêñêîì çàïîâåä-íèêå, ãäå íàèáîëåå ðàííèå ñðîêè îòêëàäêè1-ãî ÿéöà, îïðåäåë¸ííûå ïî ñðîêàì âûëóï-ëåíèÿ ïòåíöîâ, ïðèõîäÿòñÿ íà 26 àïðåëÿ1960 ã. è 1 ìàÿ 1954 ã., ïî âèçóàëüíûì íà-áëþäåíèÿì – íà 3 ìàÿ 1962 ã., à íàèáîëååïîçäíèå (íåïîëíûå êëàäêè èç îäíîãî ÿéöà,âîçìîæíî ïîâòîðíûå) – íà 24 ìàÿ 1982 ã.è 27 ìàÿ 1975 ã. (Ñàïåòèíà, 2005).

Íàñèæèâàíèå ÿèö äëèòñÿ 40–45 äíåé.Ïòåíöû ïîäîðëèêà â íîðìå âûëóïëÿþòñÿ âïåðèîä ñî 2 ïî 15 èþíÿ, õîòÿ ðàííåå âû-ëóïëåíèå, êàê óæå îòìå÷åíî âûøå, ìîæåòïðîèñõîäèòü â èñêëþ÷èòåëüíûõ ñëó÷àÿõ 16–18 ìàÿ, à ïîçäíåå – âïëîòü äî 30 èþíÿ.

Â êðóïíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâêàõ (Áå-ëàÿ, ×åðåìøàí) ïðè ñèëüíîé ôëóêòóàöèèñðîêîâ òîêîâàíèÿ è äàæå âûëóïëåíèÿ ïòåí-öîâ âûëåò ìîëîäûõ ïðîèñõîäèò â äîñòàòî÷-íî ñæàòûé ïåðèîä – â ïåðâóþ äåêàäó àâãó-ñòà. Â öåëîì ïî ðåãèîíó ïîäîðëèêè â ìàññåâñòàþò íà êðûëî â ïåðèîä ñ 25 èþëÿ ïî 15àâãóñòà. Íàèáîëåå ðàííèé ñðîê âûëåòàïòåíöà (êîòîðûé, âïðî÷åì, åù¸ èìåë íå-äîðîñøèå ìàõè) â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðå-ãèîíå – 15 èþëÿ, íàèáîëåå ïîçäíèé – 20àâãóñòà, â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè – 17 èþëÿ è25 àâãóñòà ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Àíàëîãè÷íûìîáðàçîì âûãëÿäèò ñèòóàöèÿ è â Îêñêîì çà-ïîâåäíèêå, ãäå âûëåò ïòåíöîâ íàáëþäàåò-ñÿ â ñðîê ñ 1 ïî 17 àâãóñòà (Ñàïåòèíà,2005). Âñå ãí¸çäà ïîäîðëèêîâ, êîòîðûåïðîâåðÿëèñü â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíåïîñëå 20 àâãóñòà, óæå áûëè ïîêèíóòû ìî-ëîäûìè, õîòÿ â ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ ñë¸òêè ïðî-äîëæàëè èõ ïîñåùàòü.

Â Êèðîâñêîé îáëàñòè èìåþòñÿ ñâåäåíèÿ îíàõîæäåíèè îïåðåííîãî ïòåíöà â ãíåçäå 3àâãóñòà 1957 ã., ïëîõî ëåòàþùåãî ïòåíöà,êîòîðûé áûë ïîéìàí, – 25 àâãóñòà 1947 ã., àòàêæå î äîáû÷å ë¸òíîãî ïòåíöà – 15 àâãóñòà1958 ã. (Ïëåññêèé, 1971; Ñîòíèêîâ, 1999).

Â ñâåòå âûøåïðèâåäåííûõ äàííûõ âñòà-¸ò âîïðîñ: ñêîëüêî æå ïðîâîäÿò ïòåíöûïîäîðëèêà â ãíåçäå? Ïî çàðóáåæíûì èñ-òî÷íèêàì ïòåíöû áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà íà-õîäÿòñÿ â ãíåçäå îêîëî 63 äíåé (Cramp,Simmons, 1980). Òåì íå ìåíåå, íàì íè ðàçóíå óäàëîñü ïîäòâåðäèòü ñòîëü äîëãèé ïåðè-îä âûêàðìëèâàíèÿ. Áîëåå òîãî, îðèåíòè-ðóÿñü íà 60-òèäíåâíûé ñðîê, ïðè ïîâòîð-íîì ïîñåùåíèè ãí¸çä ìû ÷àñòî íå

çàñòàâàëè ìîëîäûõ áëèç íèõ. Ìîëîäûå ïî-äîðëèêè â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå è Çà-ïàäíîé Ñèáèðè âûëåòàþò, îäíîçíà÷íî,ðàíüøå ñðîêîâ, ïðèâîäèìûõ â çàðóáåæíîéëèòåðàòóðå, ïðè÷¸ì 2 ïòåíöà â âûâîäêå íà-õîäÿòñÿ â ãíåçäå äîëüøå, ÷åì îäèí, è, ïîâèçóàëüíûì íàáëþäåíèÿì çà âûâîäêàìè,ýòîò ñðîê íå ïðåâûøàåò 58 äíåé. Íàì ïðè-õîäèëîñü íàáëþäàòü ñë¸ò ìîëîäûõ ïîäîð-ëèêîâ â âîçðàñòå 49–52 äíåé, ïðè÷¸ì íåïî ïðè÷èíå áåñïîêîéñòâà (òî åñòü, ïðè ïî-ñåùåíèè ãíåçäà ìîëîäûå óæå äåðæàëèñüáëèç íåãî è áîëåå èëè ìåíåå õîðîøî ïå-ðåëåòàëè ñ äåðåâà íà äåðåâî). Îñíîâíàÿìàññà ïòåíöîâ, âèäèìî, ïðîâîäèò â ãíåçäå52–56 äíåé. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïòåíöû áîëü-øîãî ïîäîðëèêà íàõîäÿòñÿ â ãíåçäå 49–58äíåé, òî åñòü, ïðàêòè÷åñêè ñòîëüêî æå,ñêîëüêî ïòåíöû îðëà-êàðëèêà (Hieraaetuspennatus) (Êàðÿêèí, 2007).

Â ðóññêîÿçû÷íîé ëèòåðàòóðå äàííûå îñðîêàõ âûêàðìëèâàíèÿ ïòåíöîâ áîëüøîãîïîäîðëèêà ó ðàçíûõ àâòîðîâ ðàçëè÷àþòñÿíà 1–2 íåäåëè. Áëèçêèé ê íàøèì íàáëþäå-íèÿì ñðîê âûêàðìëèâàíèÿ ïòåíöîâ áîëü-øîãî ïîäîðëèêà (íåñêîëüêèì áîëåå 7 íå-äåëü) ïðèâîäèò Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâ (1951).Ìíåíèÿ î äâóõìåñÿ÷íîì íàõîæäåíèèïòåíöîâ ïîäîðëèêà â ãíåçäå ïðèäåðæèâà-åòñÿ Â.Í. Ñîòíèêîâ (1999). Â.Ê. Ðÿáèöåâ(2001) ñ÷èòàåò, ÷òî ñðîê âûêàðìëèâàíèÿïòåíöîâ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà îêîëî 6-òèíåäåëü. Ñîâñåì ôàíòàñòè÷åñêèå ñðîêè âû-êàðìëèâàíèÿ ïòåíöà áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêàïðèâîäèò È.Ì. Ñàïåòèíà (2005), ññûëàÿñüíà íàáëþäåíèÿ À.È. Ôëåðîâà â Îêñêîìçàïîâåäíèêå – 37 äíåé (ïòåíåö, âûëóïèâ-øèéñÿ 9 èþëÿ 1955 ã. âûëåòåë èç ãíåçäà 15àâãóñòà), íî â äàííîì ñëó÷àå, ñêîðåå âñå-ãî, ñâåäåíèÿ îøèáî÷íû.

Ñóäÿ ïî ðåãèñòðàöèÿì ïòèö â ñòåïíîéçîíå, ïåðâûå ïîäîðëèêè íà÷èíàþò êî÷¸â-êó óæå â àâãóñòå. Ñêîðåå âñåãî ýòî ïòèöû,ïîòåðÿâøèå êëàäêè. Â íîðìå îòë¸ò ïîäîð-ëèêîâ ïðîèñõîäèò â ñåíòÿáðå, õîòÿ ïðè-÷èíû, âûçûâàþùèå íà÷àëî ìàññîâîãî îò-ë¸òà, äî ñèõ ïîð íå ïîíÿòíû. Â ÷àñòíîñòè,â 2005 ã. íà ð. Àëàòûðü â Íèæåãîðîäñêîéîáëàñòè è Ìîðäîâèè ïîäîðëèêè äåðæàëèñüâïëîòü äî 10-õ ÷èñåë îêòÿáðÿ, à â 2006 ã.ïðè îòëè÷íîé ïîãîäå, äåðæàâøåéñÿ äëè-òåëüíîå âðåìÿ â òå÷åíèå ñåíòÿáðÿ, îíè íåáûëè îáíàðóæåíû íàìè óæå 28 ñåíòÿáðÿíå òîëüêî íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ, íî è âáàññåéíå Àëàòûðÿ â öåëîì.

Ñ 10 ïî 20 ñåíòÿáðÿ ðåãèñòðèðóåòñÿ íàè-áîëüøåå êîëè÷åñòâî âñòðå÷ ñ ïðîë¸òíûìèïîäîðëèêàìè â öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè ðåãèî-íà, à ñ 15 ïî 30 ñåíòÿáðÿ – â þæíîé. Ôàê-


òè÷åñêè â òå æå ñðîêè ïðîë¸ò ïîäîðëèêîâïðîèñõîäèë â ïðîøëîì âåêå: ñ 20 ñåíòÿá-ðÿ äî 10 îêòÿáðÿ â Ñàìàðñêîé (Êóéáûøåâ-ñêîé) îáëàñòè, ñ 12 äî 30 ñåíòÿáðÿ íà ñå-âåðî-çàïàäå Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòè óÁóãóðóñëàíà (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951).

Íàèáîëåå ïîçäíèå âñòðå÷è ïîäîðëèêîââ ðåãèîíå äàòèðóþòñÿ ïîñëåäíèìè ÷èñëà-ìè îêòÿáðÿ. Â Ïåðìñêîé îáëàñòè íàèáî-ëåå ïîçäíÿÿ âñòðå÷à ïîäîðëèêà çàðåãèñò-ðèðîâàíà â Äîáðÿíñêîì ðàéîíå 20îêòÿáðÿ 1989 ã. (Êàðÿêèí, 1998), â Íèæå-ãîðîäñêîé – 25 îêòÿáðÿ 2005 ã. Ï.Â. Ïëåñ-ñêèé (1971) ïðèâîäèò èíôîðìàöèþ îâñòðå÷å ïîäîðëèêà 26 îêòÿáðÿ 1962 ã., äîîêòÿáðÿ äàòèðóþò ïîçäíèå âñòðå÷è ïîäîð-ëèêîâ è â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè È.È.Ïóçàíîâ ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (1955).

Â Îêñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå, íåñìîòðÿ íà òî,÷òî ìàññîâûé ïðîë¸ò ïðàêòè÷åñêè íåçàìå-òåí, à âñòðå÷è ìåñòíûõ ïòèö ðåçêî ñîêðà-ùàþòñÿ ê êîíöó âòîðîé äåêàäû ñåíòÿáðÿ,ïîäîðëèêè ïðîäîëæàþò ðåãèñòðèðîâàòüñÿâïëîòü äî íîÿáðÿ, õîòÿ â ýòîò ïåðèîä âñòðå-÷è ðåäêè (âñåãî 6 âñòðå÷ çà 31 ãîä); íàèáî-ëåå ïîçäíÿÿ âñòðå÷à îòìå÷åíà 13 íîÿáðÿ1971 ã. (Ñàïåòèíà, 2005).

Êëàäêè

ßéöà áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà áåëîãî öâåòà.Â 95% ñëó÷àåâ íà ñêîðëóïå èìååòñÿ ðåä-êèé êðàï îò îõðèñòîãî äî êðàñíîâàòî-áó-ðîãî èëè äàæå ôèîëåòîâîãî öâåòà, ðåæå êêðàïó äîáàâëÿþòñÿ ãëóáîêèå îõðèñòûå,áóðûå è ïîâåðõíîñòíûå òåìíî-áóðûå ïÿò-íà íåáîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà.

Ðàçìåð ÿèö: 63,0–74,5õ50,0–57,7 ìì, âñðåäíåì 68,88õ54,40 ìì. Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâ(1951), ññûëàÿñü íà ðàçíûõ àâòîðîâ, ïðè-âîäèò ñëåäóþùèå ðàçìåðû äëÿ ÿèö áîëü-øîãî ïîäîðëèêà: (n=3) 66,0–72,0õ51,1–54,0 (Ñîìîâ); (n=4) 68,3–71,0õ52,9–57,9

(Ñïàíãåíáåðã); (n=56) 61,2–74,6õ51,0–58,0, â ñðåäíåì 68,2õ54,2 ìì (Õàðòåðò).

Ïî ëèòåðàòóðíûì äàííûì â êëàäêå ïî-äîðëèêà îáû÷íî 2 ÿéöà, ðåæå 1 ÿéöî, äàæåóïîìèíàþòñÿ íàõîäêè êëàäîê èç 3-õ ÿèö(Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951). Â Êèðîâñêîé îáëàñòè âèçâåñòíîé êëàäêå íàõîäèëîñü 2 ÿéöà (Ïëåñ-ñêèé, 1971). Â Ñâåðäëîâñêîé îáëàñòè äâåêëàäêè ïîäîðëèêà, îñìîòðåííûå â 90-õ ãã.,ñîäåðæàëè 2 ÿéöà (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 1999).Ã.Í. Áà÷óðèí (2003) â 60–90-õ ãã. îáíàðó-æèë 5 ãí¸çä ñ êëàäêàìè, ïðè ýòîì â 2-õãí¸çäàõ áûëî ïî 1 íàñèæåííîìó ÿéöó. ÂÎêñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå ñðåäíÿÿ êëàäêà ïî-äîðëèêà â 50–80-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ (n=37)ñîñòîÿëà èç 1,7 ÿèö (Ñàïåòèíà, 2005).

Çà âåñü ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé íàì ïðè-õîäèëîñü âèäåòü ïîëíûå êëàäêè, ñîñòîÿùèåòîëüêî èç 2-õ ÿèö, êîòîðûõ áûëî îñìîòðå-íî 10 â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå, âêëþ-÷àÿ ãíåçäî ñ ïîãèáøåé êëàäêîé, è 9 – â Çà-ïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Íà ñîïðåäåëüíûõòåððèòîðèÿõ òàêæå äîìèíèðóþò êëàäêè èç2-õ ÿèö (Êàðÿêèí, â ïå÷àòè; Êàðÿêèí, Ëå-âèí, â ïå÷àòè).

Âûâîäêè

Â âûâîäêàõ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà ÷àùå 1,ðåæå 2 ïòåíöà.

Â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå íàáëþäàâøè-åñÿ íàìè 50 âûâîäêîâ (24 ãíåçäà ñ ïòåíöà-ìè è 26 ë¸òíûõ âûâîäêîâ) ñîäåðæàëè 1–2ïòåíöà, â ñðåäíåì 1,24±0,43 ïòåíöà. Åñëèðàññìàòðèâàòü îòäåëüíî âûáîðêè ãí¸çä ñïòåíöàìè è ë¸òíûõ âûâîäêîâ, òî ðàçíèöàìåæäó íèìè íåñóùåñòâåííàÿ: âûâîäêè èç2-õ ïòåíöîâ âñòðå÷àþòñÿ â äàííûõ âûáîð-êàõ â 25% è 23% ñëó÷àÿõ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî.Âûâîäêè èç 1 ïòåíöà àáñîëþòíî äîìèíè-ðóþò, ñîñòàâëÿÿ 76% îò îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâàâñòðå÷ (n=50). Êîëè÷åñòâî ïòåíöîâ â íå-ë¸òíûõ âûâîäêàõ ñîñòàâëÿåò â ñðåäíåì1,25±0,44 (n=24), â ë¸òíûõ – 1,23±0,43(n=26). Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî âûâîäêè èç2-õ ïòåíöîâ äîìèíèðóþò â íàèáîëåå ïëîò-íîé è ìíîãî÷èñëåííîé ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïè-ðîâêå ïîäîðëèêà â ðåãèîíå – Áåëüñêîé âÁàøêèðèè. Íà îñòàëüíûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ ââûâîäêàõ ïîäîðëèêà ðåãèñòðèðóåòñÿ ïðàê-òè÷åñêè èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî ïî 1 ïòåíöó.

Àíàëîãè÷íûì îáðàçîì âûãëÿäèò ñèòóàöèÿâ Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè è íà ñîïðåäåëüíûõ òåð-ðèòîðèÿõ. Â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè â âûâîäêàõáîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà (n=66) 1–2 ïòåíöà, âñðåäíåì 1,44±0,5 ïòåíöà. Ìèíèìàëüíîåêîëè÷åñòâî âûâîäêîâ èç 2-õ ïòåíöîâ âñòðå-÷åíî â Ñâåðäëîâñêîé îáëàñòè – (n=35; 1–2, â ñðåäíåì 1,1 ïòåíöà) (Êàðÿêèí è äð.,

Êëàäêà áîëüøîãî ïîäîð-ëèêà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

Clutch of the GreaterSpotted Eagle. Photo byI. Karyakin


îäíèì ïòåíöîì ñòàðøå 10 äíåé â ãíåçäå íåáûëî îáíàðóæåíî ïîãèáøèõ ÿèö, íî âðÿäëè ïðàâîìî÷íî ïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî âñå ìëàä-øèå ïòåíöû â ýòèõ ãíåçäàõ áûëè óáèòû ñòàð-øèìè. Ëèøü â Ñâåðäëîâñêîé è ×åëÿáèíñ-êîé îáëàñòÿõ áûëà óñòàíîâëåíà ãèáåëüâòîðîãî ïòåíöà ïðè ïîâòîðíîì ïîñåùåíèèãíåçäà. Â Êóðãàíñêîé, Òþìåíñêîé, Íîâîñè-áèðñêîé îáëàñòÿõ è Àëòàéñêîì êðàå âñå 12ãí¸çä ñ 2 ïòåíöàìè, ïîñåùàâøèåñÿ ïîâòîð-íî, îêàçàëèñü ïîëíîñòüþ óñïåøíûìè, òîåñòü îáà ïòåíöà äîðîñëè äî ñë¸òà.

Êàê ïîêàçûâàåò âèäåîíàáëþäåíèå çàãíåçäîì ñ äâóìÿ ïòåíöàìè â Çàïàäíîé Ñè-áèðè, àãðåññèÿ ñòàðøåãî ïòåíöà ïî îòíî-øåíèþ ê ìëàäøåìó íàáëþäàåòñÿ ëèøü òîã-äà, êîãäà ñàìêà îòñóòñòâóåò äëèòåëüíîåâðåìÿ íà ãíåçäå. Ïðè÷¸ì, ñòàðøèé ïòåíåöíà÷èíàåò ïðåñëåäîâàòü ìëàäøåãî â òîì ñëó-÷àå, êîãäà â ãíåçäå íåò äîáû÷è. Â íàáëþ-äàåìîì ãíåçäå ÷åðåç 15 ìèíóò ïîñëå ñë¸-òà ñàìêè âî âðåìÿ óñòàíîâêè êàìåðûìëàäøèé ïòåíåö ñòàë âîçèòüñÿ è ïðîÿâëÿòüèíòåðåñ ê ñòàðøåìó, ïûòàÿñü òåðåáèòü åãîçà êëþâ, âûïðàøèâàÿ êîðì. Ïîñëå ðÿäà òà-êèõ ïðèñòàâàíèé ñòàðøèé íàí¸ñ ìëàäøåìóóäàð â ãîëîâó, ïîñëå ÷åãî ìëàäøèé ïòåíåöë¸ã è ñòàë ïèùàòü, óòêíóâøèñü â ïîäñòèëêóãíåçäà. Â òå÷åíèå ÷àñà ïîäîáíîå ïîâòîðÿ-ëîñü òðèæäû, íî íà âòîðîé ÷àñ íàáëþäå-íèé ñòàðøèé ïòåíåö ñòàë àêòèâíî ïðåñëå-äîâàòü ìëàäøåãî è òåîðåòè÷åñêè ñìîã áûåãî òðàâìèðîâàòü, îäíàêî ê êîíöó âòîðîãî÷àñà ñàìêà âåðíóëàñü íà ãíåçäî, ïðåäâà-ðèòåëüíî ñäåëàâ òðè ïîïûòêè çàõîäà, è êîí-ôëèêò ìåæäó ïòåíöàìè ïðåêðàòèëñÿ. Ïîñ-ëå î÷åðåäíîãî âñïóãèâàíèÿ ñàìêè â ìîìåíòñìåíû ðàêóðñà êàìåðû â ãíåçäå íàõîäè-ëàñü òóøêà ëûñóõè, è ñòàðøèé ïòåíåö â òå-÷åíèå 2-õ ÷àñîâ, ïîêà îòñóòñòâîâàëà ñàì-êà, òåðåáèë å¸, ñîâåðøåííî íå ïðîÿâëÿÿèíòåðåñà ê ìëàäøåìó ïòåíöó, ëåæàâøåìóðÿäîì. Îïåðåííûå ïòåíöû äðóã ê äðóãó îò-íîñèëèñü ëîÿëüíî, è êîíôëèêòîâ ìåæäóíèìè íå íàáëþäàëîñü äàæå òîãäà, êîãäàñàìêà îòñóòñòâîâàëà íà ãíåçäå, à ñàìåöïðèíîñèë äîáû÷ó è òóò æå óëåòàë.

Ãèáåëü ãí¸çä, îòõîä ÿèö è ïòåíöîâ,

ãèáåëü ïòèö

Òàêîé ôàêòîð, êàê óíè÷òîæåíèå ãí¸çäïðè ðóáêå ëåñà, íà ïîäîðëèêà â íàñòîÿùååâðåìÿ ñóùåñòâåííî íå âëèÿåò, ò.ê. âèä ãíåç-äèòñÿ â ðåãèîíå, â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ, âëåñàõ, íå èñïîëüçóþùèõñÿ äëÿ çàãîòîâêèäðåâåñèíû. Çà âåñü ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèéâûÿâëåíî ëèøü 4 ñëó÷àÿ óíè÷òîæåíèÿ ãí¸çäáîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà (2 – íà òåððèòîðèè

1999). Ìàêñèìàëüíîå êîëè÷åñòâî ãí¸çä èë¸òíûõ âûâîäêîâ ñ 2 ïòåíöàìè îáíàðóæå-íî â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå, ãäå íàáëþäàåòñÿìàêñèìàëüíàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ãíåçäÿùèõñÿïîäîðëèêîâ. Â 2003–2004 ãã. â Àëòàéñ-êîì êðàå ñðåäíåå êîëè÷åñòâî ïòåíöîâ ââûâîäêå ñîñòàâèëî 1,6±0,52 (n=8) (Êàðÿ-êèí è äð., 2005à), à ñ ó÷¸òîì äàííûõ çà2005–2006 ãã. – 1,64±0,5 (n=14) ïòåíöîâ.Òàêèì îáðàçîì, â êðàå 64,3% âûâîäêîâñîñòîÿëè èç 2-õ ïòåíöîâ, à â öåëîì â Çà-ïàäíîé Ñèáèðè êîëè÷åñòâî âûâîäêîâ èç 2-õ ïòåíöîâ ñîñòàâèëî 43,9% îò îáùåãî êî-ëè÷åñòâà âñòðå÷åííûõ âûâîäêîâ.

Â Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå (âêëþ÷àÿ Ñâåðäëîâ-ñêóþ è ×åëÿáèíñêóþ îáëàñòè, áåç ó÷¸òàîáëàñòåé è ðåñïóáëèê Ïîâîëæüÿ è Îðåí-áóðãñêîé îáëàñòè) êîëè÷åñòâî âûâîäêîâïîäîðëèêîâ èç 2-õ ïòåíöîâ åù¸ ìåíüøå èñîñòàâëÿåò 15,93% (Êàðÿêèí, 1998), â îñ-íîâíîì çà ñ÷¸ò áîëüøîãî êîëè÷åñòâà âû-âîäêîâ èç îäíîãî ïòåíöà â Ñåâåðíîì Çàó-ðàëüå (n=35; 1–2, â ñðåäíåì 1,1 ïòåíåö)(Êàðÿêèí è äð., 1999). Â Îêñêîì çàïîâåä-íèêå ñðåäíåå êîëè÷åñòâî ïóõîâûõ ïòåíöîââ âûâîäêå – 1,6 (n=26), îïåð¸ííûõ – 1,3(n=26), òî åñòü ñóùåñòâåííî ïðåâûøàåò (äëÿïóõîâûõ ïòåíöîâ) àíàëîãè÷íûå ïîêàçàòå-ëè â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå è ïðèáëè-æàåòñÿ ê òàêîâûì â Ñèáèðè – 1,6±0,52(n=8) (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005).

Â êà÷åñòâå îñíîâíîé ïðè÷èíû ãèáåëèìëàäøåãî ïòåíöà â âûâîäêå óêàçûâàåòñÿ åãîóáèéñòâî ñòàðøèì â ïåðâûå äíè æèçíè (Äå-ìåíòüåâ, 1951; Ñàïåòèíà, 2005). Â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðèñèòóàöèÿ âûãëÿäèò íåñêîëüêî èíà÷å. Çäåñüîäíîé èç âàæíûõ ïðè÷èí ÿâëÿåòñÿ îòõîä íàñòàäèè ÿéöà. Ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå, â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå â 44,4% ãí¸çä ñ ïòåí-öîì ñòàðøå 10 äíåé (n=18) áûëî îáíàðó-æåíî ÿéöî-áîëòóí ëèáî ÿéöî ñ ïîãèáøèìýìáðèîíîì. Êîíå÷íî, äëÿ 55,6% ãí¸çä ñ


Chick of the GreaterSpotted Eagle. Photo byI. Karyakin


Óôèìñêîãî ïëàòî â Áàøêèðèè è 2 – â Ïðè-êàìüå â Ïåðìñêîé îáëàñòè), ïðè÷¸ì âñå ýòèãí¸çäà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü â ñóõèõ áèîòîïàõ íàîêðàèíàõ íèçèííûõ áîëîò. Òàêæå óñòàíîâ-ëåíî 2 ñëó÷àÿ áåçóñïåøíîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ(èëè íåðàçìíîæåíèÿ) ïî ïðè÷èíå ðóáîê,ïðîâîäèâøèõñÿ áëèç ãíåçäà (îáà ñëó÷àÿ âÒàòàðèè – íà Áóãóëüìèíñêî-Áåëåáååâñêîéâîçâûøåííîñòè è â ïîéìå ×åðåìøàíà),ïðè÷¸ì, â îäíîì ñëó÷àå ãíåçäî ðàñïîëàãà-ëîñü â ñêëîíîâîì ñìåøàííîì ëåñó íà ñó-õîì ìåñòå, âòîðîå – â îëüøàíèêå ìàëîéïëîùàäè, ïî êðàþ êîòîðîãî áûë âûðóáëåíóìåðåííî óâëàæíåííûé îñèííèê.

Â Åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîãîðåãèîíà ïðè÷èíû ãèáåëè êëàäîê èëè âû-âîäêîâ ôàêòè÷åñêè íå èçó÷åíû. Çà âåñü ïå-ðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé áûëî îáíàðóæåíîåäèíñòâåííîå ãíåçäî ñ ïîãèáøåé êëàäêîé.Â 3-õ ñëó÷àÿõ (37,5%, n=8) â ãí¸çäàõ ñ ïòåí-öîì áûëî îáíàðóæåíî ÿéöî ñ ïîãèáøèìýìáðèîíîì. Ïîëíîé ãèáåëè âûâîäêîâ íèðàçó íå âûÿâëåíî.

Ëèòåðàòóðíûõ ñâåäåíèé îá îòõîäå ïîòîì-ñòâà ó ïîäîðëèêà â ðåãèîíå è áëèæàéøèõîêðåñòíîñòÿõ ìàëî. Â Îêñêîì çàïîâåäíè-êå áûëà ïðîñëåæåíà ñóäüáà 30 êëàäîê, èçêîòîðûõ 40% ïîãèáëè ïî âèíå ÷åëîâåêàëèáî áûëè óíè÷òîæåíû âîðîíîé è êóíè-öåé; èç 53-õ îòëîæåííûõ ÿèö âûâåëèñü 36ïòåíöîâ (67,3%); â 26 âûâîäêàõ îïåðèëèñü33 èç 41 âûëóïèâøèõñÿ ïòåíöîâ (80,5%)

(Ñàïåòèíà, 2005).Ïðîöåíò çàíÿòîñòè

ãí¸çä è óñïåõ ðàç-ìíîæåíèÿ ïîäîðëè-êà â ðåãèîíå òàêæåîñòàþòñÿ íåèçâåñò-íûìè. Ìîæíî ëèøüïðåäïîëîæèòü, îïè-ðàÿñü íà äàííûå ïîÑèáèðè, ÷òî åæåãîä-íî ïîòîìñòâî óñïåø-íî âûâîäèòñÿ â ñðåä-íåì íà 65% çàíÿòûõãí¸çä ïîäîðëèêîâ.

Äàííûå ïî ãèáåëèïòèö êðàéíå ñêóäíû.Èçâåñòíû 9 ñëó÷àåâîòñòðåëà ïîäîðëèêîâíà èçâåñòíûõ ó÷àñò-êàõ äî 1998 ã. (8 – â

Ïåðìñêîé îáëàñòè è 1 – â Íèæåãîðîäñêîéîáëàñòè) è 13 ñëó÷àåâ ãèáåëè íà ËÝÏ (1 – âÏåðìñêîé îáëàñòè, 10 – â Áàøêèðèè è 2 –â Òàòàðèè). Îòñòðåë, êàê îäèí èç îñíîâíûõôàêòîðîâ, ëèìèòèðóþùèõ ÷èñëåííîñòü, ïî-âèäèìîìó, áûë ñóùåñòâåíåí â 60–80-õ ãã.,îäíàêî íàñêîëüêî åãî âëèÿíèå îùóòèìî â

íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ íå èçâåñòíî. Â Îêñêîì çà-ïîâåäíèêå çà 30 ëåò èç 30 îêîëüöîâàííûõïîäîðëèêîâ ëèøü 2 áûëè óáèòû íà ïðîë¸òå(îäèí íà âåñåííåì, äðóãîé íà îñåííåì), â÷àñòíîñòè, îäíà ïòèöà, îêîëüöîâàííàÿ â1981 ã., áûëà óáèòà 16 àïðåëÿ 1984 ã. âÍèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè (Ñàïåòèíà, 2005).

Âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî âëèÿíèå íà ïîäîðëèêàõèùíè÷åñòâà ôèëèíà, íî äëÿ ðåãèîíà óñ-òàíîâëåíî ëèøü äâà ñëó÷àÿ äîáû÷è ôèëè-íîì ñë¸òêîâ ïîäîðëèêà – îáà â Àëòàéñêîìêðàå. Òàê æå â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå äâàæäû è âÁàøêèðèè òðèæäû ïðèõîäèëîñü íàáëþäàòü,êàê âçðîñëûå ïòèöû â ñóìåðêàõ àòàêóþòôèëèíîâ, áëèçêî ïîäëåòåâøèõ ê èõ ãíåçäó.

Ïèòàíèå

Ðàöèîí ïîäîðëèêà äîñòàòî÷íî áîãàò, îä-íàêî ïðîñëåæèâàåòñÿ ÿâíàÿ ñïåöèàëèçàöèÿâèäà íà êðóïíûõ ïîë¸âêàõ è âîäîïëàâàþ-ùèõ ïòèöàõ. Â Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå â ðàöè-îíå ïîäîðëèêà äîìèíèðóþò ìëåêîïèòàþ-ùèå, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì 74,7% (n=482)(â ðàçíûõ ðàéîíàõ ðåãèîíà îò 59,4% äî83,1%); èç ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ îñíîâíóþ äîëþâ ðàöèîíå çàíèìàåò âîäÿíàÿ ïîëåâêà(Arvicola terrestris) – â ñðåäíåì 32,4%(28,1–36,8%), à òàêæå îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïî-ë¸âêà (Microtus arvalis) – â ñðåäíåì 11,4%(0–17,0%) è ïîë¸âêà-ýêîíîìêà (Microtusoeconomus) – â ñðåäíåì 6,2% (1,9–16,9%);ñðåäè ïòèö, ñîñòàâëÿþùèõ 13,0%–19,3%,â ñðåäíåì 16,0% â ïèòàíèè, íå âûäåëÿåòñÿ÷¸òêèõ âèäîâ-äîìèíàíòîâ, ìîæíî ëèøü ñêà-çàòü, ÷òî äîìèíèðóåò ãðóïïà ïòèö âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ óãîäèé (óòêè – 3,2%, êóëèêè –3,0%, ìåëêèå âîðîáüèíûå – 2,1%); ôàêòè-÷åñêè ïîäîðëèêîì äîáûâàþòñÿ ëþáûå âèäûïòèö, îáèòàþùèå íà îõîòíè÷üåì ó÷àñòêå,ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ìîëîäûå (Êàðÿêèí,1998). Îáðàùàåò íà ñåáÿ âíèìàíèå òî, ÷òîâ ãîðàõ Óðàëà ïîäîðëèê ïîäîáíî òåòåðåâÿò-íèêó, àêòèâíî äîáûâàåò áåëêó, äîëÿ êîòîðîéäîñòèãàåò 10% (n=482) (Êàðÿêèí, 1998).

À.È. Øåïåëü (1992) èç íåìíîãî÷èñëåí-íûõ ïîåäåé, îáíàðóæåííûõ ïîä ãí¸çäàìèïîäîðëèêîâ â Ïåðìñêîé îáëàñòè, îïðåäå-ëèë îñòàíêè ñåðîé êðûñû (Rattusnorvegicus), âîäÿíîé ïîë¸âêè, ÷èðêà (Anassp.), ñèçîé ÷àéêè (Larus canus) è ïëîòâû(Rutilus rutilus).

Â Êàìñêîé ïîéìå îñíîâó ðàöèîíà ïîäîð-ëèêà òàê æå, êàê â Ïåðìñêîé îáëàñòè è Áàø-êèðèè, ñîñòàâëÿþò ìûøåâèäíûå ãðûçóíû –äî 88% (ïðåîáëàäàþò âîäÿíàÿ è îáûêíîâåí-íàÿ ïîë¸âêè); ïòèöû ñîñòàâëÿþò äî 46,2% ðà-öèîíà – â îñíîâíîì ðàçíûå óòêè è ìåëêèåâîðîáüèíûå (Æàðêîâ, Òåïëîâ, 1932).




Èç Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè èìååòñÿ èíôîðìà-öèÿ ïî òóøêàì è îñòàíêàì æåðòâ, ñîáðàí-íûì â ãí¸çäàõ è ïîä íèìè, è ìàòåðèàëû âè-äåîíàáëþäåíèÿ â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå. Èçòóøåê è îñòàíêîâ (n=46) àáñîëþòíî äîìè-íèðîâàëè âîäîïëàâàþùèå è îêîëîâîäíûåïòèöû – 76%, â îñíîâíîì ëûñóõà (Fulicaatra) – 33% è ïîãàíêè (Podiceps sp.) – 28%.Íà Ïðèîáñêîì ïëàòî (n=12) áîëüøîå êî-ëè÷åñòâî îñòàíêîâ ïîä ãíåçäîì ïðèõîäè-ëîñü íà ãðà÷åé (Corvus frugilegus) – 79%.Â òî æå âðåìÿ, âèäåîíàáëþäåíèå, ïðîâî-äèâøååñÿ â èþëå 2003 ã. íà 2-õ ãí¸çäàõ ñ

æåíèÿ ïîëåâêè äî 57,6% â ãîä ñïàäà ÷èñ-ëåííîñòè ïîë¸âîê ïîñëå èõ ìàññîâîãî îò-ðàâëåíèÿ. Â ãîä íèçêîé ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîë¸â-êè ïîäîðëèêè äîáûâàëè áîëüøååêîëè÷åñòâî ïòèö, â îñíîâíîì òåòåðåâîâ(Tetrao tetrix) è êîðîñòåëåé (Crex crex).

Çàêëþ÷åíèå

Ñîâðåìåííàÿ îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè áîëü-øîãî ïîäîðëèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå ñîñòàâëÿåò 407–515, âñðåäíåì 457 ïàð. Äëÿ Ïåðìñêîé îáëàñòèè Áàøêèðèè ñîâðåìåííàÿ îöåíêà ÷èñëåí-íîñòè â 250–358, â ñðåäíåì 300 ïàð ïðå-âûøàåò ïðåæíþþ îöåíêó â 80–85 ïàð (Êà-ðÿêèí, 1998) â 4 ðàçà. Åñòåñòâåííî, ðå÷üíå èä¸ò î ìàñøòàáíîì óâåëè÷åíèè ÷èñ-ëåííîñòè, õîòÿ å¸ íåçíà÷èòåëüíûé ðîñò èíàáëþäàåòñÿ â íåêîòîðûõ ðàéîíàõ êàê âÂîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå (Ïåðìñêàÿ îá-ëàñòü), òàê è â áëèæàéøèõ îêðåñòíîñòÿõ çàåãî ïðåäåëàìè (Èâàíîâñêàÿ îáëàñòü; Ìåëü-íèêîâ, Áàðèíîâ, 2002). Â îñíîâíîì, äàí-íàÿ îöåíêà ëèøü ñêîððåêòèðîâàíà â ñâÿçèñ ïîÿâëåíèåì íîâûõ äàííûõ ïî ðàñïðåäå-ëåíèþ è ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîäîðëèêà â ðåçóëü-òàòå èíòåíñèôèêàöèè èññëåäîâàíèé ïîâèäó.

Ïîõîæèì îáðàçîì âûãëÿäèò ñèòóàöèÿ âÁåëîðóññèè, ãäå ÷èñëåííîñòü áîëüøîãîïîäîðëèêà â 1988–96 ãã. îöåíèâàëàñü â 10–15 ïàð, à â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ îöåíèâàåòñÿ(ñ ó÷¸òîì ñìåøàííûõ ïàð ñ ìàëûì ïîäîð-ëèêîì) â 150–200 ïàð (Dombrovsky,Ivanovski, 2005), òî åñòü, ñîâðåìåííàÿîöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ïðåâûøàåò ïðåäûäó-ùóþ áîëåå ÷åì â 10 ðàç è ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåçóëü-òàòîì èíòåíñèôèêàöèè èññëåäîâàíèé ïîâèäó. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòèãíåçäîâîé ïîïóëÿöèè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëè-êà â Åâðîïå â 890–1100 ïàð (Heath et al.,2000) çàíèæåíà, è â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â Åâ-ðîïå ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü ãíåçäîâàíèå íåìåíåå ÷åì 1500 ïàð áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ.

Ïðîöåññ ñîêðàùåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè áîëü-øîãî ïîäîðëèêà, ïðîêàòèâøèéñÿ ïî Åâðî-ïå â 40–70-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ, ïîñòàâèë âèäíà ãðàíü âûæèâàíèÿ â Çàïàäíîé Åâðîïå èïîäîðâàë ìíîãèå ïîïóëÿöèè Âîñòî÷íîéÅâðîïû (Tucker, Heath, 1994). Íå îáîøåëýòîò ïðîöåññ Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêèé ðåãèîí èÇàïàäíóþ Ñèáèðü, ãäå âèä â ðÿäå ðàéîíîâñóùåñòâåííî ñîêðàòèë ñâîþ ÷èñëåííîñòü èèñ÷åç íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íà îáøèðíûõ òåð-ðèòîðèÿõ (Êàðÿêèí, 1998), îñîáåííî âÏîâîëæüå, Ïðåäóðàëüå è íà Óðàëå.

Àíàëèç ëèòåðàòóðû îäíîçíà÷íî óêàçûâà-åò íà ðåçêîå ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà


Chick of the Greater Spot-ted Eagle. Photo byI. Karyakin

îäíèì è äâóìÿ ïòåíöàìè, ïîêàçàëî, ÷òî äî-ìèíèðóþùåå çíà÷åíèå â ðàöèîíå èìåþòïîë¸âêè – 63,33% ïðèë¸òîâ ñ äîáû÷åé èç30: âîäÿíàÿ ïîë¸âêà – 36,67% è ïîë¸âêà-ýêîíîìêà – 26,67%. Â 30% ñëó÷àåâ âçðîñ-ëûìè ïðèíîñèëèñü ïòèöû: óòêè, ïîãàíêè,ïîãîíûø (Porzana sp.) è ëûñóõà. Â îáùåéñëîæíîñòè áûëî çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî 45 ïðè-ë¸òîâ ê ãíåçäó, 12 èç êîòîðûõ – õîëîñòûå(â îñíîâíîì ïåðâîå ïîÿâëåíèå ïòèö íàãíåçäå ïîñëå óñòàíîâêè êàìåðû), 3 – ñàì-êà ñ çåë¸íîé âåòî÷êîé, 4 – ñàìêà ñ äîáû-÷åé (âñå ñëó÷àè â âîçðàñòå ïòåíöîâ ñòàðøå45 äíåé), 26 – ñàìåö ñ äîáû÷åé. Ðàçíèöû âðàçìåðàõ äîáû÷è, ïðèíîñèìîé ñàìöîì èñàìêîé, íå óñòàíîâëåíî. Òî åñòü, ôàêòè÷åñ-êè, îáå ïòèöû ïðèíîñèëè è ìåëêóþ (ïî-ë¸âêè), è ñðåäíþþ (âîäîïëàâàþùèå ïòèöû)äîáû÷ó â ðàâíûõ ïðîïîðöèÿõ.

Ïî äàííûì Î.Í. Äàíèëîâà (1976) áîëü-øèå ïîäîðëèêè â 1959–1960 ãã. â Áàðàáåïèòàëèñü ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî âîäÿíûìè ïî-ë¸âêàìè, äîëÿ êîòîðûõ â ðàöèîíå âàðüè-ðîâàëà îò 93,5% â ãîä ìàññîâîãî ðàçìíî-


â ðåãèîíå ê 90-ì ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ, ïðè÷¸ì âïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ïîäîðëèê èñ÷åç â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå èç ñóáîïòèìàëüíûõìåñòîîáèòàíèé, êîòîðûìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ îñòðî-âíûå ëåñà ñòåïíîé è þãà ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíû,ãîðíî-ëåñíûå ðàéîíû Óðàëà è ñðåäíÿÿ òàé-ãà. Òàì æå, ãäå âèä áûë ìíîãî÷èñëåí ðà-íåå (íàïðèìåð, óñòüå Áåëîé), ïî ñåé äåíüñîõðàíÿþòñÿ áîëåå èëè ìåíåå ñòàáèëüíûåãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïèðîâêè.

Àíàëèç îáëàñòè ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ áîëü-øîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïå è àíà-ëèç ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ èçâåñòíûõ ãíåçäîâûõãðóïïèðîâîê âíóòðè î÷åð÷åííîé îáëàñòèïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî îïòèìóì ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âèäàëåæèò â çîíå ñåâåðíîé ëåñîñòåïè, õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ è þæíîé òàéãè(ðèñ. 23), ïðè÷¸ì, âûäåëÿåòñÿ äâå òåððè-òîðèè ñ ìàêñèìàëüíîé ÷èñëåííîñòüþ âèäà– ýòî Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêèé áàññåéí è Áåëîðóñ-ñêîå Ïîëåñüå. Åñëè â Ïîëåñüå ïîäîðëèêðàñïðåäåë¸í äîñòàòî÷íî êîìïàêòíî íà þãåñòðàíû, òî â Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêîì áàññåéíåñóùåñòâóåò ìîçàèêà ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðî-âîê ñ ðàçíîé ÷èñëåííîñòüþ è òðåíäàìè, íîèìåþùèõ îáùèå ñòåðåîòèïû ïðîñòðàí-ñòâåííîãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ è ãíåçäîâàíèÿ.

Â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå, ó÷èòûâàÿïðèóðî÷åííîñòü ïîäîðëèêîâ ê ïîéìàìêðóïíûõ ðåê, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òîñóùåñòâóþùàÿ â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ìîçàèêàãðóïïèðîâîê íå ÷òî èíîå, êàê ñëåäñòâèåìàñøòàáíîãî ñîêðàùåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòèâèäà â ðåçóëüòàòå ïëàíîìåðíîãî óíè÷òîæå-íèÿ åãî îñíîâíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ áèîòîïîâ âïîéìàõ Âîëãè è Êàìû âîäîõðàíèëèùàìè,êîòîðûå, êàê ãðèáû, «ðîñëè» çäåñü ïîñëå40-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ. Íà ýòî æå êîñâåííîóêàçûâàåò è òî, ÷òî â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ íàÂîëãå è Êàìå ïîäîðëèê ñîõðàíèëñÿ òîëüêîòàì, ãäå ðóñëà ðåê íåçàðåãóëèðîâàíû. Êòîìó æå, ÷àñòü Áåëüñêîé ãíåçäîâîé ãðóï-ïèðîâêè, ïîïàäàþùàÿ â ïðåäåëû ñàìîãîìîëîäîãî Íèæíåêàìñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëè-ùà, óðîâåíü êîòîðîãî áûë ïîäíÿò íå òàêäàâíî, ïðîäîëæàåò äåãðàäèðîâàòü, íà-ãëÿäíî èëëþñòðèðóÿ ïðîöåññ èñ÷åçíîâå-íèÿ ïîäîðëèêà íà ìåñòå Âîëæñêî-Êàìñ-êèõ âîäîõðàíèëèù – çäåñü íàáëþäàåòñÿïåðåðàñïðåäåëåíèå ïîäîðëèêîâ, òî åñòü,èõ èñ÷åçíîâåíèå íà ïîäòîïëåííûõ òåððè-òîðèÿõ è óïëîòíåíèå ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâ-êè âûøå ïî ðåêå Áåëàÿ.

Ó÷èòûâàÿ ïëîùàäü çàòîïëåííûõ â ðåãè-îíå ïîéì â çîíå îïòèìàëüíîãî ðàñïðîñ-òðàíåíèÿ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà, ìîæíîïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî ïîñëå ôîðìèðîâàíèÿñåòè Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêèõ âîäîõðàíèëèù áî-ëåå 60% ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð ëèøèëèñü ñâîèõìåñòîîáèòàíèé. Ïîäîðëèêè, ó÷àñòêè êîòî-ðûõ îêàçàëèñü çàòîïëåííûìè, áûëè âûíóæ-äåíû øèðîêî ïåðåìåùàòüñÿ â ïîèñêàõ íî-âûõ ìåñò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, è áîëüøèíñòâî èçíèõ, ñêîðåå âñåãî, ïîãèáëè ïî ïðè÷èíåðàñïðîñòðàí¸ííûõ â òîò ïåðèîä íåãàòèâ-íûõ ôàêòîðîâ, êàê îòñòðåë, îòðàâëåíèåè ãèáåëü íà ËÝÏ. Åñòåñòâåííî, ïðè òàêîì

Ðèñ. 23. Îáëàñòü îïòèìàëüíîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Âîñòî÷-íîé Åâðîïå è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè.Óñëîâíûå îáîçíà÷åíèÿ: 1 – þæíàÿ òàéãà, 2 – õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûåëåñà, 3 – ëåñîñòåïü, 4 – ñòåïü; Ìèêðîïîïóëÿöèè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà: A –Ïîëåññêàÿ, B – Âåðõíåâîëæñêàÿ, Ñ – Áåëüñêî-Êàìñêàÿ, D – Òîáîëî-Èøèìñ-êàÿ, Å – Îáü-Èðòûøñêàÿ

Fig. 23. Optimal breeding range of the Greater Spotted Eagle in Eastern Eu-rope and Western Siberia.Labels: 1 – southern taiga, 2 – coniferous-broadleaved forests, 3 – forests-steppe, 4 – steppe; Micropopulations of the Greater Spotted Eagle: A –Polesskaya, B – Verhnevolzhskaya, Ñ – Belsko-Kamskaya, D – Tobolo-Ishimskaya, Å – Ob-Irtyshskaya


ìàñøòàáíîì îòõîäå ïòèö, ñëàãàþùèõ êî-ñòÿê ðåãèîíàëüíîé ïîïóëÿöèè, îòòîê ñâî-áîäíûõ îñîáåé â ñóáîïòèìàëüíûå ìåñ-òîîáèòàíèÿ (êîëêîâûå ëåñà þãàëåñîñòåïíîé çîíû, ïîéìû ñòåïíûõ ðåê,áîðû, ãîðíûå ëåñà, äà è âîîáùå âñå ñó-õîäîëüíûå ëåñà íà âîäîðàçäåëàõ) íàôîíå èíòåíñèâíîãî ñåëüñêîãî è ëåñíîãîõîçÿéñòâà, à òàêæå ðàçâèòèÿ èíôðàñòðóê-òóðû, ïðåêðàòèëñÿ, è íàñåëÿþùèå èõ ïî-äîðëèêè ïîñòåïåííî èñ÷åçëè. Â èòîãå òî,÷òî ìû èìååì ñåé÷àñ â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîìðåãèîíå – ýòî ðàçðîçíåííûå ãðóïïèðîâ-êè, ñîõðàíèâøèåñÿ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â«ñòàöèÿõ ïåðåæèâàíèÿ», êîòîðûìè è ÿâëÿ-þòñÿ êðóïíûå ëåñîáîëîòíûå êîìïëåêñû.

Â îñíîâå ïðè÷èí ðåçêîãî ñïàäà ÷èñ-ëåííîñòè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â ÇàïàäíîéÑèáèðè, âåðîÿòíî, ëåæèò îòðàâëåíèå ìàñ-ñû ïòèö èëè ïîäðûâ èõ êîðìîâîé áàçû âêîíöå 50-õ – íà÷àëå 60-õ ãã. Î.Í. Äàíèëîâ(1976) íàãëÿäíî îïèñûâàåò êàðòèíó ñîêðà-ùåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà íàñòàöèîíàðå â Áàðàáå ñ 8 ïàð â 1959 ã. äî2-õ ïàð â 1962 ã. ïîñëå àâèàîáðàáîòêè òåð-ðèòîðèè çåðíîì, ïðîòðàâëåííûì ôîñôè-äîì öèíêà. Àâèàîáðàáîòêà îñóùåñòâëÿëàñüâ öåëÿõ áîðüáû ñ âîäÿíîé ïîë¸âêîé è âûç-âàëà ìàññîâóþ ãèáåëü ïîë¸âîê è êóðèíûõïòèö, íî ïðè ýòîì ñàì àâòîð íå ñ÷èòàåò, ÷òîãèáåëü ïîäîðëèêîâ áûëà âîçìîæíà îò îò-ðàâëåíèÿ, òàê êàê õèùíèêè, íàõîäèâøèåñÿïîä åãî íàáëþäåíèåì, ïîåäàëè òðóïû îò-ðàâëåííûõ ïîë¸âîê è íå óìèðàëè. Íåÿñíî,÷òî ñòàëî ðåçóëüòàòîì èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ ïîäîð-ëèêîâ – îòðàâëåíèå ñàìèõ îðëîâ èëè ìàñ-ñîâàÿ ãèáåëü îáúåêòîâ ïèòàíèÿ (ãðûçóíîâè çåðíîÿäíûõ ïòèö), íî, òàê èëè èíà÷å, âäàëüíåéøåì, ñ 1963 ïî 1971 ãã., íà ñòàöè-îíàðå íåðåãóëÿðíî ðàçìíîæàëàñü åäèí-ñòâåííàÿ ïàðà ïîäîðëèêîâ. Òî åñòü, çà 2 ãîäàïîñëå àâèàîáðàáîòêè òåððèòîðèè çåðíîì,ïðîòðàâëåííûì ôîñôèäîì öèíêà, ÷èñëåí-íîñòü ïîäîðëèêà óïàëà â 8 ðàç è òàê è íåâîññòàíîâèëàñü â òå÷åíèå ïîñëåäóþùèõ 9 ëåò.

Âîçìîæíî, â ðàçíûõ ðàéîíàõ ÇàïàäíîéÑèáèðè îñíîâíîå âëèÿíèå íà ñîêðàùåíèå÷èñëåííîñòè ïîäîðëèêà îêàçàëè ðàçíûåïðîöåññû è â ðàçíîå âðåìÿ. Â Ñâåðäëîâñ-êîé îáëàñòè ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè ïî-äîðëèêà â 70–80-õ ãã. îïèñûâàåò Ã.Í. Áà-÷óðèí (2003). Çäåñü íå âåëàñü ìàññîâàÿäåðàòèçàöèÿ, õîòÿ ñ 70-õ ãã. íà÷àëèñü îá-ðàáîòêè òàéãè ÄÄÒ â öåëÿõ áîðüáû ñ òà¸æ-íûì êëåùîì, ïåðåíîñ÷èêîì êëåùåâîãî ýí-öåôàëèòà, ïðè÷¸ì, îñíîâíîé óäàð êàê ðàçïðèøåëñÿ íà þæíóþ ïîëîâèíó îáëàñòè,íàèáîëåå ïëîòíî íàñåëÿåìóþ ïîäîðëèêîì.Â Èëüìåíñêèõ ãîðàõ â ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëà-

ñòè ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîäîðëèêà ñòàëà ñîêðà-ùàòüñÿ åù¸ â êîíöå 30-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ,ïðè÷èíû ÷åãî âîîáùå íå ÿñíû è, âîçìîæ-íî, ñâÿçàíû ñ èíòåíñèôèêàöèåé îñâîåíèÿòåððèòîðèè (Óøêîâ, 1993). Òàê èëè èíà÷å,íî òàêîãî òîòàëüíîãî óíè÷òîæåíèÿ ãíåçäîï-ðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ, êàêîå íàáëþäàëîñü âÂîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå, â Çàïàäíîé Ñè-áèðè íå ïðîèñõîäèëî.

Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ïîäîðëèê â ÇàïàäíîéÑèáèðè, ïî-âèäèìîìó, ïåðåæèâ êðèçèñ,âîññòàíàâëèâàåò ñâîþ ÷èñëåííîñòü, íîêðàéíå ìåäëåííî. Çàìåòíîå óâåëè÷åíèå÷èñëåííîñòè óñòàíîâëåíî ëèøü äëÿ ×åëÿ-áèíñêîé îáëàñòè. Åäèíñòâåííàÿ òåððèòî-ðèÿ, ãäå ïîïóëÿöèè ïîäîðëèêà ïîñòðàäàëèìåíüøå âñåãî â Ñèáèðè, – ýòî òåððèòîðèÿÀëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ, íî äàæå çäåñü èìåþòìåñòî íåãàòèâíûå ïðîöåññû, îïèñàííûåÀ.Ï. Êó÷èíûì (1976, 1991).

Â íîðìå ïîäîðëèê ìîæåò ãíåçäèòüñÿ âëþáûõ ëåñàõ, ãðàíè÷àùèõ ñ îòêðûòûìèïðîñòðàíñòâàìè, ÷òî îí, ñîáñòâåííî, è äå-ìîíñòðèðóåò â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè, ãäå íààíàëîãè÷íîé Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîìó ðåãèîíóøèðîòå íàñåëÿåò ôàêòè÷åñêè âñå çàáîëî-÷åííûå ëåñà, áîðû è ìíîãèå êîëêîâûå ëåñàïî áåðåãàì îç¸ð íà âîäîðàçäåëàõ. Â Âîë-ãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿëèøü 1,54% ëåñîâ ðåãèîíà ïîääåðæèâàåòñóùåñòâîâàíèå áîëåå ÷åì 70% ðåãèîíàëü-íîé ïîïóëÿöèè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà, è ýòèëåñà ÿâëÿþòñÿ çàáîëî÷åííûìè. Ïðè ýòîì,èìååòñÿ îãðîìíûé çàïàñ çàáîëî÷åííûõëåñîâ íåçàñåë¸ííûõ ëèáî ñëàáîçàñåë¸í-íûõ âèäîì. Ýòî óêàçûâàåò íà òî, ÷òî ïî-äîðëèê â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå äî ñèõïîð íå îïðàâèëñÿ îò «óäàðà», è äëÿ åãîâûæèâàíèÿ ñëåäóåò ïðåäïðèíèìàòü îïðå-äåë¸ííûå óñèëèÿ. Â êà÷åñòâå òàêèõ óñèëèé,â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü, íåîáõîäèìî ïðîäóìàòüòåððèòîðèàëüíóþ îõðàíó è îïòèìèçèðî-âàòü èñïîëüçîâàíèå ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõóãîäèé â íèæíåì òå÷åíèè ð. Áåëàÿ, ãäå ñî-õðàíÿåòñÿ ÿäðî ïîïóëÿöèè âèäà â ðåãèî-íå. Åñëè äàííàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ áóäåò çàòîï-ëåíà, òî ïî ðåãèîíàëüíîé ïîïóëÿöèèïîäîðëèêîâ áóäåò íàíåñ¸í ïîñëåäíèé óäàð,îò êîòîðîãî âèä âðÿä ëè îïðàâèòñÿ.

×èñëåííîñòü çàïàäíîñèáèðñêîé ïîïóëÿ-öèè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà ñðàâíèìà ñ åâ-ðîïåéñêîé, è íåò îñíîâàíèé ãîâîðèòü îòîì, ÷òî âèä ÿâëÿåòñÿ â Ñèáèðè ñòîëü îáû÷-íûì, ÷òî íå òðåáóåò îõðàíû. Ñîîòâåòñòâåí-íî, îí äîëæåí áûòü âêëþ÷åí â Êðàñíóþêíèãó Ðîññèè âìåñòå ñ çàïàäíîñèáèðñêè-ìè ïîïóëÿöèÿìè. Õîòÿ, äåéñòâèòåëüíî,çäåñü ñèòóàöèÿ ñ íèì ãîðàçäî ëó÷øå, ÷åìïî äðóãóþ ñòîðîíó Óðàëà.


Áëàãîäàðíîñòè

Õî÷åòñÿ âûðàçèòü áëàãîäàðíîñòü âñåì êîëëåãàì, ïî-ìîãàâøèì ñîáèðàòü ìàòåðèàë ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì Âîë-ãî-Óðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè, â òîì ÷èñëåïî áîëüøîìó ïîäîðëèêó, îñîáåííî Ýëüâèðå Íèêîëåí-êî, Àëåêñàíäðó Ìîøêèíó, Ìàêñèìó Ãðàáîâñêîìó,Ëåîíèäó Êîíîâàëîâó, Àíàñòàñèè Ðûáåíêî è ÀëåêñåþÎðëåíêî, ó÷àñòâîâàâøèì â ýêñïåäèöèÿõ, Ñåðãåþ Áàê-êà è Òèìîôåþ Áàðàáàøèíó, ïðåäîñòàâèâøèì âîçìîæ-íîñòü îïèðàòüñÿ â ðàáîòå íà èõ íåîïóáëèêîâàííûåìàòåðèàëû ïî áîëüøîìó ïîäîðëèêó â Ïîâîëæüå, Àíä-ðåþ Åëèçàðîâó è Àëåêñåþ Ïàæåíêîâó, ïîìîãàâøèì âîðãàíèçàöèè ýêñïåäèöèé â Ïîâîëæüå, à òàêæå âîäè-òåëÿì Àíäðåþ Ñåì¸íîâó è Ìèõàèëó Êîæåâíèêîâó, íàïëå÷è êîòîðûõ ë¸ã îñíîâíîé òðóä ïî ýêñòðåìàëüíîìóâîæäåíèþ è âûêàïûâàíèþ ìàøèíû èç áåëüñêèõ è çà-ïàäíîñèáèðñêèõ áîëîò.


Àðòîáîëåâñêèé Â.Ì. Ìàòåðèàëû ê ïîçíàíèþ ïòèö þãî-âîñòîêà Ïåíçåíñêîé ãóáåðíèè. – Áþëëåòåíü Ìîñêîâñêîãîîáùåñòâà èñïûòàòåëåé ïðèðîäû. 1923. Ò. XXXII. Âûï. 1.Ñ. 162–193.

Àñüêååâ È.Â., Àñüêååâ Î.Â. Îðíèòîôàóíà Ðåñïóáëèêè Òà-òàðñòàí (êîíñïåêò ñîâðåìåííîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ). Êàçàíü, 1999.124 ñ.

Áàêêà Ñ.Â. Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê Aquila clanga Pall. – Êðàñ-íàÿ êíèãà Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. Òîì. 1. Æèâîòíûå. Íèæ-íèé Íîâãîðîä, 2003. C. 92–93.

Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Êèñåë¸âà Í.Þ. Ãëîáàëüíî ðåäêèå âèäû ïòèö âÍèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé âåñòíèê ×óâàø-ñêîé ðåñïóáëèêè. Âûï. 57. Ìàòåðèàëû âñåðîññèéñêîé íà-ó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè «Èçó÷åíèå ïòèö íà òåð-ðèòîðèè Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêîãî êðàÿ». 24–26 ìàðòà 2007 ã.,ã. ×åáîêñàðû ×óâàøñêîé ðåñïóáëèêè. ×åáîêñàðû, 2007.Ñ. 12–16.

Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î. Õèùíûå ïòèöû äîëèí ðåê Ñîê è Êèíåëü âÑàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2006.¹ 6. Ñ. 34–38.

Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î. Íàõîäêè ðåäêèõ âèäîâ ïòèö â Áóçóëóêñ-êîì áîðó – Ìàòåðèàëû ê ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ ïòèö íà Óðàëå,â Ïðèóðàëüå è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Ñáîðíèê ñòàòåé è êðàò-êèõ ñîîáùåíèé. Åêàòåðèíáóðã: Èçä-âî «Åêàòåðèíáóðã»,2001. Ñ. 15–16.

Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î. Ðåäêèå âèäû ïòèö ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íîé ÷àñ-òè Ñóðñêîãî ðåñïóáëèêàíñêîãî çîîëîãè÷åñêîãî çàêàçíèêàè åãî îêðåñòíîñòåé. – Áóòóðëèíñêèé ñáîðíèê: Ìàòåðèàëû IÂñåðîññèéñêîé íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè, ïîñâÿ-ùåííîé ïàìÿòè Ñ.À. Áóòóðëèíà. Óëüÿíîâñê: Êîðïîðàöèÿòåõíîëîãèé ïðîäâèæåíèÿ, 2003. Ñ. 140–144.

Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î. Õèùíûå ïòèöû Ñðåäíåãî Ïîâîëæüÿ: ñî-âðåìåííîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, äèíàìèêà ÷èñëåííîñòè èôàêòîðû âîçäåéñòâèÿ íà ïîïóëÿöèè. Äèñ. íà ñîèñêàíèå ñò.êàíä. áèîë. íàóê. Ðîñòîâ-íà-Äîíó, 2004. 162 ñ.

Áà÷óðèí Ã.Í. Î ãíåçäîâàíèè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â îêðå-ñòíîñòÿõ ã. Èðáèòà. – Ìàòåðèàëû IV êîíôåðåíöèè ïî õèù-íûì ïòèöàì Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè. Ïåíçà. 2003. Ñ. 137–140.

Áåëèê Â.Ï., Íèêîëàåâ Â.Â., Ìóãàêî À.Ë. Îñîáî îõðàíÿå-ìûå âèäû ïòèö Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè è ñìåæíûõ òåððè-òîðèé ïî ìàòåðèàëàì ýêñïåäèöèè 2005 ãîäà. – Ñòðåïåò.2005. Ò.3. Âûï. 1–2. Ñ. 94–103.

Áëèíîâà Ò.Ê., Áëèíîâ Â.Í. Ïòèöû Þæíîãî Çàóðàëüÿ: Ëå-ñîñòåïü è ñòåïü. Â 2-õ òîìàõ. Ò.1. Ôàóíèñòè÷åñêèé îáçîð èîõðàíà ïòèö. Íîâîñèáèðñê: Íàóêà, 1997. 296 ñ.

Áîáêîâ Â.Þ., Òîðîïîâ Ê.Â., Øîð Å.Ë., Þäêèí Â.À. Ê îð-íèòîôàóíå þæíîé òàéãè Çàïàäíî-Ñèáèðñêîé ðàâíèíû. –Ìàòåðèàëû ê ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ ïòèö íà Óðàëå, â Ïðèóðà-ëüå è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Ñáîðíèê ñòàòåé è êðàòêèõ ñîîáùå-íèé. Åêàòåðèíáóðã: Èçä-âî «Åêàòåðèíáóðã», 1997. Ñ. 14–21.

Áîãäàíîâ Ì.Ï. Ïòèöû è çâåðè ÷åðíîç¸ìíîé ïîëîñû Ïî-âîëæüÿ è äîëèíû Ñðåäíåé è Íèæíåé Âîëãè (áèîãåîãðàôè-÷åñêèå ìàòåðèàëû). – Òð. îá-âà åñòåñòâîèñïûòàòåëåé ïðèèìïåðàòîðñêîì Êàçàíñêîì óíèâåðñèòåòå. Êàçàíü. 1871. Ò.1.Îòä. 1. 226 ñ.

Áîéêî Ã.Â., Êóçíåöîâà È.À., Ñûñîåâ Â.À. Ôàóíà è áèîëî-ãèÿ ïòèö çàïîâåäíèêà «Äåíåæêèí Êàìåíü» è ïðèëåãàþùèõòåððèòîðèé. – Òðóäû ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî çàïîâåäíèêà «Äåíåæ-êèí Êàìåíü». Âûï. 2. Åêàòåðèíáóðã: Èçä-âî «Àêàäåìêíèãà»,2003. Ñ. 18–50.

Áîðîäèí Î.Â. Êîíñïåêò ôàóíû ïòèö Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñ-òè: Ñïðàâî÷íèê (Ñåðèÿ «Ïðèðîäà Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè».Âûï. 1). Óëüÿíîâñê: ôèëèàë ÌÃÓ, 1994. 96 ñ.

Âàðòàïåòîâ Ë.Ã. Ïòèöû ñåâåðíîé òàéãè Çàïàäíî-Ñèáèðñ-êîé ðàâíèíû. Íîâîñèáèðñê: Íàóêà, 1998. 327 ñ.

Âåëèæàíèí Ã.À. Äîáàâëåíèå ê îðíèòîôàóíå Áàðíàóëüñ-êîãî îêðóãà. – Uragus. 1928. Êí. 6. ¹ 1. Ñ. 12–20.

Âîðîíèí Ð.Í. Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê. – Ôàóíà åâðîïåéñêîãîÑåâåðî-Âîñòîêà Ðîññèè. Ïòèöû. Íåâîðîáüèíûå. Ò.1. ÷.1.Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã: Íàóêà, 1995. Ñ. 88.

Âîðîíöîâ Å.Ì. Ïòèöû Êàìñêîãî Ïðèóðàëüÿ. Ãîðüêèé,1949. 114 ñ.

Ãàëóøèí Â.Ì. ×èñëåííîñòü è òåððèòîðèàëüíîå ðàñïðå-äåëåíèå õèùíûõ ïòèö Åâðîïåéñêîãî öåíòðà ÑÑÑÐ. – ÒðóäûÎêñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà. Âûï. 8. Ì., 1971. Ñ. 5–132.

Ãàðìñ Î.ß. Ñâåäåíèÿ ïî ðåäêèì âèäàì ïòèö Ïðè÷óìûøñ-êîé ëåñîñòåïè. – Ìàòåðèàëû ê ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ ïòèö íàÓðàëå, â Ïðèóðàëüå è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Ñáîðíèê ñòàòåé èêðàòêèõ ñîîáùåíèé. Åêàòåðèíáóðã: Èçä-âî «Åêàòåðèíáóðã»,1998. Ñ. 28–30.

Ãàøåê Â.À. Ìàòåðèàëû ê ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ ïòèö â þæíûõðàéîíàõ ×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ìàòåðèàëû ê ðàñïðîñò-ðàíåíèþ ïòèö íà Óðàëå, â Ïðèóðàëüå è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè.Ñáîðíèê ñòàòåé è êðàòêèõ ñîîáùåíèé. Åêàòåðèíáóðã: Èçä-âî «Åêàòåðèíáóðã», 2003. Ñ. 76–78.

Ãîëîâàòèí Ì.Ã. Íîâûå ñâåäåíèÿ î ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè ïòèöíèæíåãî Ïðèîáüÿ. – Ìàòåðèàëû ê ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ ïòèöíà Óðàëå, â Ïðèóðàëüå è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Ñáîðíèê ñòàòåéè êðàòêèõ ñîîáùåíèé. Åêàòåðèíáóðã: Èçä-âî «Íàóêà», 1995.Ñ. 12–13.

Ãîðäååâ Þ.È. Ðåäêèå âèäû ïòèö ó ã. Õàíòû-Ìàíñèéñêà.– Ìàòåðèàëû ê ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ ïòèö íà Óðàëå, â Ïðè-óðàëüå è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Ñáîðíèê ñòàòåé è êðàòêèõñîîáùåíèé. Åêàòåðèíáóðã: Èçä-âî «Åêàòåðèíáóðã», 1997.Ñ. 48–49.

Ãðèãîðüåâ Í.Ä., Ïîïîâ Â.À., Ïîïîâ Þ.Ê. Îòðÿä Ñîêîëî-îáðàçíûå (äíåâíûå õèùíûå ïòèöû) Falconiformes. – ÏòèöûÂîëæñêî-Êàìñêîãî êðàÿ. Íåâîðîáüèíûå. Ì., «Íàóêà», 1977.296 ñ.

Äàâûãîðà À.Â. Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê. – Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Îðåí-áóðãñêîé îáëàñòè. Æèâîòíûå è ðàñòåíèÿ. Îðåíáóðã: Îðåí-áóðãñêîå êíèæíîå èçä-âî, 1998 Ñ. 41–42.

Äàíèëîâ Í.Í. Ïòèöû Ñðåäíåãî è Ñåâåðíîãî Óðàëà. ×.1. –Òðóäû Óðàëüñêîãî îòäåëåíèÿ Ìîñêîâñêîãî îá-âà èñïûòàòå-ëåé ïðèðîäû. 1969. Âûï. 3. Ñ. 3–123.

Äàíèëîâ Í.Í. Èçìåíåíèÿ â ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè õèùíûõ ïòèöíà Ñðåäíåì Óðàëå. – Ýêîëîãèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ìàòåðèàëû 1-


ãî ñîâåùàíèÿ ïî ýêîëîãèè è îõðàíå õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ì., 1983.Ñ. 118–119.

Äàíèëîâ Î.Í. Õèùíûå ïòèöû è ñîâû Áàðàáû è ÑåâåðíîéÊóëóíäû. Íîâîñèáèðñê: Èçä-âî «Íàóêà», 1976. 160 ñ.

Äàðêøåâè÷ ß.Í. Ïòèöû è çâåðè ×êàëîâñêîé îáëàñòè èîõîòà íà íèõ. ×êàëîâ, 1950. 191 ñ.

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Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ìåòîäè÷åñêèå ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî ó÷¸òó ïåð-íàòûõ õèùíèêîâ è îáðàáîòêå ó÷¸òíûõ äàííûõ. Íîâîñè-áèðñê: Èçäàòåëüñêèé äîì «Ìàíóñêðèïò», 2000. 32 ñ.

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Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Êîçëîâ À.À. Ïðåäâàðèòåëüíûé êàäàñòð ïòèö×åëÿáèíñêîé îáëàñòè. Íîâîñèáèðñê: Èçäàòåëüñêèé äîì «Ìà-íóñêðèïò», 1999. 421 ñ.

Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ. Íåêîòîðûå àñïåêòû ñîâðå-ìåííîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ôàóíû êðóïíûõ ïåðíàòûõ è ÷åòâåðî-íîãèõ õèùíèêîâ Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêè. – Ñàìàðñêàÿ Ëóêà íà ïî-ðîãå òðåòüåãî òûñÿ÷åëåòèÿ (Ìàòåðèàëû ê äîêëàäó «Ñîñòîÿíèåïðèðîäíîãî è êóëüòóðíîãî íàñëåäèÿ Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêè»). Òî-ëüÿòòè: ÈÝÂÁ ÐÀÍ, ÎÑÍÏ «Ïàðêâåé», 1999. Ñ. 214–219.

Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ. Îð¸ë-ìîãèëüíèê â Ñàìàðñ-êîé îáëàñòè. – Êîðîëåâñêèé îð¸ë: ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ñî-ñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèé è ïåðñïåêòèâû îõðàíû îðëà-ìîãèëüíè-êà (Aquila heliaca) â Ðîññèè. Ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ òðóäîâ.Ñåðèÿ: Ðåäêèå âèäû ïòèö. Â.1. Ì.: Ñîþç îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîñ-ñèè, 1999. Ñ. 73–77.

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Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê (Aquila clanga Pall.) –ãëîáàëüíî ðåäêèé âèä, çàíåñ¸ííûé â Êðàñ-íûå êíèãè Ðîññèè (êàòåãîðèÿ 2) è Íèæåãî-ðîäñêîé îáëàñòè (êàòåãîðèÿ À – âèä,íàõîäÿùèéñÿ ïîä óãðîçîé èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ).Èíôîðìàöèè î åãî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè è÷èñëåííîñòè, êàê â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëà-ñòè, òàê è íà ñîïðåäåëüíûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ,íåìíîãî. Â äàííîé ñòàòüå ìû îáîáùèëèìàòåðèàë î âñòðå÷àõ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêàíà òåððèòîðèè Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè çàâñþ èñòîðèþ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ èññëåäî-âàíèé (1906–2007 ãã.).

Ïåðâûé ïîäîáíûé àíàëèç áûë ñäåëàí ïðèñîñòàâëåíèè Êðàñíîé êíèãè Íèæåãîðîäñ-êîé îáëàñòè (2003). Ïîâòîðíî ïðîâåñòèàíàëîãè÷íóþ ðàáîòó íàñ ïîáóäèëî ïîëó-÷åíèå íîâûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ â ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû,à òàêæå âîçìîæíîñòü ïðèìåíåíèÿ ÃÈÑ-òåõ-íîëîãèé äëÿ îáðàáîòêè äàííûõ. Èñòî÷íè-êàìè èíôîðìàöèè î ìåñòàõ áûëîãî ðàñ-ïðîñòðàíåíèÿ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà ñòàëèëèòåðàòóðíûå äàííûå, êàòàëîãè êîëëåêöèéçîîëîãè÷åñêèõ ìóçååâ ÌÃÓ è ÍÍÃÓ, à òàê-æå Íèæåãîðîäñêîãî èñòîðèêî-àðõèòåêòóð-íîãî ìóçåÿ-çàïîâåäíèêà. Ìàòåðèàëû ïî

Êîíòàêò:

Ñåðãåé ÁàêêàÃÏÁÇ «Êåðæåíñêèé»603134 ÐîññèÿÍ.Íîâãîðîäóë. Êîñòèíà, 2-162òåë.: +7 (831) 434 46 [email protected]

Íàäåæäà Êèñåë¸âàÍÃÏÓ603950 ÐîññèÿÍ.Íîâãîðîäóë. Óëüÿíîâà, 1òåë.: +7 (831) 434 46 [email protected]

Contact:

Sergey BakkaState Nature BiosphereReserve «Kerzhenskiy»Kostina str., 2-162N.NovgorodRussia 603134tel.: +7 (831) 434 46 [email protected]

Nadezhda KiselevaState PedagogicalUniversityUlyanova str., 1N.NovgorodRussia 603950tel.: +7 (831) 434 46 [email protected]

The�Greater�Spotted�Eagle�in�the�N.Novgorod�District

БОЛЬШОЙ�ПОДОРЛИК�В�НИЖЕГОРОДСКОЙ�ОБЛАСТИ

Bakka�S.V.�(State�Nature�Biosphere�Reserve�«Kerzhenskiy»,�N.Novgorod,�Russia)

Kiseleva�N.Yu.�(State�Pedagogical�University,�N.Novgorod,�Russia)

Ба��а�С.В.�(Гос&дарственный�природный�биосферный�заповедни��«Керженс�ий»,

Н.Нов�ород,�Россия)

Киселёва�Н.Ю.�(Гос&дарственный�педа�о�ичес�ий�&ниверситет,�Н.Нов�ород,�Россия)

In the paper we have analyzed the data onrecords of the Greater Spotted Eagle (GSE)(Aquila clanga Pall.) in the territory of theN. Novgorod district since 1906 to 2007.Now there are 25 records in different plac-es of GSE in 1986–2007 and 17 records –1906–1964 (all 17 birds were hunted andtheir skins are in collections of museums)*.Special theme was created in ArcView GIS3.2a. for the data processing.

GSE was a common species at the be-ginning of XX century. P.V. Serebrovskiy(1918) shot off 8 birds in 3 breeding terri-tories (3 chicks – from nests, as well as 2females were collected with chicks in 2nests, and 2 adults – in another breedingterritory) in the Alatyr and Kalysh rivervalleys near Novye Ichalki village during10 days in July 1911. GSE became a rarespecies since 1970s (Zimin, 1974), andextremely rare – since 1990s. A total of10–15 pairs were estimated to breed inthe N.Novgorod district in 1990s (Bakka,Bakka, 1997). 19 breeding territories havebeen found since 1986. GSE use to breedtwo types of biotopes: edges of large openbogs and forests in river valleys.

Five nests were found in 4 territories.Two nests were built in elms, others – ina pine, alder and birch. Last nest in a birchwere built on the artificial platform. Nestswere placed 8–13 m above the ground.They were situated in the bottom part ofcrown of a tree beside or in a fork of thetrunk.

Now keeping in mind the number in-creasing the total estimate of the numberof GSE in the N. Novgorod district isaround 25–30 pairs. The detailed surveysneed undertaking for its revision.

Ãíåçäî áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà (Aquila clanga) íà ñîñíåíà ñåâåðå Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. Ôîòî Ñ. Áàêêà

Nest of the Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga) inthe north of the N. Novgorod district. Photo by S. Bakka


÷èñëåííîñòè è ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ áîëüøî-ãî ïîäîðëèêà ñîáðàíû â 1986–2007 ãã.ïîïóòíî, â õîäå ïðîåêòèðîâàíèÿ ðåãèî-íàëüíîé ñåòè ÎÎÏÒ, èíâåíòàðèçàöèè èìîíèòîðèíãà ÊÎÒÐ Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëà-ñòè. Èíôîðìàöèÿ îáî âñåõ íàõîäêàõ ýòî-ãî ðåäêîãî âèäà â ïîñëåäíèå äåñÿòèëåòèÿàêêóìóëèðîâàëàñü â áàçå äàííûõ Íèæåãî-ðîäñêîãî îòäåëåíèÿ Ñîþçà îõðàíû ïòèöÐîññèè. Ê íàñòîÿùåìó âðåìåíè ìû ðàñïî-ëàãàåì ñâåäåíèÿìè î 25 ìåñòàõ ðåãèñòðà-öèè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â 1986–2007 ãã.è 17 – â 1906–1964 ãã. (âñå 17 ýêçåìïëÿ-ðîâ áûëè äîáûòû, è èõ òóøêè íàõîäÿòñÿ âêîëëåêöèè ìóçååâ)*. Ïðè ïîäãîòîâêå äàííîéñòàòüè ñîñòàâëåíà ÃÈÑ-òåìà «Ìåñòà îáíà-ðóæåíèÿ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â Íèæåãî-ðîäñêîé îáëàñòè è íà ñîïðåäåëüíûõ òåð-ðèòîðèÿõ» â ArcView GIS 3.2a.

Â ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíå XX âåêà ïîäîðëèêñ÷èòàëñÿ îáû÷íûì âèäîì. Îí ãíåçäèëñÿ íàòåððèòîðèè âñåé Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè,îñîáåííî îõîòíî â ïîéìàõ ðåê Âîëãè, Îêè,Âåòëóãè, Ñóðû, Ñåðåæè, Àëàòûðÿ (Ñåðåá-ðîâñêèé, 1918; Ïóçàíîâ è äð., 1955; Âî-ðîíöîâ, 1967). Á.Ä. Êèðïè÷íèêîâ (1915)íàáëþäàë ïîäîðëèêà íà òåððèòîðèè ñîâðå-ìåííîãî Âåòëóæñêîãî ðàéîíà. Â ïóáëèêà-öèÿõ ýòîãî ïåðèîäà íåò êîíêðåòíûõ äàííûõ,ïî êîòîðûì ìîæíî ñóäèòü î ïëîòíîñòè ãíåç-äîâàíèÿ è çàïàñàõ âèäà äàæå â ëîêàëüíûõìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ. Èñêëþ÷åíèåì ÿâëÿþòñÿìàòåðèàëû Ï.Â. Ñåðåáðîâñêîãî (1918),êîòîðûé â èþëå 1911 ã. â ïîéìàõ Àëàòûðÿè åãî ïðèòîêîâ âîçëå ñ. Íîâûå È÷àëêè äî-áûë â òå÷åíèå 10 äíåé 8 ýêçåìïëÿðîâ ñ òð¸õãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (äîáûòû òðè ïòåíöà èçãí¸çä, ïðè÷¸ì â äâóõ ñëó÷àÿõ âìåñòå ñ ïòåí-öàìè îòñòðåëÿíû âçðîñëûå ñàìêè, à â îä-

íîì – îáà ðîäèòåëÿ). Âîñüìîé ýêçåìïëÿð –ìîëîäàÿ íåãíåçäÿùàÿñÿ ñàìêà. Àíàëèç ýòè-êåòîê äîáûòûõ ýêçåìïëÿðîâ ïîçâîëÿåò ñäå-ëàòü âûâîä î òîì, ÷òî ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäóãí¸çäàìè ñîñòàâëÿëî íå áîëåå 2–3 êì, ò.å.ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïîäîðëèêà â ïîéìåÀëàòûðÿ áûëà ÷ðåçâû÷àéíî âûñîêîé.

Óæå â íà÷àëå 1970-õ ãã. áîëüøîé ïîäîð-ëèê ñòàíîâèòñÿ ìàëî÷èñëåííûì âèäîì (Çè-ìèí, 1974). Â 1990-å ãã. îí êðàéíå ðåäîê– ïî ýêñïåðòíûì îöåíêàì åãî ÷èñëåííîñòüâ Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè íå ïðåâûøàåò10–15 ïàð (Áàêêà, Áàêêà, 1997). Ýòà æåîöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ïðèâåäåíà â Êðàñíîéêíèãå Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè (2003).

Â ïåðèîä 1986–2007 ãã. ãí¸çäà îáíàðó-æåíû íàìè â ïîéìå ð. Âàõòàí â Øàõóíñ-êîì ðàéîíå, íà ×åáîêñàðñêîì âîäîõðàíè-ëèùå íà ãðàíèöå Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòèè Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìàðèé-Ýë è â ñîñíîâîì ëåñóâîçëå ïîéìû ðó÷üÿ â Âåòëóæñêîì ðàéîíå,à òàêæå È.Â. Êàðÿêèíûì â ïîéìå ð. Àëà-òûðü â Ëóêîÿíîâñêîì ðàéîíå. Â 2006 ã.âïåðâûå çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî ãíåçäîâàíèåáîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà íà ïëàòôîðìå (Ëóêî-ÿíîâñêèé ðàéîí). Ìû îòìå÷àëè áîëüøèõïîäîðëèêîâ â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä íà Êàìñ-êî-Áàêàëäèíñêèõ áîëîòàõ (Ëûñêîâñêèé èÂîðîòûíñêèé ðàéîíû), â ïîéìàõ ð. Íþæ-ìû (Áîðñêèé ðàéîí), ð. Êëÿçüìû (Âîëîäàð-ñêèé ðàéîí), ð. Âåòëóãè ó áûâøåé ä. ×åíå-áå÷èõà (Âåòëóæñêèé ðàéîí), ð. Ñóðû(Ïèëüíèíñêèé ðàéîí), ð. Îêè â Ìóðîìñ-êîì ðàéîíå Âëàäèìèðñêîé îáëàñòè (Áàê-êà, Êèñåëåâà, 2007). Òàêæå îòìå÷åíûâñòðå÷è áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ íà Ïóñòûíñ-êèõ îç¸ðàõ â Àðçàìàññêîì ðàéîíå, â ïîé-ìå ð. Âåòëóãè íà ãðàíèöå Âåòëóæñêîãî èÂàðíàâèíñêîãî ðàéîíîâ (À.È. Áàêêà, ëè÷-

Ðèñ. 1. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà (Aqu-

ila clanga) â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè

Fig. 1. Distribution of the Greater Spotted Eagle (Aqui-

la clanga) in the N.Novgorod district. Labels: 1 – livingnest, 2 – old nest, 3 – pair in breeding period, 4 – adultin breeding period, 5 – adult in non-breeding period, 6– hunted adult in breeding period, 7 – hunted adult innon-breeding period, 8 – borders of district, 9 – forest,10 – water body, 11 – rivers

* http://ecoclub.nsu.ru/raptors/publicat/aquila_clanga/GSE_NN.htm


íîå ñîîáùåíèå), â ïîéìàõ ðåê: Ïüÿíû âÑåðãà÷ñêîì ðàéîíå (Â.Í. Ïåòðîâ, óñòíîåñîîáùåíèå), Êåðæåíöà â Áîðñêîì ðàéîíå(Ñ.Ã. Ñóðîâ, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå); íà ïîëÿõâîçëå áåðåãà Ãîðüêîâñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëè-ùà â Ñîêîëüñêîì ðàéîíå (À.Â. Ìîëîäîâñ-êèé, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå). Âñòðå÷è íà ïðî-ë¸òå ðåäêè: íà âåñåííåì ïðîë¸òå îòìå÷åííà þãî-âîñòîêå Ïèëüíèíñêîãî ðàéîíà(Ë.Ì. Íîâèêîâà, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå) è ñå-âåðî-âîñòîêå Òîíøàåâñêîãî ðàéîíà (È.Â.Êàðÿêèí, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå), ðåãóëÿðíîâñòðå÷àåòñÿ â Àðò¸ìîâñêèõ ëóãàõ â îêðåñ-òíîñòÿõ ã. Íèæíåãî Íîâãîðîäà (Ì.À. Êî-ðîëüêîâ, À.È. Ìàöûíà, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùå-íèå), íà îñåííåì ïðîë¸òå çàðåãèñòðèðîâàííà òîðôîêàðüåðàõ Áàëàõíèíñêîãî ðàéîíà(Ñ.Ã. Ñóðîâ, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå). Ëåòîì1992 ã. áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê áûë îòìå÷åí âçîíå ìíîãîýòàæíîé çàñòðîéêè ã. Í.Íîâãî-ðîäà (ìèêðîðàéîí Ìåùåðñêîå îçåðî).

Ñ 1986 ã. â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè è âíåïîñðåäñòâåííîé áëèçîñòè îò å¸ ãðàíèöâûÿâëåíî 19 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ. Ïîäîðëè-êè èñïîëüçóþò äâà òèïà ìåñòîîáèòàíèé –ëèáî îêðàèíû áîëüøèõ îòêðûòûõ áîëîò, ëèáîïîéìåííûå ëåñà (â áîðåàëüíûõ ïîéìàõ –ïèõòîâî-åëüíèêè ïðèðó÷üåâûå, ÷åðåäóþùè-åñÿ ñ îòêðûòûìè ëóãàìè, â íåìîðàëüíûõïîéìàõ – äóáðàâû èëè ÷åðíîîëüõîâûå áî-ëîòà, ïåðåìåæàþùèåñÿ ñ îòêðûòûìè îñî-êîâûìè áîëîòàìè è çàëèâíûìè ëóãàìè).

Ïÿòü ãí¸çä îáíàðóæåíû íà ÷åòûð¸õ ó÷à-ñòêàõ (îäíî èç íèõ ïîñòðîåíî íà ïëàòôîð-ìå, óñòðîåííîé íà áåð¸çå, â 2-õ êì îò âû-ÿâëåííîãî â 2004 ã. è âïîñëåäñòâèèïîãèáøåãî ãíåçäà â óñîõøåì ÷åðíîîëüøà-íèêå). Äâà ãíåçäà áûëè ïîñòðîåíû íà âÿ-çàõ, îñòàëüíûå íà ñîñíå, îëüõå ÷åðíîé èáåð¸çå. Âûñîòà ðàçìåùåíèÿ ãí¸çä ñîñòàâ-ëÿåò îò 8 äî 13 ìåòðîâ. Îíè ðàñïîëàãà-ëèñü â íèæíåé ÷àñòè êðîíû ëèáî â ðàçâèë-êå îñíîâíîãî ñòâîëà, ëèáî ó ñòâîëà âîñíîâàíèè êðóïíûõ ñó÷üåâ. Áîëüøîé ïî-äîðëèê óñòðàèâàåò ñâîè ãí¸çäà äîâîëüíîñêðûòíî. Èñêëþ÷åíèåì ÿâëÿåòñÿ æèëîåãíåçäî íà ñóõîì âÿçå â ïîãèáøåì ëåñó íàìåëêîâîäüå ×åáîêñàðñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëè-ùà, êîòîðîå îáíàðóæåíî ñ ðàññòîÿíèÿáîëåå îäíîãî êèëîìåòðà.

Â Âåòëóæñêîì è Øàõóíñêîì ðàéîíàõ ðàñ-ñòîÿíèå ìåæäó ó÷àñòêàìè áîëüøîãî ïîäîð-ëèêà ñîñòàâèëè 30–40 êì, íà Êàìñêî-Áàêàë-äèíñêèõ áîëîòàõ – îò 7 äî 32 êì (â ñðåäíåì17,8 êì). Îäíàêî, ïîñêîëüêó ñïåöèàëüíûåèññëåäîâàíèÿ ïî ïîèñêó ãí¸çä â Íèæåãîðîä-ñêîé îáëàñòè íå ïðîâîäèëèñü, íåëüçÿ óòâåð-æäàòü, ÷òî âî âñåõ ñëó÷àÿõ èçìåðÿëîñü ðàñ-ñòîÿíèå èìåííî ìåæäó ñîñåäíèìè ó÷àñòêàìè.

Â ïîéìàõ ðåê Ëóõ è Êëÿçüìà âîçëå çà-ïàäíîé ãðàíèöû Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòèâ õîäå ïðîâåäåíèÿ ñïåöèàëüíûõ èññëåäî-âàíèé âûÿâëåí ðîñò ÷èñëåííîñòè áîëüøî-ãî ïîäîðëèêà (Ìåëüíèêîâ, 2004). Â äîëè-íå ð. Ëóõ ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ýòèõ îðëîâïðèõîäÿòñÿ ïðèìåðíî íà êàæäûå 10 êì2.Ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü áëèçêèå âåëè÷èíûïëîòíîñòè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â ñõîäíûõìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ íà òåððèòîðèè Íèæåãî-ðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. ×èñëåííîñòü ïîäîðëèêà,êàê è äðóãèõ êðóïíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö (áåð-êóòà Aquila chrysaetos, îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñ-òà Haliaeetus albicilla, ñêîïû Pandionhaliaetus) âîññòàíàâëèâàåòñÿ ïîñëå ÷ðåçâû-÷àéíî ãëóáîêîé äåïðåññèè 1980–90 ãã.

Ñîâðåìåííàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü áîëüøîãî ïî-äîðëèêà â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, ñ ó÷¸-òîì òåíäåíöèè ê ðîñòó, ñîñòàâëÿåò íå ìåíåå25–30 ïàð. Äëÿ å¸ óòî÷íåíèÿ íåîáõîäèìîïðîâåäåíèå ñïåöèàëüíûõ ó÷¸òîâ.


Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Áàêêà À.È. Ñîñòîÿíèå è îõðàíàíåêîòîðûõ ðåäêèõ âèäîâ ïòèö â Íèæåãîðîäñ-êîé îáëàñòè. – Ôàóíà, ýêîëîãèÿ è îõðàíà ðåä-êèõ ïòèö Ñðåäíåãî Ïîâîëæüÿ: Ñá. ñòàòåé ïîìàòåð. Âñåðîñ. íàó÷íî-ïðàêò. êîíô. «Ðåäêèåïòèöû Ñðåäíåãî Ïîâîëæüÿ». Ñàðàíñê, 1997.Ñ. 13–16.

Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Êèñåëåâà Í.Þ. Ãëîáàëüíî ðåäêèåâèäû ïòèö â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ýêîëî-ãè÷åñêèé âåñòíèê ×óâàøñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêè. Âûï.57. Ìàòåðèàëû Âñåðîññèéñêîé íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè-÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè «Èçó÷åíèå ïòèö íà òåð-ðèòîðèè Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêîãî êðàÿ». 24–26 ìàð-òà 2007 ã., ã. ×åáîêñàðû. – ×åáîêñàðû, 2007.Ñ. 12–16.

Âîðîíöîâ Å. Ì. Ïòèöû Ãîðüêîâñêîé îáëàñ-òè. Ãîðüêèé, 1967. 166 ñ.

Çèìèí Í.È. Ïòèöû. – Ïðèðîäà Ãîðüêîâñêîéîáëàñòè. Ãîðüêèé: Âîëãî-Âÿòñêîå êíèæíîå èçä-âî, 1974. Ñ. 319–365.

Êèðïè÷íèêîâ Á. Ä. Ìàòåðèàëû ê ïîçíàíèþïòèö Êîñòðîìñêîé ãóáåðíèè. – Ìàòåðèàëû êïîçíàíèþ ôàóíû è ôëîðû Ðîññèéñêîé Èìïå-ðèè. Îòä. çîîëîãè÷åñêèé. Âûïóñê 14. Ì., 1915.Ñ. 380–435.

Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. Òîì1. Æèâîòíûå. Í.Íîâãîðîä, 2003. 380 ñ.

Ìåëüíèêîâ Â.Í. Áîëüøîé è ìàëûé ïîäîðëè-êè Èâàíîâñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ïðèðîäíîå íàñëå-äèå Ðîññèè. Ìàòåðèàëû ìåæäóíàðîäíîé íàó÷-íîé êîíôåðåíöèè. Òîëüÿòòè, 2004. Ñ. 172–173.

Ïóçàíîâ È.È., Êîçëîâ Â.È., Êèïàðèñîâ Ã.Ï.Æèâîòíûé ìèð Ãîðüêîâñêîé îáëàñòè. Ïîçâî-íî÷íûå. 2-å äîï. èçä. Ãîðüêèé: Êí. èçä-âî, 1955.432 ñ.

Ñåðåáðîâñêèé Ï.Â. Ìàòåðèàëû ê èçó÷åíèþîðíèòîôàóíû Íèæåãîðîäñêîé ãóáåðíèè. –Ìàòåðèàëû ê ïîçíàíèþ ôàóíû è ôëîðû Ðîñ-ñèè. Îòä. çîîë. Ì., 1918. Âûï. 15. Ñ. 23–134.


Íà òåððèòîðèè Íîâîñèáèðñêîãî Àêàäåì-ãîðîäêà, ïðèìûêàþùåãî ê íåìó Öåíòðàëü-íîãî Ñèáèðñêîãî Áîòàíè÷åñêîãî ñàäà (äà-ëåå ÖÑÁÑ) è â èõ áëèæàéøèõ îêðåñòíîñòÿõíàìè áûëè çàêàðòèðîâàíû ãí¸çäà âîðîíîâ(Corvus corax) è õèùíûõ ïòèö.

Ãí¸çäà íàõîäèëè, â îñíîâíîì, â ïîñëå-äíèå 3–4 ãîäà (íåêîòîðûå – 10 ëåò), íî îñ-íîâíàÿ ÷àñòü íàáëþäåíèé ñäåëàíà ëåòîì2007 ã. Çíà÷èòåëüíàÿ ÷àñòü ãí¸çä îáíàðó-æåíà òîëüêî îñåíüþ 2007 ã. ïîñëå îïàäà-íèÿ ëèñòüåâ.

Ëîêàëèçàöèÿ 26 ãí¸çä, îáíàðóæåííûõ íàòåððèòîðèè Àêàäåìãîðîäêà, è 49 ãí¸çä – âÖÑÁÑ, îáîçíà÷åíà íà ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõêàðòàõ (ðèñ. 1, 2) (ñ êðàòêèìè îïèñàíèÿìèãí¸çä ìîæíî îçíàêîìèòüñÿ íà ñàéòå «Ïåð-íàòûå õèùíèêè Ðîññèè» – òàáëèöû 1 è 25).Â ðåçóëüòàòå íàáëþäåíèé îêàçàëîñü âîç-ìîæíûì ñäåëàòü ñëåäóþùèå âûâîäû:

1. ×èñëî ãí¸çä õèùíûõ ïòèö, â êîòîðûõáûëè âûâåäåíû ïòåíöû, îêàçàëîñü ñóùå-ñòâåííî ìåíüøå ÷èñëà ãí¸çä, â êîòîðûõ âåñ-

Êîíòàêò:

Èãîðü Æèìóë¸âÈíñòèòóò öèòîëîãèè èãåíåòèêè ÑÎ ÐÀÍÐîññèÿ 630090ÍîâîñèáèðñêÀêàäåìãîðîäîê[email protected]Îëåã Êîñòåðèí[email protected]

Contact:

Igor ZhimulevThe Institute ofCytology and Geneticsfor Siberian Branch ofRussian Academy ofSciencesAkademgorodokNovosibirskRussia [email protected]

Oleg E. [email protected]

Distribution�of�Nests�of�Birds�of�Prey�in�Akademgorodok

of�Novosibirsk�and�its�Vicinities,�Russia

РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ�ГНЁЗД�ХИЩНЫХ�ПТИЦ�НА�ТЕРРИТОРИИНОВОСИБИРСКОГО�АКАДЕМГОРОДКА�И�В�ЕГО�БЛИЖАЙШИХОКРЕСТНОСТЯХ,�РОССИЯ

Zhimulev�I.F.,�Ananko�N.G.,�Andreenkov�O.V.,�Kosterin�O.E.�(The�Institute�of�Cytology

and�Genetics�for�Siberian�Branch�of�Russian�Academy�of�Sciences,�Novosibirsk,

Russia)

Жим&лёв�И.Ф.,�Анань�о�Н.Г.,�Андреен�ов�О.В.,�Костерин�О.Э.�(Инстит&т�цитоло�ии

и��енети�и�СО�РАН,�Новосибирс�,�Россия)

We created the map of nests of ravens andbirds of prey had found in the territory ofNovosibirsk Akademgodok and the CentralSiberian Botanical garden (CSBG) thatborders upon it and in their nearest vicinitiesin 2007. At all we found 75 nests.

It has appeared the number of successfulnests is essentially less the number of neststhat were occupied in the spring.

Only five of 14 nests observed interr i tory of Academgorodok in thesummer 2007 (fig. 1) were successful –two broods of black kites (Milvus migrans)(¹5 and ¹15), two – sparrowhawks(Accipiter nisus) (¹6) (¹16 and 19) andone brood of kestrel (Falco tinnunculus)(¹12), and the fact of kestrel nesting inthe Academgorodok has been noted forthe first time for 50 years of surveys.

And only four nests of 35 observed nestsin the territory of CSBG and little adjacentterritory (fig. 2) were successful: nests of blackkites (¹19), common buzzards (Buteo buteo)(¹3 and 11) and sparrowhawks (¹34).

Corpses of 2 birds were found under twonests of kites.

Nests, as a rule, were settled down groupsin the certain breeding territories where onlya nest was occupied. This fact confirmsbreeding territories are perennials.

Nests in surveyed territories wereoccupied by almost constantly the same birdspecies. The significant disorder in terms ofbreeding in different nests of the samespecies was noted. In Academgorodok,fledglings of sparrowhawks left their nest¹16 on 30 June 2007, the nest ¹6 wasleft, on 8–10 July, the nest ¹34 in CSBG –about 19 July. Fledglings of buzzards left theirnest ¹ 11 in CSBG on 14 July 2007, thenest ¹3 was left on 29 July. Such distinctionscan be connected with sharp changes oftemperature in the spring 2007.

Ðèñ. 1. Ëîêàëèçàöèÿ ãí¸çäêðóïíûõ ïòèö íà òåððè-òîðèè Àêàäåìãîðîäêà.Êëàñòåðû ãí¸çä îáîçíà-÷åíû: âåðòèêàëüíîéøòðèõîâêîé – ãí¸çäà ïå-ðåïåëÿòíèêîâ (Accipiter

nisus), òî÷êàìè – ÷¸ðíî-ãî êîðøóíà (Milvus

migrans), ãîðèçîíòàëü-íîé øòðèõîâêîé – âîðî-íà (Corvus corax)

Fig. 1. Locations of largebird’s nests in the territo-ry of Akademgorodok.Clusters of nests aremarked: nests of Spar-rowhawks (Accipiter nis-

us) are shaded vertically,nests of Ravens (Corvus

corax) – horizontally,nests of Black Kites (Mil-

vus migrans) are markedwith points

5 http://ecoclub.nsu.ru/raptors/publicat/raptors/Zhimulev_tabl1.htm


íîé áûëà îòìå÷åíà àêòèâíîñòü. Òàê, â 2007ãîäó â ÖÑÁÑ âåñíîé â òð¸õ ãí¸çäàõ ïîÿâè-ëèñü âåòêè ñîñíû ñ çåë¸íîé õâîåé (¹¹ 1,7, 22), â äâóõ – çåë¸íûå áåð¸çîâûå âåòêè(¹¹ 6, 14), â äâóõ ãí¸çäàõ (¹¹ 5, 21)ñàìêè ÷¸ðíûõ êîðøóíîâ (Milvus migrans)íàñèæèâàëè è åù¸ îêîëî äâóõ (¹¹ 26,27) – ïòèöû (òàêæå ÷¸ðíûå êîðøóíû) áåñ-ïîêîèëèñü è äåðæàëèñü ðÿäîì. Ïîçäíååîêîëî ãíåçäà ¹ 5 áûëà íàéäåíà ïîãèáøàÿ

ïòèöà (Ý. Ã. Íèêîëåíêî, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùå-íèå), è ïîòîìñòâî â í¸ì íå áûëî âûâåäå-íî. Íóæíî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî ðàíåå, â 2006 ã.,ïîãèáøèé ÷¸ðíûé êîðøóí áûë íàéäåí îêî-ëî ãíåçäà ¹ 6, è ýòî ãíåçäî òîæå îêàçà-ëîñü áåç ïîòîìñòâà. Ïàðà îñîåäîâ (Pernisapivorus), çàíèìàâøàÿ ãíåçäî ¹ 12 (ðèñ. 2)â 2005–2006 ãã., ïî êàêèì-òî ïðè÷èíàìðàñïàëàñü â 2007 ã. Îñòàâøàÿñÿ ïòèöà ïðî-äîëæàëà ïðèíîñèòü ñîòû ñ ëè÷èíêàìè îñ âïóñòîå ãíåçäî (îáíàðóæåíû ïðè ïîñåùå-íèè 24 èþíÿ 2007 ã.), õîòÿ âûñòèëêè âåò-êàìè ñ çåë¸íûìè ëèñòüÿìè â í¸ì íå áûëî.Ïðè ïîñåùåíèè 13 èþëÿ 2007 ã. ïòèöà ñè-äåëà â ãíåçäå, íî òàì íå áûëî íè êëàäêè,íè çåë¸íûõ âåòîê, íè ñîòîâ.

Â èòîãå ëèøü íåçíà÷èòåëüíàÿ ÷àñòü ãí¸çäîêàçàëàñü çàíÿòîé. Íà òåððèòîðèè Àêàäåì-ãîðîäêà òîëüêî â ïÿòè èç 14 íàáëþäàâøèõ-ñÿ ëåòîì 2007 ã. ãí¸çä (ðèñ. 1), áûëè âûâå-äåíû ïòåíöû – äâà âûâîäêà ÷¸ðíûõêîðøóíîâ (¹¹ 5 è 15), äâà – ïåðåïåëÿò-íèêîâ (Accipiter nisus) (¹ 6) (¹16 è 19) èîäèí âûâîäîê ïóñòåëüãè (Falco tinnunculus)(¹ 12), ïðè÷¸ì ñëó÷àé ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïóñ-òåëüãè â Àêàäåìãîðîäêå áûë îòìå÷åí âïåð-âûå çà 50 ëåò íàáëþäåíèé.

Íà òåððèòîðèè ÖÑÁÑ è íåçíà÷èòåëüíîéïðèëåãàþùåé òåððèòîðèè èç 35 íàáëþäàâ-øèõñÿ ãíåçä (ðèñ. 2) ïòåíöû áûëè âûâåäå-íû òîëüêî â ÷åòûð¸õ: ÷¸ðíûé êîðøóí (¹19), ñàðû÷ (Buteo buteo) (¹ 3 è ¹ 11) èïåðåïåëÿòíèê (¹ 34).

2. Ãí¸çäà, êàê ïðàâèëî, ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿãðóïïàìè íà îïðåäåë¸ííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷à-ñòêàõ, èç êîòîðûõ òîëüêî îäíî ãíåçäî çàíÿ-òî â äàííûé ìîìåíò, ÷òî ãîâîðèò î ïîñòî-ÿíñòâå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ.

Âñå ãí¸çäà ïåðåïåëÿòíèêîâ áûëè ðàñïî-ëîæåíû êëàñòåðàìè: â Àêàäåìãîðîäêå ýòîòðè ãíåçäà (¹¹ 6, 13 è 25), ðàñïîëîæåí-íûå â 25 ì äðóã îò äðóãà, ãðóïïà èç ÷åòû-ð¸õ-ïÿòè ãí¸çä ïåðåïåëÿòíèêîâ (¹¹ 14,17, 18, âîçìîæíî 28, è 45) – íà îòðåçêå â50 ì, è äâà-òðè ãíåçäà (¹¹ 16 è 19) íàîòðåçêå â 100 ì. Â êàæäîé èç ïåðå÷èñëåí-íûõ ãðóïï ãí¸çä ïåðåïåëÿòíèêîâ â Àêàäåì-ãîðîäêå â 2007 ã. îäíî áûëî æèëûì (ðèñ. 1).Â ÖÑÁÑ äâà ãíåçäà ïåðåïåëÿòíèêà (¹¹34 è 52) ðàñïîëîæåíû íà ðàññòîÿíèè äðóãîò äðóãà â 10 ì (æèëûì â 2007 ã. áûëî ïåð-âîå) (ðèñ. 2).

Ãðóïïàìè ðàñïîëîæåíû è ãí¸çäà êîðøó-íîâ: â Àêàäåìãîðîäêå ãíåçäî ¹ 4 (ðèñ. 1)áûëî çàíÿòî ÷¸ðíûì êîðøóíîì, êàê ìèíè-ìóì, íà ïðîòÿæåíèè ïîñëåäíèõ 4 ëåò. Â2005–2006 ãã. ñîñíà, íà êîòîðîé áûëî ãíåç-äî, ïîãèáëà è ïîòåðÿëà õâîþ. Ãíåçäî ñòàëîáûñòðî ðàçðóøàòüñÿ è ê 2007 ã. îáâàëè-

Ðèñ. 2. Ëîêàëèçàöèÿãí¸çä êðóïíûõ ïòèö íàòåððèòîðèè Öåíòðàëüíî-ãî ñèáèðñêîãî áîòàíè-÷åñêîãî ñàäà. Êëàñòåðûãí¸çä îáîçíà÷åíû: òî÷êà-ìè – ãí¸çäà ÷¸ðíîãî êîð-øóíà, ãîðèçîíòàëüíîéøòðèõîâêîé – âîðîíà,÷¸ðíîé çàëèâêîé – êàíþ-êà (Buteo buteo), âåðòè-êàëüíîé øòðèõîâêîé –ïåðåïåëÿòíèêà

Fig. 2. Locations of largebird’s nests in the territo-ry of the Central SiberianBotanical garden.Clusters of nests aremarked: nests of Spar-rowhawks are shadedvertically, nests of Ravens– horizontally, nests ofBlack Kites are markedwith points, nests of Com-mon Buzzards (Buteo

buteo) – with black color

Ñàìêà ïåðåïåëÿòíèêà (Accipiter nisus) íà ãíåçäå. Ôîòî Í. Àíàíüêî

Female of the Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) in the nest.Photo by N. Anan’ko


ëîñü. Â 25 ì îò ýòîãî ãíåçäàáûëî ïîñòðîåíî íîâîå(¹15), â êîòîðîì â 2007 ã.áûë âûâåäåí ïòåíåö. Ãíåçäà¹¹ 7, 5 è 39 ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿíà îòðåçêå â 150 ì, õîòÿ æè-ëûì â 2006 è 2007 ãã. áûëîòîëüêî ¹ 5. Åù¸ ïàðà ãí¸çäêîðøóíà (¹¹ 38 è 43) ðàñ-ïîëàãàþòñÿ íà ðàññòîÿíèèîêîëî 40 ì äðóã îò äðóãà.

Â ÖÑÁÑ ãí¸çäà ¹¹ 15 è 19áûëè çàíÿòû ÷¸ðíûì êîðøó-íîì â 2002 è 2007 ãã., ñîîò-âåòñòâåííî. Ðàñïîëîæåííîåðÿäîì ãíåçäî (¹ 59) òàêæå,ñêîðåå âñåãî, ïðèíàäëåæèòêîðøóíó, íî îáíàðóæåíîáûëî òîëüêî îñåíüþ 2007 ã.Ãðóïïàìè ðàñïîëîæåíû ãí¸çäà ¹¹ 27–29,83, èç êîòîðûõ 27 è 28 íà îäíîì äåðåâå(îäíî èç íèõ âåñíîé áûëî çàíÿòî ÷¸ðíûìêîðøóíîì), ãíåçäà ¹¹ 8, 25, 20 è 26 íàîòðåçêå â 150 ì (ãíåçäî 26 áûëî çàíÿòî òîëü-êî âåñíîé), ãíåçäà ¹¹ 1, 7, 22 è 69 (¹ 1áûëî çàíÿòî â 2005 ã., ¹¹ 7 è 22 âåñíîé2007 ã. áûëè ïîäíîâëåíû çåë¸íûìè âåòêàìèñîñíû). Áîëüøîé êëàñòåð ãí¸çä íàõîäèòñÿ âöåíòðå ÖÑÁÑ (¹¹ 10, 9, 6, 5, 13, 21, 23,33, 53 è 54), â ãí¸çäàõ ¹¹ 21 è 5 â íà÷àëåâåñíû 2007 ã. íàñèæèâàëè ñàìêè ÷¸ðíîãîêîðøóíà, ïîêèíóâøèå çàòåì ýòè ãíåçäà.

Ðÿäîì ñ ãðàíèöåé ÖÑÁÑ îáíàðóæåíû äâàãíåçäà (ïî-âèäèìîìó, êîðøóíà – ¹¹ 31 è

32) â 100 ì äðóã îò äðóãà.Â 10 êì îò Àêàäåìãî-

ðîäêà ó ïîñ. Êîëüöîâîáûë îáíàðóæåí êëàñ-òåð èç ÷åòûð¸õ ãí¸çä,ïî-âèäèìîìó, ÷¸ðíîãîêîðøóíà íà òåððèòîðèè110õ45 ì.

Êàíþê â ÖÑÁÑ çàíèìàëãíåçäî ¹ 4 â 2006 ã. èãíåçäî ¹ 3 – â 2007 ã.,íàõîäÿùèåñÿ â 100 ì äðóãîò äðóãà (ðèñ. 2). Åù¸îäíî ãíåçäî (¹ 11), ðàñ-ïîëîæåííîå îòäåëüíî îòäðóãèõ, áûëî çàíÿòî íàïðîòÿæåíèè ïîñëåäíèõ÷åòûð¸õ ëåò (2004 – 07 ãã.).

Íàéäåíû è îäèíî÷íîðàñïîëîæåííûå íåçàíÿ-òûå ãí¸çäà (¹¹ 14, 18,35, 41, 30, 73, 80, 84),âèäîâóþ ïðèíàäëåæíîñòüõîçÿåâ êîòîðûõ åù¸ïðåäñòîèò âûÿñíèòü.

3. Ãí¸çäà íà èçó÷åííûõ ó÷àñòêàõ çàíèìà-þò ïî÷òè ïîñòîÿííî îäíè è òå æå âèäû ïòèö:â ÖÑÁÑ ýòî îñîåä, çàíèìàâøèé òðè ãîäà (ñó÷¸òîì íåóäà÷è â 2007 ã.) îäíî è òî æå ãíåç-äî (¹ 12), êàíþê, ãíåçäèâøèéñÿ ÷åòûðåãîäà â ãíåçäå ¹ 11. Â ëåñàõ ñîáñòâåííîÀêàäåìãîðîäêà òà æå êîíñåðâàòèâíîñòü îá-íàðóæåíà äëÿ âîðîíà: íåñêîëüêî ëåò â ãíåç-äå ¹ 1, çàòåì òðè ãîäà â ðÿäîì ðàñïîëî-æåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ ¹¹ 2, 3 è 44; ÷¸ðíûéêîðøóí ìèíèìóì äâà ãîäà çàíèìàë ãíåçäî¹ 5 è òðè ãîäà – ãíåçäî ¹ 4, ïîñëå ðàçðó-øåíèÿ êîòîðîãî, â 2007 ã., ïåðåáðàëñÿ íà25 ìåòðîâ â ñòîðîíó (ãíåçäî ¹ 15); ïåðå-ïåëÿòíèê òðè ãîäà çàíèìàë ãíåçäî ¹ 6.

Åäèíñòâåííîå âîçìîæíîå èñêëþ÷åíèåîáíàðóæåíî äëÿ ãíåçäà ¹ 11 â Àêàäåìãî-ðîäêå, êîòîðîå â ðàçíûå ãîäû, ïðåäïîëî-æèòåëüíî, çàíèìàëè è ïåðåïåëÿòíèêè, è÷åãëîêè (Falco subbuteo).

4. Îáíàðóæåí çíà÷èòåëüíûé ðàçáðîñ âñðîêàõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ â ðàçíûõ ãí¸çäàõ îä-íîãî è òîãî æå âèäà, íàïðèìåð, â Àêà-äåìãîðîäêå íà ó÷àñòêå âáëèçè ãíåçäà ¹ 16ñë¸òêè ïåðåïåëÿòíèêà ïîÿâèëèñü 30 èþíÿ2007 ã., ãíåçäî ¹ 6 ïîêèíóòî ìåæäó 8 è10 èþëÿ, ãíåçäî ¹ 34 â ÖÑÁÑ – îêîëî 19èþëÿ.

Ïòåíöû ñàðû÷à èç ãíåçäà ¹ 11 â ÖÑÁÑâûëåòåëè èç ãíåçäà (ïîñëå òîãî, êàê èõ ïî-òðåâîæèëè) 14 èþëÿ 2007 ã., ãíåçäî ¹ 3áûëî ïîêèíóòî òàêæå ïîñëå òîãî êàê èõïîòðåâîæèëè 29 èþëÿ. Òàêèå ðàçëè÷èÿ ìî-ãóò áûòü ñâÿçàíû ñ ðåçêèìè èçìåíåíèÿìèòåìïåðàòóðû âåñíîé 2007 ã. Áûë î÷åíüæàðêèé êîíåö àïðåëÿ, à ïîòîì î÷åíü õî-ëîäíîå íà÷àëî ìàÿ. Âîçìîæíî òå ïòèöû,êîòîðûå íå íà÷àëè ãíåçäîñòðîåíèå â êîí-öå àïðåëÿ, ïðèñòóïèëè ê íåìó óæå ïîñëåîêîí÷àíèÿ õîëîäîâ.

Ïòåíöû êîðøóíà (Milvus migrans) â ãíåçäå. 04.07.2007. Ôîòî Í. Àíàíüêî

Chicks of the Black Kite (Milvus migrans) in the nest. 04/07/2007. Pho-to by N. Anan’ko

Ïòåíöû ïóñòåëüãè (Falco tinunculus) íà çäàíèèèíñòèòóòà. Ôîòî È. Æèìóë¸âà

Chicks of the Kestrel (Falco tinunculus) on thebuilding of institute. Photo by I. Zhimulev

Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 1176

Â ìàå 2007 ã. ÷ëå-íîì Íèæåãîðîäñ-êîãî îòäåëåíèÿ Ñî-þçà îõðàíû ïòèöÐîññèè ÏàâëîìÀíàíüåâûì â íèæ-íåì òå÷åíèè ð. Êåð-æåíåö îáíàðóæåíîæèëîå ãíåçäî ñêîïû(Pandion haliaetus),óñòðîåííîå íà âåð-øèíå ìåòàëëè÷åñ-êîé îïîðû ËÝÏ,

ðàñïîëîæåííîé â 50 ì îò ðóñëà. Ãíåçäîáûëî ïðîâåðåíî àâòîðàìè äàííîãî ñîîá-ùåíèÿ 4 èþíÿ â õîäå åæåãîäíûõ ó÷¸òîâïòèö, ïðîâîäèìûõ â äîëèíå ð. Êåðæåíåö.Ìîæíî óòâåðæäàòü, ÷òî äàííîå ãíåçäî ïî-ÿâèëîñü â 2007 ã., ò.ê. â ïðåäûäóùåì ãîäó âõîäå ó÷¸òîâ çäåñü ñêîïû íå íàáëþäàëèñü.

Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî â ÕÕ âåêå ïîñëåäíèéñëó÷àé ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñêîïû íà áåðåãó Êåð-æåíöà áûë îòìå÷åí Ñ.Ã. Ïðèêëîíñêèì(2002) â 1949 ã. – òîãäà áûëî îáíàðóæåíîãíåçäî, ðàñïîëàãàâøååñÿ íà âåðøèíå åëè,ðàñòóùåé â 15–20 ì îò âîäû. Â 60–90-õ ãã.ñïîðàäè÷íîå ãíåçäîâàíèå ñêîïû íàáëþäà-ëîñü â îñíîâíîì íà âåðõîâûõ áîëîòàõ,óäàë¸ííûõ îò ðåê, è ëèøü ñïóñòÿ 55 ëåò (ñ2004 ã.) ýòîò ðûáîÿäíûé õèùíèê ñòàë âîç-âðàùàòüñÿ íà áåðåãà Êåðæåíöà. Ðåêîëîíè-çàöèþ ñêîïàìè ïðèðóñëîâîé ÷àñòè Êåð-æåíöà ìû ñâÿçûâàåì, ñ îäíîé ñòîðîíû, ñðîñòîì ÷èñëåííîñòè ýòîãî âèäà êàê â áàñ-ñåéíå Êåðæåíöà, òàê è â Íèæåãîðîäñêîéîáëàñòè â öåëîì, ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû – ñ ôè-çè÷åñêèì âûòåñíåíèåì ñêîïû ñ áîëîò áåð-êóòàìè (Aquila chrysaetos), ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóï-ïèðîâêà êîòîðûõ íà Êàìñêî-Áàêàëäèíñêèõáîëîòàõ äîñòèãëà îïòèìàëüíîé ÷èñëåííîñ-òè çà ïîñëåäíèå 10 ëåò.

Êîíòàêò:

Ñåðãåé Áàêêà[email protected]

Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí[email protected]

Contact:

Sergey [email protected]

Igor [email protected]

Ãíåçäî ñêîïû (Pandion

haliaetus) íà îïîðå ËÝÏ.04.06.2007. Ôîòî È. Êà-ðÿêèíà

Nest of the Osprey (Pan-

dion haliaetus) on theelectric pole. 04/06/2007. Photos by I. Kar-yakin

Short�Reports

КРАТКИЕ� СООБЩЕНИЯ

The�First�Record�of�the�Osprey�Breeding�on�the�Electric�Pole

in�Povolzhye,�Russia

ПЕРВЫЙ�СЛУЧАЙ�ГНЕЗДОВАНИЯ�СКОПЫ�НА�ОПОРЕ�ЛЭПВ�ПОВОЛЖЬЕ,�РОССИЯ

Bakka�S.V.,�Karyakin�I.V.,�Moskalik�L.N.�(State�Nature�Biosphere�Reserve

«Kerzhenskiy»,�N.Novgorod,�Russia)

Ба��а�С.В.,�Каря�ин�И.В.,�Мос�али��Л.Н.�(Гос&дарственный�природный

биосферный�заповедни��«Керженс�ий»,�Н.Нов�ород,�Россия)

The living nest of the Osprey (Pandionhaliaetus) was found in the lower reachesof the Kerzhenets River in May 2007. Thenest was situated on the top of metal electricpole, located 50 m from the river-bed.Ospreys were not noted in that territory in2006. Last record of Ospreys nesting on theKerzhenets River was in 1949. Ospreys onceagain have begun to breed on sides of theKerzhenets River since 2004. Registrationsof Ospreys breeding along the Kerzhenetsriver-bed are probably connected withincreasing their number and forcing out frombogs by Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos).

Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ñêîïû (Pandion haliaetus) â áàññåé-íå ð. Êåðæåíåö: 1 – ãíåçäî íà îïîðå ËÝÏ, 2 – ãíåçäà íàäåðåâüÿõ, 3 – ìåñòà ðåãóëÿðíûõ âñòðå÷ âçðîñëûõ ïòèö

Distribution of the Ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) in theKerzhenec river basin: 1 – nest on the electric pole, 2 –nests in trees, 3 – points of regular records of adult birds


Ïðèêëîíñêèé Ñ.Ã. Çàìåòêè î ïðîøëîì îðíè-òîôàóíû òåððèòîðèè Êåðæåíñêîãî çàïîâåäíè-êà è åãî îêðåñòíîñòåé. – Ìàòåðèàëû ïî ôàóíåÍèæåãîðîäñêîãî Çàâîëæüÿ. Òðóäû ãîñóäàð-ñòâåííîãî ïðèðîäíîãî çàïîâåäíèêà «Êåðæåí-

ñêèé». Ò.2. Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, 2002. Ñ. 62–70.

New Publications and Videos Raptors Conservation 2008, 11 77

New� Publications� and� Videos

НОВЫЕ�ПУБЛИКАЦИИ�И�ФИЛЬМЫ

Books

КНИГИ

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè – ïîëåâîé îïðåäå-ëèòåëü äëÿ èçó÷åíèÿ è ìîíèòîðèíãà(Hardey J., Crick H., Wernham C., RileyH., Etheridge B. and D. Thompson. Raptors– a field guide to survey and monitoring.Stationery Office Books, UK. 2006. 160pp.) (ISBN 978–0–11497–321–6).

Ýòî ïðåêðàñíûé ïîëåâîé îïðåäåëèòåëüäëÿ ëþáèòåëåé è ñïåöèàëèñòîâ, çàíèìàþ-ùèõñÿ èçó÷åíèåì õèùíûõ ïòèö. Â í¸ì ñî-áðàíû ïîäðîáíûå îïèñàíèÿ ìåòîäîâ èçó-÷åíèÿ 21 âèäà äíåâíûõ õèùíèêîâ è ñîâ,ðåãóëÿðíî âñòðå÷àþùèõñÿ â Áðèòàíèè èÈðëàíäèè, à òàêæå 5 çàë¸òíûõ âèäîâ. Òà-êèì îáðàçîì, îïðåäåëèòåëü îõâàòûâàåòïî÷òè ïîëîâèíó èç 56 âèäîâ, îòìå÷àþùèõ-ñÿ â Åâðîïå, 55% êîòîðûõ èìåþò íåáëà-ãîïðèÿòíûé ïðèðîäîîõðàííûé ñòàòóñ â Åâ-ðîïå, è 10 èç êîòîðûõ ÿâëÿþòñÿ ãëîáàëüíîóãðîæàåìûìè. Ê îïðåäåëèòåëþ ïðèëàãàåò-ñÿ äèñê ñ ãîëîñàìè õèùíèêîâ. Ýòà êíèãà, âêîòîðóþ âêëþ÷åíû äàííûå íàáëþäåíèéáîëåå ÷åì 300 èññëåäîâàòåëåé, ÿâëÿåòñÿçíà÷èòåëüíûì âêëàäîì â èçó÷åíèå ýêîëî-ãèè è îõðàíó õèùíûõ ïòèö è ñîâ.

Öåíà êíèãè 32 äîëëàðà ÑØÀ 6.

Ìàëååâ Â.Ã., Ïîïîâ Â.Â. Ïòèöû ëåñîñòå-ïåé Âåðõíåãî Ïðèàíãàðüÿ. Èðêóòñê: ÍÖÂÑÍÖ ÑÎ ÐÀÌÍ, Èçä-âî «Âðåìÿ ñòðàí-ñòâèé», 2007. 300 ñ. 12 ñ èëë. (ISBN 978–5–98277–045–6).

Íàèáîëåå ïîëíàÿ ñâîäêà ïî ïòèöàì ëå-ñîñòåïåé Âåðõíåãî Ïðèàíãàðüÿ (òåððèòî-ðèè Óñòü-Îðäûíñêîãî Áóðÿòñêîãî àâòîíîì-íîãî îêðóãà è ïðèëåãàþùèõ ðàéîíîâÈðêóòñêîé îáëàñòè), îáîáùàþùàÿ ðåçóëü-òàòû ìíîãîëåòíèõ èññëåäîâàíèé àâòîðîâ,ìàòåðèàëû ïóáëèêàöèé êîëëåã è íåîïóáëè-êîâàííûå äàííûå èç êàðòîòåêè çîîëîãè÷åñ-êîãî ìóçåÿ êàôåäðû çîîëîãèè ïîçâîíî÷íûõè ýêîëîãèè áèîëîãî-ïî÷âåííîãî ôàêóëüòå-òà Èðêóòñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñè-òåòà. Â êíèãå ïðèâîäèòñÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ î273 âèäàõ ïòèö, âêëþ÷àÿ 25 âèäîâ ñîêîëî-îáðàçíûõ è 10 âèäîâ ñîâ, â òîì ÷èñëå ãíåç-äÿùèõñÿ 15 è 8 âèäîâ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî.

Êîíòàêò (4).

Hardey J., Crick H., Wernham C., Riley H.,Etheridge B. and D. Thompson. Raptors –a field guide to survey and monitoring.Stationery Office Books, UK. 2006. 160pp. (ISBN 978–0–11497–321–6).

This excellent field guide is aimed at peo-ple who watch, survey or monitor birds ofprey. It provides detailed descriptions ofsurvey methods for all 21 species of raptorsthat occur regularly in Britain and Ireland,along with another five species that occurirregularly. As such, it covers almost half ofthe 56 species of raptors in Europe, 55%, ofwhich are considered to be in unfavorableconservation status at European level, and10 of which are globally threatened or near-threatened. The book also includes a freeCD of raptor calls, which is practically help-ful. Drawing on the experience of more than300 raptor workers, this book makes animportant contribution to our understand-ing of the ecology and conservation of birdsof prey.

Price – USD 32.0 6.

Maleev V.G., Popov V.V. Birds of forest-steppes in the Upper Angara region.Irkutsk. 2007. 300 pp. (ISBN 978–5–98277–045–6).

This book contains the most complete in-formation about distribution of birds in for-est-steppe regions of the upper Angara re-gion (territories of the Ust-OrdynskiyBuryatskiy autonomous region and nearestregions of the Irkutsk district), joining re-sults of long-term researches of authors,data of publications of colleagues and notpublished data of the zoological museumof the chair of Zoology of Vertebrates andEcology of biological and soil faculty of theIrkutsk state university. The book providesthe information about 273 species of birds,including 25 species of birds of prey and 10species of owls, 15 and 8 species accord-ingly from which are known as breeding.

Contact (4).

6 http://www.nhbs.com/title.php?bkfno=159280

(4) Êîíòàêò:

Âèêòîð ÏîïîâÈðêóòñêîå îòäåëåíèåÑÎÏÐòåë.: +7 (3952) 48 04 [email protected]

(4) Contact:

Viktor PopovThe Irkutskbranch of RBCUtel.: +7 (3952) 48 04 [email protected]

Íîâûå ïóáëèêàöèè è ôèëüìûÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2008, 1178

Ìåòîäû èçó÷åíèÿ è îõðàíû ïåðíàòûõõèùíèêîâ (Bird, D. M. & K. L. Bildsteineds. Raptor Research and ManagementTechniques. Hancock House Publishers,Surrey, Canada. 2007. 464 ðð.) (ISBN 0–88839–639–2).

Äàííàÿ êíèãà íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ êîìïëåêñíûìðóêîâîäñòâîì èëè äåòàëüíûìè ïðàêòè÷åñ-êèìè ðåêîìåíäàöèÿìè, à, ñêîðåå, ïðåä-ñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé îáçîð ñîâðåìåííîé èí-ôîðìàöèè ïî ðàçëè÷íûì ìåòîäàì. Êàæäàÿãëàâà èìååò ìíîãî÷èñëåííûå ññûëêè, êî-òîðûå íàïðàâÿò ÷èòàòåëåé ê äîïîëíèòåëü-íûì èñòî÷íèêàì äëÿ äåòàëüíîãî îñâîåíèÿðàçëè÷íûõ ïîëåâûõ è ëàáîðàòîðíûõ ìå-òîäîâ è èíñòðóìåíòîâ óïðàâëåíèÿ ïåð-íàòûìè õèùíèêàìè. Ïåðâûå ÷åòûðå ãëà-âû ïîñâÿùåíû ëèòåðàòóðå ïî ïåðíàòûìõèùíèêàì, ñèñòåìàòèêå, ïîëåâîé èäåíòè-ôèêàöèè, èññëåäîâàíèÿì, àíàëèçó äàííûõè ïðåäñòàâëåíèþ ðåçóëüòàòîâ. Ñëåäóþùèåäåñÿòü ãëàâ îáåñïå÷èâàþò ïîíèìàíèå ìå-òîäîâ ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé, âêëþ÷àÿâûÿâëåíèå è ìîíèòîðèíã, èçó÷åíèå ïî-âåäåíèÿ, ïèòàíèÿ, ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, îáñëå-äîâàíèå ãí¸çä è îöåíêó óñïåõà ðàçìíîæå-íèÿ, ìåòîäû îòëîâà, ìå÷åíèÿ è ðàäèî- èñïóòíèêîâîãî ïðîñëåæèâàíèÿ. ×åòûðå äî-ïîëíèòåëüíûõ ãëàâû èíôîðìèðóþò îáýíåðãåòèêå, ôèçèîëîãèè, ïàòîëîãèè è òîê-ñèêîëîãèè ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ; åù¸ ïÿòüãëàâ ðàññêàçûâàþò î ìåòîäàõ óïðàâëåíèÿïîïóëÿöèÿìè, âêëþ÷àÿ ðàçìíîæåíèå â íå-âîëå, âîññòàíîâëåíèå è óâåëè÷åíèå ÷èñëåí-íîñòè â ïðèðîäå. Êíèãà çàêàí÷èâàåòñÿ ãëà-âàìè ïî îáðàçîâàíèþ îáùåñòâåííîñòè èþðèäè÷åñêèì îñíîâàì îõðàíû ïåðíàòûõõèùíèêîâ. Õîòÿ êíèãà ñîñðåäîòà÷èâàåòñÿíà âàæíûõ âîïðîñàõ óïðàâëåíèÿ ïîïóëÿ-öèÿìè è èõ ñîõðàíåíèÿ, íàó÷íûé ïîäõîä,ïîëåâûå è ëàáîðàòîðíûå ìåòîäû èññëåäî-âàíèé, îïèñàííûå â íà÷àëå êíèãè, ïðåäîñ-òàâëÿþò èññëåäîâàòåëÿì âàæíûå èíñòðóìåí-òû äëÿ ëó÷øåãî ïîíèìàíèÿ ýëåìåíòàðíîéáèîëîãèè ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ.

Ïóáëèêàöèÿ «Ìåòîäîâ èññëåäîâàíèÿ èîõðàíû ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ» – ýòî âêëàä âñòàíäàðòèçàöèþ ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé äëÿïîâûøåíèÿ ñðàâíèâàåìîñòè äàííûõ, ïîëó-÷åííûõ ðàçíûìè èññëåäîâàòåëÿìè. Òàêæåêíèãà ðàññêàçûâàåò î ïðîøëûõ óñïåõàõ èíåóäà÷àõ â îáëàñòè èçó÷åíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö,äàâàÿ âîçìîæíîñòü ÷èòàòåëÿì óñîâåðøåí-ñòâîâàòü ìåòîäû èññëåäîâàíèÿ è îõðàíûïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ.

Öåíà êíèãè 70 äîëëàðîâ ÑØÀ 7.

Bird, D. M. & K. L. Bildstein eds. RaptorResearch and Management Techniques.Hancock House Publishers, Surrey, Can-ada. 2007. 464 ðð. (ISBN 0–88839–639–2)

This book is not intended to be an all-in-clusive manual or detailed «how-to» book,but rather a review of the field with up-to-date information on various techniques thatis designed to provide readers with a gen-eral overview of the field. That said, eachchapter has numerous references that willdirect readers to additional sources for de-tails and cautions regarding various field andlaboratory techniques and managementtools. The first four chapters, one each onthe raptor literature, raptor systematics, rap-tor identification, and study design, dataanalysis, and the presentation of results,provide a general overview of the field ofraptor research. The next ten chapters pro-vide insights into field-study techniques,including surveying and monitoring, behav-ioral studies, diet analysis, habitat sampling,accessing nests and assessing nest success,capture and marking techniques, and spa-tial tracking. Four additional chapters pro-vide information on the energetics, physi-ology, pathology, and toxicology of raptors;five more cover reducing management andresearcher disturbance, mitigation, captivebreeding, the augmentation of wild popu-lations, and rehabilitation. The work con-cludes with chapters on public educationand legal considerations. Although the bookfocuses on questions of importance to man-agement and conservation, the scientificapproach laid out at the beginning of thework, and the field and laboratory studytechniques described thereafter, provideresearchers with important tools for betterunderstanding the basic biology of the birdsas well.

The publication of Raptor Research andManagement Techniques is a way to en-hance standardization in the field, and in sodoing, increase our ability to compare ourfindings with those of others. Also the bookis a way to share both past successes andfailures, and to speed improvement in ourresearch and management techniques.

Price – USD 70.0 7.

7 http://www.hancockhouse.com/products/rapres.htm

Contents Raptors Conservation 2008, 11 79

Îòïå÷àòàíî â òèïîãðàôèè ÎÎÎ «ÀÏÄ» ñ ãîòîâîãî îðèãèíàë-ìàêåòà603139, ã. Í. Íîâãîðîä, óë. Ãàóãåëÿ, 16–49

Ñîäåðæàíèå

Îò ðåäàêöèè .......................................................... 3

Ñîáûòèÿ ................................................................. 5

Ðàáî÷àÿ âñòðå÷à ïðèðîäîîõðàííûõ îðãàíèçàöèéÐîññèè, Êàçàõñòàíà è Ìîíãîëèè ñ ó÷àñòèåìïðåäñòàâèòåëåé òàìîæåííûõ îðãàíîâ,Àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ è Íàó÷íûõ îðãàíîâ ÑÈÒÅÑýòèõ ñòðàí «Ðàçâèòèå ìåæäóíàðîäíîãîñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà â ðåàëèçàöèè Êîíâåíöèè ÑÈÒÅÑâ Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ýêîðåãèîíå» ............................ 7

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ.............................. 10

Êðàòêèé îáçîð ìåòîäîâ çàùèòû ïòèö îò ïîðàæåíèÿýëåêòðè÷åñêèì òîêîì íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è.Ìàöûíà À.È. ...................................................... 10

Ëèíèè ñìåðòè ïðîäîëæàþò ñîáèðàòü ñâîé «÷¸ðíûé»óðîæàé â Êàçàõñòàíå. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. ................... 14

Ðåçóëüòàòû ïðîâåðêè ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ äëÿäëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè â Áîãîðîäñêîì ðàéîíåÍèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ.Ëåâàøêèí À.Ï. .................................................... 22

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ .......................... 23

Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê â Ïîâîëæüå, íà Óðàëåè â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. ................... 23

Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè.Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Êèñåë¸âà Í.Þ. ................................. 70

Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãí¸çä õèùíûõ ïòèö íà òåððèòîðèèÍîâîñèáèðñêîãî Àêàäåìãîðîäêà è â åãîáëèæàéøèõ îêðåñòíîñòÿõ, Ðîññèÿ.Æèìóë¸â È.Ô., Àíàíüêî Í.Ã., Àíäðååíêîâ Î.Â.,Êîñòåðèí Î.Ý. .................................................... 73

Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ ............................................ 76

Ïåðâûé ñëó÷àé ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñêîïû íà îïîðå ËÝÏâ Ïîâîëæüå, Ðîññèÿ. Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Êàðÿêèí È.Â.,Ìîñêàëèê Ë.Í. .................................................... 76

Íîâûå ïóáëèêàöèè è ôèëüìû ........................... 77

Ñîäåðæàíèå

Editors ..................................................................... 3

Events ...................................................................... 5

The Consultative Meeting of NGOs of Russia,Kazakhstan and Mongolia and Customs Officersand CITES Management and Scientific Authoritiesof Countries – Participants of the Meeting aboutthe Problem of Illegal Trade in Wildlife«Development of Iinternational Cooperation inRealization of CITES in Altai-Sayan Ecoregion» ...... 7

Raptors Conservation ........................................... 10

Short Review of Techniques for PreventingElectrocution of Birds on Overhead Power Lines.Matsina A.I. ........................................................ 10

Lines-Killers Continue to Harvest the Mortal Cropin Kazakhstan. Karyakin I.V. ................................. 14

Monitoring Results of Nestboxes for Ural Owlin the Bogorodsk Region of theN.Novgorod District, Russia.Levashkin A.P. ..................................................... 22

Raptors Research .................................................. 23

The Greater Spotted Eagle in the Volga Region, UralMountains and Western Siberia. Karyakin I.V. ...... 23

The Greater Spotted Eagle in the N.NovgorodDistrict in 2005. Bakka S.V., Kiseleva N.Yu. .......... 70

Distribution of Nests of Birds of Prey inAkademgorodok of Novosibirsk andits Vicinities, Russia.Zhimulev I.F., Ananko N.G., Andreenkov O.V.,Kosterin O.E. ....................................................... 73

Short Reports ........................................................ 76

The First Record of the Osprey Breeding on theElectric Pole in Povolzhye, Russia. Bakka S.V.,Karyakin I.V., Moskalik L.N. ................................. 76

New Publications and Videos .............................. 77

raptors conservation 11/2008

Documents