Raven's Progressive Matrices 1

Raven's Progressive MatricesRaven's Progressive Matrices (often referred to simply as Raven's Matrices) or RPM, is a nonverbal group testtypically used in educational settings. It is the most common and popular test administered to groups ranging from5-year-olds to the elderly.[1] It is made of 60 multiple choice questions, listed in order of difficulty.[2] This format isdesigned to measure the test-taker's reasoning ability or, ("meaning-making") component of Spearman's g, which isoften referred to as general intelligence. The tests were originally developed by John C. Raven in 1936.[3] In eachtest item, the subject is asked to identify the missing element that completes a pattern. Many patterns are presented inthe form of a 4x4, 3x3, or 2x2 matrix, giving the test its name.

VersionsThe Matrices are available in three different forms for participants of different ability: Standard Progressive Matrices: These were the original form of the matrices, first published in 1938. The

booklet comprises five sets (A to E) of 12 items each (e.g., A1 through A12), with items within a set becomingincreasingly difficult, requiring ever greater cognitive capacity to encode and analyze information. All items arepresented in black ink on a white background.

Coloured Progressive Matrices: Designed for children aged 5 through 11 years-of-age, the elderly, and mentallyand physically impaired individuals. This test contains sets A and B from the standard matrices, with a further setof 12 items inserted between the two, as set Ab. Most items are presented on a coloured background to make thetest visually stimulating for participants. However the very last few items in set B are presented asblack-on-white; in this way, if a subject exceeds the tester's expectations, transition to sets C, D, and E of thestandard matrices is eased.

Advanced Progressive Matrices: The advanced form of the matrices contains 48 items, presented as one set of12 (set I), and another of 36 (set II). Items are again presented in black ink on a white background, and becomeincreasingly difficult as progress is made through each set. These items are appropriate for adults and adolescentsof above-average intelligence.

In addition, "parallel" forms of the standard and coloured progressive matrices were published in 1998. This was toaddress the problem of the Raven's Matrices being too well known in the general population. Items in the paralleltests have been constructed so that average solution rates to each question are identical for the classic and parallelversions. A revised version of the SPM - the Standard Progressive Matrices Plus - was published at the same time.This was based on the "parallel" version but, although the test was the same length, it had more difficult items inorder to restore the discrimination that the original SPM had among more able adolescents and young adults when itwas first published. This new test, developed with the aid of better sampling arrangements and developments in theprocedures available to implement Item Response Theory, has turned out to have exemplary test properties.J. C. Raven first published his Progressive Matrices in the United Kingdom in 1938. His three sons establishedScotland-based test publisher J C Raven Ltd. in 1972. In 2004, Harcourt Assessment, Inc. a division of HarcourtEducation acquired J C Raven Ltd. Harcourt was later acquired by Pearson PLCThe Triple Nine Society, a high IQ society, accepts the Advanced Progressive Matrices form for one of theiradmission tests. They require a score of at least 32 out of 36 on or before December 31, 1999 on the RAPM.[4] TheInternational Society for Philosophical Enquiry (ISPE) similarly accepts the RAPM as a qualification foradmission,[5] and so does the International High IQ Society.[6]

Raven's Progressive Matrices 2

Underlying factorsRaven's Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary tests were originally developed for use in research into the genetic andenvironmental origins of cognitive ability. Raven thought that the tests commonly in use at that time werecumbersome to administer and the results difficult to interpret. Accordingly, he set about developing simplemeasures of the two main components of Spearman's g. These two components are (1) the ability to think clearly andmake sense of complexity, which is known as eductive ability (from the Latin root "educere", meaning "to drawout") and (2) the ability to store and reproduce information, known as reproductive ability.Ravens tests of both were developed with the aid of what later became known as Item Response Theory.

An example of one kind of IQ test item, modeledafter items in the Raven's Progressive Matrices

test.

Uses of the tests

The tests were developed for research purposes. Because of theirindependence of language and reading and writing skills, and thesimplicity of their use and interpretation, they quickly foundwidespread practical application. For example, all entrants to theBritish armed forces from 1942 onwards took a twenty minute versionof the SPM. The routine administration of what became the StandardProgressive Matrices to all entrants (conscripts) to many militaryservices throughout the world (including the Soviet Union) continuedat least until the present century. It was by bringing together these datathat James R. Flynn was able to place the intergenerational increase inscores beyond reasonable doubt. Flynn's path-breaking publications onIQ gains around the world have led to the phenomenon of the gainsbeing known as the Flynn Effect. Among Robert L. Thorndike[7] andother researchers who preceded Flynn in finding evidence of IQ score gains was John Raven,[8] reporting on studieswith the RPM.

A 2007 study provided evidence that individuals with Asperger syndrome, a high-functioning autism spectrumdisorder, score higher than other individuals on Raven's tests.[9] Another 2007 study provided evidence thatindividuals with classic autism, a low-functioning autism spectrum disorder, score higher in Raven's tests than inWechsler tests. In addition, the individuals with classic autism were providing correct answers to the Raven's test inless time than individuals without autism, although erring as often.Wikipedia:No original research#Primary,secondary and tertiary sources

ReferencesNotes

[1] Kaplan, R.M., & Saccuzzo, D. P. (2009). Standardized tests in education, civil service, and the military. Psychological testing: Principles,applications, and issues (7 ed. pp. 325-327). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

[2] Kaplan, R.M., & Saccuzzo, D.P. (2009). Standardized tests in education, civil service, and the military. Psychological testing: Principles,applications, and issues (7 ed. pp. 325-327). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth

[3] Raven, J. C. (1936). Mental tests used in genetic studies: The performance of related individuals on tests mainly educative and mainlyreproductive. MSc Thesis, University of London.

[4] http:/ / www. triplenine. org/ main/ admission. asp[5] http:/ / www. thethousand. com/ scores. html[6] http:/ / www. highiqsociety. org/ submit-qualifying-score. php[7] Thorndike, R. L. (1977). Causation of Binet IQ decrements. Journal of Educational Measurement, 14, 197-202.[8] Raven, J. (1981). Manual for Raven's Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales. Research Supplement No.1: The 1979 British

Standardisation of the Standard Progressive Matrices and Mill Hill Vocabulary Scales, Together With Comparative Data From EarlierStudies in the UK, US, Canada, Germany and Ireland. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment

Raven's Progressive Matrices 3

[9] Hayashi et al. (2007) http:/ / www. freewebs. com/ adiscussion/Superior%20fluid%20intelligence%20in%20children%20with%20Asperger's%20disorder. pdf

Bibliography

Raven, J., Raven, J.C., & Court, J.H. (2003, updated 2004) Manual for Raven's Progressive Matrices andVocabulary Scales. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment.

Raven, J., & Raven, J. (eds.) (2008) Uses and Abuses of Intelligence: Studies Advancing Spearman and RavensQuest for Non-Arbitrary Metrics. Unionville, New York: Royal Fireworks Press. The above Manual is only available to qualified psychologists, chapter 1 of this book is a more generally

available source

External links Official website (http:/ / www. RavensProgressiveMatrices. com) Website of Dr. John Raven (http:/ / www. johnraven. co. uk)

Article Sources and Contributors 4

Article Sources and ContributorsRaven's Progressive Matrices Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=584347877 Contributors: 7mike5000, A bit iffy, Andy Fugard, AndyTheGrump, Apeloverage, Argent2,Argumzio, Arny, Bamboomoon, Barrylb, Beanyk, Beyond My Ken, BillFlis, ChrisGualtieri, ChristopherHoney, Comiscuous, Courcelles, Damzam, Dd2, Eubulides, Extraordinary, Frau Holle,Freek Verkerk, Futurebird, Godfrey Daniel, GregorB, Gzabers, IQanalyst, Iulus Ascanius, JMK, JamesBWatson, Jayjay317, Jim1138, JoeSperrazza, Jokestress, Joriki, JoshXF, Khaim,LANA5588, Life of Riley, Lightmouse, Linuxerist, Lova Falk, MaesterTonberry, MartinSchmidt2, MastCell, Materialscientist, Melle28, Metsamies, Michael Hardy, Michael Ronayne, Mwanner,Nectarflowed, Neelix, NeonMerlin, Nicksmp25, Noosphere, OTB, Pietrow, Quester67, Ramdrake, RockMFR, Seaghdha, Sjb90, Sjcann123, Slp1, Smyth, Supershadrach, T34CH, TarmoK,Tstrobaugh, Vashtihorvat, Victor Chmara, Vietnamiq, Vikingorator, Vreemdst, WeijiBaikeBianji, Zoid62, 86 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsImage:Raven Matrix.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Raven_Matrix.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Life of Riley

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