r)aykarN_sþIBI

karsikSaBInirnþrPaBénkarciBa©wmCIvitrbs; RbCaensaT nigksikr

enAPUmi

PUmidgeKam XMukMBg;Gus RsukBjaB¤ extþkNþal

]btßmÖeday

KMeragKaMRTdl;karRKb;RKgFnFanvarICatikúñgtMbn; shkarCamYy

kariyal½yGPivDÆn_shKmn_ensaT énnaykdæanClpl nig kmµviFI esál

sIha 2002

i

esckþIEføgGMNrKuN RkumsikSaRsavRCavsþI GMBIkarciBa©wmCIvitrbs;RbCaksikr nigGñkensaT kñúgextþkNþal sUmEføgGMNrKuN

y:agRCaleRCA cMeBaHKMeragpþÜcepþImrbs; STREAM Edl)an]btßmÖfvika nigbec©keTskñúgdMeNIr karsikSaenH. sUmEføgGMNrKuNdl; kariyal½yGPivDÆn_shKmn_ensaT nignaykdæanClpl énRksYg ksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT Edl)ansMrbsMrYlkñúgkic©dMeNIrkarsikSaenH. sUmEføgGMNrKuNGgÁkar- SCALEEdl)anrYmshkar nigCaGñkBieRKaHeyabl;d¾l¥kñúgkarGnuvtþn_kmµviFI.kñúgenaHpgEdrsUmEføgGMNr KuNdl;sßab½nrdæGMNac PUmidgeKam XMukMBg;Gus RsukBjaB¤ nigshKmn_ensaTPUmidgeKam Edl)anpþl; karGnuBaØat[RkumsikSaRsavRCav cuHeFVIkarenAkñúgPUmienH. ´RBHkruNa eyIgxMJúTaMgGs;Kña sUmGrRBHKuN- RBHetCKuN RBHecAGFikarvtþ RBHsgÇRKb;RBHGgÁkñúgvtþdgeKam nigsUmEføgGMNrKuNKN³kmµkarGacarü vtþ Edl)anpþl;TIkEnøgya:gsmrmü sMrab;CYbCMuRbCaCnkñúgkarpþl;Bt’man.

CaBiessRkumsikSaRsavRCavsUmEføgGMNrKuNdl; RbCaCnPUmidgeKamTaMgmUl Edl)ancMNay eBlevla d¾mantMél edIm,IcUlrYmpþl;Bt’mannUvRKb;skmµPaB nigktþaEdlman\T§iBlelIkarciBa©wmCIvitrbs; GñkPUmienH. RBmCamYyenHsUmEføgGMNrKuNnUvsNþancitþd¾l¥rbs;GñkPUmiEdl)anpþl;TICMrksMrab;sñak;enA nigkarcMGinmðÚbGahar d¾q¶aj;sMrab;Rkumkargar kñúgeBlsñak;enAbMeBjkargarkñúgPUmi.

RkumsikSaRsavRCav RkumBieRKaHeyabl; ¬ SCALE ¦

- elak CYb sMNag - elak ehg da

- GñkRsI b‘un BuT§I - GñkRsI yI cnÞ½ FarI

- elak G‘Uc suxun - elak h‘un cinþa

- elak eDob b:UlIn

- GñkRsI Lay bUpl

- elak Dul sMGag

- elak esg s‘unh‘Yt

ii

matikar

segçb nig snñidæan 1 1> esckþIepþIm 4 1>1 TItaMgPUmisaRsþ 4 1-2 RbvtiþPUmidgeKam 5 2>lT§pl 8 2-1 cMNat;fñak;RTBüsm,tþi 8

2>2>2 FnFanehdæarcnasm<n½§ 11 2>2>3 FnFanFmµCati 11 2>2>4 FnFansgÁm 14 2>2>5 FnFanhirBaØvtßú 18

2>3 PaBgayrgeRKaH 20 2>3>1 ksikmµ nig rdUvkal 20 2-3-2 ninñakar nigkarERbRbYl 23

2-4 sßab½n nigdMeNIrkar 27 2-5 yuT§saRsþciBa©wmCIvit 29

2>5>1 bBaðaCYbRbTH nigkarcat;fñak; 29 2-5-2 karviPaKbBaða 30 2-5-3 EpnkarskmµPaB 34

3> karsnñidæan 38

iii

tarag tarag1³ RbvtþikalPUmidgeKam 5 tarag2³ cMNat;fñak;RTBüsm,tþi 10 tarag3³ FnFansMxan;²rbs;PUmi 19 tarag4³ karviPaKelIsßabn½Bak;Bn§½ 27 tarag5³ cMnat;fñak;bBaða 29 taragTI6³EpnkarskmµPaBCYsCulTMnb; 35 taragTI7³EpnkarskmµPaB\NTanCIKImI 36 rUbPaB³ rUbPaBTI1³ TItaMgRsukBjaB¤ 7 rUbPaBTI2³ EpnTIkareRbIR)as;dI 12 rUbPaBTI3³ EpnTIkat;TTwg 13 rUbPaBTI4³ EpnTIsgÁm 16 rUbPaBTI5³ Ev:ndüaRkamburs nig RsþI 17 rUbPaBTI6³ ksikmµ nig rdUvkal 22 rUbPaBTI7³ karERbRbYl 25 rUbPaBTI8³ karviPaKEmkFagbBaðaxVHTMnb; 32 rUbPaBTI9³ karviPaKEmkFagbBaðaxVHCIKImI 33

iv

segçb nigkarsnñidæanCadMbUg

karsikSaenHKWCakargarsMxan;eTAelIBt’man Edlpþl;[edayGñkPUmidgeKam XMukMBg;Gus RsukBjaB¤

extþkNþal. GñkPUmisµ½RKcitþcMNayeBlevlarbs;BYkKat;ry³eBl 5 éf¶ TaMgyb;TaMgéf¶ cab;taMgBIéf¶TI 17 dl;éf¶TI 21 ExmifunaqñaM 2002 edIm,IeFVIkargar CamYYyRkumeyIg´. RkumsikSa)aneFVIkarCamYytMNagGñkPUmi RbmaN BI 10- 50 nak;PaKeRcInénGñkcUlrYmKWCaRsþI EdlCaGñksµ½RKcitþEdltMNag[ 253 RKYsarkñúgPUmi. RkumkargareyIg´eFVIeTA)an edaymankar]btßmÖBIGgÁkar SCALE nig STREAM ehIykarsikSaenA tammUldæanGnuvtþn_viFIsaRsþEdl)ansikSasþIBI karsMrbsMrYl nigkarcUlrYm PRA EdlbeRgoneday SCALE nig DFID. RkumkargareyIg´k¾manÉksareyag EdlCalTæplCMerInCatiqñaM1998 KYbpSMnwgGñkPUmidgeKamman citþrIkray kñúgkarpþl;B’tmanCaeRcIndl;RkumeyIg´. bnÞab;BI)anRbmUlB’tmanRkum eyIg)ancgRkgerobcMsr- esrCar)aykarN_. eKalbMNg ³ kargar)anerobcMCaEpñkmYyénkarsikSaCamUldæanrbs;Rkumkargar edIm,Ipþl;lTæPaB[GñkPUmidgeKam eFVIkarbgðajdl ;GñkxageRkAnUvkMritCIvPaBrs;enArbs;BYkKat; nigkarlM)ak EdlRtUvRbQmmuxnaeBlbc©úb,nñ nigeTAGnaKt. kñúgcMeNamRbCaCn 253 RKYsar EdlmansmaCik1192 nak; ¬RsþI 611nak; Rbus 581nak; ¦Eck Ca 5 cMNat;fñak; kñúgenaHGñkTIT½lRk17° GñkRkIRk29° GñkmFüm35° GñkRKan;ebI15° nigGñkFUrFar4°. muxrbrcMbgrbs;GñkPUmiKWeFVIERsR)aMgenAelIépÞdIRbmaN1900hikta eRkABIenaHKW eFVIdMNaMGnuplxøHEdr dUcCa eBat RtLac nenag el<A emÞs>>>. l. elIépÞdI 200hikta. eRkABIeFVIERscMkar BYkKat;manCMnajepSg²eTot dUcCa kareFVIensaT karkab;Gus RKUbRgon RKUExµr RKUeBTü Gacarü Cagkat;sk; >>>. l. karTMnak;TMng nigesvabMerIkarkñúgRbB½n§meFüa)ayksikmµ)anbgðajBI kMrityl;dwgrbs;RbCaCnkñúgkar eRbIR)as;eRKOgynþksikmµdUcCaRtak;T½r nigeKaynþsMrab;P¢Ürras; m:asIune)akRsUvm:asIunkinRsUvnigm:asIunepSg² eTot sMrab;esckþIRtUvkarkñúgCIvPaBRbcaMéf¶rbs;Kat;. eRkABIpøÚvlM 2 ExS nigsalabzmsikSacMnYn 3xñg TMnb; GagTwkcMnYn 19 GñkPUmidgeKammanFnFanFmµCatiCaeRcIneTotdUcCa épÞdIéRBlicTwk 450hikta Tenø1 ERBk 3 nigbwgFM²cMnYn 2 pgEdr.

1

TMenomTMlab; RbéBNI sasna nigkarecHCYyKñaeTAvijeTAmk enAeBlmanBiFIepSg²dUcCa karkUn buNüTan sIuQñÜl kñúgkMLúgeBleFVIERsR)aMgKWCacritTMnak;TMngsgÁmmYyd¾l¥rbs;GñkPUmi. minEtb:ueNÑaHBYk Kat;Efm TaMg)anRbmUlpþúMKñakñúgkarbegáItCa shKmn_ensaT KN³kmµkarTMnb; nigérGgÁasCaR)ak; edIm,ICYsCul pøÚvkñúgPUmii b¤TMnb; CaedImeTotpg. l½kçx½NÐGMeNaypldUcxagelIenH eFVI[GñkPUmiGacTajykR)ak;cMNUlBI karlk;plRsUv kareFVIensaT kab;Guslk; dMNaMGnupl kat;edr ciBa©wmstV nigkMérepSg²eTotBII karsIuQñÜleK mkciBaw©mCIvitnaeBlbc©úb,nñ.

skmµPaBbgábegáInpl kargarsgÁm nigkarERbRbYlepSg² RtUv)anbgðajkñúgdüaRkamrdUvkal. kar kMNt;ral;skmµPaBeBjmYyrdUvEckecjCaBIrKWWWWW Epñkburs nigRsþI ehIyepþatsMxan;eTAelImuxrbreFVIERsR)aMg nigCMnajepSg². karERbRbYlelIFnFan RBwtþikarN_epSg² GñkPUmi)ankMNt;elIdüaRkamcMnYn 7kñúgenaHbgðaj [eXIjnUv karERbRbYléncMnYnRKYsar épÞdIéRBlicTwk épÞdIERsR)aMg stVBahn³ kareRbIR)as;CIKImI TinñplRsUv Rtak;Tr½ nigeKaynþ sMrab;P¢Ürras;.

b:uEnþktþaRBYy)armÖKW kMeNInRbCaCnPUmidgeKam kar)at;bg;éRBlicTwk nigCaBiessBuMmanlT§PaBeFVICI FmµCati EdlCaktþanaMeGaykareRbIR)as;CIKImIkan;EteRcIneLIg² eFVIeGayKuNPaBdIfycuH. müa:geTotPUmiRtUv licTwkCaerogral;qñaM plb:HBal;F¶n;F¶renaHKW RbB½n§TMnb;GagTwk pøÚvlMkñúgPUmi nigpøÚvdwkksiplRtUvxUcxat. rIÉ dMNaMRsUvR)aMgk¾RtUvxUcxat bNþalmkBIRbPBeRsacRsBBuMRKb;RKan;. karxVHTMnak;TMngCamYysßab½nxageRkA eFVIeGayGñkPUmiCYbkarlM)akCaeRcIndUcCa xVHmnÞIreBTüsMrab;Büa)alCMgW xVHTIpSarlk;plitplksikmµµ QµÜj kMNt;tMéleRscEtcitþ GRtacgkarR)ak;x<s;. mUlehtuTaMgGs;xagelIenHehIy bNþaleGayGRtaéncMnYnGñk RkIRk kñúgPUmidgeKamkan;EtekIneLIg.

enAkñúgkarciBa©wmCIvitrbs;GñkPUmisBVéf¶mansßab½nbI Edlman\T§iBleTAelIkarciBa©wmCIvitdUcCa³ sßab½n rdæaPi)al GñkCMnYj nigsgÁmsIuvil . karelIkeLIgnUvbBaðaTaMgLay EdlBYkKat;)anCYbRbeTHCaEpñkmYyy:ag sMxan; ehIymankarcab;GarmµN_BIsMNak;kñúgPUmi CaBiessGñkTIT½lRk RkIRk nigmFümenaHmancMnYn 15 bBaða RBmCamYyenH BYkKat;)aneRCIserIsbBaðaCaGaTiPaB nigcMbgcMnYn5 EdlRtUvelIkykmkviPaK nigeFVIEpnkar edIm,IedaHRsay.

PaBcaM)ac; nigesckþIRtUvkarrbs;GñkPUmidgeKam)anqøúHbBa©aMgeGayeXIjfa ebImankarCYy]btßmÖTan; eBlevlaBI sMNak;sßab½nGnþraKmn_xageRkAeTAelIeKalbMNgénEpnkarskmµPaBrbs;GñkPUmidUcCa CYyGgár Blkmµ kñúgkarCYsCulTMnb;GagTwk CYyedImTun edIm,IbegáIt\NTanCIKImIenaH BYkKat;Gaccat;Ecg)an tamtMrUv kar ehIynwgGackat;bnßykarx©IbuleK EdlmanGRtakarx<s;eTotpg.

2

cMeBaHplGviC¢man eRkABIshKmn_ensaTEdlBYkKat;yl;eXIjfa bc©úb,nñminTan;pþl;plRbeyaCn_ sMrab;BYkKat;enaH enAmanQµÜjeTot EdlCabBaðasMMxan;KYreGaycab;GarmµN_dUcCa tMélTUkdeLIgx<s; GRtakar R)ak;x<s;enAeBlRtUvkarx©Ibul nigCaBiesstMélplitplksikmµTab >>>. l. GñkPUmidgeKamCaTYeTAmanmuxrbrCaGñkeFVIksikmµ nigBwgEp¥ky:agsMxan;eTAelIFnFanFmµCati Edl PUmiman. l½kçx½NÐsmRsbEdlPUmimaneFVI[Kat;GacTajykR)ak;cMNUlBI karlk;plRsUv eFVIensaT kab;Gus dMNaMGnupl ciBa©wmstV nigkargareRkAksidæanepSg²eTotmkciBa©wmCIvit. tMrUvkarkñúgkarciBa©wmCIvitrbs;GñkPUmi dgeKam )anqøúHbBa©aMg[eXIjnUvkarlM)ak nig\Ti§BlGaRkk;mYycMnYndUcxageRkam³-

- TMnb;GagTwkmYycMnYnnwg)at;bg;RTg;RTayTaMgRsug RbsinebIKµankarCYsCuleLIgvijeT. - lkçnþik³rbs;shKmn_ensaT EdleTIbnwg)anbegáItminTan;mankarcUlrYmBIGñkPUmiTUeTA . dUcenH

naM[mankarmineBjcitþBIGñkPUmimYycMnYn. - karGPirkStMbn;éRBlicTwkenAkñúgPUmi CYbbBaðalM)akedaysarRbCaCnRtUvkarBRgIkdIERsR)aMg nig

kab;Guslk;EdlCamuxrbrsMxanrbs;;Kat;. - GRtaRbCaCnTIT½lRkGacekIneLIg RbsinebIKµanGnþraKmn_BIsßab½nxageRkAeT eRBaHfaTMnak;TMng

elImeFüa)ayplitkmµ QaneTArkEbbTIpSaresrI EdlTamTar[GñkRkCYlmeFüa)ayplitkmµ ksikmµBIGñkman.

- RbéBNIkareRbIR)as;CIFmµCatiRtUv)at;bg; edaysarcMnYnstVBahn³fycuHCalMdab; ehIyRbCaCn )aneRbIR)as;CIKImIeRcIn EdlbNþaleGayKuNPaBdIERsR)aMgfycuH.

Gnusasn_ EpnkarskmµPaBTaMgBIrEdlGñk)anelIkeLIgTamTar[manGnþaKmn_BIxageRkAeTIbmanRbsiT§PaB. sßab½n nigGgÁkarnana EdlBak;B½n§KYrpþl;esvakmµ\NTan manGRtakarR)ak;Tab edIm,ICYyGPivDÆn_ PUmi.

kmµviFI\NTanGacCYykat;bnßykarx©IbulBIQµÜjEdlmanGRtakarR)ak;x<s;. KUrEtmanGnþraKmn_NamYy edIm,IksagsmtßPaBsmaCikshKmn_ensaT edIm,Ipþl;lT§PaB[BYkKat;

ecHeRbIviFIsaRsþþcUlrYm kñúgkarRKb;RKgFnFanFmµCatienAkñúgshKmn_RbkbedaynirnþrPaB.

3

1> esck þ Iepþ Im 1>1 TItaMgPUmisaRsþ extþkNþalKWCaextþmYy kñúgcMeNamextþ-RkugTaMMg 24 énRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa latsn§wgB½T§raC FanIPñMeBjtambeNþaydgTenøemKgÁTenøsabnigTenø)asak;EdlmanRBMRbTl;xageCIgCab;nwgextþkMBg;cam nig extþ kMBg;qñaMg xaglicCab;nwgextþkMBg;s<W xagt,ÚgCab;nwgextþtaEkv nigRBMRbTl;RbeTsevotNam xag ekItCab;nwg extþéRBEvg. extþmanépÞdIsrub 3>555/42 K>m2 nigmanRbCaCncMnYn1>099>149 nak; ¬Rbus 526>185 nak;¦ EckecjCa 11Rsuk 147 XuM 1>087 PUmi RbCaCnPaKeRcInRbkbrbrksikmµ eFVIERs cMkar eFVIensaT ciBa©wmstV>>>. RsukBjaB¤ CaRsukmYykñúgcMeNamRsukTaMg 11 rbs;extþkNþal manRBMRbTl; xageCIgCab;nwg extþkMBg;qñaMg nigextþkMBg;cam xaglicCab;nwg extþkMBg;s<W xagt,ÚgCab;nwg RsukGgÁsñÜl extþkNþal nig x½NÐb¤sSIEkv xN½Ðdegáa raCFanIPñMeBj nigxagekItCab;nwgRsukmuxkMBUlextþkNþal. RsukmanépÞdI srub 31>654/72 hikta nigmanRbCaCnsrub 94>668 nak; ¬Rbus 45>661 nak; ¦ EckecjCa14 XMu nig 141 PUmi. XuMkMBg;GusCa XuMmYykñúgcMeNamXuMTaMg14rbs;RsukBjaB¤ extþkNþal manRBMRbTl;xageCIgCab; nwgXuMekaHcin RsukBjaB¤ nigRsuk)aFay extþkMBg;cam xaglicCab;nwwgdgTenøsab xagt,ÚgCab;nwgx½NÐ -b¤sSI Ekv raCFanIPñMeBj nigxagekItCab;nwg RsukmuxkMBUl extþkNþal. XMumanépÞdIsrubcMnYn 7>614/52 hikta nigmanRbCaCnsrub 7>200nak; ¬Rbus 3>062 nak; sißtiqñaM 1999 ksikmµRsuk ¦ EckecjCa 5 PUmiKW PUmidgeKam taEm kMBg;Gus bwgkþúl nig PUmitaRBhµ. sßiticMnYnRbCaCnkñúgextþ nigRsuk Rsg;ecjBI taragsßiti RbCaBlrdæ rbs;sñgkarnK)al extþkNþal Exmifuna qñaM 2001.

4

1-2 RbvtiþPUmidgeKam PUmidgeKamKWCa PUmimYysßitenAkñúg XMukMBg;Gus RsukBjaB¤ extþkNaþl. PUmienHsßitenAPaKxageCIg

raCFanIPñMeBj cMgayRbmaN 27 KIT,ÚEm:Rt edayeFVIdMeNIrtambeNþaypøÚvCatielx 5 rhUtdl;pSarTYlGMBil PUmiTYlGMBil XMuBjaB¤ RsukBjaB¤ rYcqøgTUkdeTAeRtIyxagekItTenøsab.

PUmidgeKamekIteT,IgenAcugstvtSTI 19 nig)anrkSaeQµaHtaMgBIedImerogrhUtmk. Tak;TinnwgRbvtþi eQµaHPUmicas;RBwT§acarüGayuBI 70-80qñaM)andMNalRbvtþieLIgdUcteTA ³ -RbvtþiTI1³ esþcenAsm½y]tþúgÁ)anR)arB§BiFIbuNüGMuTUk cab;BIPUmikMBg;høÜgrhUtmkdl;mat;ERBkdgeKam naeBlbc©úb,nñmandaMbegÁaldgeKamsMrab;Bak;ExSRBR½tEdlCaTIkEnøgpþac;RB½Rt. enAeBlbBa©b;BiFIbuNüGMuTUk mþg² EtgEteFVIBiFIbgðÚteKameLIg CanimitþrUbénkarqøgbuNüGMuTUk. ehtuenHehIy eTIbPUmi nigERBkdaMbegÁal dgeKamCab;garCaPUmidgeKam ERBkdgeKamerogrhUtmkTl;bc©úb,nñenH. -RbvtþiTI2 ³ tadug yayC½y)anbgÁab;[esþcmYyGgÁnasm½y]tþúgÁ EdleBjcitþkUnRsIrbs;Kat;[elIk pøÚvmYyExSBIPUmixageCIgvtþeTBRbNmeTAdl;PUmilVIxageCIglEgVkkñúgry³eBlmYyyb;[ehIy edIm,IEhCMnUn. kñúgkrNIelIkpøÚvminTan; esþcRtUvcuHvarBIedImpøÚvrhUtdl;cugpøÚv ebIBMudUecñHeTnwgpþac;kUnvij. luHyb;eLIg tadug yayC½y)anrkmeFüa)aydaMbegÁalbgðÚteKamragpáayeLIgenAevlaBak;kNþalGRFaRt edIm,Ie)akbeBaäatBl Tahan[yl;fa páayRBwkrHehIybBaÄb;skmµPaBelIkpøÚvnwgGal Kat;TaMgBIrpþac;kUnRsI. xN³enaHesþþcRBm cuHcaj;yay nigta ehIysuxcitþcuHvarBIPUmiedImpøÚvrhUtdl;PUmicugpøÚv. luHeXIjesþceKarBtamBaküsnüaEbb enH tadug yayC½ yl;RBmelIkkUnRsIfVayesþcerobcMGPiesktamRbéBNI. cMENkÉPUmiesþccuHvark¾Cab;gar PUmikMBg;cuHvar nigPUmitadug yayC½y daMbegÁalbgðÚteKamk¾Cab;garPUmidgeKamCaerogrhUtmk. taragTI1³RbtiTinsegçbRBwtþikarN_rbs;PUmidgeKam qñaM 1900 PUmidgeKam)anbegáIteLIgenAcugstvtSTI 19. mnusScas;CageK kñúgPUmibc©úb,nñ Gayu 84

qñaM eQµaH yay y:a Kat;manjatisnþanrs;enAEk,rKat;taMgBIKat;;enAekµgmkemø:H. qñaM 1920- 30 manRbCara®sþcMnYn 20RKYsar taMgTIlMenAtambNþaymat;ERBkdgeKamEb:kxagkñúg

nigRbkbrbr eFVIERscMkar nigeFVIensaTbnþicbnþÜc. qñaM 1930- 40 manRbCara®sþcMnYn 30 RKYsar rs;enA RbkbrbreFVIERs cMkar daMeBatRkhm nigeFIVIVensaT

rYmpSM. qñaM 1940- 45 manRbCara®sþcMNUlfµIBI XMuéRClas; PñM)at nigXMupSarEdk eFVI[RbCara®sþkñúgPUmi

ekIneLIgcMnYn50 RKYsar nigRbkbrbrdaMeBatRkhmCasMxan;. kñúgsm½yenaHRbCara®sþkñúg PUmiRtUvCab;kMENncUlrYm elIkpøÚvCatielx 5 kñúgmñak; 4 Ex¼qñaMBiessburs².

5

rIÉkgT½B\sSr³)ankMNt;ykR)ak;BIIRbCara®sþkñúgPUmieTAtamFnFankñúgRKYsaredayelaks½kþi3 esob manTItaMgenAvalR)aMgsar:ay.

qñaM 1945- 53 CMnan;emXMu eqg nigelakemRsuk mYg manRbCara®sþrs;enA 70 RKYsar)ane)aHbg;épÞdI daMeBatRkhmecal edaysarEtstVkNþúr nigstVl¥itbMpøaj ehIy)anpøas;bþÚrTIlMenA mkrs;enAtammat;Tenø edIm,IRbkbrbreFVIensaT .

qñaM 1953- 60 RsukTTYl)anÉkraCüBI)araMg RbCara®sþPUmidgeKam)anekIneLIgcMnYn 100RKYsar nig naMKñarandI éRBlicTwkdaMeBatRkhmeLIgvij.

qñaM 1960- 70 RbCara®sþcMnYn 170 RKYsar )annaMKñae)aHbg;ecalépÞdI daMeBatRkhmmþgeTot edaysar Etman stVéRB xøa dMrI ecjeBlyb; Can; nigxaM GñkcaMcMkar.

qñaM 1970- 75 RbCara®sþmYycMnYn )annaMKñart;ecjBIPUmieTArkkEnøgmansuvtßiPaBedIm,IeKcecjBIs®gÁam sIuivil RbyuT§KñarvagTahanln;Nul nigkgT½BExµrRkhmeFVI[RbCara®sþkñúgPUmifycuH mkRtwm150RKYsar.

qñaM 1975- 79 manRbCaraRsþrs;enAcMnYn 100RKYsar nigrs;enAtamEbbshkrN_hUb)ayrYmehIyRbCaCn 10- 20RKYsarRtUvGgÁkarExµrRkhmbBa¢ÚneGayeTArs;enAtMbn;epSg Biessextþ)at;dMbgenA edImqñaM1976

qñaM 1979 manRbCaraRsþcMnYn 70RKYsar ¬ cMNUlfµI 5 RKYsar ¦rs;enAtamEbbEpnRkumsamKÁI . qñaM1985 RbCaraRsþ)anekIneLIgcMnYn 200 RKYsar ehIyépÞdIbgábegáInpl )aneFVIkarEbgEck

RbKl;siTi§ii[RbCaraRsþkan;kab;tamkMlaMgBlkmµ 15 Ga¼mñak;. qñaM 2002 manRbCaraRsþcMnYn 253 RKYsar ¬tamkarRsavRCav Exmifuna qñaM 2002 ¦RbkbrbreFVI

ERsR)aMMg CasMxan; eFVIcMkar kab;Guslk; nigeFVIensaTenArdUvTwktMeLIg. ÉxøHeTot)anecj eTARbkbkargarenAeRkAPUmi edIm,IEsVgrkkMérelIkkMBs;kMritCIvPaBRKYsarrbs;BYkeK .

6

rUbPaBTI1 ³ TItaMgRsukBjaB¤ extþkNþal

7

2>lT§pl 2-1 cMNat;fñak;RTBüsm,tþi RbCaCnPUmidgeKammanTMnak;TMngKñaeTAvijeTAmk ehIy)anTTYlsÁal;nUvPaBxusEbøkKaññ BIRKYsar mYyeTARKYsarmYyeTot dUecñHGñkPUmi)anEbgEcknUvsßanPaBRKYsar nigcMNat;fñak;RTBüsm,tþi EdlBYkKat; manelIkarciBa©wmCIvit. RkumkargareyIg)anGeBa¢Ijcas;RBwT§acarü nigRbCaCncMnYn 11 nak;mkcUlrYm edIm,IeFVIkarEbgEckcMNat;fñak;RTBüsm,tþii . BYkKat;)ankMnt;EbgEckcMNat;fñak;RTBüsm,tþirbs;;RbCaCn enAkñúgPUmiKat;Ca 5 cMNat;fñak;dYUcxageRkam ³ - TIT½lRk b¤ RkbMput ³ 35 pÞH esµInwg 17 ° - RkIRk ³ 59 pÞH esµInwg 29 ° - mFüm ³ 71 pÞH esµInwg 35 ° - RKan;ebI b¤ elImFüm ³ 32 pÞH esµInwg 15 ° - FUrFar ³ 08 pÞH esµInwg 4 ° - TIT½lRk b£RkbMput cMeBaHRKYsarTIT½lRkmancMnYn 35pÞH esµµµµµIµIIµnwg 17 ° éncMnYnsrub 205pÞH kñúgPUmmiBYkKat;manPaB gayrgeRKaHbMputkñúgkarciBa©wmCIvit. kñúgcMeNamRKYsarTIT½lRkenHrYmman ®sIþIþþIemm:ay mnusScas;CraRKYsar mankMlaMgBlkmµtic nigGñkEdlmankUntUceRcIn EdlPaKeRcInCaGñksIuQñÜleKdUcCa dksÞÚg kab;qáaréRBdI ERsR)aMg kmµkrlIEsgepSg². RkumenHPaKeRcIn KµandIERs b£k¾manbnþicbnþÜcRbmaNBI15 - 30Ga y:ag eRcIn ehIyGacplitRsUv)anBI 600-800K Rk ¼qñaM EdlhUb)anEtkúñgeBlRbmUlpl nigsgbMNuleK b:ueNÑaH. eyagtamRbsasn_cas;RBwT§acarükñúgPUmi)anbBa¢ak;fa BImunBYkenHmandIERsR)aMgEdr b:uEnþeday sarmanCMgW nigkarxVHxatepSg²kúñgRKYsar BYkKat;)aneTAx©IbuleK ehIyR)ak;bMNulecHEtekIneLIg Edl bgçM[Kat;lk;dI edIm,IsgbMNuleK. - RkIRk RKYsarRkIRkmancMnYn 59 pÞH esµInwg 29° éncMnYnpÞHsrub BYkKat;k¾manPaBgayrgeRKaHdUcRKYsar TIT½lRkEdr. RkumenHPaKeRcInmandIERsRbmaNBI 30-60Ga ehIyTTYl)anplRsUvBI 20-30 eb ¼qñaM esµInwg1200-1800KILÚRkam¼qñaM EdlGacpÁt;pÁg;)anRtwmEt3-4 Exb:ueNaÑH nigmandIcMkarRbmaN 0-6 Ga. eRkABIenHBYkeKRtUvbeBa©jkMlaMgBlkmµ edIm,IsIuQñÜlykkMérmkciBa©wmCIvitbnþrhUtdl;rdUveFVIERsR)aMg qñaMeRkayeTot .

8

- mFüm RKYsarmFümman 71pÞH esµInwg 35° BYkenHBMusUvmanbBaðaF¶n;F¶rb:unµaneT kñúgkarRbkbrbrciBa©wm CIvit. BYkeKmandIERsR)aMgBI 1-3 hikta Edlp;litRsUv)anBII 45 eb¼qñaM eLIgeTA esµInwg2700KILÚRkam ¼qñaMeLIgeTA EdlGachUbRKb;RKan; nigmandIcMkarBI 6- 25 Ga TUk eKa RkbI nigxøHeTotman m:asuInbUmTwk sMrab;eFIVERscMkar. RKYsarmYYycMnYneTotmankUneTAkat;edrenAeragcRk EdlGacTTYlR)ak;bEnßmmYycMnYn eTot edIm,IpÁt;pÁg; CIvPaBrs;enA. dUecñHBYkKat;ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgRKYsarTIT½lRk niigRkIRk eXIjfaBMusUv manbBaðab:unµaneT kñúgkarciBa©wmCIvit . - RKan;ebI b¤¤ elImFüm RKYsarEdlmanCIvPaBelImFümb¤RKan;ebIenH mancMnYn 32 pÞHesµInwg 15° BYkeKmandIERsR)aMgBI 3-10hikta EdlGacplitRsUv)anBI 200eb¼qñaMeLIgeTA esµIwwnwg12 000KILÚRkam¼qñMaeLIgeTA nigman dIcMkarBI 6 -25 Ga maneKa RkbI TUkm:asIun eKaynþ xøHeTotGacmandl;Rtak;T½rtUc²sMrab;P¢ÜrdIeTotpg. RkumenHKµanbBaða kúñgkarRbkbrbrciBa©wmCIviteT ehIyxøHk¾mankUneTAkat;edrenAeragcRkEdr . - FUrFar RKYsarFUrFarman 08 pÞHesµInwg 4° énpÞHsrub cMeBaHBYkenHmandIERsR)aMgBI 10hikta eLIgeTA ( manmYyRKYsarmandIdl;eTA47hikta ) ehIyGacplitRsUv)anRbmaNBI 600 eb ¼qñaMeLIgeTA esµInwg 36000 KILÚRkam¼qñMaeLIgeTA. eRkABIenHBYkeKmandIcMkarBI 0/25-1hikta manTUk m:asIunbUmTwk eKaynþ Rtak;Tr½ xøHeTotmanm:asIune)akRsUv nigm:asIunkinRsUv EdlTTYl)anR)ak;cMNUly:ageRcIn eFVI[CIvPaBKat; kan;EtFUrFarEfmeTot.

9

taragTI2³ cMNat;fñak;RTBüsm,tþi

RbePT TIT½lRkbMput 17 ° RkIRk 29 ° mFüm 35 ° RKan;ebI 15 ° FUrFar 4 °

plRsUv 600-800 Kg¼qñaM

800-1800 Kg ¼qñaM 2700 Kg ¼qñaM eLIgeTA 12000 Kg ¼qñaMeLIgeTA 36000 Kg ¼qñaMeLIgeTA

dIERs 0-30 Ga ¼RKYsar 30-60 Ga ¼RKYsar 1 -3 ha ¼ RKYsar 3 -10 ha ¼RKYsar 10 ha ¼RKYsar eLIgeTA dIcMkar Kaµn 0-6 Ga 6-25 Ga 6-25 Ga 0/25-1 ha stV Kaµn man RCUk man; Ta

BI 1-2 k,al maneKa RkbI RCUk man; Ta BI 2-3 k,al

man eKa RkbI RCUkman; Ta 2-3k,al

eKa RkbI RCUk man; Ta

\NTan x©IluyeK bulRsUveK GRtakarR)ak;x<s;

x©I;uluyx©IbulRsUvGñkPUmi GRtakarR)ak 20°¼Ex

mYycMnYntUcmanx©IeK bnþicbnþÜc

Kµankarx©IIbul Gac[bgb¥Únx©I;mþgmáal

Kµankarx©Ibul Gac[bgb¥Únx©I;mþgmáal

sMPar³ ksikmµ

Kµan Kµan eKaynþ

Rtak;T½r eKaynþ

Rtak;T½reKaynþþ m:asuIne)ak m:asIunkiRsUv

TUkm:asuIn Kµan manmYycMnYntUc manmYycMnYnFM man1-2eRKOg PaKeRcIn man cMnYnkUn 3-7 nak; PaKeRcInBI 3-7 nak; 2-5 nak;

xøHmankUneTAkat;edr 2-5 nak; eTAkat;edrmYycMnYn

3-4nak;

TUrTsSn_ m:aej: viTüú

Kµan manmYycMnYntUc manPaKeRcIn manRKb;RKb;RKYsar manRKb;RKb;RKYsar

10

2-2 FnFan

2>2>1 FnFanmnusS GñkPUmidgeKamPaKeRcInCaksikr EdlmanCMnajxageFVIERsnigensaT. PUmienHsßitkñúgtMbn;TMnab licTwkenArdUvvsSa EdlCalT§PaBénkareFVIensaT dUcenHBYkKat;PaKeRcInecHRkgRBYl eFVIlb t²KañtaMgBI yUrNas;mkehIy. bc©úb,nñkargareragcRkkat;edr )anpþl;»kaseGayRsþIcUlrYmcMnYn 40 nak; edayTTYl kMérRbmaN 40 duløar¼Ex¼nak;. eRkABIenHmanRKUbeRgon15 nak; RKUExµr3nak; CagpÞH3nak; Cagtu TU 3nak; ecHsakGaKuy 2 nak; Cagm:asuIn 2 nak; Cagkat;edrenApÞH 6 nak; Cagkat;sk; 2 nak; ecHebIkRtak;Tr½ eKaynþ30nak; Cagft1nak; qµbbUraN1nak; RKUeBTü1nak; RBHsgÄ9GgÁ KN³kmµkarGacarüvtþRbFanPUmi CagCYsCulTUk ecHeRbIm:asuIne)ak nigkinRsUv.

BYkGñkPUmiPaKeRcIn ecHGan ecHsresr kñúgcMeNamGñkminecHGkSrPaKeRcInCaRsþI.

2>2>2 FnFanehdæarcnasm<n½§ kñúgPUmimanpøÚvlMBIrExS mYyExSCapøÚvsMrab;eFVIdMeNIrkñúgPUmiimanRbEvgRbmaN 1200 Em:Rt nigmYy

ExSeTotCapøÚvsMrab;dwkksipl. pøÚvkñúgPUmiCapøÚvsMxan;EdlkMBugEtEklMGeLIgedaymankarcUlrYmBIGñkPUmi. PUmienHmansalabzmsikSa2 xñg man4bnÞb; FanasisSkMBugeron 250nak; edayEckCaBIreBl ehIy1xñg eTot kMBugEtsagsg;man4bnÞb; nigmansalametþyümYyxñg1bnÞb;. TUkdCameFüa)aysMxan; sMrab;TMnak;; TMngrbs;GñkPUmi eRBaHPUmienHsßitenAeRtIymçagTenøsabq¶ayBIpøÚvCati. kñúgPUmimanvtþmYyEdlCakEnøgeKarB bUCarbs;GñkPUmi nigmansñak;karbeNþaHGasnñrbs;shKmn_ensaT. enAkñúgkargarksikmµ PUmimanTMnb;Twk cMnYn19kEnøg sMrab;kargareRsacRsB. GagTwkTaMgenH xøH)anksageLIgyUrmkehIy mankarxUcxateRcIn EdlTamTar[CYsCuleLIgvij nigmansßanIy_bUmTwkÉkCnmYykEnøgkMBugdMeNIrkarkñúgPUmi EdlbMerIkarbUm Twkdak;ERsR)aMgrbs;RbCaCnkñúgtMél 40 faMgRsUv¼hikta .

2>2>3 FnFanFmµCati épÞdIksikmµPaKeRcInGMeNaypldl;kar eFVIRsUvR)aMg nigdaMdMNaMcMkar. bc©úb,nñépÞdIRsUvR)aMg srub rbs;PUmimancMnYn 1900hikta nigdIcMkarcMnYn 200hikta ¬tamr)aykarN_rbs;GñkPUmi¦. PUmienHk¾manépÞÞÞ dIéRBlicTwkcMnYn 450hikta EdlCaCMrkstVéRB nigsMrab;RtIBgkUnenArdUvvsSa bwgFM² 2 ERBk 3 Tenø mYy Gac[GñkPUmieFVIkarensaT)an. FnFanFmµCatiTaMgenH mantYnaTIy:agsMxan;kñúgkarRTRTg;dl;karciBa©wmCIvit rbs;GñkPUmi kñúgenaHmanGñkxøH)anFUrFar edaysarkarRbkbrbrksikmµelIdIERscMkarenH.

11

bc©úb,nñFnFanFmµCatiTaMgenHkMBugmankarfycuH edaysarEtkMeNInRbCaCnecHEtekIneLIg nigkar eRbIR)as;meFüa)ayplitkmµsMbUrEbb pþl;lT§PaB[GñkPUmieFVIkarBRgIképÞdIERsR)aMgenAkñúgbrievNdIéRBlic Twk eFVI[)at;bg;éRBlicTwk EdlCaCMrkRtIBg nigRbPBGusdut. eRkABIenHGñkPUmikMBugeRbIR)as;CIKImIelIdMNaM RsUvR)aMgy:ageRcIn EdlbNþal[dI rwg hirexSaHCICati. m:üageTotCaerogral;qñaMPUmiKat;EtgEtlicTwk ehIy yUr²mþgCYbRbTHeRKaHTwkCMnn;F¶n;F¶r nigeRKaHraMgs¶Üt eFVI[b:HBal;dl;kargarbgábegáInplrbs;GñkPUmiEdr.

rUbPaBTI 2³ EpnTIeRbIR)as;dI

12

rUbPaBTI 3³ EpnTIkat;TTwg

13

2>2>4 FnFansgÁm GñkPUmiPaKeRcInCab;sac;jatinwgKña BYkeKmanTMnak;TMngl¥samKÁIKañCYyKñaeTAvijeTAmk kñúgkargar

mYycMnYndUcCa sg;pÞH karkUn buNü eBlmanCMgW. l. shKmn__ensaT EdleTIbEtbegáItfµI²)ancUlrYmy:ag sMxan;kúñgkargarRKb;RKgFnFanFmµCati. kñúgkargarbgábegáInplRbB½n§Rbv:as;édminRtUv)aneRbIR)as;eT dUecñH GñkEdlKµanmeFüa)ayplitkmµ RtUvEtCYleKP¢ÜrdI 80000erol¼hikta. GñkPUmimansµartIeFVIkarrYmKñadUcCa karérGgÁasR)ak;eFVIpøøÚv nigkarcgRkgCaRkumedIm,IRKb;RKgTMnb;TwkCaedIm. b:uEnþenAkñúgsgÁmKat;k¾manGñkmYy cMnYntUcKitEtRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn eFVI[manTMnas;KñakñúgerOgdIeFVIERsR)aMg nigmineBjcitþkñúgkarérGgÁasR)ak;eFVI pøÚvkñúgPUmi.

edIm,Ikaryl;dwgbEnßmeTAelIkarTMnak;TMngsgÁm RkumsikSa)aneFVIkarsikSadac;edayELkBIKña rvag Rkumburs nigRsþþI¬sUmemIldüaRkam burs nig RsþI¦. kñúgkarsikSaelIkarTMnak;TMngCamYysßab½nepSg²Edl Bak;B½n§nwgRbCaCn enAPUmienH RkumGñksikSa)ansMrbsMrYl[GñkPUmieRbITMhMRkdasragrgVg; EdlmanTMhMbI xusKña ³ sßab½n b¤buKÁl EdlsMxan; tagedayRkdasFMCageK TMhMmFümsMrab;sßab½nb¤buKÁl EdlmantYnaTI sMxan;bnÞab; nigtUcCageK sMrab;GñkminsUvsMxan;. rIÉcMgaybgðajBIPaBCitsñiT§ b¤ecjcUljwkjab; CamYyGñkPUmi.

kñúgdüaRkamTaMgBIIr)anbgðaj[eXIjfa GñkPUmiTaMgbursnigRsþI mankarTMnak;TMngCamYynwgbuKÁlb¤ sßab½nmYycMnYndUcKña kñúgcMeNamGñkEdlmanTMnak;TMngCitsñiT§ nigsMxan;bMputBYkKat;)aneRCIserIsykemPUmi KN³kmµkarRKb;RKgTMnb;Twk cas;RBwT§acarü RkumRbwkSaXMu vtþ salaeron. emPUmi CaGñkCYykargarTUeTAkñúg PUmi KN³kmµkarRKb;RKgTMnb;TwkCYykñúgdMeNIrkarCYsCulTMnb; Fanadl;;kargareRsacRsB . cas;RBwT§acarü kñúgPUmivtþGaramKWCa mnusS nigsßabn½ EdlGacCYyedaHRsaybBaðamþgmáal eBlBYkKat;CYbRbTHdUcCacUlrYm kñúgkaredaHRsayTMnas; karérGgÁas ehIyGñkPUmiGacx©IsMPar³epSg² BIvtþ)an. RkumRbwkSaXMu Casßab½n Edl Canic©Cakal )ancUlrYmkñúgkarkarBar nigEfrkSaplRbeyaCn_rbs;BYkKat; ehIymanTMnak;TMngCitsñiT§eTAnwg GñkPUmiKYrsmEdr. salaeronCa fñalbNþúHbNþalviC¢adl;kUnecArbs;Kat; edIm,IBRgIkFnFanmnusSkñúgPUmi. enAmansßab½nsMxan;² BIreTot minsUvmanTMnak;TMngCitsñiT§KWmnÞIreBTü nigrdæaPi)al EdlGñkPUmiyleXi;jfa enAkñúgPUmiKµanmnÞIreBTüsMrab;Büa)alCMgW nigral;karTMnak;TMngCamYymRnþIrdæaPi)almYycMnYnmankarlM)ak.

RkumTaMgBIrk¾mancMNab;GarmµN_epSgKñaeTAelIsßab½n b¤¤buKÁlmYycMnYn EdlmanTMnak;TMngeTAnwgGññk PUmidUcCa QµÜj sßab½n\NTan shKmn_ensaT eragcRkkat;edr nigeBTüstV. Rkumbursyl;eXIjfa QµÜj minsUvsMxan; cMENkRkumnarIvijyl;fasMxan;xøaMg eRBaHfaeTaHbICakarx©IbulmanGRtakarR)ak;x<s;k¾eday b:uEnþ va)anbMeBjtMrUvkarkñúgskmµPaBrs;enArbs;Kat;. cMeBaHsßab½n\NTaneGsIulIda bursyl;eXIjfa Casßab½n sMxan;xøaMg EtRsþIvijyl;fasMxan;bnÞab; eRBaHKat;manlT§PaBGacx©IR)ak;BIGgÁkarenH)an. EtkarsgR)ak;vij 14

ry³eBlxøIeBk nigmankarrwbGUsRTBüsm,tþi kñúgkrNIkUnbMNulrkR)ak;sgmin)antamkarkMNt;. RkumRsþI )ancat;TukKN³kmµkarshKmn_ensaTminsMxan;sMrab;BYkKat; kñúgeBlEdlRkumburs;yl;fasMxan;lµm eRBaH RkumRsþImin)anyl;BIeKaledA nigtYnaTIrbs;shKmn_ ehIyminTan;manskmµPaBc,as;las;Edr. RsþIyl; fa eragcRkkat;edrmansar³sMxan;sMrab;BYkKat; kñúgkarCYysMrYldl;karrkR)ak;cMNUlsMrab;GñkPUmii enAeBl EdlbursminsUvcab;GarmµN_. RkumRsþIyl;eXIjfa eBTüstVsMxan;sMrab;Büa)alCMgWstVkñúgPUmi ÉRkumburs )anGHGagfa mankarBi)akTMnak;TMngCamYyeBTüstV ehIykñúgPUmiminmaneBTüstVeT.

eRkABIenH eyIgsegáteXIjfa Rkumbursmankarcab;GarmµN_eTAelIsßab½nnanamYycMnYneTot elIsBI RkumRsþI EdlCasßab½nminsUvsMxan; nigCitsñiT§dUcCa pSar rfynþ nigrWum:kdwkGñkkat;edr TUkd. pSarenAq¶ayBI PUmiminGac[Kat;TijdUrTMnijral;éf¶)an rfynþnigrWm:kKWsMrab;dwkGñkeFVIkareragcRkeTAmk. TUkdsMrab;cMlg GñkPUmieTAmk b:uEnþm©as;TUkdCabuKÁl EdlBYkKat;ri³Kn;y:agxøaMg cMeBaHtMél nigsiTi§pþac;mux kñúgkarhamXat; GñkPUmimin[eRbIR)as;TUkpÞal;xøÜncMlgePJoveBlmanbuNüTanmþgmáal.

15

rUbPaBTI 4³ EpnTIsgÁm

16

salaeron

cas;RBwTacarY

PUmidgeKam

mnIeBtY

eBTYstV

\NTan

rWm:kdwkGkat;edr

Qj

CagCYsCulm:asIunTUkdr

pSar

KNkmkarRKb;RKgTMnb;

eragcRkkat;edr

vtb:UlIs

RbFanXMu

RbFanPUmi

RksYgGb;rMyuvCn nig kILa

eragcRkkat; edr

Qj

RkumRbwkSa

KNkmkarRKb; RKgTMnb;

vt

salaeron

cas; RBwTacar Y

RbFanPUmiGga

shKmn_

eBTYstV

mnIeBtY

PUmidgeKam

rdæaPi)al

rUbPaBTI 5 ³ Ev:ndüaRkam burs nig RsþI

17

2>2>5 FnFanhirBaØvtßú enAPUmidgeKammanRKYsarcMnYn 253 RKYsar TTYlR)ak;cMNUlPaKeRcIn)anmkBI karlk;plRsUv tMélRsUvCamFüm 350000 erol¼etan. RKYsarxøHmankUneTAeFVIkarenAeragcRkkat;edr BYkeKGacTTYl R)ak;QñÜlBI 40 duløa eLIgeTA. GñkmanRtak;Tr½ eKaynþ GacsIuuQñÜlP¢ÜrdIERs cMkar kñúgtMél 80000erol ¼hikta. manGñkPUmimYycMnYntUcmanmuxrbr sakGaKuy kat;sk; CYsCulTUk m:asuIn eFVItu TU kat;edrkñúgPUmi nigkarpþl;esvakmµepSg² GacrkR)ak;cMNUlcab;BI 7000-10000erol¼éf¶ b:uEnþkargarTaMgGs;enHBMueTog Tat;eT. cMeBaHRsþIxøHEdlmankUntUc² minGaceFVIkarenAq¶ay)anGacsuIQñÜldksÞÚg)ankMér3500erol¼éf¶. eRkABIkargarxagelI GñkTITl½Rk RbkbrbensaT nigkab;GusenArdUvvsSa EdlGacTTYl)ankMér 4000erol ¼éf¶. GñkPUmiTUeTAGacrkcMNUlbnÞab;bnSMBI karciBa©wmstV RCUk man; Ta lk;cabhYy niglk;dMNaMGnupl- epSg² dUcCa emÞs eBat RtLac nenag>>>. l. eTaHbIKat;mancMNUlxagelIenHk¾eday k¾GñkPUmiEdlRkIRk nigTIT½lRk enAEtCYbkarxVHxatCMruj[BYkKat;eTAx©IbulBIQµÜjenAkñúgPUmi nigenAeRkAPUmi .

18

taragTI3³FnFansMxan;²kñúgPUmidgeKam FnFanmnusS FnFanehdæarcnasm<n½§ FnFanFmµCati FnFansgÁm FnFanhirBaØavtþú -RBHsgÇ 9 GgáÁ -KN³kmµkar nig Gacarüvtþ - RKUbeRgon 15 - RbFanPUmi - CagpÞH 3 - RKUExµr 3 - ecHRkgRBYl nig eFVIlb - kmµkrkat;ed 40 - ecHsakGaKuy 2 - Cagkat;edrenA pÞH 6 - Cagkat;sk; 2 - CagftrUb 1 - qµbbuUraN 1 - RKUeBTü 1 - Cag tu TU 3 -CagCYsCulTUk -Cagm:asuIn -ecHebIkRtak;Tr½ eKaynþ eRbIR)as; m:asuIne)ak nigkin RsUv

-pSarqøgdcMgay 2 Km - salabzmsikSa3xñg - salametþyü1xñg - pøÚvlM 2ExS - vtþ 1 - TMnb;Twk 19 -sñak;karbeNþaHGasnñ rbs;shKmn_ensaT1 -TUkd 1 -sßanIy¾bUmTwkÉkCn mYykEnøg

- éRBlicTwk - bwgFM² 2 - dIERsR)aMg - dIcMkar -Tenø -ERBk 3 -RtI nigstVéRB

-karRKb;RKg edayshKn_ ensaT - esvakmµelII meFüa)ayplitkmµ ksikmµ - RbéBNITM enomTMnab;ecH CYyKñaeTAvij eTAmk -karérGgÁas kúñgkarsagsg;pøÚv nigTMnb;

- lk;ksipl - karensaT - eragcRkkat;; edr -sIuQñÜldk sÞÚg P¢Ürras; e)akRsUv kinRsUv - esvakmµ\N Tan - ciBa©wmstV - kab;Gus - sakGaKuy - lk;cab;hYy

19

2>3 PaBgayrgeRKaH

2>3>1 ksikmµ nig rdUvkal skmµPaBbgábegáInpl kargarsgÁm nigkarERbRbYlepSg² EdlekItmaneLIgRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúg

düaRkamrdUvkal ¬sUmemIlrUbPaBTI 6¦ düaRkamTaMgBIrenHRtUv)aneFVIdac;BIKñarvagburs nigRsþI. GñkPUmii nig RkumsikSa)anyksárRKab;dak;BinÞúeTAtamExnImYy² edIm,Itag[skmµPaBedaykMNt;faBinÞú1 minsUvrvl;;;;tam lMdab; rhUtdl;BinÞúR)aMrvl;CageK ebIKµanskmµPaBesaHTukenATMenr. RkumTaMgBIr)aneRCIserIsExmkeRbIxus² Kña bursyktamRbtiTinExµrKWcab;epþImBI Exkkþik CaExTI1 ÉRkumRsþIvijyktamRbtiTinskl Edlcab;epþImBI Exmkra EteTaHCay:agenHk¾eday RkumsikSa)aneRbIR)as;ExTaMgBIrenH enAelIdüaRkamedIm,IgayRsYlkñúgkar eRbobeFob nigviPaK.

kargareFVIERsR)aMgCakargarsMxan;CageK kñúgcMeNamkargarbgábegáInplrbs;GñkPUmi. kareFVIRsUv enH GñkPUmimankarmmajwkxøaMg eRBaHKat;RtUveFVIkarerobcMdI sabsMNab nigsÞÚgRbedjTwk EdlCakargarkMM Nt ; edayktþaFmµCati TwkRskelOnrvl;xøaMg ebIeFVIminTan;TinñplfycuH. tamdüaRkam )anbgðaj[eXIj fa RsþIcUlrYmkargarenHticCagburs. RsþIcUlrYmelIkargar sabRBYs dk sÞÚg nigRcUtkat; rIÉbursvijcUlrYm kargarenHeRcInCagRsþIKWcab;taMgBIkarkab;éRB P¢ÜrdI rhUtdl;RbmUlpl ehIycugeRkayKat; RtUvP¢ÜrdIERsBnøic TwkmuneBlTwkeLIg.

dMNaMcMkarsMxan;² man eBat emÞs RtLac el<A nenag>>> . GñkPUmidaMeBatenAelIépÞdIéRB Edlkab; qáarehIydut edaymin)ac;eFVIkarP¢Üras;. kargareFVIcMkardUcnwgkargareFVIERsEdr RsþIcUlrYmelIkargardaMduHEfTaM nigRbmUlpl cMENkbursvijeFVIkargar cab;taMgBIeBlerobcMdIrhUtdl;RbmUlpldwkykmkpÞH.

kñúgkargarensaTRtIburs)ancab;GarmµN_bgðajfa Kat;mankarmmajwkeFVIensaT)ancab;BI ExBisax EdlRtUvnwgExmifuna rhUtdl;ExGsÚuSCRtUvnwgExFñÚ. cMENkRkumRsþIvij)anbgðajBIskmµPaBlk;RtI Edl)an mkBIkarensaTrbs;Rkumburs. eyIgeXIjmanPaBxusKñaelIcMnucenH RkumRsþI)anniyayfa kñúgPUmidgeKam TaMgmUl esÞIrEtRKb;RKYsarEtgEtmanbþI b¤kUn dak;lb b¤raymg ykRtIhUbCaRbcaM ehIyk¾manRKYsarxøHGac sl;)anlk;bnþicbnþÜcEtb:ueNÑaH. dUcenHeyIgKYrkt;sMKal;fa bursminsUvcab;GarmµN_elIRbPBcMNUltUctac kñúgRKY sardUcRsþIeT.

bnÞab;BIRbmUlRsUvrYc BYkKat;kab;GusKrTukenAkñúgéRBenAExeCsæ nigGasaF luHdl;ExRsaBN_ eTIb Kat;dwkCBa¢ÚnmkpÞHsMrab;dut b¤k¾lk;dUrxøH edIm,IykkMérciBaw©mCIvit kargarenHk¾mankarcUlrYmBI burseRcInCag RsþIEdr.

RkumRsþIbgðajBIskmµPaBkargarmYycMnYn EdlRkumbursmin)ancUlrYmdUcCa karciBa©wmstV kargar eragcRkkat;edr. kúñgkargarsgÁmRsþI)anbgðajskmµPaBeRcInCagbursdUcCa karcUlrYmkñúgBiFIbuNüepSg² 20

nigBiFImgÁlkarCaedIm GaRs½yeTAtamTMenomTMlab;GñkPUmi ehIyrdUvbuNüenHmanCabnþbnÞab; EtBYkKat;kM Nt;ykbuNüsMxan;CageK nigrvl;eRcIn KWbuNücUlqñaMExµr nigrdUvbuNüP¢MbiNÐ . enAkñúgeBlcUlrYmBiFIbuNü TaMgenHGñkPUmi RtUvkarcMNayR)ak;CahUrEh.

GñkPUmiTaMgburs nigRsþIk¾)anbgðajBIeBlevla EdlxVHxatR)ak; nigelIsBIenHeTAeTotRsþII)anbgðaj nUvtMrUvkarbulRsUvpgEdr. BYkKat;mankarxVHxatxøaMgenAExFñÚrhUtdl;ExmIna EdlCaeBlevlaRtUvkarcMNay elIkargarbgábegáInplrbs;Kat;.

21

rUbPaBTI6³ ksikmµ nig rdUvkal

22

2-3-2 ninñakar nigkarERbRbYl karERbRbYlelIFnFan nigRBwtþikarN_epSg² )anekItmaneLIgenAkúñgPUmidgeKam. GñkPUmi)antag RBwtþikarN_ nigkarERbRbYlTaMgenH enAelIdüaRkamcMnYn7 EdldüaRkamTaMgenaH)anbgðajBI cMnYnRKYsar épÞdI éRBlicTwk épÞdIERsR)aMg stVBahn³ kareRbIR)as;CIKImI TinñplRsUv kareRbIRtak;Tr½ nigeKaynþP¢Ürras;.

edaysarEtsRgÁamsIuvil nigkarRKb;RKgedayBYkExµrRkhm )aneFVI[RbCaCnmYycMnYnpøas;bþÚrTIlM enAeTARCkekanmUldæanepSg² EdlmansuvtßiPaB. dUcenHminsUvmanmnusScas;²enAkñúgPUmi EdlGaccgcaM nUvRBwtþikarN_nana)aneRcIneLIy.

cMnYnRKYsar mnusScas;²enAkñúgPUmienAcaM)anfa kalBIqñaM 1930manRbCaCnrs;enARbEhl 20RKYsarbuu:eNÑaH

ehIycMnYnenHekIneLIgCalMdab;. enAcenøaHqñaM 1950- 70 cMnYnRbCaCnmankarekIneLIgxøaMg edaysarRsuk TTYl)anÉkraCüBI)araMg nigenAcenøaHqñaM1970-79 cMnYnRbCaCnkñúgPUmifycuHy:agxøaMg edaysarEtsRgÁam sIuvil nigkarkan;kab;rbs;BYkExµrRkhm. cab;BIqñaM1980 cMnYnRbCaCn)anekIneLIgCalMdab; edaysarEtkar vilRtlb;rbs;RbCaCnBItMbn;epSg² mkrs;enAkñúgPUmivij. RkumsikSaeyIg)ansegáteXIjfa enAkñúgPUmienH minTan;manesvakmµCapøÚvkarelIsuxPaBbnþBUCenAeLIy ehIyGñkPUmik¾mankarRBYy)armÖelIkMeNInRbCaCn enHEdr eRBaHfaépÞdIbgábegáInplrbs;Kat;enAdEdl ehIyFnFanFmµCatiecHEtfycuH.

épÞdIéRBlicTwk épÞdIéRBlicTwkrbs;PUmidgeKam mankarERbRbYlCa 3 dMNak;kalKW enAcenøaHqñaMM1940- 45 nigCa

BiesscenøaHqµñaM 1950- 60 épÞdIéRBfycuHCaxøaMg edaysarRbCaCnnaMKñarandIdaMeBatRkhm ehIyenAcenøaH qañM 1945- 50 nigqñaM 1960- 70 ekIneLIgvij edaysarstVl¥itbMpøaj nigmanstVxøadMrIecjenAeBlyb; eFVI[RbCaCne)aHbg;dIcMkareBatRkhmecalvij. enAcenøaHqñaM 1970- 75 ekIneLIgbnþeTot edaysarEt sRgÁamsIuvil RbCaCnminGacbgábegáInpl)an. GñkPUmi)ancab;epþImranéRBlicTwkBRgIkdIeFVIERsR)aMg taMgBI qñaM 1975 KWkñúgrbb b:ul Bt ehIybnþrhUtdl;eBlbc©úb,nññ eFVI[éRBlicTwkmankarfycuHCalMdab;.

épÞdIERsR)aMg GñkPUmimanRbéBNIeFVIERsR)aMgCayUrmkehIy EdleFVIenAelIépÞdIlicTwkenAEk,r²PUmi. b:uEnþcab;taMg

BIqñaM 1975mk GñkPUmi)ancab;epþImkab;ranéRBlicTwkBRgIkdIERsR)aMgCabnþbnÞab;. karBRgIkdIERsR)aMgenH eFVI[)at;bg;épÞdIéRBlicTwk nigb:HBal;dl;RbPBFnFanFmµCatirbs;PUmi ehIybc©úb,nñshKmn_ensaT Edl eTIbnwgbegáIteLIg)anerobcMlkçnþik³ edIm,IkarBaréRBlicTwk EdlenAesssl;enH. GñkPUmimYycMnYnmankar mineBjcitþelIlkçnþik³enH eRBaHKat;KitfaeFVI[)at;RbeyaCn_rbs;Kat;.

stVBahn³ eKa RkbI

23

GñkPUmiciBa©wmstVBahn³kñúgeKalbMNgcMbgKWsMrab;bMerIkargarksikmµnigsMrab;lk;dUrykR)ak;ciBa©wm CIvit. cMnYnstVBahn³enAkñúgPUmi mankarERbRbYleRkam\T§iBlénsRgÁamsIuvil nigesdækic© dUcCaenAcenøaHqñaM 1973- 75 cMnYnstVBahn³fycuH edaysarEtRbCaCnrt;eKcBIs®gÁam Kat;RtUvbgçMcitþlk;stVBahn³rbs; Kat;. BIqñaM1975-79 KWenAkñúgsm½y b:u;l Bt stVBahn³ekIneLIg edaysartMrUvkareRbIR)as;kñúgmeFüa)ay plitkmµ nigCaBiessenAkñúgqñaM1980KWenAeRkayeBlrbb b:ul Bt)andYlrlMeTARbCaCnvilRtLb;mkRsuk kMeNItvij. cMnYnstVBahn³ cab;epþImfycuHCalMdab;cab;taMgBIeRkayqñaM1980 mkdl;eBlbc©úb,nqañM2002 nigmanktþaCaeRcIn EdlCMruj[mankarfycuHdUcCa karpøas;bþÚrmeFüa)ayplitkmµ edaysarGñkPUmicab;epþIm eRbIR)as;Rtak;T½r nigeKaynþ edIm,IP¢Ürras;dI nigktþaFmµCatiTwkCMnn;licPUmi Kµan kEnøg[stVRCk Bi)akkñúgkar EfTaM ¬CMgWstVenArdUvvsSa ¦ nigrdUvR)aMgBi)akrkesµA.

kareRbIRtak;T½r nigeKaynþ GñkPUmi)ancab;epþImlk;stVBahn³ EdleRbIR)as;kñúgmeFüa)ayplitkmµksikmµµ ehIygakmkeRbI Rtak;T½rnigeKaynþCMnYsvij.kareRbIR)as;eRKOgynþFn;tUcenHkMBugmankMeNInCalMdab;enAkñuúgPUmicab;taMgBIqñaM1997mk ehIykarERbRbYlenHvapþl;plviC¢manelImeFüa)ayplitkmµ Etman\T§iBlminl¥eTAelIKuNPaBdI eRBaHva)at;bg;RbPBCIIIIIFmµCati Edl)anmkBIstVBahn³TaMgenaH.

kareRbIR)as;CIKImI³ ebIeTaHCamankarTTYlsÁal;BIGñkPUmifa kareRbIR)as;CIKImIeRcIn eFVI[dI rwg exSaHCICatik¾eday k¾kar

eRbIR)as;kMBugmankMeNInCaBiessenAelIdMNaMRsUv. bc©úb,nñGñkPUmi)anGHGagfa ebIKµankareRbICIKImIbEnßmeT TinññplRsUvR)aMgrbs;Kat;R)akdCaFøak;cuH ehIyeFVI[BYkKat;xatbg;Caminxan.

TinñplRsUv³ GñkPUmiTTYlsÁal;faTinñplRsUvrbs;Kat;ERbRbYlGaRs½yelIktþa 4 sMxan;²KW BUC CI dI nigTwk. Cak; Esþg enAcenøaHqñaM 1953- 79 kareFVIERsminTan;maneRbICIKImIeT ehIyKat;eRbIBUCkñúgRsuk ¬sRkGUb¦Tinñpl minmankarERbRbYlb:unµaneT. BIqñaM 1979- 80 TinñplRsUvekIneLIg edaysardIERsTaMgenaH eTIbnwgkab;qáar éRBrandIfµIenAmanCICatil¥ ehIyKat;)ancab;epþImeRbIBUCRbePT GuIEG‘36 nigBUCkñúgRsuk. TinñplRsUvminman karekIneLIgkúñgkMLugeBlBI 1980- 85 edaysarEtdIcab;epþImexSaHCICati nigmankareRbICIKImIbnþicbnþÜc.

TinñplRsUvcab;epþImekIneLIgBIqñaM 1985- 2002 edaysarRbCaCneRbICIKImIbEnßm nigkarpøas;bþÚr BUCRsUvmkeRbIBUC GIuEG‘r 66 nig69 nigTwkCMnn;TenønaMdIl,b;cUldIERspgEdr. b:uEnþenAkñúgqñaM 1997 Tinñpl RsUvfycuHy:agxøaMg edaysardIKµanCICatiTwkTenøTab ¬Kµanl,b; ¦ nigmanstVkNþúr stVl¥itbMpøaj.

24

25

rUbPaBTI 7³ karERbRbYl

26

2-4 sßab½n nigdMeNIrkar enAkñúgkarciBa©wmCIvitrbs;GñkPUmidgeKamsBVéf¶ mansßab½n 3Rkum Edlman\T§iBleTAelIkarciBa©wm

CIvitrbs;Kat; KWsßab½nrdæaPi)al GñkCMnYj nigsgÁmsuIvil. taragTI 4³ karviPaKelIsßab½nBak;Bn§½kñúgPUmidgeKam viC¢man GBüaRkwt GviC¢man

emPUmi RkumRbwkSaXMu salaeron b:UlIs shKmn_ensaT

rdæaPi)al

RksYgGb;rMyuvCn nigkILa m©as;eragcRkkat;edr CagCYsCulm:asIun QµÜj m©as;TUkd \NTan eG sIu lI da

GñkCMnYj ¬TIpSar¦

m©as;rfynþ nig ruuWm:k vtþ cas;RBwT§acarü

sgÁmsIuvil

KN³kmµkarRKb;RKgTMnb;

sgÁmsuIvil vtþ

KN³kmµkarRKb; RKgTMnb;

cas;RBwT§acarü

QµÜj ¬TIpSar¦ m©as;eragcRkkat;edr CagCYsCulm:asuIn

QµÜj m©as;TUkd eGsuIlIda

rdæaPi)al emPUmi

RkumRbwkSaXMu salaeron

b:UlIs shKmn_ensaT

; M

27

rdæaPi)al ³ eyagtamkareFVIEv:ndüaRkamenAkñúgPUmidgeKam sßab½nrdæaPi)almankarBak;Bn§½eRcIndUcCaemPUmiCaGñk edaHRsayral;bBaðaeBlRbCaCnkñúgPUmiCYbkarlM)ak nigdwknaMcat;Ecgral;kargarTUeTA EdlmanTMnak;TMngCa mYy nigsßab½nxageRkA. RkumRbwkSaXMu EdleTIbnwgCab;eqñat nigb:UlIs GñkPUmiKitfaCa GaCJaFrfñak;kNþþal rg;caMeFVIGnþraKmn_nUvbBaðaTaMgLayEdlPUmiesñIeLIg. salaeron CafñalbNþúHbNþalFnFanmnusS kñúgPUmi CaBiesskUnecArbs;GñkPUmi. shKmn_ensaThak;dUcCaminTan;maneFVIGVIEdlmanRbeyaCn_dl;GñkPUmieLIiy dUcenHKat;KitfaCasßabn½GviC¢man. RksYgGb;rMyuvCn nigkILa )anCYysagsg;salaeron1xñg eFVIGMBIfµRbk;; ek,ÓgEdlman4bnÞb;dl;GñkPUmi.

sßab½nrdæaPi)al )aneFVIkarpþl;plCaviC¢manCaeRcIndl;GñkPUmi ebIeTaHCaGñkPUmimYycMnYn mineBjcitþ CamYykarRKb;RKgrbs;shKmn_ensaTk¾eday. GñkCMnYj ¬TIpSar¦

eTaHbICakargareragcRkkat;edr )anpþl;R)ak;kMérdl;GñkPUmik¾eday k¾BYkKat;yl;fa m©as;eragcRk Kµan\T§iBlviC©mandl;Kat;eLIy edaysarEtKat;KitfaR)ak;ExTab nigeFVIkarelIsem:ag. CagCYsCulm:asIun mansar³RbeyaCn_cMeBaHGñkPUmiNas; eRBaHRbCaCnRbmaN 75° CaGñkeRbIm:asuIn. QµÜj ( x©Ibul luy nig Tijplitplksikmµ ) manGRtakarR)ak;x<s; ehIyTijplitplksikmµBIKat;vij kñúgtMélTab. m©as;TUkd yktMélTUkdx<s;eBk eBlGñkPUmimanrvl;k¾BMuGacykTUkxøÜnÉgeTAcMlgePJóv)anEdr. m©as;rfynþ ruWm:k pþl; PaBgayRsYlkñúgkardwkCBa¢ÚnkUnecAGñkPUmieTAeragcRkkat;edr. \NTan eG sIu lI da mankarR)ak;x<s;;;;;;;;;;;eBk ¬kñúgry³eBlR)aMmYyEx )at; 27 éf¶ ¦.

eTaHCay:agNak¾edayGñkPUmiTTYlsÁal;fa sßab½nGñkCMnYjenH man\T§iBly:agxøaMgeTAelIBYkKat; dUcCakarkMNt;tMélksipl GRtakarR)ak; nigkarpÁt;pÁg;sMPar³.

sgÁmsIuvil ³ vtþ ³ CaTIskáar³ nigCakEnøgsMrab;eFVIbuNüTanrbs;GñkPUmi . cas;RBwT§acarüCaGñksMrbsMrYlfñak;PUmi

kñúgkaredaHRsaybBðaa nigkarérGgÁaseFVIbuNüTanepSg ² . KN³kmµkarRKb;RKgTMnb;TwkCaGñksMxan; Edl )aneRCIstaMgeLIg edayGñkPUmiisMrab;dMeNIrkar ksag CYsCul nig EfTaMTMnb;. sgÁmsuIvilenAkñúgPUmiminsUvman\T§iBl ehIymanskmµPaBtictYcCageKenAkúñgPUmienH.

28

2-5 yuT§saRsþciBa©wmCIvit tamkarsikSaenAkñúgPUmienH)anqøúHbBa©aMg[eXIjfa GñkPUmidgeKammanyuT§saRsþciBa©wmCIvit eday

Ep¥kelIkargarksikmµCacMbgCaTUeTA GñkPUmiRbkbrbreFVIERsR)aMg daMdMNaMGnuplepSg² nigensaT. cMeBaH GñkTIT½lRk nigRkIRk PaKeRcIneFVIensaT kab;Gus lk;kMlaMgBlkmµ ciBa©wmstVbnþicbnþÜc. eRkABIenH manGñk xøHmanCMnajBiess²pÞal;xøÜndUcCa CagCYsCulm:asuIn kat;sk; nigkargarkat;edrenApÞH nigenAeragcRk.

kúñgdMeNIrkarRbkbrbrciBa©wmCIvitenH BYkKat;)anCYbRbTHnwgbBaðaCaeRcIn ehIyRkumsikSa)aneFVIkar sMrbsMrYledIm,IelIkykbBaðaenHmkeFVIkarcat;fñak; nigeFVIkarviPaKrkplb:HBal; nigbJsKl;énbBaðaTaMgenaH edIm,IrkKnøwHeFVIEpnkaredaHRsaybBaða.

cMNat;fñak;bBaðaKW EpñkmYyy:agsMxan; ehIymankarcab;GarmµN¾y:agxøaMgkøaBIsMNak;RbCaCnksikr nigRbCaensaT BiessRKYsarTIT½lRk RkIRk nigmFüm bBaðaBYkKat;CYbRbTHdUcCa³ xVHpøÚvdwkCBa¢Únksiplpl xVHm:asIunbUmTwk xVHTwkeRsacRsB TinñplRsUvTab tMélRsUvTab xVHTMnb; xVHCIKImI xVHfñaM)aj;sMlab;stVl¥it \NTan xVHBUCRsUv kaNUtr:Uy:al;ebIkelOneBkenArdUvTwktMeLIg xVHs<anqøgERBktadYg CIkERBkGnøg;RtIeBaFi xVHTUkeFVIdMeNIr nigbBaðadIRsUvR)aMg. edaymanbBaðaeRcIneBk dUecñHBYkKat;RtUveFVIkarBicarNa nigeFVIkare)aHeqñat edIm,IeRCiserIsykbBaða CacMbg² nigGaTiPaB ehIybBaaðTaMgenHRtUv)ancat;fñak;dUctaragxageRkam ³

2>5>1 bBaðaCYbRbTH nigkarcat;fñak; GñkcUlrYme)aHeqñateRCIserIsbBaðamancMnYn 22 nak; kñúgenaHmanRsþI 7nak; burs 15nak;. kñúgmñak; mansnøwkeqñat ( RKab;RKYscMnYn 20 ¦ehIyGñksMrbsMrYl)anBnül;BYkKat; GMBIkardak;RKab;RKYssMrab;kMNt; bBaðasMxan;xøaMgRtUvdak;RKab;RKYs 5 KWCaBinÞúx<s;CageKbMputdak;enAelIbBaðanImYy² nigbBaðsMxan;bnÞab;RtUvdak; RKab;RKYscMnYn 3- 4 b¤k¾cMnYnticCagenH kñúgkrNIGñkPUmiyl;fa CabBaðacMbg b¤k¾bnÞab;bnSM. bnÞab;BIkardak; RKab;RKYseFVIcMNat;fñak;bBaðaCacMbgrYcmk )anelIkbBaðacMnYnbImkeFVIkarviPaKdUcxageRkam ³ taragTI 5³ cMnat;fñak;bBaða

l>r bBaða cMnYn ( BinÞú ) PaKry ° 1 bBaðaTMnb; 53 12 >04 2 tMélRsUvTab 43 9>77 3 xVHpøÚvdwkCBa¢Únksipl 38 8>63 4 bBaðaRsUvR)aMg 35 7>95 5 xVHCI KImI 34 7>73

29

6 CIkERBkGnøg;RtIeBaFi 34 7>73 7 xVHma:suInbUmTwk 32 7>30 8 xVHs<anqøgERBktadYg 32 7>30 9 xVHRsUvBUC 32 7>30 10 \NTan 29 6>60 11 kaNUtr:Uy:al;ebIkelOneBk

enArdUvTwkdMeLIg 23 5>23

12 xVHTwkeRsacRsB 18 4>10 13 xVHTUkeFVIdMeNIr 17 3>86 14 xVHfñaM)aj;sMlab;stVl¥it 12 2>73 15 TinñplRsUvTab 8 1>80 srub 440 100

2-5-2 karviPaKbBaða bBaðaTMnb;;Twk kareFVIERsR)aMgrbs;GññkPUmiKW BwgEp¥kTaMgRsugelIRbB½n§TMnb;GagTwksMrab;eRsacRsB. edaysarEt

eRKaHFmµCati; eFVI[TMnb;GagTwkmYycMnYnFMxUcxat. lT§plénkarcat;fñak;bBaða EdleFVIeLIgtamryHkare)aH eqñatbgðajfa bBaðTMnb;RtUv)anCab;CabBaðaTI1. Rkum)aneFVIkarviPaKbBaðaenHeTAelIplb:HBal; nigmUlehtu énbBaða. enAeBlTMnb;enHxUcxatGñkPUmiBi)akeFVIERs edaysarkarxVHxatTwkdak; Kat;RtUvx©IluyeKTijm:asuIn bUmTwk b¤CYleKbUmTwk. manbJsKl;bBaðasMxan;² 3KWW TMnb;Tab xVHluyCYsCul xVHTMnak;TMngCamYyGñkxag- eRkA ehIykñúgcMeNambJsKl;TaMg 3 enH GñkPUmi)anRBmeRBogKñaelIkykcMnucxVHluymkeFVICaEpnkar edIm,I edaHRsaybBaðaTMnb;enH ¬taragTI6¦.

tMélRsUvTab rIÉbBaðatMélRsUvTabKWCabBaðasMxan;TI 2. manbJsKl;sMxan;² 3KWKaµnGnþraKmn_BIrdæaPi)al x©Iluy

QµÜjmun nigxVHTIpSar. GñkPUmiKitfakgVHTIpSarlk;ksiplCa bJsKl;sMxan;eFVI[tMélksiplTab ehIyRkum sikSayl;eXIjfa bBaðaenHTak;TgeTAnwgraCrdæaPi)al EdlCaGñkmansmtßPaBGacedaHRsayrkTIpSarlk; ksiplCUnRbCaCn)an.

bBaðapøÚvdwkCBa¢Únksipl

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pøÚvdwkCBa¢ÚnksiplCabBaðaTI 3 pøÚvenHmanCayUrmkehIy Etbc©úb,nñenHmanRbCaCnmYycMnYnrMelaP ykdIpøÚvenHykmkeFVICadIERsrbs;xøÜn. bBaðaenHkMBugmanTMnas;rvagGñkPUmi nigGñkPUmi ehIyRkumsikSaKitfa bBaðaenH RtUvedaHRsayCamYysmtßkic©mUldæan.

bBaðadIRsUvR)aMg dIERsR)aMgCabBaðaTI 4 manlkçN³dUcbBaðaTI 3 EdrKWCa TMnas;rvagGñkPUmi nigGñkPUmi ehIybc©úb,nññ

kMBugmankarbþwgtv:aKña. dUcenHRkumsikSaminmansmtßPaBsikSaEsVgyl;elIbBaðaenH[)ansuICMerAeT. xVHCIKImI

kgVHxat b¤tMrUvkarCIKImICabBaðasMxan;TI 5 tamkarviPaK)anbgðaj[eXIjfa manmUlehtumYycMnYn EdleFVI[mantMrUvkarCIKImIeRcIn. plb:HBal;kñúgkarxVHCIKImIenH eFVI[Kat;lk;RsUvTijCI b¤x©IR)ak;eKTijCI b¤k¾ bNþak;CIeKmunsgvijCaRsUv edayKitkarR)ak;x<s;. kñúgtaragviPaKbgðajBIbJsKl;énbBaðaxVHCIKW brimaNkar éneRbICIeRcIn nigKµanesvakmµ\NTan EdlmanGRtakarR)ak;smrmüsMrab;BYkKat;. dUcenHRkumsikSa nigGñk PUmi)anÉkPaBKñaeFVIEpnkar\NTanCIKImI ¬taragTI 7¦ edayBwgEp¥kelIGnþraKmn_BIxageRkA.

31

rUbPaBTI 8³ karviPaKEmkFagénbBaðaxVHTMnb;

32

rUbPaBT 9³ karviPaKEmkFagbBaðaxVHCIKImI 33

2-5-3 EpnkarskmµPaB eRkayBIkarcat;fñak;bBaða nigkarviPaKelIbBaðarYcmk EdlTak;TgCaBiesselI kargarbgábegáInpl

GñkPUmidgeKam )ancUlrYmy:agpuspulkñúgkareFVIEpnkarskmµPaB edIm,IedaHRsaybBaða Edl)anrkeXIj. GñkPUmielIkykmkeFIVEpnkarmuneKKW karCYsCulTMnb;;TwkeLIgvij edaysarEtTMnb;Twk EdlmanenAPUmirbs; BYkKat;)anTTYlrgnUvkarxUcxat nig)at;bg;RTg;RTayCaGenøI² minGacsþúkTwkFanadl;kareRsacRsB)an.

RbsinebITMnb;TwkRtUv)anCYsCuleLIgvijenaH GñkPUminwgmanTwksþúkkñúgTMnb;RKb;RKan; sMrab;Fanadl; kareRsacRsBRsUvR)aMgenAeBlxVHxatTwk RsUvminsák mincaM)ac;TijTwkBIeK nigTTYl)anTinñplRsUvx<s;. PUmidgeKammanTMnb;TaMgGs;srubcMnYYn 19 rYmman ³ TMnb;bwgepÞalxagt,Úg TMnb;bwgepÞalxageCIg TMnb;kMBg;rlIg TMnb;EbkBIg TMnb;CYnsan TMnb;TTwgéf¶ TMnb;éRBTTwg TMnb;TYlGNþas; TMnb;Gnøg;RtIeBaFiTMnb; emsr TMnb;;yYn)ac TMnb;taRtay TMnb;GUrGENþg TMnb;sMbukGk TMnb;ERBkkMPøajelI TMnb;ERBkkMPøajeRkam TMnb;TYletñat TMnb;taGYg TMnb;RtBaaMgQUk.

cMeBaHTMnb;nImYy² manRbFanTMnb;emIlkarxusRtUv nigdwknaMsmaCikmandIERsR)aMgenACab;TMnb; Edl )anykTwkBITMnb;mkeRsacRsBelIdIRsUvR)aMg. rIÉRbFanTMnb;nImYy² )aneRCIserIscat;taMgeLIg edaysma CiktaMgBIqñaM 1979 mk ehIyxøHeTot)aneRCIserIskñúgTsvtSr_ 80. enAkñúgkareFVIEpnkar GñkPUmi)anelIkykTMnb;bwgepÞalxagt,ÚgmkeFVIEpnkarskmµPaB edIm,ICYsCul EdlmanbeNþayRbEvg 800 Em:Rt xñgelI 4 Em:Rt )ateRkam 5 Em:Rt nigkMBs;BI 1- 1>5 Em:RtRbFanTMnb; cMnYnBIrrUb eQµaH R)ak;- epg nigeQµaH s‘Mu- sug nigmansmaCikcMnYn 32RKYsar TMnb;enHBYkKat;cg;)ankMBs; BI 2- 2 /5 Em:Rt. cMeBaHEpnkarCYsCulTMnb;bwgepÞalxagt,ÚgenH GñkPUmisMercykeFVICaKMrUsMrab;eFVIEpnkar CYsCulTMnb;epSg²eTot.

EpnkarcugeRkayrbs;GñkPUmiiKW EpnkarskmµPaB\NTanCIKImI. enAkñúgPUmidgeKamTaMgmUlmuxrbr sMxan;;rbs;;GñkPUmiKW dMNaMRsUvR)aMg nigdMNaMcMkarbnÞab;bnSMdUcCa emÞs eBat nenag RtLac Rtsk; sENþk elçA>>>. l. eBlbc©úb,nñenHkñúgkargarbgábegáInpl GñkPUmi)aneRbIR)as;CIKImIesÞIrTaMgGs; ehIykMritkareRbI CIKImICamFümK W2 - 3 )av¼hikta EdlCaRbePTCi G‘uyer nigsIvuaMgsr:U ( 16 - 20- 0 ). eTaHCadIERsRtUv licTwkenArdUvvsSamanl,b;hUrcUlk¾eday k¾GñkPUmienAEtRtUvkareRbICIKImIbEnßm edIm,IbegáInTinñplRsUvrbs; BYkKat; edaysarEtGñkPUmiKµanCIFmµCatieRbIR)as;RKb;RKan; ehIyKuNPaBdImankarfycuH. Cak;EsþgGñkPUmi )anniyayfa ebIsinCaBYkKat;mineRbICIKImIbEnßmeT RsUvrbs;Kat;minl¥ ehIyTTYl)anTinñplTabeTotpg. kñúgEpnkarenH GñkPUmi)anbgðajfa mancMnYnRKYsarkñúgPUmiRbEhl 95 ° cUlrYmCasmaCik\NTan CIKImI kñúgcMeNamRKYsarsrub 253RKYsar. karTMnak;TMng nigRKb;RKgCI RtUvmanKN³kmµkarmYyCaGñkTTYl xusRtUv nigeFVIkarEbgEckCaRkum EdlmansmaCikcMnYn 15RKYsar ¼ Rkum kñúgenaHRbFanRkumemIlkarxusRtUv

34

nigTukdak;CItamRkumnImYy² . tamkar)a:n;sµan tMrUvkarCIrbs;GñkPUmiKitCamFüm 6)av¼RKYsar ehIyBYkKat; RtUvkarCImuneBlrdUv sab RBYs (kñúgkMLúg Exvicäika qañM 2002 ) ehIysgmkvij enAeBlEdlRbmUlplRsUv rYc ( Ex]sPa qñaM 2003 ) KitCaR)ak;eGayeTARbFanRkum edIm,IRbmUlykeTA[KN³kmµkar. taragTI6 ³ EpnkarskmµPaBCYsCulTMnb;bwgepÞalxagt,Úg CMhan GñkpþÜcepþIm GñkcUlrYm sMParH bBaðaCYbRbeTH eBlevla eRCIserIsGñk TTYlxusRtUv

R)ak; epg s‘Mu sug

32 RKYsar 1979

eFVIkarérGgÁas R)ak; epg s‘Mu sug

32 RKYsar luy nigkMlaMg Blkmµ

lM)akyWty:avminTan; RsuHKña RKYsarxøHT½l

Ex emsa qñaM2002

CYsCul R)ak; epg s‘Mu sug

32 RKYsar cb /bgÁI xVHR)ak;CYleKErkdI Exemsa-]sPaqañM2003

karEfrkSa R)ak; epg s‘Mu sug

32 RKYsar érGgÁas3000-4000`¼RKYsar edIm,ITb;muxTwk

RKYsarxøHxat BMuman lT§PaBCYy]btßmÖ

2qñaMelIkmþg ExkkádaTb;mux TwktUc Extula Tb;muxTwkFM manbTbBa¢aépÞ kñúgtaMgBIqñaM 1986

35

taragTI7³ EpnkarskmµPaB \NTanCIKImI

CMhan GñkpþÜcepþIm GñkcUlrYm sMParH bBaðaCYbRbeTH eBlevla eRCIserIs KN³kmµkar

emPUmi RbCaCn b‘íc esovePA Rkdas

éf¶1 Extula qñaM 2002

cgRkgRkum KN³kmµkar RbCaCnnigrdæGMNac b‘íc esovePA Rkdas

Bi)akkñúgkarRbmUlpþMúRbCaCnbnþicbnþc

éf¶TI 2-3 Extula qñaM2002

cuHeQµaH smaCik

KN³kmµkar RbCaCn b‘íc esovePA Rkdas

éf¶TI 4-7 Extula qñaM 2002

begáItbTbBa¢a épÞkñúg

KN³kmµkar nigemPUmi

RbCaCn b‘íc esovePA Rkdas

manbBaðaxøHkñúgkar pøas;bþÚreyabl;BI bTbBa¢aépÞkñúg

éf¶TI 7-10 Extula qñaM2002

kMnt;tMrUvkarCI rbs;smaCik

smaCik smaCik b‘íc esovePA Rkdas

éf¶TI10-17 Extula qñaM 2002

TMnak;TMng KN³kmµkar GgÁkar rdæaPi)al shKmn_sb,úrsCn GgÁkarmnusSFm_

meFüa)ayeFVIdMeNIr

xVHxatluy éf¶TI17-31Extula qñaM2002

36

TMrg;nirnþrPaBénkarciBa©wmCIvitrbs;G ñkPUmidgeKam

PaBrgeRKaH -TwkCMnn; -)at;bg;éRBlicTwk -KuNPaBdIfycuH -RbCaCnekIneLIg -KµanRsUvhUbRKb;RKan; -kMBs;TwkGtibrimaenA rdUvTwktMeLIgKWenATab -eRKaHraMgs¶Üt -xVHRbBn§½FarasaRsþ -GRtakarR)ak;x<s;

H

S

P

N

F

sßab½n nig dMeNIrkar -RbFanPUmi -RkumRbwkSaXMu -KN³kmµkar RKb;RKgTMnb; -cas;RBwT§acarü -shKmn¾ensaT -b:UlIs -GñkCMnYj

yuT§saRsþén karciBa©wmCIvit -eFVIERsR)aMg/ daMdMNaM -kab;Gus -ensaT -sIuQñÜleK -eFVIkarenAeragcRk -ciBa©wmstV -CagCYsCul/Cagkat;sk; qnÞ³kñúgkarbegáIt -CYsCulRbBn§½FarasaRsþ -begáInTinñplRsUv -edaHRsayTMnas;dIERs -CYsCulpøÚvedIm,IdwkCBa¢Ún ksipl

lT §plénkarciBa©wmCIvit -begáInTinñplRsUv -GPivDÆn×FnFanmnusS -kat;bnßykarkab;éRB licTwk -CYsCulTMnb;

37

3> karsnñidæan karsikSaenHeyIgmanCMenOcitþfaral;lT§plBt’manEdl)anTTYlBIGñkPUmidgeKam XMukMBg;Gus Rsuk

BjaB¤ extþkNþalenHmantulüPaB l¥CamYynwgsßanPaBrs;enABitrbs;GñkPUmi. smaCikkñúgPUmi )ansµ½RKcitþ cMNayeBlevlarbs; Kat;cUlrYmkñúgkarpþl;Bt’man edIm,IbgðajnUvKMnitCaGtßiPaBdak;bMeBjnUvral;bBaða lT§PaB »kas karKMramkMEhg nigPaBrgeRKaH Edl)annwgkMBugekItmancMeBaHBYkKat; kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ nigeBl GnaKt.

GñkPUmidgeKamCaTUeTAmanmuxrbrCaGñkeFVIksikmµ EdlBwgEp¥ky:agsMxan;eTAelIFnFanFmµCatiEdl PUmiman. l½kçx½NÐsmRsbEdlPUmiman eFVI[Kat;GacTajykR)ak;cMNUlBIkarlk;plRsUv eFVIensaT kab;Gus dMNaMGnupl ciBa©wmstV nigkargareRkAksidæanepSg²eTotmkciBa©wmCIvit. tMrUvkarkñúgkarciBa©wmCIvitrbs;GñkPUmi dgeKam )anqøúHbBa©aMg[eXIjnUvkarlM)ak nig\T§iBlGaRkk;mYycMnYndUcxageRkam³-

- TMnb;GagTwkmYycMnYnnwg)at;bg;RTg;RTayTaMgRsug RbsinebIKµankarCYsCuleLIgvijeT. - lkçnþik³rbs;shKmn_ensaT EdleTIbnwg)anbegáItminTan;mankarcUlrYmBIGñkPUmiTUeTA. dUcenH

naM[mankarmineBjcitþBIGñkPUmimYycMnYn. - karGPirkStMbn;éRBlicTwkenAkñúgPUmi CYbbBaðalM)akedaysarRbCaCnRtUvkarBRgIkdIERsR)aMg nig

kab;Guslk;EdlCamuxrbrsMxanrbs;;Kat;. - GRtaRbCaCnTIT½lRkGacekIneLIg RbsinebIKµanGnþraKmn_BIsßab½nxageRkAeT eRBaHfaTMnak;TMng

elImeFüa)ayplitkmµQaneTArkrebobTIpSaresrI EdlTamTar[GñkRkCYlmeFüa)ayplitkmµ BIGñkman.

- RbéBNIkareRbIR)as;CIFmµCatiRtUv)at;bg; edaysarcMnYnstVBahn³fycuHCalMdab; ehIyRbCaCn )aneRbIR)as;CIKImIeRcIn EdlbNþaleGayKuNPaBdIERsR)aMgfycuH.

Gnusasn_ EpnkarskmµPaBTaMgBIrEdlGñk)anelIkeLIgTamTar[manGnþaKmn_BIxageRkAeTIbmanRbsiT§PaB. sßab½n nigGgÁkarnanaEdlBak;B½n§KYrpþl;esvakmµ\NTanEdlmanGRtakarR)ak;TabedIm,ICYyGPivDÆn_

PUmi. kmµviFI\NTanGacCYykat;bnßykarx©IbulBIQµÜj EdlmanGRtakarR)ak;x<s;. KUrEtmanGnþraKmn_NamYy edIm,IksagsmtßPaBsmaCikshKmn_ensaT edIm,Ipþl;lT§PaB[BYkKat;

ecHeRbIviFIsaRsþþcUlrYm kñúgkarRKb;RKgFnFanFmµCatienAkñúgshKmn_RbkbedaynirnþrPaB.

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