rb in poultry feed_3

Utilization of rice bran in diets for domestic fowl and ducklings DAVID J. FARRELL" Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Nutrition, University of New England, Armidale, N.S.W. 2351, Australia

~ ~~ ~ ~~~~~

Rice bran constitutes about 10% of brown rice and is used as an animal feed. There are 40-45 million tonnes of rice bran produced annually, mainly in the Far East and South- east Asia. In these areas hull adulteration can occur, reducing the quality of the bran. This can now be detected by a simple colormetric method. Rancidity is a major problem due to the high oil content of the bran. Rapid hydrolysis of the oil is followed by oxidation with the changes being accelerated in warm, humid conditions. The effects on nutritive value and acceptability are unclear. An analysis of Australian produced rice bran (on a dry matter basis) gives a mean crude protein concentration of l50g/kg, ether extract of 220 g/kg and neutral detergent fibre of 220 g/kg. The amino acid pro- file is generally superior to that of cereal grains. Digestibility of the oil is much less in young chickens than in adult birds resulting in a 28-35% lower metabolizable energy (ME) depending on cultivar. Equations for predicting the ME of rice bran for birds at different ages, and chemical components from rice hull content of rice bran are given. Digestibility of amino acids in rice bran is also lower for young chickens than adult birds. Inclusion of rice bran in chicken diets in excess of 20% frequently depresses growth, but higher levels can be tolerated by ducklings. Results with ducklings suggest that the composition of the basal diet to some extent influences the response of birds when rice bran is included in the diet. The inclusion of animal protein elicits an improved performance compared with that of an all-vegetable based diet. Defatted rice bran (DFRB) gives the same performance as full fat bran when equalized for ME. Laying birds can tolerate high levels of rice bran. Although some reports indicate successful inclusion of well above 600 g/kg, a practical upper limit of 450 g/kg seems to be accepted. Defatted rice bran at 250 g/kg diet resulted in leg problems, increased mortality and reduced egg output. Shell grit alleviated the problem. So far, attempts to improve the nutritive value of rice bran through addition of feed enzymes have had limited success. Feed phytase has been successful in releasing phosphorus from phytate in rice bran which is present at up to 50 g/kg dry matter. Improving the nutritional value of rice bran by heat treatment is probably not economical, although extrusion cooking will stabilize the oil before extraction and is used to stabilize rice bran for human food. Feed enzymes may be effective when a suitable combination is found.

Keywords: Chickens; ducklings; rice bran; feed enzymes; chemical analyses; antigrowth factors; fat-extracted bran; byproduct *Present address: Department of Agriculture, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia. 0 World's Poultry Science Association 1994

World's Poultry Science Journal, Vol 50, July 1994

Utilization of rice bran in diets for domestic fowl and ducklings: D J . Farrell

Introduction Rice (Oryza sativa L.) was first cultivated some 7000 years ago in east China and India (Lu and Chang, 1980). It is the staple food of two-thirds of the world’s population with 90% of the world’s production of over 425 million tonnes grown in the Asian region (Saunders, 1986).

White rice is milled from brown rice as very little brown rice is consumed. Milling removes the outer layers of the rice caryopsis producing white rice which is almost entirely endosperm. The approximate product fractions from standard milling in Australia are shown in Figure 1.

The byproduct of white rice milling is referred to as rice pollard in Australia and includes the true bran and polishings. Throughout this paper the term ’rice bran’ is used to describe the byproduct remaining after the milling of brown rice to give white rice. (It is synonymous with Australian rice pollard). Rice bran is about 10% of brown rice and may contain 20-25% of the total protein, 80% of the oil, more than 70% of the minerals and vitamins and up to 10% of the starch endosperm (Houston, 1972). Since little rice bran is consumed by humans, as a result of the process of converting brown to white rice there is an enormous wastage of important nutrients in the 4045 million tonnes of rice bran produced annually, mainly in the Far East and South-east Asia, and used largely as animal feed. Variation in the chemical composition of rice bran may occur in older rice mills due to adulteration with rice hulls, which have virtually no nutritional value for poultry (Farrell and Warren, 19821, and to the nature of the milling process (see Table 1).

Since the bran often has little economic value, a high degree of milling is not practised in many countries unless the white rice is used to meet special needs, e.g. export market. Frequently as little as 40% of the maximum yield of bran is recovered (Saunders, 1986). A major problem with rice bran for poultry is therefore its variation in chemical composition which may be associated with depressed performance of poultry.

Tangendjaja and Lowry (1985) stated that hull adulteration appears to be the most important constraint to the utilization of rice bran in Indonesia particularly when the hull content is greater than 100 g/kg of the rice bran.

Rough rice (paddy) (1000 g)

Hulls (200 g)

Brown rice (800 g)

I I I

White rice (700 g) ,

Head rice Broken rice Polishings True bran (480 g) (220 g) (30 9) (70 g)

- I

Seconds ScreAnings Brewers (80 g) (100 9) (40 g)

Figure 1 The different fractions of paddy rice as a result of milling. After Warren (1985)

116 World’s Poultry Science Journal, Vol 50, July 1994

Utilization of rice bran in diets for domestic fowl and ducklings: D.J. Favvell

Table 1 Chemical composition (%) of brown rice and variation in the chemical composition of bran. with degree of milling. From Houston (1972) and Barber and De Barber (1980).

Product Millin h Protein Fat Ash Cellulose Starch ( a / k J Y "

Brown rice 9.6 2.5 1.5 1.5 82.0 1st cone 0-30 13.2 20.2 10.8 7.9 22.2 2ndcone 30-60 18.2 13.1 24.9 3rd cone 60-90 16.7 19.2 10.0 4.6 36.3 4th cone 90-100 14.0 12.3 7.2 2.4 56.4 Polisher 100- 110 13.8 10.7 7.3 2.9 55.4

Y "

Brown rice 9.6 2.5 1.5 1.5 82.0 1st cone 0-30 13.2 20.2 10.8 7.9 22.2 2ndcone 30-60 18.2 13.1 24.9 3rd cone 60-90 16.7 19.2 10.0 4.6 36.3 4th cone 90-100 14.0 12.3 7.2 2.4 56.4 Polisher 100- 110 13.8 10.7 7.3 2.9 55.4 White rice 8.0 0.7 0.6 0.5 87.2

Includes bran, polish and embryos. Increment of degree of milling (g bran/100 g brown rice).

These workers developed an inexpensive and rapid method for estimating the hull content of rice bran using a solution containing phloroglucinol. This reagent gives different intensities of colour change in relation to hull content. Visual scor- ing by panelists gave excellent agreement with the actual level of hulls from 0 to 400 g/kg in the rice bran.

Other major disadvantages with rice bran are its high oil and phytic acid contents. Oil stability is good in unmilled rice. Once milled there is an immediate and rapid hydrolytic release of free fatty acids, and a further breakdown by the action of lipoxygenase shown to be present in rice bran (Shaheen et al., 1975). Storage temperature and humidity of rice bran are important factors in determi- nating the rate of hydrolysis of the oil. Shaheen et al. (1975) reported that 60% of the oil was affected at 4 weeks after milling and another report showed 50% to be affected within 6 weeks (Warren and Farrell, 1990a). Further deterioration of these fatty acids can occur resulting in extreme hydrolytic and oxidative rancidity and poor livestock acceptability, although Hussein and Kratzer (1982) reported no difference in the metabolisable energy (ME) between fresh and rancid rice bran measured in adult cockerels. These workers showed considerable depression (>18%) in the growth rate of chicks when given diets containing 600g rancid rice bran/kg compared to fresh bran. Free fatty acid content was 43% and 16% respectively although the former was for bran stored for 3 months at 23.5C. Gunawan and Tangendjaja (1988) found that chick growth was depressed when rice bran (600 g/kg diet) was stored at 25°C for 12 days, then no further decline in growth rate was observed to 50 days of storage. However storage reduced ME of the rice bran by 148 kJ/kg per week.

Cabel and Waldroup (1989) demonstrated that 250 ppm of ethoxyquin was effective in reducing rancidity development in rice bran for up to 4 weeks even when the temperature and humidity were high. Tangendjaja et al. (1981) concluded that oxidation of rice bran oil was less important than hydrolysis as a cause of oil instability. This may be due to the natural antioxidants in the bran. In some countries in south-east Asia bran is pelleted shortly after milling to enhance storage life (R.I. Hutagalung, personal communication, 1993).

Extraction of the rice bran for its edible oil is practised in a few countries, notably Japan, Korea and India where it can occur shortly after milling (Saunders, 1986) giving a stable defatted bran. Saunders (1986) concluded that the extrusion cooking process (Randall et al., 1985) was the only viable method of stabilizing the oil in rice bran, although microwave treatment is worth considering (Xian and Farrell, 1991) if costs can be reduced to economic levels.

Extrusion cooking must be applied to the rice bran as soon as possible after milling. The rice bran is heated to 130-140°C and then held at 97-99°C before

World's Poultry Science Journal, Vol 50, July 1994 11 7

Utilization of rice bran in diets for domestic fowl and ducklings: 0.1. Farrell

cooling. The oil is stabilized for 30-60 days without an appreciable increase in free fatty acids (Randall et al., 1985).

About 90% of the phosphorus in rice bran is in the form of phytic acid or phytate (McCall et al., 1953). Not only is this phosphorus only 18% available (Corley et al., 1980) but several other minerals in rice bran may be complexed with phytate. Nelson et al. (1968) reported 50 g phytate/kg Californian rice bran. Warren and Farrell (1990a) reported 3040g phytate/kg depending on cultivar and sea- son for Australian rice bran. Kratzer et al. (1974) maintained that rice bran did not interfere with trace mineral availability, but this is contrary to the findings of Warren and Farrell (1990d) with laying hens and Deolankar and Singh (1979) with growing chickens.

Chemical composition and metabolizability of components Because of differences in milling of rice bran and content of hulls, it is very diffi- cult to provide reliable analytical data. Since the milling techniques in Australia are extremely uniform due to the removal of the maximum amount of rice bran and thereby production of a constant product (K. Hutton, Rice Growers Cooperative Ltd., Leeton, NS W, personal communication, 1992), chemical composition is reasonably stable. Results given in Table 2 show a mean crude protein

Table 2 Proximate analysis (g/kg DM) of Australian rice cultivars, minerals and some indispensable amino acids (g/kg) (Warren and Farrell, 1990d).

Dry matter Crude protein Ether extract Ash Fibre Neutral detergent Acid detergent Lignin

Minerals Calcium Phosphorus Mangnesium Zinc Ironn

Mean (range)

918 (900-933) 153 (182-141) 220 (204-223) 105 (78-112)

215 (201 -222) 107 (94-116) 38 (29-52)

SEM n

3.1 45 5.6 45 4.2 22 3.8 35

6.0 4 4.5 4

4

0.39 (0.27-0.51) 0.01 21 17.1 (16.2-18.1) 0.42 10 6.9 (6.1-7.7) 0.55 21 49.0 (44.2-53.9) 3.1 21 42.8 (37.9-48.1) 2.4 12

Australian South east Asia

Amino acid Pelate Starbonnet Calrose Average Good Poor (n=10) sampleb sampleb

(n=15) (n=15)

Arginine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Threoine Tyrosine Valine

12.4 5.6

10.1 8.5 2.4 5.0 5.4 5.1 7.6

15.9 6.6

11.5 9.1 4.3 5.9 6.4 6.0 8.8

12.3 5.1

11.7 8.2 2.4 7.6 5.3 5.9

11.4

11.6 11.8 5.1 4.3

10.3 10.4 8.2 7.0 2.8 3.0 6.5 6.9 5.8 5.6 4.6 4.9 7.7 7.7

9.4 4.0 8.5 5.9 2.5 5.6 4.6 3.9 6.4

pg/g dry matter b Creswell(1987)

118 World's Poultry Science Journal, Vol 50, July 1994


Table 3 Coefficients of apparent metabolizability of dry matter and other nutrients, apparent retention of N, and metabolizability of energy from three different rice brans when fed to adult cockerels and to chickens (Warren and Farrell, 1990~).

Culrose Starbonnet Calrose FFRB FFRB DFR B 1983 1983 1981 Mean SEM

Cockerels 0.576Aa 0.606Aa 0.38gb 0.523A 0.065 Chickens O.41SB 0.46g8 0.457 0.448B 0.055

Cockerels 0.68SAa 10.693Aa 0.496b 0.625A 0.049 Chickens 0.433B 0.504B 0.474 0.470B 0.066

Cockerels 0.989 0.943 0.966 0.966 0.020 Chickens 0.951 0.979 0.986 0.970 0.036

Cockerels 0.939A 0.92SA 0.933A 0.035 Chickens 0.307B O.42SB 0.366B 0.112

Cockerels 0.178 0.218 0.094 0.164 0.067 Chickens 0.144 0.127 0.119 0.130 0.029

Dry matter

Energy

Starch

Ether extract

NDF

Metabolisable energy (MJ/kg DM)

Cockerels 14.70Aa 14.97& 9.36Ab 12.9gA 0.33 Chickens 9.55Ba 10.83Bb 7.26Bc 9.22B 0.49

Values with different superscripts in a row (a-c) or column (A,B) are significantly different (p<0.05). FFRB, full fat rice bran; DFRB, defatted rice bran

content of 153 g/kg and ether extract of 220g/kg. Neutral detergent fibre is much higher than for wheat and maize. Zinc and phosphorus are reasonably high but much of the phosphorus is in the form of phytic acid phosphorus with reduced availability. Tangendjaja et al. (1981) showed that incubation of rice bran at 55°C reduced phytic acid content of rice bran by 80%.

The profiles of some indispensable amino acids show a good balance, generally better than in cereal grains, but none is present in high amounts (Table 2). Amino acid profiles of 15 good samples of rice bran from south-east Asia generally agree well with the Australian average (Table 2) but those of the 15 poor samples are inferior (Creswell, 1987). Analyses of a large number of rice bran samples determined during 1981 in Indonesia (J. Diment, personal communication) gave mean (range) values (g/kg) for crude protein, fat and neutral detergent fibre NDF of 126 (76-197), 150 (80-230) and 250 (150460) respectively. Using analyses of 12 rice brans determined by Diment it was possible to predict some individual chemical components (%) from rice hull content (%):

Crude protein = 13.7 - 0.108 hulls, rsd = 0.525, r2 = 0.90, Fat = 16.5 - 0.172 hulls, rsd = 1.427, r2 = 0.76, Neutral detergent fibre = 22.1 + 0.566 hulls, rsd = 3.175, r2 = 0.87.

Comparisons of the metabolizability of chemical components in rice, defatted and full fat rice bran, based on diets containing 400 g/kg, were determined in adult cockerels and young broiler chickens aged between 15 and 20 days (Warren and Farrell, 1990b). The results corrected for the contribution of the basal diet are given in Table 3. Only starch and neutral detergent fibre did not differ in their

World's Poultry Science Journal, Vol 50, July 1994 119

Utilization of rice bran in diets fur domestic fowl and ducklings: DJ. Fawell

metabolizability due to age of bird; dry matter and energy were similar for the sample of defatted rice bran. Ether extract metabolizability was significantly lower for young chickens than for adult birds; as a consequence ME was also lower by 35% and 28% for Calrose and Starbonnet cultivars respectively. These large differences may help to explain the wide variation in values reported for ME in rice bran; the NRC (1984) gives a value of only 8.79 MJ/kg. Normand and Ory (1984) concluded from in vituo studies that water-soluble hemicellulose in rice bran reduced lipase activity. Previously Normand et al. (1981) had found that the amounts of bile acids gradually increased with the concentration of hemicellulose extracted from rice bran. ME (MJ/kg) of rice bran on a dry matter basis can be predicted from age of bird (days) from 1-28 days of age using the following linear regression equation (Martin and Farrell, 1993, unpublished data):

ME = 9.26 + 0.23 age, rsd = 0.884, y2 = 0.82, n = 16.

Defatted rice bran should theoretically give higher concentrations of all components and in direct proportion to the amount of oil removed. Because of the high fibre content of defatted rice bran, apparent dry matter metabolizability was low in adult and young birds (Table 3 ) . The only difference due to the age of the bird was the 29% lower ME value for chickens compared with adult cockerels.

Rice bran in growing chicken diets Full fat rice bran

There are substantial published data showing a significant decline in performance with increasing inclusion of rice bran in the diet of broiler chickens . There is some disagreement as to the level of inclusion of rice bran at which this decline commences. From 21 to 49 days of age Warren and Farrell (1990b) showed that feed intake did not decline significantly until the rice bran content of the diet exceeded 200g/kg. The decline thereafter to 500 g/kg was 0.08g feed/bird per day for each l g of rice bran per kg feed. In the same experiment the decline in growth rate was 0.05 g bird/day with each 1 g of rice bran included per kg diet. Experiments undertaken in the USA by Martin (1983) showed a curvilinear decrease in growth rate in broilers to 56 days of age with increasing inclusion of rice bran (0-500 g/kg) in the diet. Performance did not decline until the diet contained 100 g rice bran/kg, so the curvilinear response was possibly due to the inclusion of values for 0 and 50g rice bran/kg. The rate of decline to 56 days of age of 0.011 g/day per 1 g inclusion of rice bran/kg diet is much less than that found by Warren and Farrell (1990b) but is in agreement with the results of Creswell and Nasroldin (unpublished data, 1976) possibly due to the strain of bird or the nature of rice bran fed. Kratzer et al. (1974) also showed a decline in broiler performance over the range of 0-600 g rice bran/kg diet.

There is some disagreement on feed conversion ratios (FCR). Although it is agreed that FCR is usually poorer with increasing dietary inclusion of bran, the point at which this occurs varies. Warren and Farrell(1990b) observed no change to 400g rice bradkg diet in some experiments , whilst in others a poorer FCR was recorded at 200g/kg. Martin (1983) observed an improvement in FCR for broilers grown to 21 days when rice bran with 50 g/kg diet, but not overall to 56 days of age. Deolankar and Singh (19791, on the other hand, showed no significant trend in FCR when broilers were fed untreated rice bran at levels of


Utilization of rice bran in diets for domestic fowl and ducklings: D.J. Favrell

Table 4 weight of male (M) and female (F) village chickens over 13 weeks (Zanuddin et al., 1985)

Averages of bodyweight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratios (FCR) and carcass

Rice Weight gain Feed intake bran (kglbird) (glbiudno) FCR Carcass yield(%) (%no) M F M F M F M F

0 1.418f 11.102d 5.488E 4.74@ 3.87a 4.31a 73.2 76.5 20 7 .264e 1.O5Od 5.315e 4.669d 4.75a 4.47fl 73.0 71.6 40 1.222' 1.022Cd 5.162' 4.639d 4.23" 4.55a 70.5 71.9 60 0.917C 0.739b 4.58@ 4.174' 5.02' 5.31a 69.0 67.1 80 0.351" 0.282a 3.251b 2.552a 9.97b 9.48b 60.2 56.0

Values with a common superscript are not significantly different (p0.05).

0530g/kg for 1049 days. However, all groups grew slowly and gained less than 1 kg per bird over this period. Creswell et al. (1977) also showed no change in FCR of diets with added rice bran at a level of 100-600g/kg in a study with layer strain chicks in Indonesia. Pelleting of diets containing rice bran was shown by Creswell and Nasroldin (unpublished results, 1979) to significantly improve both growth rate and FCR by 11% and 10% respectively; however, Warren and Farrell (1990b) could not confirm this finding with defatted rice bran. Kratzer and Payne (1977) showed a depression in growth when rice bran-based diets were pelleted.

Zanuddin et al. (1985) examined the performance of slow growing village chickens in Indonesia on diets containing 0-8OOg rice bran/kg with the sexes kept separately (Table 4). Bodyweight gain was less for males on rice bran diets than for the controls (fed no rice bran), but for females it was similar up to 400 g rice bran/kg diet. Intake declined for both sexes only at 600g rice bran/kg diet, while FCR was poorer at 800 g bran/kg.

There is opportunity to target the cell wall contents with feed enzymes, particularly the arabinoxylans. E. Martin and D. J. Farrell (unpublished results, 1992)

Table 5 Production performance of broiler chickens (4-22 days) on diets with 0%, 20% and 40% rice bran without (0) or with two different enzyme (E) mixtures (+, ++) (Martin and Farrell, 1992, unpublished results).

Rice bran (%no) LSD E 0 20 40 (p=0.05)

Feed intake (g/day) 0 48.5 47.9 41.0 + 49.9 46.5 40.0 ++ 49.6 47.2 40.9 ++,+ 40.6 3.21

Growth rate (g/day) 0 31.9 30.3 24.0 + 32.7 29.7 24.7 ++ 33.2 29.6 23.4 +,++ 24.0 1.23

FCR 0 1.52 1.58 1.71' f 1.52 1.56 1.62b ++ 1.50 1.60 1.75' ++,+ 1 .66h 0.08

LSD, least significant difference. Values with different superscripts (a,b) are significantly different (p<0.05)



Table 6 Effect of a feed lipase and an enzyme mixture (cocktail) on the performance of male broiler chickens grown from 4 to 23 days of age on a diet without or with 400 g rice bradkg (Martin and Farrell, 1993, unpublished results)

Enzyme Growth rate (glday) Feed intake (glday) FCR

Rice bran Rice bran Rice bran Rice bran Rice bran Rice bran 0 glkg 400 glkg 0 glkg 400 glkg 0 glkg 400 xlkg

0 20.1 18.5 35.4 31.7 1.76 1.72 Lipase (0.23 g/kg) 24.0 18.1 38.9 31.3 1.62 1.75 Lipase (0.45 g/kg) 20.8 18.1 36.7 31.2 1.77 1.80 Cocktail (1.5 g/kg) 22.5 20.2 37.4 34.0 1.66 1.68 Cocktail (1.5 g/kg) + lipase (0.45 g/kg) 21.6 20.2 37.4 32.5 1.73 1.65 LSD (p=0.05) 1.67 2.57 0.13

LSD, least significant difference

used two different enzyme mixtures in an attempt to improve the nutritive value of rice bran in broiler starter diets. The summarized results are shown in Table 5. Only FCR was improved by one of the cocktails (+) when adlled singly or in combination (+,++) to diets with 400 g rice bran only (Table 5). There was a small decline in production performance with inclusion of 200g rice bran/kg. The decline was more substantial when 400 g rice bran/kg was included.

When a feed lipase, with or without a mixture, was sprayed on to a sorghum- soyabean meal diet with 400g rice bran/kg feed in which the rice bran replaced sorghum, there was frequently a response in growth rate and feed intake in broiler chickens but only on the diet without rice bran (Table 6).

Defatted rice bran Warren and Farrell (1990b) showed that substitution of defatted rice bran at

70-210 g/kg in a basal diet improved growth and FCR of broilers from 3-13 days of age. When all diets were balanced to be equal in nutrients, growth rate and FCR differed from the controls according to harvest and inclusion rate. When rice bran (350 g/kg) from three harvests was examined there were no differences in chick performance. Generally, defatted rice bran is equal to full fat rice bran in chicken diets, particularly when diets are equalized for ME by adding oil. Kratzer et al. (1974) found that removal of the lipids in rice bran with hexane or methanol gave similar depressed performance to the unextracted bran in chick growth experiments when rice brans were included at 600 g/kg diet.

Rice bran in layer diets Full fat rice bran

Laying hens can tolerate higher dietary inclusions of rice bran than broiler chickens. An upper limit of 450g/kg diet has been confirmed by Majun and Payne (1977), Din et al. (19791, Srichai and Balnave (1981) and Balnave (1982). Egg production, shell thickness and yolk colour were adversely affected at 600 g rice bran/kg (Majun and Payne, 1977). On the other hand, Hamid and Jalaludin (1987) in Malaysia and Karunajeewa and Tham (1980) in Australia reported a decline in egg production and an increase in mortality on diets containing much less rice bran than 450 g/kg diet (Karunajeewa and Tham, 1980). Since rice bran is high in linoleic acid, egg weight often increases in diets containing rice bran (Balnave, 1982).


Utilization of rice bran in diets for domestic fowl and ducklings: D.J. Farrell

Hamid and Jalaludin (1987) included rice bran 125-385g/kg in layer diets at two crude protein levels (125 and 151 g/kg) and two energy levels (10.2 and 11.3 MJ/kg). Egg mass, egg size and egg production measured over 12 weeks were depressed on the diet with 385 g rice bran/kg even though it contained the same level of crude protein (122g/kg) as did the diet with 185g rice bran/kg but less ME. The authors concluded that a low ME diet and a crude protection level of 150 g/kg could support an egg production of 71 %.

Piliang et al. (1982) reported no differences in performance of layers on diets with rice bran contents of 740 and 910 g/kg diet compared with controls. Supplementation with zinc carbonate was a key factor in maintaining this high production.

Defatted rice bran Lodhi and Ichhponani (1975) compared rice polishings and defatted rice bran

in layer diets at 200 and 400 g/kg without affecting laying performance. Egg size was reduced on the defatted rice bran diets, and egg mass would therefore have declined compared to other treatments. Warren and Farrell (1990b) included 250g defatted rice bran/kg from two harvests in layer diets and showed a depression in egg production of one strain but not in the other on these diets compared with control diets, but not when data were combined for the two strains.

Availability of nutrients in rice bran There is disagreement as to the effects of rice bran on nutrient availability, espe- cially of minerals. Kratzer et al. (1974) concluded that 'there is no interference of the rice bran with trace minerals in the diet'. This is contrary to the results of Warren and Farrell(1990d) who found that osteoporosis occurred in laying hens

Table 7 Apparent digestibility coefficients for growing chickens (n=2) and adult cockerels h = 4 ) of some essential and non-essential amino acids from rice brans produced in Australia (Warren and Farrell, 1991)

Essential Thr Val Met Ile Leu Phe His LYS '4%

Mean

Growing chickens Adult cockerels

Mean

0.60 0.54 0.58 0.59 0.70 0.58 0.66 0.63 0.56 0.60

SEM

0.102 0.113 0.164 0.108 0.066 0.154 0.082 0.113 0.135 0.044

Mean SEM

0.70 0.79 0.93 0.76 0.82 0.80 0.89 0.87 0.90 0.83

0.061 0.054 0.008 0.055 0.030 0.033 0.036 0.030 0.028 0.024

Non-essential 0.63 0.13 0.77 0.048 0.60 0.13 0.73 0.046 Ser

Glu 0.75 0.08 0.85 0.032 0.58 0.22 0.73 0.074 0.71 0.10 0.81 0.031 Ala 0.61 0.13 0.84 0.026 0.64 0.059 0.81 0.033 Mean

ASP

GlY

Tyr



on diets with 250g defatted rice bran/kg and adequate concentrations of minerals when shell grit, offered free choice, was omitted for 6 weeks. Further observations confirmed that rice bran increased the excretion of calcium significantly and of phosphorus and magnesium non-significantly when added in incremen- tal amounts (0500g/kg) to the diets of growing chickens and adult cockerels (Warren and Farrell, 1991). However, the cultivar Starbonnet appeared to be less deleterious than Calrose despite similar chemical composition. Piliang et al. (1982) observed a response in egg production by layers to the addition of zinc carbonate to diets containing 820g rice bran/kg. Feather defects were also elim- inated by the zinc supplement.

Deolankar and Singh (1979) used radiolabelled calcium and iron to demon- strate a lower distribution in various organs of both elements on rice bran compared with maize-based diets. The authors concluded that these effects were due to a reduced absorption of these elements. Subsequent studies by Singh et al. (1987) confirmed previous observations and concluded that the calcium content of the femur in chickens was much lower when rice bran replaced corn in diets containing 10 g/kg calcium.

Diment and Heryanto (unpublished results, 19841, using a two stage enzymat- ic in vitvo method to determine crude protein digestibility, found values of 71 % to 74% for 11 rice bran cultivars. Values found for maize, soyabean and casein were 75%, 82% and 92% respectively. This suggests that the method used gave reliable comparative results.

There are very few studies on the digestibility of amino acids in rice bran. Nitis (1973) used excreta to determine their apparent digestibility and reported values that were often similar or slightly lower than in soyabean meal. Raharjo and Farrell (1984) found that the determination of amino acid digestibility using excreta analysis was unreliable compared with measurements made at the terminal ileum.

Warren and Farrell (1991) used ileal cannulae in adult cockerels and ileal contents from slaughtered chickens (5 weeks of age) to determine amino acid digestibility in rice bran. Digestibility was substantially lower in chickens than cockerels (Table 7). In chickens defatted rice bran had lower amino acid digestibilities than the full fat rice bran. This may have been associated with cultivar rather than with oil content. In adult cockerels there were differences due to harvest in overall amino acid digestibility between two defatted rice brans tested. Comparisons made between two cultivars of full fat rice bran showed frequent differences between individual amino acids, Starbonnet cultivar being superior.

Table 8 ducks per replicate (n=3) grown from 19-40 days (Farrell and Martin, 1993).

Inclusion of rice bran with (+) and without (-) a microbial phytase (g/kg) in diets with 5

0% Rice bran 30% Rice bran 60% Rice bran LSD + - + - - (p<0.05) +

Weight gain (g/d) 85.5 78.3 77.8 74.4 71.8 67.3 2.71 Feed intake (g/d) 211 21 1 194 193 178 178 6.00 FCR 2.47 2.70 2.49 2.60 2.48 2.64 0.111 Tibia ash

2.82 2.84 2.61 2.39 2.10 2.27 0.160 53.4 52.0 52.2 51.6 50.5 50.4 0.97

(g) (%)

LSD, least significant differences



Nitis (1973) determined the limiting amino acids in rice bran using chick growth assay. Lysine was first limiting while methionine, threonine and leucine were equal second.

Rice bran in duckling diets Unlike chickens, it is thought that ducklings can tolerate high levels of rice bran in the diet without depressing performance. Tangendjaja et al. (1985) showed that Alabio ducklings could tolerate up to 750g/kg rice bran without a depression in growth rate or FCR. Subsequently Tangendjaja et al. (1986) found that 450 g rice bran/kg did not depress duck performance compared with the control diet. Alabio ducklings are kept for egg production and in these studies ducklings were aged 6-8 weeks at the start of these experiments. No observations were made on meat-type ducklings of younger age. Farrell and Martin (1993) have recently undertaken a series of experiments with ducks and chickens examining the inclusion level of rice bran and the use of microbial feed enzymes. Shown in Table 8 are the results of adding phytase at 1000 units/kg to the diets of finishing ducks grown from 19-40 days are shown in Table 8. Diets contained only 1 g/kg of inorganic phosphorus, the remaining phosphorus coming from plant sources in the diet.

Except for feed intake there was a significant response to enzyme addition. FCR was improved by the addition of phytase at the three levels of rice bran inclusion. Weight gain declined with increasing inclusion of rice bran (Table 8). At 600g/kg inclusion growth rate declined by 17% with enzyme and 20% without enzyme compared with the control. Tibia ash (g) showed a response to phytase with 300g/kg rice bran inclusion only, and at zero inclusion only for per- centage tibia ash.

In another recent study Martin and Farrell(1993) grew meat-type ducklings on a diet with ingredients of plant origin only. Rice bran replaced grain sorghum in the basal diet at 200 and 400 g/kg crude protein levels and ME were similar. Diets were with or without a feed phytase (1000 units/kg) and contained 1 or 3g

Table 9 Production performance of groups of 5 ducklings grown from 2 to 19 days on diets with (+) or without (4 a feed phytase (1000 dkg) with inorganic phosphorus at 0.1% or 0.3% of the diet and with rice bran included at 0%, 20% or 40% (Martin and Farrell, 1993).

Rice Inorganic Phytase Growth rate Feed FCR Tibia ash bran phosphorus (glday) W a y ) ( g k ) (8) (% )

0 0.1 + 52.6 88.1 1.67 0.98 43.9 0 0.1 - 44.2 71.7 1.62 0.71 36.6

20 0.1 + 53.1 93.5 1.76 1.23 47.7 20 0.1 - 50.2 84.7 1.69 1.01 42.5 20 0.3 + 53.5 90.2 1.68 1.21 46.1 20 0.3 - 53.6 90.1 1.68 1.15 46.5

40 0.1 + 51.6 91.9 1.78 1.10 45.3 40 0.1 - 49.0 88.7 1.81 1.01 44.4

40 0.3 + 50.0 87.0 1.74 1.07 45.3 40 0.3 - 47.3 83.4 1.76 1.02 44.7

LSD (p=0.05) 2.26 3.62 0.056 0.176 2.48

LSD, least significant difference



Table 10 The production performance of ducks (19-35 days) on diets with rice bran with (+) or without (-) a feed enzyme cocktail (1 g/kg) (E. Martin and D.J. Farrell, 1992 unpublished results)

0% Rice bran 30% Rice bran 60% Rice bran LS D + - + - - (p=0.05) +

Growth rate (g/day) 91.2 89.9 97.8 95.0 88.8 88.5 7.50 Feed intake (g/day) 217 218 222 215 214 216 17.4 FCR 2.38 2.41 2.27 2.27 2.41 2.44 0.179

FCR, feed conversion ratio.

inorganic phosphorus/kg from CaHPO,. Total phosphorus increased with dietary inclusion of rice bran.

The most consistent response to phytase addition was on the basal diet (Table 9). This contained the lowest amount of total and available phosphorus. Although there was a consistent effect of dietary treatment (p<O.Ol) for all para- meters, there were some interactions. For growth rate and feed intake there was a diet x phosphorus interaction (p<O.Ol) on the rice bran based diets. Increasing the level of inorganic phosphorus from lg /kg to 3g/kg gave an increase in growth rate only on diets with 200 g/kg rice bran; on the diets with 400 g/kg rice bran and 3 g/kg inorganic phosphorus there was a reduction in growth rate and feed intake. The diet with 400 g/kg rice bran and 1 g/kg phosphorus + enzyme gave growth rate and FCR values that were not different (p0.05) from the best performances observed here (Table 9). The addition of phytase gave a significant increase in growth rate and feed intake but not FCR when the data were analysed for those diets containing rice bran. Enzyme was also effective in improving bone ash (p<0.05).

In another experiment with growing ducks (19-35 days) E. Martin and D.J. Farrell (unpublished results, 1992) examined the addition of a feed enzyme cocktail designed to improve the nutritive value of rice bran. There were three levels of rice bran (0,300 and 600g/kg) with and without enzyme, and three replicates of five ducks per treatment. Unlike before, the diets contained some animal protein. The results are given in Table 10.

Effects of diet (p<0.05) on growth rate and FCR were observed, but there was no indication of a positive benefit of enzyme addition. Inclusion of 600g rice bradkg diet did not depress growth rate, feed intake nor FCR compared with ducks on the diet without rice bran.

A very recent experiment with diets containing 0,200 and 400 g rice bran/kg, with and without feed enzymes, and small amounts of meat and bone meal (20-30 g) and 50g fish meal/kg gave similar growth rates in ducklings 3-17 days of age irrespective of rice bran inclusion and without response to enzymes. Combined unpublished results are given in Table 2 2 (Martin and Farrell, 1993). These results are in contrast to previous data in which diets were based on all-

Table 11 Mean growth rate, feed intake and feed efficiency (FCR) of ducklings grown from 3-17 days on diets with 0%, 20% and 40% rice bran and some animal protein

Rice bran Growth rate Feed intake FCR (glkg) (gld) (gld) 0 53.2 (2.64) 82.7 (4.27) 1.55 (0.04) 200 53.2 (3.08) 80.3 (3.60) 1.50 (0.03) 400 52.3 (2.10) 80.9 (4.01) 1.50 (0.03)

Pooled SD 2.53 Significance NS

3.94 NS

0.035 p<0.05

~~~



vegetable ingredients (Table 8 ) and in which a depression in growth rate was observed at high levels of rice bran inclusion.

Viscosity measured on digesta in the small intestine of ducklings and chickens declined on diets with 0,200 and 400g rice bran/kg (Martin, 1993, unpublished data). This suggests that the non-starch polysaccharides are unlikely to be of importance in the utilization of rice bran.

Diment (1983) suggested that rice bran has a major advantage over maize in duck diets in the humid tropics because, unlike maize, rice bran is not normally contaminated with aflatoxin (Sutikno, 1990). Ducklings are particularly suscep- tible to this mycotoxin (Bryden, 1986).

Antinutritive factors and their removal from rice bran It is generally accepted that rice bran contains factors which reduce feed intake and depress poultry performance (Saunders, 1986). In addition, the breakdown of the lipid fraction that occurs during storage causes rancidity. Removal of oil from rice bran must be immediate or the bran stabilized before extraction to pre- vent deterioration of the oil. Trypsin inhibitors have been suggested as an important factor in rice bran (Kratzer et al., 1974) but they occur commonly in other feeds and are readily inactivated by moist but not by dry heat (Deolankar and Singh, 1979); their removal does not improve the growth rate of broilers. Kratzer and Payne (1977) concluded that trypsin inhibitors in rice bran were not the cause of depressed growth in chickens. Kratzer et al. (1974), on the other hand, showed that autoclaving rice bran for 15 min did improve broiler growth and Majun and Payne (1977) demonstrated a similar response in laying hens. Treatment of rice bran with 0.1% H,SO,, 0.1% NaOH or 0.1% NaCl did not inactivate the inhibitor (Deolankar and Singh, 1979). Extraction of rice bran with hexane or methanol did not remove the growth inhibitor (Kratzer et al., 1974).

As discussed, the phytate content of rice bran is high and appears to be responsible for reducing availability of some minerals (Warren and Farrell, 1991). Other components in rice bran may also have reduced availability as a consequence of the high phytate content, but this has not been consistently demonstrated so far from our results using a feed phytase (Table 9). Tangendjaja (1985) found that hot water treatment of rice bran released substantial amounts of phosphorus from phytate phosphorus giving improved feed intake, growth (31%) and bone ash content in chickens compared with untreated bran. However, Tangendjaja et al. (1985) were unable to confirm these results with Alabio ducklings.

Warren and Farrell(1990b) removed the soluble protein fraction from rice bran with 0.9% NaC1; the extracted bran gave an improved chick performance. Addition of the protein extract to the diet slightly reduced performance.

Diment (1984) postulated that a specific rice bran lectin was responsible for depressed poultry performance. The addition of 3% crab meat containing chitin to bind the lectin did not reduce the depressing effect of rice bran on growth.

Adulteration of rice bran with hulls In many countries in Asia rice bran is often contaminated with hulls. Diment (1984) reported a rice hull content of local brans in the Bogor, West Java area of 40-550 g/kg rice bran. Their effect was to dilute the diet with non-nutritive bulk. Rice hulls are high in neutral detergent fibre (800 g/kg) and in ash which is largely silica (200 g/kg). Diment and Kompiang (unpublished, 1984) grew chickens from 0 to 4 weeks of age on diets containing 300 g rice bran/kg with added rice



hulls (0-280 g/kg), and on diets containing 200 g rice hulls/kg with added rice bran (100-400 g/kg). Diets were calculated to be isonitrogenous and isoener- getic. In both cases increasing dietary rice bran with hulls held constant and increasing rice hulls with rice bran held constant gave a consistent decrease in growth rate and feed efficiency. These workers calculated the following rela- tionship between liveweight gain (g/bird per 4 weeks) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and rice bran (both as % of the diet):

Liveweight gain = 1310 - 13.1 NDF - 7.3 rice bran, Y = 0.97, n = 8.

From this equation they observed that 65% of the antinutritional factors in the diets was due to neutral detergent fibre content and 35% to the level of rice bran. There was no difference in growth rate or feed efficiency between the two diets containing 300 g rice bran/kg with 0 g or 85 g rice hulls/kg; both differed from the maize-based control diet without rice bran and hulls.

Further observations by Diment and Kompiang (1984) in which broiler chickens were given balanced diets containing 0-500 g rice bran and rice hulls at 10-290 g/kg showed both products to have a strong antinutritive effect on growth rate. Effects were only statistically significant at inclusions of 100 g hulls or 200 g rice bran/kg diet or more. In another experiment when the same brans were incorporated in diets of different bulk densities, the bulkier diet gave a 10% greater depression than the more compact diet (Diment et al., 1982).

When 8-week-old Alabio ducklings were offered diets containing 450 g rice bran/kg of diet to which was added 0-300 g hulls/kg, growth rate and FCR were poorer only on the diet with the highest inclusion of hulls (Tangendjaja et al., 1985). In these experiments there may have been differences in the nutrient content of diets, for example ME was not determined, only calculated.

Rice hulls may be used to reduce the energy content of diets for replacement pullets and particularly broiler breeder males and hens. Recommended maximum inclusion of rice hulls is 150 g/kg for broiler breeders and 50 g/kg diet for growing pullets above 8 weeks of age (K. Hutton, Leeton, NSW Coprice Feeds, personal communication, 1993).

Conclusions Rice bran is probably the most widely used cereal byproduct available. Chemical composition is reasonably constant unless it is adulterated with hulls or milling is insufficient to remove all of the bran. Rancidity may be a problem because of high oil content particularly in hot, humid climates. However, the negative effects on performance of rancid rice bran when added to poultry diets are equivocal.

Rice bran can be used successfully in chicken and duckling diets. Dietary inclusion levels of up to 200 g/kg can be tolerated by chickens without depressing performances, although there was indication of a small depression in at least one experiment when rice bran was included at 200 g/kg. For ducklings the maximum inclusion level appears to be below 600 g/kg and appears to depend on protein source, i.e. vegetable or animal. This level is similar to that observed in layer diets although there is some variation in the maximum inclusion of rice bran among published experiments.

Feed enzymes, particularly phytase, have shown potential in improving the nutritional value of rice bran as well as reducing antinutritional factors. There is a need for more research in this area. In young chicks a feed lipase may have a



positive effect, but there appears to be a requirement for other enzymes to make the oil accessible to the lipase. Improved availability of the oil will increase the ME of the diet.

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