DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 344 710 RC 018 589

AUTHOR Lane, AmyTITLE Rural Communities: Prevention Resource Guide.

INSTITUTION Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration(DHHS/PHS), Rockville, MD. Office for Substance AbusePrevention.

REPORT NO DHHS-Pub-(ADM)91-1795PUB DATE Jun 91NOTE 20p.

PUB TYPE Reference Materials - Directories/Catalogs (132) --Guides - Non-Classroom Use (055)

EDRS PRICE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS Adult Education; *Alcohol Abuse; *Drug Abuse; *Drug

Education; Elementary Secondary Education; GovernmentPublications; Health Education; *Prevention; *RuralAreas; Rural Population

ABSTRACTThis resource guide represents findings from key

government reports and research studies on substance abuse andprevention in rural communities. The initial section presentsstatistics related to drug and alcohol abuse in rural areas. Alcoholis by far the most widely abused drug in rural areas, whereas cocaineabuse appears to be less prevalent. The second section containsannotated listings of prevention materials for rural communities. Thematerials include books, journal articles, posters, and brochures ofprograms and organizations. Each entry provides the followinginformation if available: (1) organization producing the material;(2) format; (3) length; (4) relation to other materials; (5) topic;(6) mode of delivery; (7) target audience; (8) program setting; (9)

readability; and (10) availability. The third section containscitations and abstracts of studies, articles, and reports on ruralcommunities. Topics include: (1) the relationship of drug abuse tocrime; (2) indicators of rural youth drug abuse; (3) familial

factors; (4) prevention programs; (5) sources of drug and alcohol

information; (6) drinking and driving; (7) smokeless tobacco use; and(8) Native American youth and alcohol. The final page contains a listof groups, organizations, and programs that deal with the issue ofdrug and alcohol abuse. Names, addresses, phone numbers, and acontact person are also listed. (KS)

*********************************************g*************************Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made

from the original document.*******I***************************************************************

Office for Substance Abuse Prevention

PREVENTION RESOURCE GUIDE

RURAL COMMUNITIES

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICESPublic Health ServiceAlcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration

irci fiDif AVM! INF4)

U.S. DEPARTMENT OP EDUCATIONOff)ce of Educational Research end Improvement

EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATIONCENTER (ERIC)

This document has been reproduced asrecived from the Dyson or organizationoriginating it

C" Minor changes have been made to improvereproduction quality

June 1991

Points of wow or opthions slated in this docu .ment do not necessarily represent officialOERI position or policy

Facts & Figures . . . .

PreventionMaterials . . . . . . 5

Studies, Articles, &Repots . . . . . . 9

Groups,Organizations, &Programs 17

This OSM' Prevention ResourceGuide was compiled from a varietyof publications and data bases andrepresents the most currently avail-able information to date. ThisGuide will be updated regulany,and your comments or suggestionsare welcome. To suggest informa-tion or materials that might be in-cluded in updated editions, pleasewrite to the National Clearing-house for Alcohol and Drug Infor-mation (NCADI), RO. Box 2345,Rockville, MD 20852. The listing ofmaterials or programs in this ResourceGuide does not constitute or imply en-dorsement by the Office for SubstanceAbuse Prevention, the Public HealthService, or the Department of Healthand Human Services. The materialshave been reviewed for accuracy,appropriateness, and conformancewith public health principles.

MS416

Note to the Reader:

As prevention professionals enter the decade of the 1990s, it is important for them tochallenge the pervasive misconceptions regarding the health status of rural popula-tions. The data that do exist do not adequately document the physical and mentalhealth condition, especially regarding the use of alcohol and other drugs, of thevarious rural communities in the United States.

The facts and figures presented in this Prevention Resource Guide represent findingsfrom key Government reports and research studies on alcohol and other drug use inrural areas. While the data are not necessarily generalizable to all rural populations,it is useful for overall program planning to take these findings in'Lo consideration.

Produced by the National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, aservice of the Office for Substance Abuse Prevention; Amy Lane, staff writer.For further information on alcohol and other drugs, call 1-800-SAY-NO-TO(DRUGS) or 1-800-729-6686.

r 1Please feel free to be a "copy cat," and make all the copies you want.You have our permission!

Facts & Figures on RuralCommunities/ Alcohol is by far the most widely

abused drug in rural areas.1

Arrests for drug abuse violationsin rural counties skyrocketed 54percent from 1984 to 1988. In cit-ies with a population of less than100,000, arrests increased signifi-cantly, from close to 200,000 to250,000!

/ Prevalence rates for cocaine ap-pear to be lower in rural thannonrural areas. Prevalence ratesfor other drugs, such as inhalants,may be higher in rural areas thanelsewhere.'

/ Total alcohol and other drugabuse rates in rural States areabout as high as those found innonrural States.'

/ More than ever before, cocaineand heroin use is found in ruralareas. Arrests for cocaine and her-oin, two of the most highly addic-tive drugs, rose by almost 20percent in rural areas between1984 and 1988.5

/ Marijuana arrests are droppingbut still outnumber cocaine ar-rests by 2 to 1 in rural areas.'

Rural Communities

/ Most prison inmates in ruralStates have abused alcohol, otherdrugs, or both?

/ Cocaine and opium have infil-trated the countryside. Cocaineand opium arrests have soared,increasing almost 20 percent in ar-eas with populations under100,000.8

/ Advertising has a strong influ-ence on youth all over America.Consumer-oriented media mes-sages glamorizingalcohol and tobacco reach ruralyouth as well as urban youth.'

/ Alcohol abuse treatment and ar-rests are higher in rural areasthan in nonrural areas. In ruralareas the rate is 1.4 percent and innonrural areas it is 1.2 percent!'

/ Eighteen percent of rural youthare non-White, in contrast to 32percent of urban youth. In ruralareas, 82 percent of youth areWhite, 11 percent are AfricanAmerican, 5 percent are Hispanic,and 2 percent are Asian or other."

Page

1/ Rural adolescents are less likelyto be minorities, more likely tohave both parents present, morelikely to be poor in terms of abso-lute poverty levels, and morelikely to live in the South.'

st Rural children as young as 11 and12 are drinking as many as 14 to18 beers as part of their Fridayand Saturday nights out. Exces-sive drinking by young people isextremely dangerous because al-coholism occurs far more quicklyin children and adolescents andcan take root in as little as 6 to 18months!'

I Snuff and chewing tobacco are be-ing used more than ever before inrural areas by young men hopingto prove their "manhood." Manyyoung men may begin using be-cause of peer pressure and be-come addicted to the tobaccowhich causes mouth cancer, gumdisease, and increased deathrates!'

I Rural areas may be ideal formanufacturing "crank," an ex-tremely dangerous form of inject-able methamphetamine whichcauses hallucinations, heart at-tack, and sometimes death."Crank" is manufactured in ru-ral, isolated labs where its strongodor cannot be detected."

It One-third of rural children havehad their first drink on their ownby the age of 10 according to re-sults of a survey conducted inone small middle-Atlantic town."

e( It has been observed by severalOSAP grantees that it is crucialthat prevention occur in ruralschools as opposed to other com-munity settings because transpor-tation is a hardship and youth aremaking their connections withinschool doors.'

Although males begin drinkingearlier and drink more frequentlythan females, women are catch-ing up quiddy, according to astudy of 650 students in one ruraltown. Close to one-half of maleshave their first drink by age 10,while one .fifth, still an extremelyhigh number, of females do. Bythe age of 14, 82 percent of malesand 80 percent of females havetheir first drink."

if For school-aged youth, the mostpowerful predictor of alcohol useis grade level. While 90 percentof 7th graders are light drinkers,by 12th grade, only 39 percentwere light drinkers and 13 per-cent were heavy drinkers. Drink-ing in rural areas begins earlyand increases quickly."

Page 2 For further information, write to NCADI, P.O. Box 2345Rockville, MD 20852

lef A survey of 600 junior and seniorhigh school students in northwestOhio revealed that 69 percent hadused alcohol at least once andthat 27 percent reported drinkingfour or more drinks at a sitting.Approximately 19 percent haddriven under the influence of al-cohol and 35 percent had riddenin a car with an intoxicatedschool-aged driver; 35 percenthad refused a ride from a friendwho was intoxicated, while 43percent had tried to stop a drunkfriend from driving."

I/ I cal youth in Michigan and Wis-consin were found to use alcoholat about three and a half timesthe rate of the national averagefor similar age groups.'

1. Wargo, M.; Solomon, J.; and Oppenheim, J., et al., "The Extent of Substance Abuse in Rural Places," UnitedStates General Accounting Office Report to Congressional Requestors, Rural Drug Abuse, Prevalence, Relation toCrime, and Programs, September 1990, p. 24.

2. U.S. Department of Justice, FBI, Crime in the United States, Volumes: 1984, Table 25, pp. 164-165; 1985, 1986,Table 26, pp. 166-167; 1988, Table 26, pp. 170-171.

3. Wargo, M; Solomon, J.; and Oppenheim, J.; et al., Loc. cit.4. Ibid, p. 245. U.S. Department of Justice, op. cit., Tables 25 and 26, pp. 164-17.6. Kelly, J., USA Today, December 20, 1989, p. 23. Based on data disseminated by the U.S. Department of

Justice's Bureau of Justice Statistics.7. Wargo, M.J., "Substance Abuse and Crime in Ruml Places," United States General Accounting Office Report to

Congressional Requestors, Rural Drug Abuse, Prevalence, Relation to Crime, and Programs, September 1990, p 35.8. U.S. Department of Justice, op. cit., Tables 25 and 26, pp. 164-171.9. US. Department of Health and Human Services, Surgeon General's Workshop on Drunk Driving, Background

Papers, December 1988, 1989, p. 4.10 Butynski, W.; Canova, D.; and Jenson, S.; State Resources and Services Related to Alcohol and Drug Abuse

Problems, FiSall Year 1988: An Analysis of State Alcohol and Drug Abuse Profile Data, a report for the NationalInstitute on Drug Abuse (Washington, DC: National Association of State Alcohol and Drug AbuseDirectors, 1989) pp. 22 and 36; arrest data in US. Department of Justice, Crime in the United States, 1988(Washington, DC: Federal Bureau of Investigation, 1989); and US. Department of Justice, unpublisheddata, Federal Bureau of Investigation, 1990.

11. Mc Manus, M.A., and Newacheck, P.W., "Rural Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health," Health ServicesResearch 23(6), 1989.

12. Ibid.13. Amatetti, S., "The Impact of Alcohol and Other Drug Use and the Importance of Prevention7 Prevention Plus

Tools for Creating and Sustaining Drug-Free Communities, Office for Substance Abuse Prevention, 1989, p.6. Originally compiled by the American Psychiatric Association.

14. Centers for Disease Control, Office on Smoking and Health, Smoking Tobacco and Health, A Fact Book, Pub. No.CDC87-8397, 1989, p. 18. The data represented here was gathered by the Economic Research Service of theU.S. Department of Agriculture.

15. Kelly, Loc. cit.16. GilDbons, S.; Wylie, M.; Echterling, L.; and French, J., Patterns of Alcohol Use Among Rural and Small Town

Adolescents, Abstract from Adolescence, Vol XXI No. 84, 1986, p. 892. Based on the Student AlcoholInventory which was administered to 650 students in grades 7-12 in a small, middle-Atlantic town andsurrounding county.

Rural Communities 6 Page 3

17. U.S. Department of Education, What Works-Schools Without Drugs, 1989, p. 2, and Goplerud, E., High RiskYouth Update, Vol 2, Number .s. Associate Consultants Inc. under contract for the Office for SubstanceAbuse Prevention, ADAMHA, US. Department of Health and Human Services, June 1989, p. 9.

18. Gbbons, Wylie, Echterling, and French, op. cit., p. 896.19. Ibid, p. 897.20. Sarvela, P.D.; Newcomb, P.R; and Duncan. D.F., "Drinking and Driving Among Rural Youth," Health

Education Research,1988, pp. 197-201. Based on prevalence data collected from 622 junior and senior highschool students concerning drinking and driving among rural youth.

21. Sarvela, P.D., and McClendon, E.J., "Impact Evaluation of a Rural Youth Drug Education Program," Journalof Drug Education,1987, pp. 213-231.

7

Page 4 For further information, write to NCADI, P.O. Box 2345Rockville, MD 20852

Prevention Materials forRural Communities

The materials listed in OSAP's Prevention Resource Guides have been reviewed forscientific accuracy based on the latest available scientific findings; appropriatenessfor the target audience as described by the developers of the materials; and confor-mance to public health principles and related policies. The underlying guidelinesused for the review of materials are first and foremost based on the principle of "dono harm." All materials contain a dear non-use (of nicotine, alcohol, and other drugs)message for youth. The listing of these materials, however, does not imply Governmentendorsement or approval of the message(s) or material(s).

Happy Hill FarmMills, D., and Deutsch, C.

Organization: CASPAR Alcohol EducationProgram

Format: BookLength; 12 PagesContext: Stands Alone and Part of a

Packet/ProgramTopic: AlcoholMode of Delivery: Self-InstructionalTarget Audience: Elementary Youth-5-12

and PreschoolAge 4 and UnderSetting: Home, SchoolReadability: EasyAvailability: Payment Required: $50 each,

$40 for orders over 100; CASPAR AlcoholEducation Program, 226 HighlandAvenue, Somerville, MA 02143;617-623-2080

The animals at the Happy Hill Farmare upset when Farmer Gray starts ne-glecting them due to his alcoholism.The veterinarian explains that the ani-mals are not at fault, rather, FarmerGray has a disease and needs treatment.

Rural Communtties

... And Then It RainsMiller, L.L.

Format: ScriptLength: 55 PagesContext: Stands AloneTopic: AlcoholMode of Delivery: Self-instructionalTarget Audience: High-Risk Youth, COA and

OtherSetting: Community Organization, HomeReadability: EasyAvailability: Lisa Lee Miller, 401 Heckory Hill,

Chagrin Falls, OH 44022; 216-247-9002.$11.95 per copy. Royalty fee forperformance.

This script is about a mother who is analcoholic, and her daughter. The scriptstarts when the daughter is 30 years oldand hasn't seen her mother for a longperiod of time. Her mother is in townfor her father's funeral. The motherasks the daughter for her forgivenessfor not being a responsible mother, butthe daughter is unwilling to accept herapology.

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How Is It That Steady DrugTraffic Can Exist in a Town WithOnly One Light

Organization: Partnership For a Drug FreeAmerica

Format: PosterContext: Part of a Packet/ProgramTopic: Alcohol/Drugs and PreventionMode of Delivery: Self-InstructionalTarget Audience: Employers, General

Public, and ParentsSetting: Home, Worksite, Public AreasReadability: EasyAvailability: Payment Required: $20

donation for a kit; Partnership for a DrugFree America, 666 Third Avenue, NewYok NY 10017.

On this poster a young adult is hand-ing an individual in a pick-up truck abag of marijuana. The bottom of theposter says that drugs are no longer abig city problem. Drugs are present insmall towns as well.

Youth Is a Time of Testing Limits,of Reaching New Horizons

Organization: Juvenile Division of the MarionCounty Prosecutor's Office

Format: BrochureLength: 10 PagesContext: Stands AloneTopic: Alcohol and Alcohol/DrugsMode of Delivery: Self-InstructionalTarget Audience: General PublicSetting: Community Organization, SchoolReadability: Fairly Difficult

Availability: Free, Juvenile Division of theMarion County Prosecutor's Office, Attn.Lisa Slebonik, 2375 N. Keystone Avenue,Indianapolis, IN 46218; 317-924-7544.

Brochure describes youth programsand services available through theMarion County Prosecutor's Office. It

Page b

qlso describes the Governor's TaskForce to reduce impaired driving. Pro-vides examples of programs that coun-ties should strive for.

S.H.O.P. - Students HelpingOther People

Organization: Howard County HealthDepartment, Alcohol and DrugCounseling Center

Yecr: 1987

Format: BrochureLength: 6 PagesContext: Stands AloneTopic: PreventionMode of Delivery: Self-InstaictionuiTarget Audience: Jr. High Youth and Sr.

High YouthSetting: SchoolReadability: AverageAvailability: Amiable free through Howard

County Addiction Services, PreventionUnit, 3545 Ellicott Mills Drive, Ellicott City,MD 21043; 301-465-0127.

The Ho..,,,nd County Youth PreventionGroup, S.1-1.0.P., gives information ontheir program and its goals. A resourceguide for youth is also included. Pro-vides an example of how rural commu-nities can set up peer counseling pro-grams.

Preventing Alcohol and OtherDrug Problems AmongTeenagers: Friday Night Live

Kooler, J.

Organization: California Friday Night LiveOffice

Format: Communications PackageLength: 10 PawContext: Stands Alone and Part of a

Packet/ProgramTopic: Alcohol/Drugs and Prevention

f4

For further information, write to NCADI, P.O. Box 2345Rockville, MD 20052

Mode of Delivery: Self-InstructionalTarget Audience: Sr. High YouthRPodability: EasyAvailability: Available free through

California Friday Night Live Office, Attn.Paul Wyatt, 1700 K Street, Sacramento,CA 95814; 916-445-7456.

The Friday Night Live program en-courages teenagers not to use aicohol ordrugs, and it provides them with alter-native ays to channel their energy andhave a good time. Describes the differ-ent progri.,...Tts that are offered and liststhe Friday i.t Live County Coordina-tors' names, offices, addresses, and tele-phone numbers. The "Friday NightLive" program can be easily adaptedfor use in rural communities. Contactthe coordinator to learn more abouthow they started and implemented thissuccessful program.

Say Nope to Dope

Organization: Alien-Martin Productions, 9701Taylorsville Poad, Louisville, KY 40299;502-267-9658

Sponsor/Endorser: Chartertown HospttalFormat: 3/4" Video and Radio PSALength: 20 Minutes or 30 SecondsContext: Stands AloneTopic: Drugs and PreventionMode of Delivery: Mass MediaTarget Audience: Elementary Youth, Jr. High

Youth, and Sr. High YouthAvailability: $29 per copy; Jefferson County

Public School System, Attn. CyrilWantland, Louisville, KY 40204;502-473-3260

Filmed with students from the Jeffer-son County, Kentucky, public schools,this upbeat music video carries the mes-sage "Say Nope to Dope" in order to

Rural Communities

succeed and to be cool. Also containsseveral radio an6 TV. public service an-nouncements

Page 7

Studies, Articles, &Reports on RuralCommunities

GovernmentPublications andJournal Articles

Rural Drug Abuse: Prevalence,Relation to Crime, andPrograms

Wargo, M.J.; Solomon, J.; Oppenheim,Sharma, S.; and Rom, M.

Report, General Accounting Office,Washington, DC, 1990.

(Reprints available from U.S. GeneralAccounting Office, P.O. Box 6015,Garthersburg, MD 20877.)

This report, written at the request offive U.S. senators, examines the extentand the effects of the drug crisis in ruralareas of the United States. The re-searchers defined substance abuse as in-volvement with illegal drugs, illegal useof drugs, and drug use linked to othercriminal activity or needing treatment.The research data show that total sub-stance abuse rates in rural states areabout as high as in nonrural states; ofall substances, alcohol is by far the mostwidely abused; and the difference be-tween rural and nonrural areas is thatprevalence rates for some drugs (suchas cocaine) appear to be lower in ruralareas, while prevalence rates for otherdrugs (such as inhalants) may be

/

higher. Other findings: rural areas havearrest rates for substance abuse viola-tions that are as high as those in nonru-rat areas; most prison inmates in ruralstates have abuse alcohol, other drugs,or both; and the prevalence of sub-stance abuse among inmates com-pletely overwhelms available treatmentservices. For purposes of this study, arural state is defined as one of 18 stateswith a population density of 50 personsor fewer per square mile. These are:Alaska, Arkansas, Arizona, Colorado,Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Montana,Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, NorthDakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Da-kota, Utah, and Wyoming. 48 Ref.

Indicators of Rural Youth DrugUse

Sarvela, P.D., and McClendon, E.J.

Journal of ',milt) and Adolescence17(4).335-347, 1988.

The relatioiri- T:6 between personalsubstance ieFdth beliefs, peer use,sex, and re:' 11. were studied in ruraladolescents. The study sample in-cluded 265 students in seventh gradeclasses of two school systems, one inMichigan and one in Wisconsin, who re-sponded to a self-report questiolinaire.A positive relationship was found be-tween peer and personal drug use, andbetween health beliefs and personal sub-

Rural Communtties Page 9

1 1

stance use. However, the data suggestthat adolescenis may behave in a man-ner consistent with belief structureswith certain drugs but inconsistentlywith other drugs. Additionally, the datasupport the finding that sex differencesin substance use behaviors are diminish.-ing. 40 Ref.

Early Adolescent AlcoholAbuse in Rural NorthernMichigan

Sarvela, P.D., and McClendon, E.J.

Community Mental Health Journal23(3):183-191, 1987.

Alcohol abuse by adolescents in ruralNorthern Michigan was assessed. Thestudy group included 181 middleschool students in Michigan's UpperPeninsula during May 1982, who re-sponded to an anonymous question-naire. The study findings suggest thatalcohol misuse increased with age; alco-hol misuse in this region is above the na-tional average; that there are no differ-ences in consumption rates betweenmale and female problem drinkers inthis region; and that females havehigher rates of guilt feelings than malesconcerning their drinking behavior. It isconcluded that health education/alco-hol use prevention programs should beimplemented no later than the sixthgrade. 27 Ref.

Familial Factors Related toRural Youth Drinking Practices

Newcomb, P.R., and Sarvela, P.D.

Human Services in the Rural Environment12(1):6-10, 1988.

Page 10

Information concerning the maritalstatus of parents, parental drinkingproblems, and youth drinking practicesare discussed. The study sample in-cluded 622 junior and senior highschool students in a rural northwestOhio county who responded to a stu-dent-administered anonymous ques-tionnaire. The study results revealedthat 66 percent of the students had usedalcohol at least once, 50 percent hadbeen intoxicated at least once, and 10percent noted problems resulting fromparental drinking. It is concluded thatfamilial factors, including parentaldrinking behavior, contribute to thedrinking behavior of these rural youth.In addition, family structure appears tobe related to youth perceptions, withyouth from broken families reporting ahigher incidence of parental drinkingproblems. 23 Ref.

Drug Prevention in Junior High:A Multisite Longitudinal Test

Ellickson, P., and Bell, R.M.

Science 247(4948):1299-1305, 1990.

Results from a longitudinal experi-ment to curb drug use during juniorhigh school attendance indicate thateducation programs based on a ^lcial-influence model can prevent or reduceyoung adolescents' use of cigarettes andmarijuana. This multisite experimentinvolved the entire seventh-grade co-hort of 30 junior high schools drawnfrom eight urban, suburban, and ruralcommunities in California and Oregon.Implemented between 1984 and 1986,the curriculum's impact was assessed at3-, 12-, and 15-month follow-ups. Theprogram, which had positive results forboth low- and high-risk students, wasequally successful in schools with high

For further information, write to NCADI, P.O. Box 2345

12 RockvHie, MD 20552

and low minority enrollment. How-ever, the program did not help pre-viously confirmed smokers and its ef-fects on adolescent drinking were short-lived. 32 Ref.

Sources of Drug and AlcoholInformation Among Rural Youth

Sarvela, P.D.; Newcomb, P.R.; andLittlefield, E.A.

Health Education 19(3):27-31, 1988.

Research was conducted to identifythe sources of drug and alcohol informa-tion of rural youth in order to establishbaselizie information to use in the de-sign and development of effective ruraldrug and alcohol abuse prevention pro-grams. Data were collected from usablequestionnaires returned by 555 juniorand senior high school students in ruralnorthwest Ohio. The average age of thestudents was 15 years. The sample was51 percent female and 49 percent male.Students provided demographic infor-mation such as age, sex, and grade, aswell as sources of their informationabout alcohol and drugs, and listedtheir actual experiences with alcoholand drugs. The information sourcesidentified most often by the study popu-lation were the media and teachers atschool (18.8 percent each); next mostcommon were close friends (11.2 per-cent), personal experiences (7 percent),and parents (6.9 percent). Only 2.9 per-cent named siblings or alcohol anddrug agency personnel as their primaryinformation source. Of the sample, 212percent cited "other" as a potential in-formation source. A proportion of 17.8percent replied that they did not knowmuch about drugs and alcohol. No ma-jor differences were found between theinformation sources cited by males and

Rural Communities 13

those cited by females. Differences ininformation sources by grade level andbetween users and nonusers ate dis-cussed. 24 Ref.

Rationales for the Use ofAlcohol, Marijuana, and OtherDrugs by Eighth-Grade NativeAmerican and Anglo Youth

Binion, A., Jr.; Miller, C.D.; Beauvais, F.;and Oetting, E.R.

International Journal uf the Addictions23(1):47-64, 1988.

(Reprints available from C. Dean Miller,Psychology Department, Colorado StateUniversity, Fort Collins, CO 80523.)

This study examined rationales for al-cohol, marijuana, and other drug useamong Indian and non-Indian youth.Data were examined for 144 Indiansand 377 non-Indians relating to alcohol,for 133 Indians and 144 non-Indians onmarijuana, and for 56 Indians and 86non-Indians on other drugs. Differ-ences were found between reservationIndian and rural non-Indian rationalesfor alcohol, marijuana, and other druguse. A majority of both Indian and non-Indian eighth graders indicate that theyuse drugs to enhance positive affectivestates, for excitement, for parties, to bewith friends, to relax, and to handlenegative affective states, including wor-ries and nervousness. Indian youth ap-pear to also use drugs to cope with bore-dom. Unlike non-indian youth, Indianyouth have no strong rationales fortheir use of other drugs. Interventionswill have to be impactful and pervasivein order to counter the many positiveand negative rationales associated withdrug use. 17 Ref.

Page 11

Alcohol and Drug Use: AWorld Perspective

Grant, M.

Australian Drug and Alcohol Review6(4):289-292, 1987.

The current world situation with re-spect to alcohol and drug abuse is sum-marized. Each major substance ofabuse is described and an indication ofthe current global trends given. The im-plications of those trends are then dis-cussed from a public health persrctive.Figures are provided for use of rawopium, cocoa and cocaine, ampheta-mines, cannabis, hallucinogens, khat,barbiturates, sedatives and tranquiliz-ers, volatile solvents, alcohol, and to-bacco. Two different trends of drug useare described: (1) traditional patterns ofdrug use with a history of many centu-ries behind them and a high degree ofintegration with everyday life of adult,mostly rural, populations; destabiliza-tion may have led to the establishmentof new more hazardous patterns of mul-tiple drug use; and (2) the modern drugwave, starting in the early 1960s in thehighly industrialized countries and af-fecting primarily urban and semi-urbanyouth but spreading to more and morecountries in all regions of the world;within this trend, a speedy increase ofmultiple drug use, with a variety ofrapid changes in consumption patterns,is now seen. While cigarette smokingand psychoactive substance abuse maybe leveling off, the illegal drug with thehighest annual rate of increase in use iscocaine. It is noted that public healthconsequences will include a global in-crease in alcohol-, multiple-drug-, to-bacco-, and cocaine-related morbidity.It is also important to take into accountthe rate of Acquired ImmunodeficiencySyndrome (AIDS) morbidity among in-travenous drug abusers. It is, however,

Page 12

suggested that it is important to be surethat the real scale of the problem is ob-served and that attention is not divertedfrom other serious health and sodal is-sues. 6 Ref.

Drinking, Drug Use, and DrivingAmong Rural Midwestern Youth

Sarvela, P.D.; Pape, D.J.; Odulana, J.;and Bajracharya, S.M.

Journal of School Health 60(5):215-219, 1990.(Reprints available from Paul D. Sarvela,

Department of Health Education,College of Education, Southern IllinoisUniversity, Carbondale, IL 62901.)

Data concerning self-reported drivingafter drinking or using other drugswere collected from 3,382 junior andsenior high school students in rural cen-tral and southern Illinois. Drinking,drug use, and driving increased stead-ily with age, with 42 percent ot the 12thgrade class indicating they had driven acar at least one time in the past sixmonths after drinking or using otherdrugs. Riding with a driver who hadbeen Cirinking also increased with age:20 percent of the seventh-grade samplehad ridden in a c;:a- with a drinkingdriver, while 58 percent of the 12thgrade sample reported having done so.Slightly more females had ridden in acar with a driver who had been drink-ing than males, while males reportedhigher rates of driving after drinking orusing other drugs than femees. Col :ela-tion analyses indicated 22 variables re-lated significantly to drinking, druguse, and driving. Forward stepwisemultiple regression analysis showedthat 11 variables related significantly toriding as a passenger with a drinkingdriver. Thirteen variables were relatedsignificantly to driving after drinking orusing other drugs. Frequency of alcohol

For further information, write to NCADI, P.O. Box 2345

1 d Rockville, MD 2Ch. 32

use variables were the most powerfulindicators of self-reported driving afterdrinking or using other drugs in thissample.

Drinking and Driving AmongRural Youth

Sarvela, P.D.; Newcomb, P.R.; andDuncan, D.F.

Health Education Research 3(2):197-201,1988.

(Reprints available from Paul D. Sarvela,'Department of Health Education.College of Education, Southern IllinoisUniversity, Carbondale, IL 62901.)

Data concerning rural youth drinkingand driving practices were collectedfrom 622 junior and senior high schoolstudents in northwest Ohio, utilizing anex post facto cross-sectional survey-re-search design. The results suggestedthat 69 percent of the sampie had usedalcohol at least once. With regard toquantity of alcohol use, about 27 per-cent reported drinking four or moredrinks at a sitting. Approximately 19percent of the sample had driven underthe influence of alcohol and 35 percenthad ridden in a car with an intoxicatedschool-aged diiver; 35 percent had re-fused a ride from a friend who was in-toxicated, while 43 percent had tried tostop a drunk friend from driving. Nosignificant differences were found be-tween males and females regardingdrinking and driving, but grade levelwas a significant moderating factor. Asgrade level increased, the frequency ofeach alcohol-related behavior increasedsubstantially (P 0.01). This paper pre-sents prevalence data concerning drink-ing and driving among rural youth aswell as recommendations for commu-nity health education program develop-ment.

Smokeless Tobacco UseAmong Adolescents:Correlates and ConcurrentPredictors

Botvin, G.J.; Baker, E.; Tortu, S.;Dusenbury, L.; and Gessula, J.

Journal of Developmental and BehavioralPediatrics 10(4):181-186,1989.

(Reprints available from Gilbert J. Botvin,Cornell University Medical College, 411East 69th Street, KB-201, New York, NY10021.)

Seventh-grade students (n = 1,539)from three regions of New York Statewere surveyed to determine the preva-lence of smokeleEs tobacco use and itsrelationship to seven background vari-ables, 13 substance use variables, and

psychosocial variables. Significantcorrelations with smokeless tobacco usewere found within each of these vari-able domains. Concurrent predictorsfor each domain were determined usinglogistic regression analysis. The result-ing three models were combined in astepwise fashion in an effort to deter-mine the most complete predictionmodel. The final model indicated thatindividuals at the highest risk for usingsmokeless tobacco were rural maleswho smoked more than four cigarettesin their lifetime, were more heavily in-volved with alcohol, had a lower degreeof assertiveness and social anxiety, andhad reported eating as a coping re-sponse. Implications for prevention arediscussed.

Me-ology Drug PreventionProgram: Studying an InitialEffect

Pendegrass, R.A., and Brown, K.Y.

Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education33(2):81-83,1988.

Rural Communities Page 13

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The Me-ology Drug Prevention Pro-gram, piloted in Ohio among rural andsmall town, sixth-grade students for 17weeks during the 1984-1985 school year,places an emphasis on teaching stu-dents how to make decisions and to actfor themselves. The need for positiveself-esteem, ior being an individual,and understanding peer pressure are allingredients of the program. Pre- andpost-tests were given to measure: (1) de-cisionmaking process; (2) alcohol; (3)drugs; and (4) tobacco. The Me-olov:Program was successful in givingsixth graders an expanded knowltbase. Additionally, they learned mica itmeans to say no and some ways to dothat.

New Holstein StudentAssistance Program

Wieser, J.

Student Assistance Journal 1(1):23-26, 1988.

Astudent assistance program in theNew Holstein, Wisconsin, school dis-trict is described. It !s located in a ruralarea and serves 1,500 students in gradesK-12. Specific program goals with re-gard to students, school staff, parents,and the community are outlined. Spe-cial training workshops and fundingprovided to facilitate these goals are dis-cussed. The program offers identifica-tion, assistance, referral, and supportservices for students with problems re-lated to the use of alcohol or otherdrugs. Three kinds of support groupsare available to students with alcohol oidrug use problems: use/abuse groups,concerned persons groups, and after-care groups. This program serves as aviable alternative to strict disciplinary

codes that too often result in dropouts,expulsions, and the loss of educationalopportunities.

Impact Evaluation of A RuralYouth Drug Education Program

Sarvela, P.D., and McClendon, E.J.

Journal of Drug :ducation 17(3):213-231,1987.

Drug use prevalence rates and healthbeliefs of 265 youth in rural northernMichigan and northeastern Wisconsinwere studied and an impact evaluationexamined the effects of a mixed affec-tive-cognitive drug education programon sixth and seventh grade students'substance use health beliefs and behav-iors. A nonequivalent control groupevaluation design was utilized. Thedata suggested that alcohol use in thispopulation was about three and a halftimes greater than national averages forsimilar age groups. Marijuana, ciga-rette, and cocaine use were equal to na-tional rates. The treatment group didnot have lower substance use rates ormore favorable health beliefs than thecomparison group at the conclusion ofthe program. 41 Ref.

Other Publications

Survey of Rural Nebraska YouthConcerns

Cohen, J.

Kearney, NE: South Central ComprehensiveCommunity Mental Health Center, 1987.

Page 14 For further information, wrtte to NCADI, P.O. Box 2345Rockville, MD 20852

(Reprints available from the NationdClearinghouse for Alcohol anc' DrugInformation, Box 2345, Rockville, MD20852.)

The extent of student alcohol anddrug involvement was assessed. Thestudy sample included 1,503 highschool students in six small rural Ne-braska schools and one larger school lo-cated in a medium-sized trade center.The students responded to a 45-itemquestionnaire with three additionalquestions relating to psychologicalstates, family and peer relationships,general adjustment, and areas of worry.The study results revealed that 1,485students reported on their drinking be-havior; 59 percent of these students saidthey drank, and of these, 25 percent con-sumed over seven drinks weekly. Anadditional 1,448 students reported ontheir use of drugs; of these students,10.5 percent reported using drugs, andof these, 22 percent reported they useddrugs on a daily basis. The largestschool had the biggest percentage of al-cohol and drug users, 67 and 14.9 per-cent, respectively, of students. For allstudents, the reasons given for abuse ofalcohol and drugs included inability tocontrol oneself and one's life demands,family finances, pressure, depression,and hopelessness.

Drug Dependence andAlcoholism, Volume 2: Socialand Behavioral Issues

Schecter, A,J., ed,

New York: Plenum Press, 1981.

(Reprints available from Plenum Press, 233Spring Street, New York, NY 10013.)

Conference papers on topics related tocultural and behavioral issues in drugdependence and alcoholism are publish-

ed in these conference proceedings un-der these section headings: minoritiesand special needs; rural and urban is-sues; prevention; training, education,and credentialing; vocational rehabilita-tion; managerial and administrative is-sues; sociology of drug abuse; publicpolicy; and miscellaneous. An index isprovided.

Drug and Alcohol UsePrevention: Utility andEffectiveness with RuralFifth-Grade Students

Blau, G.M.

Ph.D. diss., Auburn University, Montgomery,AL, 1990.

(Reprints available from UMI, 300 North ZeebRoad. Ann Arbor, Mi 48106. RefrfoOrder # DA 8918773.)

The purpose of this investigation wasto determine the short- and long-termeffectiveness of drug and alcohol useprevention programs with rural fifth-grade students. Five classrooms (ap-proximately 115 chhdren) from PikeCounty, Alabama, were randomly as-signed to one of five treatment condi-tions. These conditions were a non-treatment group, a placebo discussiongroup, a drug and alcohol educatiorgroup, an assertiveness training grotand an interpersonal problem-solvinggroup. The eight sessions for these pro-grams (with the exception of the non-treatment group) were held onceweek for one hour. Pretest scores v%obtained one week prior to the start ofthe first session, posttest scores were ob-tained three weeks after the completionof the final session, and follow-upscores were obtained one year after thecompletion of the final session. Theshort- and long-term effectiveness ofthese interventions were compared by

Rural Communtties 1 7 Page 15

using hierarchical regression analysesand analyses of variance. The resultsfor the short-term evaluation indicatedthat all programs reduced children'slikelihood to use drugs compared to thecontrol procec' ares.

Native American Youth andAlcohol: An AnnotatedBibliography

Lobb, M.L., and Watts, T.D.

New York: Greenwood Press, 1989. ,

(Reprints available from Greenwood Press,88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 86881.)

Current and relevant publication onIndian youth and alcohol are describedin this annotated bibliography, which ispreceded by a 35-page review of the lit-erature included. Headings within thisbook include: (1) introduction and re-view of the literature; (2)acddentaldeath; (3)biornedical factors; (4) crime;(5) etiology; (6) gender; (7) policy andprevention; (8) reservations; (9) socio-logical factors; (10) suicide; (11) treat-ment; and (12) urban r rural. Thebook includes both subject and authorindexes.

Search for Structure: A Reporton American Youth Today

lanni, F.A.J.

New York: The Free Press, A Division ofMacmillan, Inc., 1989.

(Reprints available from C. Dean Miller,Psychology Department, Colorado StateUniversity, Fort Collins, CO 80523.)

The author presents a report on the in-fluences shaping American teenagers'behaviors, identities, and aspirations.Francis Ianni observed and conductedinterviews with thousands of adoles-

cents in urban, suburban, and ruralcommunities. He presents close-ups oftwo communities, for which he uses thepseudonyms "Southside" arid "Shef-field." The author says that in communi-ties beset by conflict, poverty, and de-spair, young people often becomediscouraged, confused, or cynical. Ianniargues that, to reclaim America's youth,adults must become actively concernedand involved in young lives. He offersways that adults can offer support andguidance to young people, includingmentoring programs, career intern-ships, cooperative linkages betweenschools and employers, and communityprograms for juvenile offenders. 276Ref.

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Page 16 For further information, write to NCADI, P.O. Box 2345Rockville, MD 20852

Groups, Organizations, &ProgramsNational 4-H Council

7100 Connecticut AvenueChevy Chase, MD 20815(301) 961-2800Contact: jean Cogburn

National Rural Hetlth Association301 E Armour Boulevard., Suite 420Kansas City, MO 64111(816) 756-3140Robert Van Hook, Executive Director

Hazelden Services, Inc., Community &Professional Education1400 Park AvenueMinneapolis, MN 55404(612) 349-4310 (800) 257-7800Contact: Information Specialist

National Association of State Alcohol& Drug Abuse Directors444 North Capitol Street, NW, Suite642Washington, DC 20001(202) 783-6868Contact: Director, PreventionServices

America's Drug Abuse PreventionTeam (ADAPT)1001 D StreetSan Rafael, CA 94901(415) 457-3663

National Clearinghouse for Alcoholand Drug InformationP.O. Box 2345Rockville, MD 20852(301) 468-2600Contact: Information Specialist1-800-729-6686

National Rural Institute on Alcoholand Drug Abusec/o Arts and Sciences OutreachUniversity of WisconsinEau Claire, WI 54702-4004(715) 836-2031

Rural Information CenterU.S. Department of AgricultureNationE Agricultural library10301 Baltimore BoulevardBeltsville, MD. 20705-23511-800-633-7701(301) 344-5077

Office of Rural Healttt Policy5600 Fishers LaneRoom 1422Rockville, MD 20857(301) 443-0835

ERIC Clearinghouse on RuralEducation and Small SchoolsAppalachia Educational Laboratory1031 QuarrierP.O. Box 1348Charleston, WV 25325-13481-80C-624-9120

i; IRural Communttles Page 17

DHHS Publication No. (ADM) 91-1795Printed 1991

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