REA 0002REA 0002

Chapter 5Chapter 5

RelationshipsRelationships

Relationships 1Relationships 1

Authors use two ways to show Authors use two ways to show relationships and make their relationships and make their ideas clear. ideas clear.

You use these very same You use these very same conventions in your writing. conventions in your writing.

They are They are transitions and transitions and patterns of organization.patterns of organization.

TransitionsTransitions

Transitions are words or phrases Transitions are words or phrases that show relationships between that show relationships between ideas.ideas.

They are like road signs to guide They are like road signs to guide the travelers or reader.the travelers or reader.

Words That Show Words That Show AdditionAddition We have seen these words before We have seen these words before

in Chapters 2 and 4. (p 172) in Chapters 2 and 4. (p 172) Addition words are used to show Addition words are used to show

that additional information that additional information related to the main idea will be related to the main idea will be presented.presented.

They help the author organize his They help the author organize his information and presents it information and presents it clearly to the reader.clearly to the reader.

Examples of Addition Examples of Addition WordsWords The sound on our TV is full of static. The sound on our TV is full of static.

In addition,In addition, the picture keeps the picture keeps jumping in and out of focus.jumping in and out of focus.

A field of sunflowers is an A field of sunflowers is an undemanding crop. undemanding crop. First of allFirst of all, , sunflowers require little fertilizer. sunflowers require little fertilizer. SecondSecond, they don’t need irrigation., they don’t need irrigation.

Practice – Identify the Practice – Identify the Addition WordsAddition Words Biologists classify humans as Biologists classify humans as

mammals. Whales are also mammals. Whales are also classified as mammals. classified as mammals.

Paper and plastics are two Paper and plastics are two products that many communities products that many communities are asking people to recycle. are asking people to recycle. Another is used motor oil.Another is used motor oil.

More PracticeMore Practice

Practice 1 – page 173. Someone Practice 1 – page 173. Someone start reading and continue until start reading and continue until finished.finished.

1. another1. another 2. also2. also 3. In addition3. In addition 4. second4. second 5. Furthermore5. Furthermore

Another Transition - Another Transition - TimeTime The time words…as listed on The time words…as listed on

page 174 tell when something page 174 tell when something happened in relation to when happened in relation to when something else happened. something else happened.

Time transitions can Time transitions can NEVERNEVER be be interchanged!interchanged!

These are the stages, events, These are the stages, events, steps in a process. steps in a process.

Examples of Time Examples of Time TransitionsTransitions Mitch went for the job interview Mitch went for the job interview

afterafter he got a haircut and shaved he got a haircut and shaved off his mustache.off his mustache.

Some teenagers were giggling Some teenagers were giggling loudly loudly during during the movie’s love the movie’s love scenes.scenes.

Caution!Caution!

Some transition words have the Some transition words have the same meaning. same meaning.

For example – also, moreover, For example – also, moreover, and furthermore all mean “in and furthermore all mean “in addition”. Authors typically use a addition”. Authors typically use a variety of words to avoid variety of words to avoid repetition.repetition.

Another Caution!Another Caution!

Certain words can serve as two different Certain words can serve as two different types of transitions depending on how types of transitions depending on how they are used. they are used.

For example – First may be used as an For example – First may be used as an addition word to show that it is the addition word to show that it is the beginning of a list. beginning of a list.

To learn about transitions, first, become To learn about transitions, first, become familiar with the words. Also try to familiar with the words. Also try to visualize the relationship the author is visualize the relationship the author is giving you.giving you.

However!However!

First can also be used to signal a First can also be used to signal a time sequence. time sequence.

In order to bake a cake, you first In order to bake a cake, you first need to get the ingredients out of need to get the ingredients out of the cupboard. Then you need to the cupboard. Then you need to put the ingredients in a bowl. put the ingredients in a bowl. Finally, you mix them all together Finally, you mix them all together and put them in a pan to bake. and put them in a pan to bake.

Practice 2Practice 2

Page 175Page 175 Using time relationship words from the Using time relationship words from the

box on 174 to fill in the blanks. box on 174 to fill in the blanks. 1. After1. After 2. then2. then 3. During3. During 4. until4. until 5. Before5. Before

Patterns of Patterns of OrganizationOrganization TransitionsTransitions show the relationships show the relationships

between the between the Ideas in sentencesIdeas in sentences.. Patterns of OrganizationPatterns of Organization show the show the

relationships between relationships between supporting supporting details in paragraphs, essays, and details in paragraphs, essays, and chapters. chapters.

Patterns of OrganizationPatterns of Organization help you help you recognize the recognize the common patterns in common patterns in which an author arranges which an author arranges informationinformation. .

More About Patterns More About Patterns of Organizationof Organization Patterns of OrganizationPatterns of Organization help help

you to you to understand and understand and remember what you have remember what you have read.read.

This chapter deals with This chapter deals with List and List and time Patterns of Organization.time Patterns of Organization.

List PatternsList Patterns

List transitions present information. List transitions present information. Addition words are used as signals Addition words are used as signals

and suggest an order, but…and suggest an order, but… The points may The points may come in any order.come in any order. If you can interchange the points and If you can interchange the points and

it doesn’t effect the meaning, then it doesn’t effect the meaning, then you have an LIST PATTERN. you have an LIST PATTERN.

PracticePractice

Page 176 – topPage 176 – top

A list of items refers to a series of A list of items refers to a series of reasons, examples, or other reasons, examples, or other supporting details that support an supporting details that support an idea. idea.

They have no set order. They have no set order.

Another PracticeAnother Practice

Practice 3 – page 178Practice 3 – page 178 What is the What is the main idea?main idea? (Hint, it (Hint, it

suggests a pattern.)suggests a pattern.)

Regrettable comments fall into Regrettable comments fall into five general categories.five general categories.

What Are the 5 What Are the 5 Categories? (Introduced Categories? (Introduced by?)by?) BlunderBlunder (most common kind)(most common kind) Direct attack (next)Direct attack (next) Negative group references (another)Negative group references (another) Direct and specific criticism (fourth)Direct and specific criticism (fourth) Saying too much (finally)Saying too much (finally)

What is the Pattern of Organization?What is the Pattern of Organization? LISTLIST

Time Order PatternTime Order Pattern

Items are presented in the order Items are presented in the order in which they happen.in which they happen.

They MUST STAY IN THAT ORDER!They MUST STAY IN THAT ORDER! Clues are the time transition Clues are the time transition

words. words. Common signals in main ideas…Common signals in main ideas…

– Stages, steps, processes, datesStages, steps, processes, dates

Practice - 181Practice - 181

Main Idea? (Four stages of sleep)Main Idea? (Four stages of sleep) Stage 1 light or REM sleep (After)Stage 1 light or REM sleep (After) Stage 2 bursts of fast brain waves Stage 2 bursts of fast brain waves

called spindles (next)called spindles (next) Stage 3 spindles disappear (Then)Stage 3 spindles disappear (Then) Stage 4 deepest level: very slow Stage 4 deepest level: very slow

brain brain waves called delta waves called delta waves; waves; most difficult to most difficult to awaken (Last)awaken (Last)

Practice Practice

Practice 4 – p 182Practice 4 – p 182 Check for Understanding – Series Check for Understanding – Series

of Steps.of Steps. Main Ideas often signal Patterns Main Ideas often signal Patterns

of Organization: Author’s choice of Organization: Author’s choice of words should alert you. of words should alert you.

Can you guess? Practice 6 - 185Can you guess? Practice 6 - 185

Three Final PointsThree Final Points

Just when you think you have a Just when you think you have a handle on it, the author throws handle on it, the author throws you a curve! you a curve!

Discuss these 3 points on page Discuss these 3 points on page 186.186.

Group Practice - Group Practice - HomeworkHomework Can start on the Homework if Can start on the Homework if

there is time. there is time. Review Tests 1 – 3 – pages 188 – Review Tests 1 – 3 – pages 188 –

191191 Homework Homework Master Tests 1 – 6. Master Tests 1 – 6.