CECS 121 Final Test

Function Prototype Syntax

return-type function_name ( arg_type arg1, ..., arg_type argN);

Function Prototypes tell you the data type returned by the function, the data type of parameters, how many parameters, and the order of parameters

Function definitions implement the function prototype

Where are function prototypes located in the program?

Where do you find function definitions?

Function Prototypes are placed after preprocessor directives and before the main(){} function.

Function Definitions are self contained outside of the main(){} function

#include <stdio.h> int mult ( int, int );

main() { int x,y; printf( "Please input two numbers to be multiplied: " );

scanf( "%d", &x ); scanf( "%d", &y ); printf( "The product of your two numbers is %d\n", mult( x,

y ) ); getchar(); // To pause the screen, same like system(“pause”)

}

int mult (int x, int y) // Make sure not to end this with a semicolon { return(x * y); }

#include <stdio.h>void print_char( char *, int);

main() { char name[20]=“REACH CRC”;

print_char(name, 3); // The name of the array is a pointer to that array

getchar(); }

void print_char (char *nameStringArray, int x) { printf(“The character specified is: %c”, nameStringArray[x-1]); }

#include <stdio.h> void printReportHeader();

main(){

printReportHeader;}

void printReportHeader(){

printf(“\n Column1\tColumn2\tColumn3\tColumn4 \n”);}

#include <stdio.h> void printReportHeader();

main(){

printReportHeader; // Should be corrected to printReportHeader()}

void printReportHeader(){

printf(“\n Column1\tColumn2\tColumn3\tColumn4 \n”);}

Variable scope defines the life time of a variable

Local Scope: defined within functions and loses scope after function is finished. Can reuse in other functions (ex. p.123)

Global Scope: defined outside of functions and can be accessed by multiple functions

#include <stdio.h> void printNumbers();int iNumber; // This is a global variable reachable from any place in code main() { int x;

for(x=0, x<10,x++){printf(“\n Enter a number:”);scanf(“%d”, &iNumber);printNumbers();

}} void printNumbers(){

printf(“\n Your number is: %d \n”, iNumber);}

Can you declare a one-dimensional array made up of 10 integers? data_type name[size_of_array] Answer: int iArray[10];

How to declare an Array int iArray[10]; // Array of 10 integers float fAverages[30]; // Array of 10 floats char cName[19];// 18 characters and 1 null

character

Why do we initialize? Because memory spaces may not be cleared from previous values when arrays are created

Can initialize an array directly Example int iArray[5]={0,1,2,3,4};

Can initialize an array with a loop such as for()

#include <stdio.h>

main(){ int x; int iArray[5];

for( x=0; x < 5 ; x++) { iArray[x] = 0;}

}

Can you add code that will print out the value of each element of iArray?#include <stdio.h>

main(){

int x;int iArray[5];

for( x=0; x < 5 ; x++) {

iArray[x] = 0;}

}

#include <stdio.h> main(){

int x;int iArray[5];

for( x=0; x < 5 ; x++) { iArray[x] = 0;}for(x=0 ; x<5; x++){ printf(“\n The value of iArray index %d is %d \n”, x, iArray[x]);}

}

How do you search through an array?

#include <stdio.h> main(){

int x;int iValue;int iFound = -1;int iArray[5];for( x=0; x < 5 ; x++) iArray[x] = (x+x);printf(“\n Enter value to search for:”);scanf(“%d”, &iValue);for(x=0 ; x<5; x++){ if( iArray[x] ==iValue){ iFound =x;

break; )}if(iFound >-1) printf(“\n I found your search value in element %d \n”, iFound);else printf(“\n Sorry, your search value was not found \n”);

}

Declaring: data_type name[size_dim_1][size_dim_2]

▪ size_dim_1 is known as “ROW” count.▪ size_dim_2 is known as “COLUMN” count.

int double_array[20][10] Accessing:

printf(“Element 2,5 is: %d”, double_array[2][5]);

Initializing: Use a second, nested FOR() loop#include <stdio.h>

main(){

int x, y, double_array[10][20];for( x=0; x < 10 ; x++) // Outer loop goes with ROW count{ for(y=0 ; y<20; y++) // Inner loop goes with Column count { double_array[x][y] = 0; }}

}

Passing to a function:#include <stdio.h>#include<stdlib.h>void custom_func(int [ ][2]); // Multi dimensional arrays must have a bound main(){

int double_array[2][2]={{1,2},{3,4}};custom_func (double_array);system(“pause”);

}void custom_func (int temp[ ][2]){ printf(“Test: %d, %d, %d”, temp[0][0],temp[0][1],temp[1][1]);}OUTPUT: Test: 1, 2, 4

Lect 14 P. 20

Pointers are variables that contain memory addresses as their values.

A variable name directly references a value. A pointer indirectly references a value.

Referencing a value through a pointer is called indirection.

A pointer variable must be declared before it can be used.

ALL Arrays are Pointers!

Lect 14 P. 21

Examples of pointer declarations:FILE *fptr; //fptr is a pointer to a fileint *a; //a is a pointer to a filefloat *b; //b is a pointer to a filechar *c; //c is a pointer to a file

The asterisk, when used as above in the declaration, tells the compiler that the variable is to be a pointer, and the type of data that the pointer points to, but NOT the name of the variable pointed to.

Lect 14 P. 22 Winter Quarter

Consider the statements:#include <stdio.h>int main ( ){FILE *fptr1 , *fptr2 ; /* Declare two file pointers */int *aptr ; /* Declare a pointer to an int */float *bptr ; /* Declare a pointer to a float */int a ; /* Declare an int variable */float b ; /* Declare a float variable */return 0;}

Lect 14 P. 23 Winter Quarter

When is & used?

When is * used?

& -- "address operator" which gives or produces the memory address of a data variable

* -- "dereferencing operator" which provides the contents in the memory location specified by a pointer

Lect 14 P. 24 Winter Quarter

If instead of passing the values of the variables to the called function, we pass their addresses, so that the called function can change the values stored in the calling routine. This is known as "call by reference" since we are referencing the variables.

The following shows a swap function modified from a "call by value" to a "call by reference". Note that the values are now actually swapped when the control is returned to main function.

Unary operator (&) – “Address of”int x=10;int *xptr;xptr = &x; //xptr now points to x

Indirection operator (*)int x, y = 10;int *xptr;xptr = &y;x = *xptr //copies contents of y into x

Lect 14 P. 26

#include <stdio.h>void swap ( int *, int *) ;int main ( ){ int a = 5, b = 6; printf("a=%d b=%d\n",a,b) ; swap (&a, &b) ; printf("a=%d b=%d\n",a,b) ; return 0 ;}

void swap( int *a, int *b ){ int temp; temp= *a; *a= *b; *b = temp ; printf ("a=%d b=%d\n", *a, *b);}Output:a=5 b=6 //printed from maina=6 b=5 //printed from inside

swapa=6 b=5 // printed from main

after calling swap function

To avoid accidently changing the value the pointer points to: Use const

void custom(const int *);main(){}void custom(const int *){

}

Strings are character arrays that have a special set of functions for handling their data as complete sentences or “strings” of characters.

Since a string is an array it is also a pointer. Character literals are expressed with a

single quote: char example=‘a’; String literals are expressed with double

quote:char example[10]=“REACH”;

When determining the maximum length your string variable needs to be it is important to consider a NULL Character: “\0”

char example[10]=“REACH”;example[0] -> Rexample[1] -> Eexample[2] -> Aexample[3] -> Cexample[4] -> Hexample[5] -> \0

#include <stdio.h>#include<stdlib.h>#include <string.h>

int main (){ char szInput[256]; printf ("Enter a sentence: "); gets (szInput); printf ("The sentence entered is %u characters long.\n",(unsigned)strlen(szInput));System(“pause”); return 0;}

Output:Enter sentence: just testingThe sentence entered is 12 characters long.

#include <stdio.h>#include <ctype.h>int main (){ int i=0; char str[]="Test String.\n"; char c; while (str[i]) { c=str[i]; putchar (tolower(c)); i++; } return 0;}

Output:

test string.

For toupper() will be same case, just replace tolower() by toupper()

#include <stdio.h>#include <string.h>

int main (){ char str1[]="Sample string"; char str2[40]; char str3[40]; strcpy (str2,str1); strcpy (str3,"copy successful"); printf ("str1: %s\nstr2: %s\nstr3: %s\n",str1,str2,str3); return 0;}

Output:

str1: Sample stringstr2: Sample stringstr3: copy successful

#include <stdio.h>#include <string.h>

int main (){ char str[80]; strcpy (str,"these "); strcat (str,"strings "); strcat (str,"are "); strcat (str,"concatenated."); puts (str); return 0;}

Output:these strings are concatenated.

#include <stdio.h>#include <string.h>

int main (){ char szKey[] = "apple"; char szInput[80]; do { printf ("Guess my favourite fruit? "); gets (szInput); } while (strcmp (szKey,szInput) != 0); puts ("Correct answer!"); return 0;}

Output:Guess my favourite fruit? orange Guess my favourite fruit? AppleCorrect answer!

/*This example searches for the "simple" substring in str and replaces that word for "sample".*/#include <stdio.h>#include <string.h>

int main (){ char str[] ="This is a simple string"; char * pch; pch = strstr (str,"simple") ; /* returns a pointer to first occurrence of “simple” in str*/ strncpy (pch,"sample",6); // copies 6 characters from source->pch puts (str); return 0;}

Output:This is a sample string

Can you make a program to sort an array of 10 integers either ascending or descending order?Consider you have the array[10]={7,8,5,3,0,3,2,1,4,10}Write a code to do the sorting.

#include<stdio.h>

int main(){int array[10]={7,8,5,3,0,3,2,1,4,10};int temp=0,i,j; for(i=0;i<10;i++) // print the array before sorting printf(“%d\n”,array[i]); for(i=0;i<10;i++) for(j=0;j<10;j++) { if(array[i]<array[j]) /* This will do Ascending order, if you need Descending order just

flip the < to > */ { temp=array[i]; // This will do the swapping array[i]=array[j]; array[j]=temp; } } for(i=0;i<10;i++) // print the array after sorting printf(“%5d “,array[i]); getchar(); return 0;}

Can you modify the previous code to pass the array to a function that will sort the array and print the sorted array in main.

#include<stdio.h>

void sortArray(int [ ],int size); int array[10]={7,8,5,3,0,3,2,1,4,10};int temp=0,i,j;

int main(){ for(i=0;i<10;i++) printf(“%d\n”,array[i]); sortArray(array,10); for(i=0;i<10;i++) printf(“%5d”,array[i]); getchar(); return 0;}

void sortArray(int passedArray[ ],int arraySize){ for(i=0;i<arraySize;i++) for(j=0;j<arraySize;j++) { if(passedArray[i]<passedArray[j]) { temp=passedArray[i]; passedArray[i]=passedArray[j]; passedArray[j]=temp; } } }

Calling the function sortArray(array,10) is equivalent to sortArray(&array[0],10)

Classes are general models from which you can create objects

Classes have data members either data types or methods

Classes should contain a constructor method and a destructor method

See handout for example of a program that utilizes a class

class ClassName{

memberList};

memberList can be either data member declarations or method declarations

Class Bow{

//data member declarationsstring color;bool drawn;int numOfArrows;

Bow(string aColor); //constructor~Bow(); //destructor

//methodsvoid draw();int fire();

};

Return_type ClassName::methodName(argumentList)

{methodImplementation

}

//draws the bowVoid Bow::draw(){

drawn = true;cout<< “The “<<color<<“bow has been drawn.”<<endl;

}

Please enter how long your name is: 21Please enter your name:NawafHello Nawaf

Please enter how long your name is: -7Failed allocation memory

int *n;int * n1;n=( int * ) calloc(5, sizeof(int)); // Reserves a block of memory for 5 integers

//Decide you need to reallocate more memory later in the program

n1= (int *) realloc(n, 10 * sizeof(int));//allocate 10 integers instead of 5if (n1!=NULL){

n=n1; }else printf("Out of memory!");

realloc() returns null if unable to complete or a pointer to the newly reallocated memory.

Function declaration Function definition Function call

#include <iostream>using namespace std;

int add(int, int);

int main(void){

int number1, number2;cout << “Enter the first value to be summed:”;cin >> number1;cout << “\nEnter the second:”;

cin >> number2;cout << “\n The sum is: “ << add (number1, number2) <<endl;

}

int add(int a, int b){return a+b;}

Write a function, called multiply that multiplies two numbers and returns the result

Do you know the syntax for each of these, used to read and write to data files?

Pointers: think of it as the memory address of the file

fopen()

fclose()

fscanf()

fprintf()

fopen() returns a FILE pointer back to the pRead variable#include <cstdio>

Main(){ FILE *pRead;

pRead = fopen(“c:\\folder1\\folder2\\file1.dat”, “r”);

if(pRead == NULL) printf(“\nFile cannot be opened\n”);else printf(“\nFile opened for reading\n”);fclose(pRead);

}

int main (){ FILE * pFile; char c; pFile=fopen("alphabet.txt","wt"); for (c = 'A' ; c <= 'Z' ; c++) { putc (c , pFile);//works like fprintf } fclose (pFile); return 0;}

Pretty basic. Always close files when you use fopen.

Reads a single field from a data file “%s” will read a series of characters until a white space is found can do

fscanf(pRead, “%s%s”, name, hobby);

#include <stdio.h>Main(){ FILE *pRead;

char name[10]; pRead = fopen(“names.dat”, “r”);

if( pRead == NULL ) printf( “\nFile cannot be opened\n”); else printf(“\nContents of names.dat\n”); fscanf( pRead, “%s”, name );

while( !feof(pRead) ) { // While end of file not reached

printf( “%s\n”, name ); // output content of name

fscanf( pRead, “%s”, name ); // scan from file next string

} fclose(pRead);}

Kelly 11/12/86 6 LouisvilleAllen 04/05/77 49 AtlantaChelsea 03/30/90 12Charleston

Can you write a program that prints out the contents of this information.dat file?

#include <stdio.h>Main(){ FILE *pRead;

char name[10]; char birthdate[9]; float number; char hometown[20];

pRead = fopen(“information.dat”, “r”);

if( pRead == NULL ) printf( “\nFile cannot be opened\n”); else fscanf( pRead, “%s%s%f%s”, name, birthdate, &number,

hometown );

while( !feof(pRead) ) { printf( “%s \t %s \t %f \t %s\n”, name, birthdate, number,

hometown ); fscanf( pRead, “%s%s%f%s”, name, birthdate, &number,

hometown ); }

fclose(pRead);}

The fprintf() function sends information (the arguments) according to the specified format to the file indicated by stream. fprintf() works just like printf() as far as the format goes.

#include <stdio.h>

Main(){

FILE *pWrite;

char fName[20];char lName [20];float gpa;

pWrite = fopen(“students.dat”,”w”);

if( pWrite == NULL )printf(“\nFile not opened\n”);

elseprintf(“\nEnter first name, last name, and GPA ”);printf(“separated by spaces:”);

scanf(“%s%s%f”, fName, lName, &gpa);fprintf(pWrite, “%s \t %s \t % .2f \n”, fName, lName, gpa);fclose(pWrite);

}

Can you write a program that asks the user for their Name Phone Number Bank account balanceAnd then prints this information to a data file called accounts.dat ?

Good Luck from REACH in your Test.

TEXTBOOK RESOURCE: C Programming for the Absolute Beginner 2nd Edition by Michael Vine

www.cprogramming.com