Reaching Out: Expanding Horizons of Cross Cultural Interaction

CH. 21

I. Long Distance Trade and Travel

• Trade went 2 ways: Luxury goods of high valuerelative to weight (stones, silk) went through SilkRoads. Bulkier commodities (steel, stone) by sea lanes.• Trading ports and cities grew rapidly .• Melaka known as the principal trading route in the Easter Indian Ocean

Marco Polo

• Venetian, • Traveled for the Mongols, well liked• Diplomatic missions• Influenced European readers becausethe mention of goods in his travels.• European merchants wanted to take part

Trading CitiesPATTERNS OF LONG DISTANCE TRADE

What can you tell me about Melaka? (1)

Why was Marco Polo important? (3)

POLITICAL AND DIPLOMATIC TRAVEL

• Both Mongols and Christians attacked the Muslims.• Pope Innocent IV invites Mongols to convertand join• Decline invite Christians to do the same, they useRabban Sauma to help them, unsuccessful• DIPLOMATIC AFFAIRS ARE COMPLEX IN THE EAST

Ibn Battuta

• Muslim traveler• Well liked where he went• Educated in legal matters and madeit able for him to find gov’t positions wherehe went• Guided newly converted areas of Islam

Mongol-Christian Diplomacy &Rabban Sauma

Why was Rabban SaumaImportant? (4)

Why was Ibn BattutaImportant? (5)

Sufi Missionaries

• Helped to spread Islam• Did not force strict doctrine• Emphasized piety & devotion• Being flexible led to lessresistance

Christian Missionaries

• In the East many Christiansattempted to convert.• Sought to convert Mongolsand Chinese• Expatriate communitiesfrom Europe created a demandfor Roman Catholic Services

John of Montecorvino

• Italian Franciscan missionary• Active in China• Tried to est. Christianity in China• Attracted few• Geography hurt Roman Catholic conversion so did other already established religions

MISSIONARY CAMPAIGNS

What was Sufis approach to Islam? (6) What can you tell me about

Christianity in China? (7)

• Long distance travel of all kindsencouraged exchanges of all Societies • Exchanges include but not limited to: science, agriculture,technology, poetry etc.• ALL THIS PROMOTED CULTURALDIFFUSION

• Muslims introducedcitrus fruits in sub-Saharan Africa• Cotton in W. Africa• Diffused sugarcaneto SW Asia, N Africa andEurope• Sugarcane would helplead to slave labor & plantations

• Mongols helpedspread gunpowder from east to west

Cultural Exchanges Muslims GunpowderTechnologies

LONG DISTANCE TRAVEL AND CROSS CULTURAL EXCHANGES

What did diffusion of new crops and gun powder technology do? (9)

II. CRISIS AND RECOVERY

• 1300 global climate change• Temperatures cooled• Agriculture declined

• Originated and spreadfrom China (Yunnan)• 1300s Mongols/merchantsspread the disease west• Areas that DID NOT see the plague: Northernmost parts of Europe, India, & sub-Saharanafrica

LITTLE ICE AGE Origins and Spread of Bubonic Plague

• Disrupted societies & economies in Europe, & N. Africa • Urban workers wanted higher wages• Political authorities frozewages• Lords wanted reinstate serfdom

Social & Economic Effects

BUBONIC PLAGUE

Effects of Bubonic Plague. (10)Areas Bubonic Plague did not reach. (11)

RECOVERY IN CHINA: THE MING DYNASTY

• Yuan dynasty falls, Mongols leave• Hongwu emperor of Ming Dynasty• Orphaned, moved through military• Went back to traditional Chinese models• Confucian school & civil service exam

• Enhanced authorityof central gov’t• Mandarins=officialsas emmisaries• Eunuchs=could notbuild families or powerbases• Gave absolute Obediance to policiesand initiatives of gov’t

Economic Recovery & Cultural Revival

• Rebuilt irrigation systems• Lacquerware, silk, cotton• No trade w/other lands• Got rid of any signs of Mongol rule

Hongwu & MingCentralization Eunuchs & Mandarins

What did Hongwu do? (12)

What does MingMean? (13)

Who were the Mandarins? (14)

What were successes of Ming dynasty emperors? (15)

• Regional states held political authority• Western Europe grewstronger societies and monarchies• Major cities: Milan, Florence & Venice

• Hundred Years War• Fought over landintermittently • Levied taxes and assembledarmies• Central gov’t overpowerednobility

• In Spain Ferdinand andIsabel united wealthiestIberian realms• Reconquista in Spain• In Russia Ivan III endedtribute to Mongols • Est. its own principalityand origin in Muscovy• Est. strong central gov’t

Taxes, Armies & Italian States France & England Spain & Russia

RECOVERY IN EUROPE: STATE BUILDING

Discuss the Hundred Years War(16)

What states wereinvolved in Hundred Years War? (17)

Discuss the Power of Spain. (18)

What did Grand Prince Ivan the III do? (20)

• 1300-1500s• Inspiration fromClassical Greece andRome• Represented humanform and emotion• Architecture domedbuildings

• Humanists interestedin humanities: history, literature, philosophy• Inspired by classicalGreece and Rome• Morally virtuous life could be led in a activelyurban world

Renaissance Art &Architecture

Humanist and Moral Thought

RECOVERY IN EUROPE: THE RENAISSANCE

What is the Renaissance? (21)Who were Humanists? (22)

What was Humanists moral thought? (23)

III. Exploration and ColonizationIII. Exploration and Colonization

• Eunuch admiral ledmany expeditions• Naval expeditions toimpose presence in IndianOcean• 2 purposes: Impose imperial control over foreigntrade w/ China and impresspeople with power & mightof Ming Dynasty• Dispensed gifts and receivedgifts

• Zheng He tried diplomacyto reach goals• If he had he would imposeChinese might• 7 expeditions succeeded inestablishing Chinese might inthe Indian Ocean Basin

• 1430s Ming emperorsend expeditions• Confucian ministers feltexpense could be better usedfor agriculture• Treasure ships decommissionedand Chinese would forget how to create these large vessels• Showed political, economicand military influence in IndianOcean Basin

Zheng He’s Expeditions CHINESE NAVAL POWER End of Voyages

CHINESE RECONNAISSANCE OF THE INDIAN OCEAN BASIN

Reasons for sailing expeditions in Ming Dynasty? (24)

Who was Zheng HeAnd what did he do? (25)

• First in Atlantic exploration• First to try to find new routesto Asian markets through Indian Ocean• Prince Henry the Navigatorwanted to spread Christianity &increase Portuguese influencein the seas• Portuguese colonize in the Atlantic and along the West African coast

• Portuguese always hadtraded guns/manufactureditems for slaves• As colonization increasedso did the volume of tradein slaves• Often went to colonized plantations• Other explorers soughtnew routes to Asian silk & spices• Didn’t want to deal w/intermediaries • Explorers: Bartolomeau Dias & Vasco de Gama

• Believed you can sailWest to reach Asian markets • Ferdinand & Isabelunderwrite his campaign• 1492 sets sail• Him and his crew land in Bahamas , insisted he reached land near Asia(FALSE)• Showed there was a different world apart from Europe, Asia and Africa

Portuguese Exploration& Colonization of Atlantic

Slave Trade & Indian Ocean Trade Christopher Columbus

EUROPEAN EXPLORATION IN THE ATLANTIC AND INDIAN OCEANS

What can you tell me aboutPortuguese mariners? (26) Discuss the Slave trade. (27)

Discuss Christopher Columbus. (28)