Reaction in the Twenties Nativism

The Red Scare Socialism & Anarchism very

popular in regions with high immigrant populations

Made “Old Stock” Americans suspicious

Sacco-Vanzetti Case Nicola Sacco & Bartolomeo

Vanzetti Arrested May 5, 1920 for

robbery & murder Referred to as “those

anarchist bastards” Convicted because of their

political ideas & ethnic origins

Immigration Restriction Emergency Immigration

Act (1921) 3 % of 1910 census

1924 Quota Law Reduced to 2% of 1890

census Ignored Western

Hemisphere immigrants This marks the end of

European Immigration to the U.S.

Immigration In U.S.

Reaction in the Twenties The Klan

Revived from Nativist views-William J. Simmons 100% Americanism Native Born White

Protestants Expanded their views to

include Roman Catholics, Jews, &

Immigrants In addition to their hatred of

African Americans Reaction to the shifting times

New moral standards Declining influence of the

Church

Membership peaked at 3 to 8 million Immigration restriction

helped decline Simmons beat a prostitute

Reaction in the Twenties Fundamentalism

Old-Time Religion Bible should be reconciled

with biological theories of evolution

Fearing withdraw from “traditional” values orthodox Christians took a militant view Fundamentalists William Jennings Bryan

Anti-Evolution Bills Restrict the teaching of

evolution Only so in South

Scopes Monkey Trial John T. Scopes (TENN)

Accepted offer to test law from ACLU American Civil Liberties

Union Clarence Darrow prosecuted

with Bryan assisting For biblical interpretation Judge ruled out scientific

testimony Found Guilty

Fined $100 Later overruled the fine on

a technicality

Scope Trial Political Cartoons

Reaction in the Twenties Prohibition

1916 Elections Produced 2/3 majority in

Congress January 16, 1919

18th Amendment Ratified

New Batch of Criminals Prohibition did not deter

America from drinking Bootlegging became way

to get drinks Speakeasies & Hip

Flasks Al Capone is the most

infamous Gangster

The Roaring Twenties The New Morality

Revolution in manners & morals Originated with young people

Especially on college campuses

Fitzgerald This Side of Paradise

(1920) The Flapper

Discarded corsets, wore hair short (bobbed), heavy makeup, & skirts above the ankle

Smoked cigarettes, drank in public, drove cars & defied Victorian Expectations

Gibson Girl

Flapper

The Roaring Twenties The New Morality

Sex Spoken about more freely Willingness to experiment Dr. Sigmund Freud

1909 visited Clark University Surprised to be well known

in America

Margaret Sanger & Birth Control Most controversial issue

Margaret Sanger Nurse & Midwife

Noticed many young mothers w/out $ to provide for a growing family Used first for families to control

size

The American Birth Control League (1921) Planned Parenthood (1942)

Distributed birth-control information to doctors, social workers, women’s clubs & the scientific community Illegal 1936 Federal court ruled

that doctors could prescribe contraceptives

The Roaring Twenties The Jazz Age

Dubbed by F. Scott Fitzgerald Young willing to experiment

with new forms of recreation & sexuality

Created in New Orleans Quickly spread to all major

cities

The Roaring Twenties The “New Negro”

The Great Migration Most significant development

1910-1920 (323,000) 1920-1930 (615,000)

Free to speak mind & act Increase of political activity

Harlem Renaissance Literary & artistic movement Claude McKay

Jamaican immigrant writer Harlem Shadow (1922)

Jean Toomer Cane (1923)

The Great Migration I & II

The Roaring Twenties Marcus Garvey

Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) Personal liberation from

surrounding white culture Envisioned every white person

as a “potential Klansman” Called for an independent

republic in Africa Jailed for fraudulent mail in

fund-raising W.E.B. DuBois

Labeled Garvey as an enemy of his race

Founded NAACP in 1910 White liberals & Black

activists Director & Editor of the Crisis Launched campaign against

lynching

The Roaring Twenties The Southern Renaissance

Conflict between the dying world of tradition & the modern commercial world Conflict of values

Ku Klux Klan & New Morality

Thomas Wolfe Ashville, NC

Look Homeward Angel

Scandalized home town community

William Faulkner Oxford, MISS Sartoris The Sound and the Fury

Normalcy The Election of 1920

World War I Tired of idealistic goals

Chicago, 1920 Ohio Senator Warren

Gamaliel Harding “Return to Normalcy”

Private Image Drank, smoked, chewed

tobacco, played poker, & had numerous affairs

Public Image Handsome, Charming,

lovable Democrats

James Cox Won on 44th ballot Franklin D. Roosevelt for

VP

Harding 404 Electoral Votes 16 Million Popular Votes

Cox 127 Electoral Votes 9 Million Popular Votes

Normalcy Early Appointments & Policy

Charles Evans Hughes Secretary of State

Herbert Hoover Commerce Department

Andrew Mellon Treasury Department

Henry Wallace Agriculture Department

William Howard Taft Supreme Court

Ohio Gang Group of appointments and

advisors that Harding trusted unwisely Went about dismantling

various Progressive reforms

Administrative Corruption Ohio Gang

Used White House connections for own good

1923, Head of Veterans Bureau Looting medical and hospital

supplies Attorney General

Implicated in miss handling German assets after WWI Plead the 5th Amendment Never indicted for lack of

evidence

Teapot Dome Oil reserve in Wyoming

Set aside as Naval Reserve Albert B. Fall

Assigned contracts that depleted reserves Earned $400,000 in bribes

President Harding “My God, this is a hell of a job!

… I have no trouble with my enemies, I can take care of my enemies all right. But my damn friends, my God-damn friends…They’re the ones that keep me walking the floor nights!”

Died from food poisoning

“Silent Cal” Father administered the Oath

Colonel John Coolidge Calvin Coolidge visiting when

heard news Sought to distance himself from

Harding’s Ohio Gang Remains one of most

uninvolved president in history

Normalcy

Normalcy Election of 1924

President Coolidge Took control of Republican

Party Secured re-nomination

Democratic Party Still fractured

Nominated John W. Davis Progressive Party

Robert M. La Follette Supported Socialist Party

Coolidge 382 Electoral Votes 15 Million Popular Votes

Davis 136 Electoral Votes 8 Million Popular Votes

The New Era Consumer Culture

More people than ever had $ Old time values of saving gave way

Advertising Installment Payments

Products Handheld Cameras Wristwatches Cigarette lighters Vacuum Cleaners Washing Machines Automobiles

Hollywood 1896

1st motion picture show 1908

10,000 movie theaters

Radio Served only basic

communication until 1920 1922

508 Stations 3 million receivers

WWJ in Detroit transmitted news bulletins Used Detroit Daily News

1st Radio Commercial New York in 1922

NBC (1926) Linked radio stations

together CBS (1927) FCC (1934)

Authority to control and regulate the airwaves

The New Era Airplanes

Wright Brothers (1903) Wilbur & Orville

Flew 1st Airplane at Kitty Hawk, NC Government Subsidies

Kelly Act (1925) Airmail contracts

The Air Commerce Act (1926) Aided advancement in air

transportation & navigation Constructed Airports

Charles A. Lindbergh (1927) 1st Solo Transatlantic Flight

33.5 Hours Won $25,000

Amelia Earhart (1932) 1st Female Solo Transatlantic Flight Disappeared during Around-The-World

Flight Disappeared on July 2, 1937

Automobile Most significant development 20th

century Economic & Social

1st Car Sold 1895 Ford Motor Company (1903)

Model T (1908) Tin Lizzie $850 drops to $290

Assembly Line Production Enabled for price decrease

Stimulated other industries Steel. Oil, Rubber, Glass &

Textiles Spindletop, Texas (1901)