reactions of photosynthesis 8-2 20cd/0076.jpg
TRANSCRIPT
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REACTIONS of PHOTOSYNTHESIS
8-2
http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/chloroplasts.html
http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG
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REMEMBER Cycle 1http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm
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Atoms are the basic unit of MATTER:
A NUCLEUS contains ______________ ______________
______________ orbit nucleus in
ENERGY LEVELS
PROTONS (+)NEUTRONS
ELECTRONS (-)
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Atoms differ in numbers of protons, neutrons, &
electrons
Image from: http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/summer2004/lect02.htm
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Atoms that have gained or lost electrons have anelectric charge andare called__________
They are writtenwith a + or –next to theirsymbol
IONS Na+
Cl-
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1.____________2.____________3.____________4.____________5.____________6.____________
Atoms/ions important for living things
Carbon - C
Oxygen - OHydrogen - HNitrogen - NSulfur - S
Phosphorus - P
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ATOMS CAN JOIN TOGETHER TO MAKE MOLECULES
Ex: Joining 2 HYDROGEN
atoms with 1 OXYGEN atom makes ________
WATER
Image by: Riedell
A chemical formula tells what kind of molecules and how many are in a molecule
EX: ________H2O
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________________ = kind of chemical reaction in which molecules are produced by joining smaller molecules together
2 H2 + O2 → 2 H20
SYNTHESIS
2 water molecules
Hydrogen molecule oxygen molecule
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An chemical equation tells what happens in a chemical reaction when molecules interact.
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H20
______________ _______________Molecules that react Molecules that are
produced
products→reactants
http://www.epa.gov/region5/superfund/ecology/images/fishcartoon.gif
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Chemical reactions need help to get started
EX: A fire needs a match to get it started.
http://www.chuckwagondiner.com/art/matches.jpghttp://plato.acadiau.ca/COURSES/comm/g5/Fire_Animation.gif
IT’S LIKE PUSHING A SNOWBALL UP A HILL . . . Once you get it up there, it can roll down by itself
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In living systems ___________ called __________ help chemical reactionshappen.
Image from: http://www.hillstrath.on.ca/moffatt/bio3a/digestive/enzanim.htm
SEE ANIMATIONof AMYLASE
ENZYMES
http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/saunders/courses/online/SBI3C/Cells/Protein-Structure03.jpg
PROTEINS
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PROTEINS ACT AS ENZYMES
ENZYMES fit together with _____________ (reactants) like a lock and key to form an____________________________.
__________are released and enzyme is free to help again
http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/cat-removed/enzyme_.gif
SUBSTRATES
ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX
PRODUCTS
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Many enzyme NAMES end in _____and the beginning of the name tells what it doesDNA Polymerase= “polymerizes” joins monomers to make DNA
Protease= breaks down proteins
ATP synthase= synthesizes ATP
-ASE
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Research into PHOTOSYNTHESIS
began centuries ago with this
simple question:
When a tiny seed grows into a
huge plant, where does all the
“new plant” come from?http://www.nofretete-page.de/gemischtNeu/TN_plant_grow_w.JPG
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EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT
Then he planted the seedling in the pot and watered
it regularly. At the end of 5 years the _____________
__________about 75 kg, but the mass of the _________ was almost ________________.
http://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_3.html
He decided the “increase in plant” had to come from the ________… that was the only thing he had added!
In 1643-a Belgian physician ___________________ determined the mass of a pot of dry soil and a small seedling.
Jan van Helmont
seedling hadgained
soil unchanged
WATER
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EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT
Plants use _______ and ______ dioxide to make ___________________
http://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_3.html
Van Helmont didn’t realize the major contribution to the mass of his tree was something hecouldn’t see…__________________ from the air.carbon dioxide
water carbonCarbohydrates
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EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT1771- An English minister,
_________________________,
discovered that a flame burning
in a closed jar would die out.
If he placed a __________ in the
jar and allowed a few days to
pass, the candle could be lit again.
The plant produced something “required for burning” that the candle used up
http://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_7.htmlhttp://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_8.html
We now know it was …____________OXYGEN
Joseph Priestley
live plant
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EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT
1779-
Dutch scientist ________________________
showed Priestley’s plant experiment only
worked if the plant was exposed to _________________ !
http://www.rgg.og.schule-bw.de/Dokus/d-faech/Biologie/Klasse%208/Bilder/Fotosynthese/Ingenhousz-Netz.JPG
Jan Ingenhousz
light
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EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT
1961- American chemist ________________________
received the Nobel prize for
figuring out the
chemical _______________
used by plants to make sugar
http://www.bookrags.com/Melvin_Calvin
Melvin Calvin
pathway
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/Calvincycle.html
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THE BIG PICTURE
These experiments led to work by later
scientists who finally discovered that in the
presence of light, plants transform CO2 and water
into carbohydrates and release oxygen.
_____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________
Carbondioxide WATER Sugars Oxygen
6 CO2_____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________6 H2O C6H12O6 6 O2→
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In addition to water and carbon dioxide,
__________________
and
__________________
are needed for photosynthesis to happen.
chlorophyll
light energy
http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/255/255phts/255phts.htm
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____________________ involves a complex series of chemical reactions, in which the product of one reaction is _____________ by the next reaction.
Photosynthesis
consumed
Reaction 1 → Product → X
Reaction 2 → Product Y
A series of reactions linked in this way is referred to as a __________________________
biochemical pathway
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See a video about PHOTOSYNTHESIS 8B
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Light-Dependent Reaction
Light-Independent Reactions
Light & Water
oxygen
ATP
NADPH
Carbon Dioxide (CH2O)n
Calvin Cycle
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS: Reactants & Products
LIGHT ENERGY
6CO2 + 6H2O SUGAR + 6O2
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http://www.ology.amnh.org/einstein/lightmatterenergy/light.html
http://son.nasa.gov/tass/images/cont_emspec2.jpg
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Visible light is made up of many different_______________of light
Your eyes “see”different sizes ofwaves as different ___________
http://www.simontucket.com/_Portfolio/PortLarge/L_Il_Prism.jpg
wavelengths
colors
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Many people think that plants are green because they absorb and use green light in photosynthesis,
BUT . . . .
Myth:
Image from: http://oogletutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/photoshop-lesson-green-leaf-design26.gif
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BUT… We “see” reflected light
Light wavelengths that are ___________
off of objects bounce back to our eyes .
That is the ___________ we “see”
Image modified from: http://www.visibledreams.net/Web/color/color_3.html
REFLECTED
COLOR
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This book “looks BLUE” because the dye in this cover _______________ of the wavelengths of light _________ blue.
_______ light is ____________ to your eyes and itlooks BLUE
http://www.michaelhyatt.com/fromwhereisit/bluebook.jpg
exceptabsorbs ALL
BLUEreflected
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The dye in this T shirt absorbs all of thecolors __________________________
Red wavelengths are_________________ to your eyes and theshirt looks RED
http://jacksbear.com/shop/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=9
except red
reflectedGO CATS!
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Objects “look BLACK” because blackdye ________________ of thewavelengths of light.
When wavelengths are absorbed so is the_____________ of the wave.
That is why wearing a blackT-shirt in the summer feelswarmer than wearing a white t-shirt.
http://www.eventsonline.ca/events/vowsa/black_shirt.jpg
http://www.hotstuffspas.com/pools_files/sunanim.gif
absorbs ALL
ENERGY
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The dye in white objects _____________ of the wavelengths of light.
_______ energy is ABSORBED so wearing whiteclothing is “cooler”.
REFLECTS ALL
LITTLE
http://www.hotstuffspas.com/pools_files/sunanim.gifhttp://www.12stitch.com/shop/images/options/Blank-White-Shirt.jpg
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Which wavelengths of light are these Flowers REFLECTING?
Images by: VanderWal
yellowPurple & yellow
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green
Image by: VanderWal
Which wavelengths of light do these LEAVES reflect?
So green leaves____________ thegreen wavelength of light.
REFLECT
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Plants gather the sun’s energy with light absorbing molecules called ___________.
pigments
By: VanderWal
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The main energy absorbing moleculein green plants is___________________
_________________ are plant pigments too.(These look yellow, orange, and red)
CAROTENOIDS
http://www.russianflora.com/store/images/product/custom_green_plant_35.jpg
http://www.rnzih.org.nz/images/gardenimages/carrots_d.jpg
CHLOROPHYLL
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GREEN leaves have BOTH chlorophyll AND carotenoids __________________but the huge amount of chlorophyll ______the other colors and leaves usually look green
ALL THE TIME
hides
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In ______, chlorophyll production slows as the trees shut down and photosynthesis stops for winter.
FALL
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/ecology_notes_bi.htm
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Then we can see thecarotinoid colors that are usually _______ by chlorophyll
http://www.litzsinger.org/weblog/archives/email%20AutumnTrees5%20LREC%20102605.jpg
HIDDEN
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red
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Absorption of Light byChlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
© Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved.
There are two types of chlorophyll__________________ & ___________________
Chlorophyll a absorbs the_____ & ________wavelengths best.
It absorbs very little ______ light.
Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b
red violet
Blue
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red
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Absorption of Light byChlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
© Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved.
There are two types of chlorophyll__________________ & ___________________
Chlorophyll babsorbs some ______light and even more_________ light.
Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b
red
Blue-violet
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red
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Absorption of Light byChlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
© Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved.
NEITHER KIND OF CHLOROPHYLL IS VERY GOOD AT ABSORBING _________ LIGHT!GREEN
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That’s why leaves LOOK GREEN…..
Chlorophyll doesn’t absorb…. it ___________ GREEN light!
http://www.russianflora.com/store/images/product/custom_green_plant_35.jpg
REFLECTS
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That’s why plant have other pigments (like carotenoids). They help _________ some wavelengths chlorophyll _______;
so the plant can __________ of the sun’s energy.
http://members.aol.com/diaspore/vhouse/biology/projects/photosynthesis/woida/meaning_of_light.html#question_1
USE MORE
ABSORB
DOESN’T
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Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Absorption of Light byChlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
© Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved.
SO WHAT WAVELENGTHS ARE BEST FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS?
THE ONESCHLOROPHYLLABSORBS THE BEST________ and_______________
red
Blue-violet
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Pearson Education Inc, Pusblishing as Pearson Prentice Hall
Because light is a form of ___________, any molecule that absorbs light also ___________the energy from the light.
ENERGY
ABSORBS
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ENERGY & ELECTRONS
When chlorophyll absorbs light, the energy is transferredto electrons in the chlorophyll molecule.
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/botany/uno/graphics/uno01pob/vrl/images/0160.gif
http://www.wjcc.k12.va.us/ROBB/Atom%20Animation%20Resources_files/image003.gif
HIGH ENERGY ____________make photosynthesis work!
ELECTRONS