reactions of photosynthesis 8-2. review before you start
TRANSCRIPT
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REACTIONS of PHOTOSYNTHESIS
8-2
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REVIEW BEFORE YOU START
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Atoms that have gained or lost electrons have anelectric charge andare called__________
They are writtenwith a + or –next to theirsymbol
IONS Na+
Cl-
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1.____________2.____________3.____________4.____________5.____________6.____________
Atoms/ions important for living things
Carbon - C
Oxygen - OHydrogen - HNitrogen - NSulfur - S
Phosphorus - P
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ATOMS CAN JOIN TOGETHER TO MAKE MOLECULES
Ex: Joining 2 HYDROGEN
atoms with 1 OXYGEN atom makes ________
WATER
A chemical formula tells what kind of molecules and how many are in a molecule
EX: ________H2O
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________________ = kind of chemical reaction in which molecules are produced by joining smaller molecules together
2 H2 + O2 → 2 H20
SYNTHESIS
2 water molecules
Hydrogen molecule oxygen molecule
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An chemical equation tells what happens in a chemical reaction when molecules interact.
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H20
______________ _______________Molecules that react Molecules that are
produced
products→reactants
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Chemical reactions need help to get started
EX: A fire needs a match to get it started.
IT’S LIKE PUSHING A SNOWBALL UP A HILL . . . Once you get it up there, it can roll down by itself
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In living systems ___________ called __________ help chemical reactionshappen.
ENZYMESPROTEINS
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PROTEINS ACT AS ENZYMES
ENZYMES fit together with _____________ (reactants) like a lock and key to form an____________________________.
__________are released and enzyme is free to help again
SUBSTRATES
ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX
PRODUCTS
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Many enzyme NAMES end in _____and the beginning of the name tells what it doesDNA Polymerase= “polymerizes” joins monomers to make DNA
Protease= breaks down proteins
ATP synthase= synthesizes ATP
-ASE
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Research into PHOTOSYNTHESIS
began centuries ago with this
simple question:
When a tiny seed grows into a
huge plant, where does all the
“new plant” come from?
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EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT
Then he planted the seedling in the pot and watered
it regularly. At the end of 5 years the _____________
__________about 75 kg, but the mass of the _________ was almost ________________.
He decided the “increase in plant” had to come from the ________… that was the only thing he had added!
In 1643-a Belgian physician ___________________ determined the mass of a pot of dry soil and a small seedling.
Jan van Helmont
seedling hadgained
soil unchanged
WATER
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EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT
Plants use _______ and ______ dioxide to make ___________________
Van Helmont didn’t realize the major contribution to the mass of his tree was something hecouldn’t see…__________________ from the air.carbon dioxide
water carbonCarbohydrates
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EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT1771- An English minister,
_________________________,
discovered that a flame burning
in a closed jar would die out.
If he placed a __________ in the
jar and allowed a few days to
pass, the candle could be lit again.
The plant produced something “required for burning” that the candle used up
We now know it was …____________OXYGEN
Joseph Priestley
live plant
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EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT
1779-
Dutch scientist ________________________
showed Priestley’s plant experiment only
worked if the plant was exposed to _________________ !
Jan Ingenhousz
light
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EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT
1961- American chemist ________________________
received the Nobel prize for
figuring out the
chemical _______________
used by plants to make sugar
Melvin Calvin
pathway
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THE BIG PICTURE
These experiments led to work by later
scientists who finally discovered that in the
presence of light, plants transform CO2 and water
into carbohydrates and release oxygen.
_____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________
Carbondioxide WATER Sugars Oxygen
6 CO2_____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________6 H2O C6H12O6 6 O2→
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In addition to water and carbon dioxide,
__________________
and
__________________
are needed for photosynthesis to happen.
chlorophyll
light energy
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____________________ involves a complex series of chemical reactions, in which the product of one reaction is _____________ by the next reaction.
Photosynthesis
consumed
Reaction 1 → Product → X
Reaction 2 → Product Y
A series of reactions linked in this way is referred to as a __________________________
biochemical pathway
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Light-Dependent Reaction
Light-Independent Reactions
Light & Water
oxygen
ATP
NADPH
Carbon Dioxide
Calvin Cycle
C6H12O6
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS: Reactants & Products
LIGHT ENERGY
6CO2 + 6H2O SUGAR + 6O2
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http://www.ology.amnh.org/einstein/lightmatterenergy/light.html
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Visible light is made up of many different_______________of light
Your eyes “see”different sizes ofwaves as different ___________
http://www.simontucket.com/_Portfolio/PortLarge/L_Il_Prism.jpg
wavelengths
colors
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Many people think that plants are green because they absorb and use green light in photosynthesis,
BUT . . . .
Myth:
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BUT… We “see” reflected light
Light wavelengths that are ___________
off of objects bounce back to our eyes .
That is the ___________ we “see”
REFLECTED
COLOR
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This book “looks BLUE” because the dye in this cover _______________ of the wavelengths of light _________ blue.
_______ light is ____________ to your eyes and itlooks BLUE
exceptabsorbs ALL
BLUEreflected
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The dye in this T shirt absorbs all of thecolors __________________________
Red wavelengths are_________________ to your eyes and theshirt looks RED
except red
reflected
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Objects “look BLACK” because blackdye ________________ of thewavelengths of light.
When wavelengths are absorbed so is the_____________ of the wave.
That is why wearing a blackT-shirt in the summer feelswarmer than wearing a white t-shirt.
absorbs ALL
ENERGY
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The dye in white objects _____________ of the wavelengths of light.
_______ energy is ABSORBED so wearing whiteclothing is “cooler”.
REFLECTS ALL
LITTLE
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Which wavelengths of light are these Flowers REFLECTING?
yellowPurple & yellow
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green
Which wavelengths of light do these LEAVES reflect?
So green leaves____________ thegreen wavelength of light.
REFLECT
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Plants gather the sun’s energy with light absorbing molecules called ___________.
pigments
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The main energy absorbing moleculein green plants is___________________
_________________ are plant pigments too.(These look yellow, orange, and red)
CAROTENOIDS
CHLOROPHYLL
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GREEN leaves have BOTH chlorophyll AND carotenoids __________________but the huge amount of chlorophyll ______the other colors and leaves usually look green
ALL THE TIME
hides
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In ______, chlorophyll production slows as the trees shut down and photosynthesis stops for winter.
FALL
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Then we can see thecarotinoid colors that are usually _______ by chlorophyllHIDDEN
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red
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Absorption of Light byChlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
There are two types of chlorophyll__________________ & ___________________
Chlorophyll a absorbs the_____ & ________wavelengths best.
It absorbs very little ______ light.
Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b
red violet
Blue
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red
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Absorption of Light byChlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
There are two types of chlorophyll__________________ & ___________________
Chlorophyll babsorbs some ______light and even more_________ light.
Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b
red
Blue-violet
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red
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Absorption of Light byChlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
NEITHER KIND OF CHLOROPHYLL IS VERY GOOD AT ABSORBING _________ LIGHT!GREEN
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That’s why leaves LOOK GREEN…..
Chlorophyll doesn’t absorb…. it ___________ GREEN light!REFLECTS
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That’s why plant have other pigments (like carotenoids). They help _________ some wavelengths chlorophyll _______;
so the plant can __________ of the sun’s energy.
USE MORE
ABSORB
DOESN’T
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Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Absorption of Light byChlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
SO WHAT WAVELENGTHS ARE BEST FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS?
THE ONESCHLOROPHYLLABSORBS THE BEST________ and_______________
red
Blue-violet
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Because light is a form of ___________, any molecule that absorbs light also ___________the energy from the light.
ENERGY
ABSORBS
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ENERGY & ELECTRONS
When chlorophyll absorbs light, the energy is transferredto electrons in the chlorophyll molecule.
HIGH ENERGY ____________make photosynthesis work!
ELECTRONS