read chapter 4 demarco by wednesday. · the cheka became the ogpu then, 1934, the nkvd the nkvd...

Read chapter 4 DeMarco by Wednesday.

UKRAINE Lenin statues toppled

Friday, 27 February, 15

The Emergence of Joseph Stalin

Russia became the USSR (or Soviet Union) in 1922

Lenin died in 1924

the nation was still in poverty

though geographically vast, it had few great cities in early 20’s

its rivers were unharnessed, its minerals untouched

Stalin Day 1


though railways existed, there was not much in the way of modern transportation

in 1925 - only 7448 cars, 5500 trucks and 263 buses


80% of people lived on farms

most of these were peasants (120 million)

most peasants were desperately poor--even in 1928 5.5 million families still broke soil with wooden ploughs

half the nation’s grain harvested with scythes and sickles * Howarth quote...

richer peasants who owned farm machinery & employed labourers = kulaks.


Born Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili December 21, 1878 in Gori, Georgia- Russian Empire.

• only child of a poor & struggling family. His father, a cobbler, was a violent alcoholic who became estranged from family. His mother was a seamstress. She was devoted to her son, whom she nicknamed "Soso."

• As a youth he seriously considered becoming a priest and began education towards such.

Enter Stalin...

Stalin = “man of steel”


Initially communist party members perceived S. as a boring “stats” man

Rose to power over Trotsky with his “Socialism in one country” slogan. (As contrasted with T’s “World Revolution”)

“tampered” with photos/sketches, positioning himself beside Lenin who, in fact, preferred Trotsky as his replacement

turned out to be a ruthless & cruel, totalitarian dictator

his strategy was to use people to climb the power ladder then “disposed” of them.

clip


for example, he first allied with Bukharin and Rykov (moderates) who wanted to continue with the NEP -- AGAINST men like Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev who thought the NEP was modernizing Russia too slowly.

by 1927, Stalin had Trotsky expelled from the country and later killed in Mexico.

in 1934, when Stalin noticed a man name Kirov becoming popular in government--he ordered Kirov shot. The assassin and 13 others were then tried and executed.

Beginn

ing

of P

urge

s:


In 1934, Kamenev and Zinoviev were imprisoned

The Cheka became the OGPU then, 1934, the NKVD

the NKVD rounded up all suspected opposition to Stalin

in 1937 the “SHOW TRIALS” were held in Moscow


astonishingly old Bolshevik faithfuls “confessed” to crimes they never committed (plots to kill Stalin)

Kamenev and Zinoviev were executed in 1936 and Bukharin and Rykov in 1938

98 of 139 party leaders were arrested and shot

over a thousand more were arrested

Stalin also purged the Red Army officers

Show Trials


Stalin was a suspicious leader...


Five Year PlansStalin knew he had to modernize Russia

He famously proclaimed: “we are 50 - 100 years behind the advanced countries. We must make good the next 10 years or be crushed.”

He used the 5 year plans to modernize the country

there were 3 five year plans - the first two concentrated on heavy industry- consumer goods were largely left out - stats in Demarco - be familiar with them)

Collectivization was a way to modernize agriculture -- “You can’t make an omelette without breaking a few eggs”


DeMarco Exercises p. 59-665 year plans 1st (1928-32) 2nd (1933-37)

-----------------------------------

Answer

Exercise 2 p. 59 a, b, c

Exercise 3 b, c


DeMarco p. 57-61 starting @ Stalin’s 5 Yr. plans

p. 59 Ex 3b

Overall production gains - both 5 year plans

1. steel (4.4x)

2. pig iron (4.3x)

3. coal (3.6x)

4. oil (2.4x)

3c Best in 1st = oil 2nd = steel


Stalin’s Collectivization ...Begin by reading about collectivization from the Howarth “hand-out” or DeMarco p.60-61

Then:

DeMarco exercises:

Exercise 4 p. 61 a-e

Exercise 5 p. 61-2 (a - h all)

Ex 7 page 64 a, d, e

Ex 8 p. 64 a - e

Ex 9 p. 66 all

Hey comrades, work hard for Father

Stalin


CollectivizationDay 2

Implemented in 1929

Not until 1953 did numbers of cattle, horses and other livestock reach the 1928 figures (DeMarco p. 60)

1928 1931 1933 1937

Pigs 26 m x 12 m 23 mCattle 70 m x 44 m 63 mGrain 73 m tons 69.5 m tons x 97 m tons

Tractors 25,000 200,000 x xHarvesters 1000 25,000 x x

To what extent was collectivization a success? Explain.


Stalin terms from yesterdayShow trials

“We are 50 - 100 years behind advanced nations, we must make good the next 10 years or be crushed”.

“You can’t make an omelette without cracking some eggs”.

“1 death is a tragedy, a million is a statistic”.

5 year plans

collectivization

kulaks

purges

show trials Friday, 27 February, 15

Read Winston Churchill’s 1943 interview with Stalin

Ex 5 debrief - p. 61-62

Are there any of Stalin’s words you don’t believe? Why?

Did your opinion of Stalin change at all?


Turn to Ex 7 p. 64

7 a - answer is on p. 62 top of right column

7 d - answer is on p. 63 - second half right column


Ex 8 p. 648a What groups of people do the top two figures represent?

What about the others?

8d - How does the poster make it clear that industrial growth is one of of Stalin’s greatest achievements?

8e - How would you describe the expression on Stalin’s face as directed towards the enemies of the nation?We can fulfil

the 5 year plan!


What was life like in a gulag? (Russian Siberian Labour camp).

1. Howarth reading p. 146

2. One Day in the Life of Ivan Deniscovich


Silent reading...


Alexand

250 × 372 - acton.org

250 × 372 - acton.org

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 1918 - 2008


http://www.google.ca/imgres?sa=X&biw=1024&bih=634&tbm=isch&tbnid=YEsoEMk83mJeBM:&imgrefurl=http://www.acton.org/pub/religion-liberty/volume-17-number-2/solzhenitsyn-and-russias-golgotha&docid=sMfDMbfjUC6VOM&imgurl=http://www.acton.org/files/pub-rl/solzhenitsyn.jpg&w=250&h=372&ei=_yZDUr_wL-O1iwLbv4G4BQ&zoom=1&ved=1t:3588,r:1,s:0,i:87&iact=rc&page=1&tbnh=208&tbnw=142&start=0&ndsp=11&tx=93&ty=97




By 1930 his parent’s property had been turned into a collective farm. Later, Solzhenitsyn recalled that his mother had fought for survival and that they had to keep his father's background in the old Imperial Army a secret. His educated mother (who never remarried) encouraged his literary and scientific learnings and raised him in the Russian Christian Orthodox faith; she died in 1944.

During the war Solzhenitsyn served as the commander of a battery in the Red Army and was involved in major action at the front, and twice decorated.

In February 1945, while serving in East Prussia, Solzhenitsyn was arrested for writing derogatory comments in private letters to a friend, Nikolai Vitkevich, about the conduct of the war by Joseph Stalin. He was accused of anti-Soviet propaganda under Article 58, paragraph 10 of the Soviet criminal code, and of "founding a hostile organization" under paragraph 11. Solzhenitsyn was taken to a prison in Moscow, where he was interrogated. On 7 July 1945, he was sentenced in his absence by the NKVD to an eight-year term in a labour camp. This was the normal sentence for most crimes under Article 58 at the time.


Stalin created a “cult of personality”


Cult of Personality

p. 148 Mother’s prepared their children for life by...

Clap for Father Stalin, Comrades.

p. 150-51


Ex 9 p. 65Read the Extract Two “This is taken from...”

Be prepared to discuss the questions in a moment.

Work time ...


Stalin and his 5-Year Plans

Using DeMarco p. 56 – 64 create 2 –3 pages of notes describing the significance of the following figures/ terms:_____________________________________________________1. Comintern (Communist international)

2. Trotsky (describe him and contrast

him with Stalin)

3. “World Revolution” vs. “Socialism in

one Country”

4. Stalin’s ruthless rise to power

(Kamenev, Zinoviev, Bukharin etc)

5. Five Year Plans – briefly summarize

the main objective and results of each of

them p. 58-59

6. collective farms (kolkhoz)

7. kulaks

8. Results of Collectivization

9. purges

10. Show trials

11. Cheka, OGPU, NKVD

--------------------------

12. gulags-

13. zeks-

14. Famine of 1932 – 33

15. Cult of personality –

16. Stakhanov

Text

Tuesday Day 2


Film “Stalin and the Modernization of

Russia”


Today’s Assignment

A. Carefully read the 3 short articles on handout - ignore the questions for now.

i. Victims of the Purges

ii. Khrushchev article iii. Farm manager article


Gradually after the rationing of food was ended in 1935, workers’ standards of living began to improve, although they were nowhere near those of the country’s 7 million civil servants and officials. A factory director or a gov’t planning specialist could earn up to 4000 roubles a month in 1937 = 25 times as much as an ordinary worker.

Was Stalin worth the trouble?


Even so, many workers were given opportunities to train for skilled, higher paid jobs; all workers children now got a free primary education, and increasing numbers of people got improved medical facilities.

But... the cost in human terms...gulags ....famine...


Turn to p. 59 Demarco

Read from the sentence beginning “The Third Plan...”

Having now read about Stalin’s 5 yr plans, watched the film, and discussed the exercises, do you think Uncle Joe’s leadership was mostly good or mostly bad for the USSR?


Test MondayCourse outline - Topic 5

(see stu dy gui de column for details)

Evaluate ways in which Lenin and Stalin transformed the USSR with reference to:

- March revolution- November Revolution- Civil War- NEP- “Socialism in one country” via the 5 Year Plans


Notes and assignments due on test day:

See homework board


read chapter 4 demarco by wednesday. · the cheka became the ogpu then, 1934, the nkvd the nkvd...

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