Chapter 9 an 10: EUROPE IN THE MIDDLE AGES

GS-2.5 Summarize the functions of feudalism and manorialism in medieval Europe, including the creation of nation-states as feudal institutions helped monarchies to centralize power and the evolution of the relationship between the secular states and Roman Catholic Church. (P, H)

OBJECTIVES: Summarize the new European civilizations that were formed by the Germanic peoples, the legacy of the Romans, and the Church. Explain the importance of having the support of the church. Explain the Carolingian Empire.

Transforming the Roman World

Section 1

Germanic Kingdoms

Visigoths and Ostrogoths– Spain and Italy– Roman structure of government– Warrior class showing

increasing dominanceAngles and Saxons– Emigrated from Denmark to

BritainFranks– France, Belgium, and Holland– Clovis – first Germanic ruler to

convert to Christianityhttp://www.history.com/topics/clovis-i/videos#dark-ages-the-franks---clovis-part-ihttp://www.history.com/videos/dark-ages-the-franks---clovis-part-2#dark-ages-the-franks---clovis-part-2

Germanic Society

Germans and Romans intermarried and created a new society

Family basic unit of society, very important

Breaking a law was seen as an attack on the person, as opposed to an attack on the state

Wergild – fine system

Ordeal – “trial”

Ordeal

The Role of Church

4th Century – Christianity supreme religion of Europe

Organization– Parish/Priest– Bishopric/Diocese/Bishop

Rise of the Pope– Bishop of Rome– Claimed to have control

over all other clergy– Gregory I

Monastic LifeMonks– Saint Benedict– Dedicate life to church– Communal living in

monastery, headed by an abbot

– Emphasis on labor and prayer

– Life of poverty and doing charity

Women in the Church– Nuns/Abbesses

The Franks & The Rise of Charlemagne

Charles Martel– Defeats Muslims at Battle of

Tours, 732– Son, Pepin, takes the throne– Charles, son of Pepin, expands

Frankish kingdom, assumes name “Charlemagne” or “Charles the Great”

The Carolingian Empire

Emperor of the Romans

Intellectual Revival

FEUDALISM

Section 2Objective: Analyze how the Viking, Magyars, and

Muslims invaded Europe during the ninth and tenth centuries. Critique the collapse of the central authority in the European world that led to a new political system known as feudalism. Summarize the rise of European

Kingdoms and feudalism

Describe key characteristics of each kingdom.

New Invasion 9th/10th centuryMagyars– Migrated from Asia to

Hungary

Vikings– Germanic people,

Scandinavia– Normandy

Feudalism

Increased need for protection– Centralized government inefficient– Commoners going to powerful warlords for

protection in return for serviceVassalage– Warriors swore and oath to a lord to serve

them militarily– Lords took care of warriors needs (food,

shelter, clothing, etc.) by granting a fief.– Warrior became a vassal of the Lord.

Feudal Society

Rise of the Knight class– Amored cavalry– Granted a fief for his

service– Backbone of

aristocracy

The Feudal Contract – Unwritten social rules determining the relationship between people.

KING(LORD)

KNIGHTS(WARRIOR

CLASS)

PEASANTS/SERFS

Nobility

Ruling classLarge land ownersChivalry– Code of ethics guide-lining behavior– Emphasis on honor, fighting for glory, not personal

gain

TournamentNew roles for women– Managing castles – Propelled chivalry forward

Early Medieval Castle - UK

Tapestry Depicting Tournament

French Noblewomen

The Growth of European Kingdoms

Objectives: Summarize the rise of European Monarchies and their quest to extend power

and build strong states. Describe key characteristics of each monarchy

England Angles and SaxonsThe Norman Conquest– William of

Normandy– The Battle of

Hastings, 1066

Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine– Common law– Power over

Church

Bayeaux Tapestry, Depicting Battle of Hastings

Magna Carta & Parliament

Magna Carta– Runnymede, 1215– King John forced to recognize

that power of the monarch was limited

The Rise of Parliament– Edward I – House of Commons - 2 knights

from every county, 2 people from every town

– House of LordsAll nobles and bishops

France

Carolingian Empire divided; Kingdom of France established 843

Capetian Dynasty– Weak Kings – Authority over

Paris only

Phillip IV “The Fair”– Expansion of territory– 1302- Establishment of a

Parliament, Estates-General

The Holy Roman Empire

Otto I

Swore to protect the pope, Crowned ‘Emperor of the Romans”

Germany and Italy

Relatively weak office, as the areas were never consolidated into a single monarchy

Russia

Migration of Slavs, Swedish Vikings into RusEstablishment of Kiev empire13th Century, Mongolian invasionMongols driven out in 1242– Alexander Nevsky– Established capital at

Moscow

The Byzantine Empire and the Crusades

Section 4Objective:Explain the rise and fall of the

Byzantine Empire. Identify the key reasons for the fall or end to feudalism. Summarize the crusades impact on Medieval society in

both the East and the West.

JustinianEmperor Justinian, 527-565– Capital of Constantinople – Wanted to reestablish

empire in the entire Mediterranean

– Italy, Spain, North Africa, Asia Minor, Palestine and Syria

– The Body of Civil Law- Code of Roman laws based on imperial law in Eastern Roman Empire

Became the basis for much of the legal system of Europe.

From Eastern Roman Empire to Byzantine Empire

After the death of Justinian the Eastern Roman Empire had too much territory to protect far from Constantinople. – Loses of Justinian’s territories to Germans and

Muslims reduced Eastern empire

Remaining lands in the Balkans and Asia Minor called the Byzantine Empire– Greek replaced Latin as language– Eastern Orthodox Church- Patriarch:

appointed head of the Church

Emperor was believed to have been chosen by god. His power absolute.

Byzantine Empire

ConstantinopleLargest medieval city– Population 100,000+

Great center of trade– The mid-point of trade

between China and Western Europe

– ivory, spices, jewelry, fur– Silk cloth became the

cities most lucrative product

Hippodrome- gladiator fights and chariot

Hagia Sophia- the church of the holy Wisdom

The Macedonia Dynasty

Ruled 867-1081– 10th and 11th century restored power to

empire, but ambitious military leaders and aristocratic families led to downfall.

Economic prosperity– Selling silk, metalworks

Expansion– 1025 the byzantine empire was the largest it

had been since the beginning

Schism

Split between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church of the West – 1054, Pope Leo IX and Patriarch Michael

Cerularius, excommunicated each other

1071: Turkish troops defeat Byzantine forces, ending European rule of the empire.

The Crusades

Military expeditions to the Holy Lands to regain them from the Muslims from the 11th to the 13th centrury

Began as help to Alexius I, Byzantine emperor, to keep Muslim Turks from invading Constantinople.

Evolved into a quest to liberate Jerusalem from the “infidels”

Council of Clermont – Urban II

The Crusades, (con’t.)Crusading Armies– Knights– Religious Fervor– Adventure– Wealth

First Crusade– French– Led by Pope Urban II who wanted to free Jerusalem

from the Infidels- unbelievers/ Muslims – Captured Antioch, 1098; Jerusalem, 1099– Established “crusader” states; Italian port cities will

profit – By 1140’s Muslims attack

The Crusades (con’t)

Second Crusade– France and Germany– Failure

1184 – Saladin attacks and takes JerusalemThe Third Crusade– 1189 France, England, Germany– Richard I (England) negotiated free pass to

Jerusalem for Christian pilgrims

The Crusades (con’t)

Fourth CrusadePope Innocent III– Constantinople sacked, 1204– Power of the Byzantine

diminished

The Children’s Crusade – 1212Impacts of Crusades– Increased trade to Europe– Anti-Semitism– Weakened power of nobles;

feudalism