The Potential Role of Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in Solving the Climate, Environmental and Energy Challenges.

Alan C. Lloyd, Ph.D. President, International Council on Clean Transportation Joint 12th IPHE Implementation and Liaison (ILC) & Steering Committee (SC) Meeting

December 2, 2009

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International Council on Clean Transportation   Goal of the ICCT is to dramatically reduce

conventional pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions from all transportation sources in order to improve air quality and human health, and mitigate climate change.

  Promotes best practices and comprehensive solutions to:

–  Improve vehicle emissions and efficiency

–  Increase fuel quality and sustainability of alternative fuels

–  Reduce pollution from the in-use fleet, and

–  Curtail emissions from international goods movement.

  The Council is made up of leading regulators and experts from around the world."

www.theicct.org

Outline   Introduction and background

  Changing global landscape

  Market deployment opportunities

  Fuel cell transportation applications

  Stationary energy generation opportunities

  Future needs and prognosis

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Motivation for Deploying Zero to Near Zero Emission Technologies

  Conventional air and other Pollution

  Potential dramatic GHG reduction

  Energy security/independence issues

Augmenting CO2: Control to Mitigate Climate Change

  In addition to CO2 reduction, need more “fast action” policies (Molina et al. 2009)

  Reduction of HFCS with high GWP

  Reduction of precursor gases to ozone formation

  Reduction of black carbon (B.C. and/or soot)

  Strong link between conventional pollutants and GHG

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Share of Global Black Carbon Emissions from all Sources in 2000

Source: Bond, T.. (2009) Black carbon: Emission sources and prioritization. Presentation at the 2009 International Workshop on Black Carbon. 5-6 Jan 2009. London, UK.

Global Warming Potential (GWP) Estimated from IPCC 2007

Source: ICCT (2009) A Policy-relevant Summary of Black Carbon Climate Science and Appropriate Emission Control Strategies. Available online at http://www.theicct.org

Note: The methodology used for black carbon was also used for organic carbon and sulfur oxides. Values for black carbon, organic carbon and sulfur oxides were not published by the IPCC and are not official estimates.

GWP20 GWP100 GWP500

Black carbon 1600 460 140

Methane 72 25 7.6

Nitrous oxide 289 298 153

Sulfur oxides -140 -40 -12

Organic carbon -240 -69 -21

Carbon dioxide 1 1 1

Global Demand for Cars COUNTRY POPULATION (Millions) CARS per 1000 people

Italy 58.2 595

Germany 82.7 565

Canada 32.9 561

Australia 20.6 507

France 60.9 496

Sweden 9.1 462

USA 303.9 461

UK 60.0 457

Japan 128.3 441

Norway 4.7 439

S. Korea 48.1 240

India 1,135.6 8

Kenya / Philippines 36.0 / 85.9 9

China 1,331.4 18

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Expected Economic Growth

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Source: Economist 2009

Country GDP Growth % 2010 China 8.6 India 6.3

Vietnam 6.0 France 0.9

Germany 0.5 UK 0.6

Canada 2.0 USA 2.4 Brazil 3.8

Market Deployment Opportunities

  Global environment and climate challenges require actions to increase efficiency and decarbonize fuels

  Magnitude of challenge will require sustained effort to dramatically reduce pollution and GHG

  Hydrogen in transportation and stationary applications can play a role – how significant depends on policies and actions in the next few years

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Source: Honda Fuel Cell Vehicle Activities presentation by Stephen Ellis, Manager FCV Marketing

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Transportation Applications   Most H2 applications will use fuel cell

vehicles

  H2 ICE also being demonstrated by BMW and Mazda

  H2 also being used in heavy duty engines in blends with CNG

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Source: Overview of Mazda Hydrogen Vehicles, DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technical Advisory Committee

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Source: Overview of Mazda Hydrogen Vehicles, DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technical Advisory Committee

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Source: Overview of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Activities by Sunita Satyapal, Acting Program Manager, DOE Fuel Cell Technologies Program

Well-to-Wheels Comparison of Future (2035) Propulsion Systems

Need Lower Carbon Fuels

Need Lower Carbon Electricity

»  MIT  On  the  Road  in  2035   16

Challenges: Liquid Fuel Advantage

Energy density per volume

Energy density per weight

kWh/liter vs gasoline KWh/kg vs gasoline Gasoline 9.7 13.2 Diesel fuel 10.7 110% 12.7 96% Ethanol 6.4 66% 7.9 60% Hydrogen at 10,000 psi 1.3 13% 39 295% Liquid hydrogen 2.6 27% 39 295% NiMH battery 0.1-0.3 2.1% 0.1 0.8% Lithium-ion battery (present time) 0.2 2.1% 0.14 1.1% Lithium-ion battery (future) 0.28 ? 2.1%

ENERGY FUTURE: Think Efficiency

Source: American Physical Society, Sept. 2008, Chapter 2, Table 1

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Future Battery Development

Source: On the Road to Sustainable Mobility – Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles by Michael Schweizer, Product Management – Advanced Product Planning Mercedes- Benz USA

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Challenges: Development   Potential barriers to new propulsion systems

–  Higher vehicle first cost •  Learning & economies of scale not realized

–  Fueling •  Storage, infrastructure, range issues •  May be higher or lower (electricity) cost

–  Safety, reliability, durability concerns –  Customer lack of awareness & risk aversion –  Manufacturers risk aversion –  Sunk capital costs in current technology

Courtesy AC Transit

Daimler Fuel Cell Vehicle

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Source: Overview of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Activities by Sunita Satyapal, Acting Program Manager, DOE Fuel Cell Technologies Program

Challenges: Commercialization   Production build-up issues in addition to potential

development barriers: – Development lead times and availability across

product platforms – Capital investment required – Supply of critical systems/components – Capacity utilization

  Competition from continuing improvements from conventional technologies

Source: GM HTAC Review Automotive Fuel Cells by Keith Cole, Director Advanced Technology Vehicle Strategy & Legislative Affairs

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Source: On the Road to Sustainable Mobility – Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles by Michael Schweizer, Product Management – Advanced Product Planning Mercedes- Benz USA

Stationary Source Applications   Rifkin Third Industrial Revolution Concept;

–  Buildings as renewable energy sources

–  Smart grid

–  Hydrogen as storage, potential link with transportation

  Portable Power –  Small consumer electronics (mobile phones, laptops)

–  Micro fuel cells

  Large fuel cells –  FC energy deployment

–  UTC applications

  Fork lifts

  Telecom back-up power

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Sierra Nevada Brewing Co. – Chico, California, USA

  Natural or bio-gas is fed to the Fuel Cell , where hydrogen gas is extracted and combined with oxygen from the air to produce electricity, heat, and water. Heat is then recovered and used to heat water for brewing and the electricity is used throughout the brewery. Fuel Cells are efficient, quiet, and produce extremely low emissions.

  Completed one of the largest fuel cell installation in the United States - installing four 250-kilowatt co-generation fuel cell power units to supply electric power and heat to the brewery.

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Solutions

  Telecom Base Transceiver Stations

  UPS

  Highway/Railway Signaling and Communications

  Surveillance, Sensing, Pumping, SCADA

Extended Run Backup Power

Source: IdaTech 2009

ElectraGen™ H2-I Images

Source: IdaTech 2009

Hydrogen Energy California (HECA) Project: Hydrogen-fuelled power plant with carbon capture and sequestration

combined enhanced oil recovery

Location: Kern County, California, USA

Partners:

Type: Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) with carbon capture and sequestration combined with enhanced oil recovery

Output: 390 gross MW

Feedstock: Petroleum coke and coal as needed

CO2 capture: Over 2 million tons per year

Projected construction start: 2011

Projected target completion: 2015

Status: Applied for California Energy Commission permit in 2009

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Source: http://www.hydrogenenergy.com/content_329_kern_county_california

Source: (Revised) Application for Certification for Hydrogen Energy California Kern County, California by URS Hydrogen Energy International, Submitted to California Energy Commission

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Top Emitters of GHGs in California, 2008 (In Metric Tons)

1.  Chevron Refinery, Richmond: 4,792,052

2.  Shell Oil Refinery, Martinez: 4,570,475

3.  BP Refinery, Carson: 4,504,286

4.  Chevron Refinery, El Segundo: 3,603, 446

5.  Dynegy Power Plant, Moss Landing: 2,962,149

6.  Exxon Refinery, Torrance: 2,852,374

7.  Valero Refinery, Benicia: 2,796,057

8.  Tesoro Refinery, Martinez: 2,703,145

9.  Southern California Edison – Mountain View Power Plant, Redlands: 2,697,142

10.  La Paloma Power Plant, McKittrick: 2,544,398

Slide 31 Source: California Air Resources Board

Conclusions   Environmental, climate and energy challenges present an excellent

opportunity for H2 and fuel cells

  Market potential has to recognize advancement in conventional technologies

  Need clean advanced technologies and fuels including light weight platforms for transportation

  Cost will continue to be a major issue as with most “game- changing” technologies, e.g. batteries and fuel cells, cost and infrastructure will pose significant challenges

  Close cooperation between government and industry, and among nations will be required over a sustained period

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Global Risk, Global Action

“When I began looking at the subject of climate change, what I find first thing to hit me was the magnitude of the risks and the potentially devastating effects on the lives of people across the world. We were gambling the planet.”

-Sir Nicholas Stern Blueprint for a Safer Planet, 2009

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Global Actions

  Global cooperation necessary to confront environmental, climate and economic threats

  IPHE is an example of such cooperation

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Additional Materials

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Source: Overview of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Activities by Sunita Satyapal, Acting Program Manager, DOE Fuel Cell Technologies Program

Source: Overview of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Activities by Sunita Satyapal, Acting Program Manager, DOE Fuel Cell Technologies Program

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