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International Journal of Computer Engineering and Applications, Volume XII, Special Issue, May 18, www.ijcea.com ISSN 2321-3469 Ritu Dubey, Priya Kumari, Surabhi Sharan, Sunita Mahato 1 INTERNET OF THINGS: A Revolution of Internet Ritu Dubey 1 , Priya Kumari 2 , Surabhi Sharan 3 , Sunita Mahato 4 Student, Department of Information Technology Jamshedpur Women’s College ABSTRACT: The “internet of things” refers to the concept that the internet is no longer just a global network for people to communicate, but it is also a platform for devices to communicate electronically with the world around them. Internet of Things (IoT) is a new revolution of the Internet or it can be said the expansion of internet services. It provides a platform for communication between objects where objects can organize and manage themselves. It allows objects to communicate between each other by using radio frequency identification (RFID), wireless sensor network (WSN), Zigbee, etc. This paper includes a brief description of internet of things and it also defines various architectures and profiles some applications that have the potential to make a striking difference in human life especially for the differently abled and the elderly. Keywords:Radio frequency identification, sensors, actuators. [1] INTRODUCTION Today the internet has become ubiquitous, has touched almost every corner of the globe, and is affecting human life in unimaginable ways. We are now entering an era of even more pervasive connectivity where a wide variety of appliances will be connected to the web. We are entering an era of the “internet of things ” .The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects, devices, vehicles, buildings and other items which are embedded with

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Page 1: INTERNET OF THINGS: A Revolution of Internet - ijcea.com · INTERNET OF THINGS: A Revolution of Internet Ritu Dubey, Priya Kumari, Surabhi Sharan, Sunita Mahato 2 electronics, software,

International Journal of Computer Engineering and Applications, Volume XII, Special Issue, May 18, www.ijcea.com ISSN 2321-3469

Ritu Dubey, Priya Kumari, Surabhi Sharan, Sunita Mahato 1

INTERNET OF THINGS: A Revolution of Internet

Ritu Dubey1, Priya Kumari2, Surabhi Sharan3, Sunita Mahato4

Student, Department of Information Technology

Jamshedpur Women’s College

ABSTRACT:

The “internet of things” refers to the concept that the internet is no longer just a global network for

people to communicate, but it is also a platform for devices to communicate electronically with the world

around them. Internet of Things (IoT) is a new revolution of the Internet or it can be said the expansion

of internet services. It provides a platform for communication between objects where objects can

organize and manage themselves. It allows objects to communicate between each other by using radio

frequency identification (RFID), wireless sensor network (WSN), Zigbee, etc. This paper includes a brief

description of internet of things and it also defines various architectures and profiles some applications

that have the potential to make a striking difference in human life especially for the differently abled and

the elderly.

Keywords:Radio frequency identification, sensors, actuators.

[1] INTRODUCTION

Today the internet has become ubiquitous,

has touched almost every corner of the

globe, and is affecting human life in

unimaginable ways. We are now entering an

era of even more pervasive connectivity

where a wide variety of appliances will be

connected to the web. We are entering an

era of the “internet of things ” .The Internet

of Things (IoT) is the network of physical

objects, devices, vehicles, buildings and

other items which are embedded with

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INTERNET OF THINGS: A Revolution of Internet

Ritu Dubey, Priya Kumari, Surabhi Sharan, Sunita Mahato 2

electronics, software, sensors, and network

connectivity, which enables these objects to

collect and exchange data. IoT is defined as

a paradigm in which objects equipped with

sensors, actuators, and processors

communicate with each other to serve a

meaningful purpose. Different authors have

defined iot in many different ways.

Vermesanet al. defined internet of things as

simply an interaction between the physical

and digital worlds. The digital world

interacts with the physical world using a

plethora of sensors and actuators. Another

author Pena-Lopez et al defines internet of

things as paradigm in which computing and

networking capabilities are embedded in any

kind of conceivable object. In other words,

the internet of things refers to a new kind of

world where almost every object that we use

is connected to the internet. The iot allows

objects to be sensed or controlled remotely

across existing network infrastructure,

creating opportunities for more direct

integration of the physical world into

computer-based systems, and resulting in

improved efficiency, accuracy and economic

benefit in addition to reduce human

intervention.WhenIoT is augmented with

sensors and actuators, the technology

becomes an instance of the more general

class of cyber-physical systems, which also

encompasses technologies such as smart

grids, smart homes, intelligent transportation

and smart cities. Each thing is uniquely

identifiable through its embedded computing

system but is able to interoperate within the

existing Internet infrastructure. Experts

estimate that the IoT will consist of almost

50 billion objects by 2020.British

entrepreneur Kevin Ashton first coined the

term in 1999 while working at Auto-ID Labs

(originally called Auto-ID centers - referring

to a global network of Radio-frequency

identification (RFID) connected objects).

Typically, IoT is expected to offer advanced

connectivity of devices, systems, and

services that goes beyond machine-to-

machine communications (M2M) and covers

a variety of protocols, domains, and

applications. The interconnection of these

embedded devices (including smart objects),

is expected to usher in automation in nearly

all fields, while also enabling advanced

applications like a Smart Grid, and

expanding to the areas such as smart cities.

There are various devices such as sensors

and actuators that help in interacting with

the physical environment. The data collected

by the sensors has to be stored and

processed intelligently in order to derive

useful inferences from it. A sensor can be

any device;a mobile phone or even a

microwave oven can be considered as a

sensor as long as it provides inputs about its

current state. An actuator is a device that is

used to effect a change in the environment

such as the temperature controller of an air

conditioner. The storage and processing of

the data can be done on the edge of the

network itself or in a remote server. If any

preprocessing of data is possible, then it is

typically done at either the sensor or some

other proximate device. The processed data

is then typically sent to remote server. The

storage and processing capabilities of an iot

object are also restricted by the resources

available, which are often very constrained

due to limitations of size, energy, power,

and computational capability. Iot faces many

challenges like data collection and data

handling. There are other challenges like

communication because almost everything

in iot is wireless. The communication

between iot devices is mainly wireless

because they are generally installed at

geographically dispersed locations. The

Internet of Things finds various

applications in health care, fitness,

education, entertainment, social life,

energy conservation, environment

monitoring, home automation, and

transport systems. In all the application

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Ritu Dubey, Priya Kumari, Surabhi Sharan, Sunita Mahato 3

areas, iot technologies have significantly

been able to reduce human effort and to

improve the quality of human life.

[2]ARCHITECTURE OF IOT

Different researchers have proposed

different architectures of iot.

[2.1] Three- and Five-Layer

Architectures

The most basic architecture is three-layer

architecture. It was introduced in the

early stages of research in this area. It

has three layers, namely, the perception,

network, and application layers.

(i)The perception layer is the physical

layer, which has sensors for sensing and

gathering information about the

environment. It senses some physical

parameters or identifies other smart

objects in the environment.

(ii)The network layer is responsible for

connecting to other smart things,

network devices, and servers. Its features

are also used for transmitting and

processing sensor data.

(iii)The application layer is responsible

for delivering application specific

services to the user. It defines various

applications in which the Internet of

Things can be deployed, for example,

smart homes, smart cities, and smart

health.

The three-layer architecture defines the

main idea of the Internet of Things, but it

is not sufficient for research on IoT

because research often focuses on finer

aspects of the Internet of Things. That is

why, we have many more layered

architectures proposed in the literature.

Fig: Three layer architecture of iot

One is the five-layer architecture, which

additionally includes the processing and

business layers. The five layers are

perception, transport, processing,

application, and business layers. The role

of the perception and application layers

is the same as the architecture with three

layers. We outline the function of the

remaining three layers.

(i) The transport layer transfers the

sensor data from the perception layer to

the processing layer and vice versa

through networks such as wireless, 3G,

LAN, Bluetooth, RFID, and NFC.

(ii) The processing layer is also known

as the middleware layer. It stores,

analyzes, and processes huge amounts of

data that comes from the transport layer.

It can manage and provide a diverse set

of services to the lower layers. It

employs many technologies such as

databases, cloud computing, and big data

processing modules.

(iii) The business layer manages the

whole IoT system, including

applications, business and profit models,

and user`s privacy.

Application layer

Network layer

Perception layer

Business Layer

Application layer

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Fig: Five layer architecture of iot

[3]SENSORS AND ACTUATORS

All IoT applications need to have one or

more sensors to collect data from the

environment. Sensors are essential

components of smart objects. One of the

most important aspects of the Internet of

Things is context awareness, which is not

possible without sensor technology. IoT

sensors are mostly small in size, have low

cost, and consume less power. They are

constrained by factors such as battery

capacity and ease of deployment. Schmidt

and Van Laerhoven provide an overview of

various types of sensors used for building

smart applications.

3.1.Mobile Phone Based Sensors

First of all, let us look at the mobile phone,

which is ubiquitous and has many types of

sensors embedded in it. In specific, the

smartphone is a very handy and user

friendly device that has a host of built in

communication and data processing

features. With the increasing popularity of

smartphones among people, researchers are

showing interest in building smart IoT

solutions using smartphones because of the

embedded sensors. Some additional sensors

can also be used depending upon the

requirements. Applications can be built on

the smartphone that uses sensor data to

produce meaningful results. Some of the

sensors inside a modern smartphone are as

follows.

(1)The accelerometer senses the motion and

acceleration of a mobile phone. It typically

measures changes in velocity of the

smartphone in three dimensions. There are

many types of accelerometers. In a

mechanical accelerometer, we have a

seismic mass in a housing, which is tied to

the housing with a spring. The mass takes

time to move and is left behind as the

housing moves, so the force in the spring

can be correlated with the acceleration. In a

capacitive accelerometer, capacitive plates

are used with the same setup. With a change

in velocity, the mass pushes the capacitive

plates together, thus changing the

capacitance. The rate of change of

capacitance is then converted into

acceleration. In a piezoelectric

accelerometer, piezoelectric crystals are

used, which when squeezed generate an

electric voltage. The changes in voltage can

be translated into acceleration. The data

patterns captured by the accelerometer can

be used to detect physical activities of the

user such as running, walking, and

bicycling.

(2)The gyroscope detects the orientation of

the phone very precisely. Orientation is

measured using capacitive changes when a

seismic mass moves in a particular direction.

(3)The camera and microphone are very

powerful sensors since they capture visual

and audio information, which can then be

analyzed and processed to detect various

types of contextual information. For

example, we can infer a user’s current

environment and the interactions that she is

having. To make sense of the audio data,

technologies such as voice recognition and

acoustic features can be exploited.

Processing layer

Transport layer

Perception layer

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(4)The magnetometer detects magnetic

fields. This can be used as a digital compass

and in applications to detect the presence of

metals.

(5)The GPS (Global Positioning System)

detects the location of the phone, which is

one of the most important pieces of

contextual information for smart

applications. The location is detected using

the principle of trilateration. The distance is

measured from three or more satellites (or

mobile phone towers in the case of A-GPS)

and coordinates are computed.

(6)The light sensor detects the intensity of

ambient light. It can be used for setting the

brightness of the screen and other

applications in which some action is to be

taken depending on the intensity of ambient

light. For example, we can control the lights

in a room.

(7)The proximity sensor uses an infrared

(IR) LED, which emits IR rays. These rays

bounce back when they strike some object.

Based on the difference in time, we can

calculate the distance. In this way, the

distance to different objects from the phone

can be measured. For example, we can use it

to determine when the phone is close to the

face while talking. It can also be used in

applications in which we have to trigger

some event when an object approaches the

phone.

(8)Some smartphones such as Samsung’s

Galaxy S4 also have a thermometer,

barometer, and humidity sensor to measure

the temperature, atmospheric pressure, and

humidity, respectively.

We have studied many smart applications

that use sensor data collected from

smartphones. For example, activity detection

is achieved by applying machine learning

algorithms to the data collected by

smartphone sensors. It detects activities such

as running, going up and down stairs,

walking, driving, and cycling. The

application is trained with patterns of data

using data sets recorded by sensors when

these activities are being performed.

Many health and fitness applications are

being built to keep track of a person’s health

continuously using smartphones. They keep

track of users’ physical activities, diet,

exercises, and lifestyle to determine the

fitness level and give suggestions to the user

accordingly. Wang et al. describe a mobile

application that is based completely on a

smartphone. They use it to assess the overall

mental health and performance of a college

student. To track the location and activities

in which the student is involved, activity

recognition (accelerometer) and GPS data

are used. To keep a check on how much the

student sleeps, the accelerometer and light

sensors are used. For social life and

conversations, audio data from a

microphone is used. The application also

conducts quick questionnaires with the

students to know about their mood. All this

data can be used to assess the stress levels,

social life, behavior, and exercise patterns of

a student.

Another application by McClernon and

Choudhurydetects when the user is going to

smoke using context information such as the

presence of other smokers, location, and

associated activities. The sensors provide

information related to the user’s movement,

location, visual images, and surrounding

sounds. To summarize, smartphone sensors

are being used to study different kinds of

human behavior and to improve the quality

of human life.

[3.2] Medical Sensors

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The Internet of Things can be really

beneficial for health care applications. We

can use sensors, which can measure and

monitor various medical parameters in the

human body. These applications can aim at

monitoring a patient’s health when they are

not in hospital or when they are alone.

Subsequently, they can provide real time

feedback to the doctor, relatives, or the

patient. McGrath and Scanaillhave described

in detail the different sensors that can be

worn on the body for monitoring a person’s

health.

There are many wearable sensing devices

available in the market. They are equipped

with medical sensors that are capable of

measuring different parameters such as the

heart rate, pulse, blood pressure, body

temperature, respiration rate, and blood

glucose levels. These wearable include

smart watches, wristbands, monitoring

patches, and smart textiles.

Moreover, smart watches and fitness

trackers are becoming fairly popular in the

market as companies such as Apple,

Samsung, and Sony are coming up with very

innovative features. For example, a smart

watch includes features such as connectivity

with a smartphone, sensors such as an

accelerometer, and a heart rate monitor.

Another novel IoT device, which has a lot of

promise are monitoring patches that are

pasted on the skin. Monitoring patches are

like tattoos. They are stretchable and

disposable and are very cheap. These

patches are supposed to be worn by the

patient for a few days to monitor a vital

health parameter continuously. All the

electronic components are embedded in

these rubbery structures. They can even

transmit the sensed data wirelessly. Just like

a tattoo, these patches can be applied on the

skin. One of the most common applications

of such patches is to monitor blood pressure.

A very important consideration here is the

context. The data collected by the medical

sensors must be combined with contextual

information such as physical activity. For

example, the heart rate depends on the

context. It increases when we exercise. In

that case, we cannot infer abnormal heart

rate. Therefore, we need to combine data

from different sensors for making the correct

inference.

[3.3] Neural Sensors

Today, it is possible to understand neural

signals in the brain, infer the state of the

brain, and train it for better attention and

focus. This is known as neurofeedback. The

technology used for reading brain signals is

called EEG (Electroencephalography) or a

brain computer interface. The neurons inside

the brain communicate electronically and

create an electric field, which can be

measured from outside in terms of

frequencies. Brain waves can be categorized

into alpha, beta, gamma, theta, and delta

waves depending upon the frequency.

Based on the type of wave, it can be inferred

whether the brain is calm or wandering in

thoughts. This type of neurofeedback can be

obtained in real time and can be used to train

the brain to focus, pay better attention

towards things, manage stress, and have

better mental well-being.

[3.4] Environmental and Chemical

Sensors

Environmental sensors are used to sense

parameters in the physical environment such

as temperature, humidity, pressure, water

pollution, and air pollution. Parameters such

as the temperature and pressure can be

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Ritu Dubey, Priya Kumari, Surabhi Sharan, Sunita Mahato 7

measured with a thermometer and

barometer. Air quality can be measured with

sensors, which sense the presence of gases

and other particulate matter in the air.

Chemical sensors are used to detect

chemical and biochemical substances. These

sensors consist of a recognition element and

a transducer. The electronic nose (e-nose)

and electronic tongue (e-tongue) are

technologies that can be used to sense

chemicals on the basis of odor and taste,

respectively. The e-nose and e-tongue

consist of an array of chemical sensors

coupled with advance pattern recognition

software. The sensors inside the e-nose and

e-tongue produce complex data, which is

then analyzed through pattern recognition to

identify the stimulus.

These sensors can be used in monitoring the

pollution level in smart cities, keeping a

check on food quality in smart kitchens,

testing food, and agricultural products in

supply chain applications.

[3.5] Radio Frequency Identification

(RFID)

RFID is an identification technology in

which an RFID tag (a small chip with an

antenna) carries data, which is read by a

RFID reader. The tag transmits the data

stored in it via radio waves. It is similar to

bar code technology. But unlike a traditional

bar code, it does not require line of sight

communication between the tag and the

reader and can identify itself from a distance

even without a human operator. The range

of RFID varies with the frequency. It can go

up to hundreds of meters.

RFID tags are of two types: active and

passive. Active tags have a power source

and passive tags do not have any power

source. Passive tags draw power from the

electromagnetic waves emitted by the reader

and are thus cheap and have a long lifetime.

There are two types of RFID technologies:

near and far. A near RFID reader uses a coil

through which we pass alternating current

and generate a magnetic field. The tag has a

smaller coil, which generates a potential due

to the ambient changes in the magnetic field.

This voltage is then coupled with a capacitor

to accumulate a charge, which then powers

up the tag chip. The tag can then produce a

small magnetic field that encodes the signal

to be transmitted, and this can be picked up

by the reader.

In far RFID, there is a dipole antenna in the

reader, which propagates EM waves. The

tag also has a dipole antenna on which an

alternating potential difference appears and

it is powered up. It can then use this power

to transmit messages.

RFID technology is being used in various

applications such as supply chain

management, access control, identity

authentication, and object tracking. The

RFID tag is attached to the object to be

tracked and the reader detects and records its

presence when the object passes by it. In this

manner, object movement can be tracked

and RFID can serve as a search engine for

smart things.

For access control, an RFID tag is attached

to the authorized object. For example, small

chips are glued to the front of vehicles.

When the car reaches a barricade on which

there is a reader, it reads the tag data and

decides whether it is an authorized car. If

yes, it opens automatically. RFID cards are

issued to the people, who can then be

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identified by a RFID reader and given

access accordingly.

The low level data collected from the RFID

tags can be transformed into higher level

insights in IoT applications. There are many

user level tools available, in which all the

data collected by particular RFID readers

and data associated with the RFID tags can

be managed. The high level data can be used

to draw inferences and take further action.

3.6. Actuators

Let us look at some examples of actuators

that are used in the Internet of Things. An

actuator is a device, which can effect a

change in the environment by converting

electrical energy into some form of useful

energy. Some examples are heating or

cooling elements, speakers, lights, displays,

and motors.

The actuators, which induce motion, can be

classified into three categories, namely,

electrical, hydraulic, and pneumatic

actuators depending on their operation.

Hydraulic actuators facilitate mechanical

motion using fluid or hydraulic power.

Pneumatic actuators use the pressure of

compressed air and electrical ones use

electrical energy.

As an example, we can consider a smart

home system, which consists of many

sensors and actuators. The actuators are used

to lock/unlock the doors, switch on/off the

lights or other electrical appliances, alert

users of any threats through alarms or

notifications, and control the temperature of

a home (via a thermostat).

A sophisticated example of an actuator used

in IoT is a digital finger, which is used to

turn on/off the switches (or anything which

requires small motion).

[4] APPLICATIONS OF IOT

According to Gartner, Inc. (a technology

research and advisory corporation), there

will be nearly 26 billion devices on the

Internet of Things by 2020. ABI Research

estimates that more than 30 billion devices

will be wirelessly connected to the Internet

of Things by 2020. As per a recent survey

and study done by Pew Research Internet

Project, a large majority of the technology

experts and engaged Internet users who

responded—83 percent—agreed with the

notion that the Internet/Cloud of Things,

embedded and wearable computing (and the

corresponding dynamic systems) will have

widespread and beneficial effects by 2025.

As such, it is clear that the IoT will consist

of a very large number of devices being

connected to the Internet. In an active move

to accommodate new and emerging

technological innovation, the UK

Government, in their 2015 budget, allocated

£40,000,000 towards research into the

Internet of Things. The British Chancellor of

the Exchequer George Osborne posited that

the Internet of Things is the next stage of the

information revolution and referenced the

inter-connectivity of everything from urban

transport to medical devices to household

appliances.

Integration with the Internet implies that

devices will use an IP address as a unique

identifier. However, due to the limited

address space of IPv4 (which allows for 4.3

billion unique addresses), objects in the IoT

will have to use IPv6 to accommodate the

extremely large address space required.

Objects in the IoT will not only be devices

with sensory capabilities, but also provide

actuation capabilities (e.g., bulbs or locks

controlled over the Internet). To a large

extent, the future of the Internet of Things

will not be possible without the support of

IPv6; and consequently the global adoption

of IPv6 in the coming years will be critical

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for the successful development of the IoT in

the future.

The ability to network embedded devices

with limited CPU, memory and power

resources means that IoT finds applications

in nearly every field. Such systems could be

in charge of collecting information in

settings ranging from natural ecosystems to

buildings and factories, thereby finding

applications in fields of environmental

sensing and urban planning.

On the other hand, IoT systems could also

be responsible for performing actions, not

just sensing things. Intelligent shopping

systems, for example, could monitor specific

users' purchasing habits in a store by

tracking their specific mobile phones. These

users could then be provided with special

offers on their favorite products, or even

location of items that they need, which their

fridge has automatically conveyed to the

phone. Additional examples of sensing and

actuating are reflected in applications that

deal with heat, electricity and energy

management, as well as cruise-assisting

transportation systems. Other applications

that the Internet of Things can provide is

enabling extended home security features

and home automation. The concept of an

"internet of living things" has been proposed

to describe networks of biological sensors

that could use cloud-based analyses to allow

users to study DNA or other molecules. All

these advances add to the numerous list of

IoT applications. Now with IoT, you can

control the electrical devices installed in

your house while you are sorting out your

files in office. Your water will be warm as

soon as you get up in the morning for the

shower. All credit goes to smart devices

which make up the smart home. Everything

is connected with the help of Internet.

However, the application of the IoT is not

only restricted to these areas. Other

specialized use cases of the IoT may also

exist. An overview of some of the most

prominent application areas is provided

here. Based on the application domain, IoT

products can be classified broadly into five

different categories: smart wearable, smart

home, smart city, smart environment, and

smart enterprise. The IoT products and

solutions in each of these markets have

different characteristics.

[4.1] MEDIA

In order to hone the manner in which the

Internet of Things (IoT), the Media and Big

Data are interconnected, it is first necessary

to provide some context into the mechanism

used for media process. It has been

suggested by Nick Couldry and Joseph

Turow that Practitioners in Media approach

Big Data as many actionable points of

information about millions of individuals.

The industry appears to be moving away

from the traditional approach of using

specific media environments such as

newspapers, magazines, or television shows

and instead tap into consumers with

technologies that reach targeted people at

optimal times in optimal locations. The

ultimate aim is of course to serve, or convey,

a message or content that is (statistically

speaking) in line with the consumer's

mindset. For example, publishing

environments are increasingly tailoring

messages (advertisements) and content

(articles) to appeal to consumers that have

been exclusively gleaned through various

data-mining activities.

The media industries process Big Data in

a dual, interconnected manner:

targeting of consumers (for

advertising by marketers)

Data-capture

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Thus, the internet of things creates an

opportunity to measure, collect and

analyze an ever-increasing variety of

behavioral statistics. Cross-correlation of

this data could revolutionize the targeted

marketing of products and services. For

example, as noted by Danny Meadows-

Klue, the combination of analytics for

conversion tracking withbehavioral

targeting has unlocked a new level of

precision that enables display advertising

to be focused on the devices of people

with relevant interests. Big Data and the

IoT work in conjunction. From a media

perspective, Data is the key derivative of

device inter connectivity, whilst being

pivotal in allowing clearer accuracy in

targeting. The Internet of Things

therefore transforms the media industry,

companies and even governments,

opening up a new era of economic

growth and competitiveness. The wealth

of data generated by this industry (i.e.

Big Data) will allow Practitioners in

Advertising and Media to gain an

elaborate layer on the present targeting

mechanisms used by the industry.

[4.2] Environmental monitoring

Environmental monitoring applications

of the IoT typically use sensors to assist

in environmental protection by

monitoring air or water quality,

atmospheric or soil conditions, and can

even include areas like monitoring the

movements of wildlife and their habitats.

Development of resource constrained

devices connected to the Internet also

means that other applications like

earthquake or tsunami early-warning

systems can also be used by emergency

services to provide more effective aid.

IoT devices in this application typically

span a large geographic area and can

also be mobile.

[4.3] Infrastructure management

Monitoring and controlling operations of

urban and rural infrastructures like

bridges, railway tracks, on- and

offshore- wind-farms is a key

application of the IoT. The IoT

infrastructure can be used for monitoring

any events or changes in structural

conditions that can compromise safety

and increase risk. It can also be used for

scheduling repair and maintenance

activities in an efficient manner, by

coordinating tasks between different

service providers and users of these

facilities. IoT devices can also be used to

control critical infrastructure like bridges

to provide access to ships. Usage of IoT

devices for monitoring and operating

infrastructure is likely to improve

incident management and emergency

response coordination, and quality of

service, up-times and reduce costs of

operation in all infrastructure related

areas. Even areas such as waste

management can benefit from

automation and optimization that could

be brought in by the IoT.

[4.4] Manufacturing

Network control and management of

manufacturing equipment, asset and

situation management, or manufacturing

process control bring the IoT within the

realm on industrial applications and

smart manufacturing as well. The IoT

intelligent systems enable rapid

manufacturing of new products, dynamic

response to product demands, and real-

time optimization of manufacturing

production and supply chain networks,

by networking machinery, sensors and

control systems together.

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Digital control systems to automate

process controls, operator tools and

service information systems to optimize

plant safety and security are within the

purview of the IoT. But it also extends

itself to asset management via predictive

maintenance, statistical evaluation, and

measurements to maximize reliability.

Smart industrial management systems

can also be integrated with the Smart

Grid, thereby enabling real-time energy

optimization. Measurements, automated

controls, plant optimization, health and

safety management, and other functions

are provided by a large number of

networked sensors.

[4.5] Energy management

Integration of sensing and actuation systems,

connected to the Internet, is likely to

optimize energy consumption as a whole. It

is expected that IoT devices will be

integrated into all forms of energy

consuming devices (switches, power outlets,

bulbs, televisions, etc.) and be able to

communicate with the utility supply

company in order to effectively balance

power generation and energy usage. Such

devices would also offer the opportunity for

users to remotely control their devices, or

centrally manage them via a cloud based

interface, and enable advanced functions

like scheduling (e.g., remotely powering on

or off heating systems, controlling ovens,

changing lighting conditions etc.). In fact, a

few systems that allow remote control of

electric outlets are already available in the

market, e.g., Belkin'sWeMo, Ambery

Remote Power Switch, Budderfly,

Telkonet'sEcoGuard, WhizNets Inc., etc.

Besides home based energy management,

the IoT is especially relevant to the Smart

Grid since it provides systems to gather and

act on energy and power-related information

in an automated fashion with the goal to

improve the efficiency, reliability,

economics, and sustainability of the

production and distribution of electricity.

Using Advanced Metering Infrastructure

(AMI) devices connected to the Internet

backbone, electric utilities can not only

collect data from end-user connections, but

also manage other distribution automation

devices like transformers and reclosers.

[4.6] Medical and healthcare systems

IoT devices can be used to enable remote

health monitoring and emergency

notification systems. These health

monitoring devices can range from blood

pressure and heart rate monitors to advanced

devices capable of monitoring specialized

implants, such as pacemakers or advanced

hearing aids. Specialized sensors can also be

equipped within living spaces to monitor the

health and general well-being of senior

citizens, while also ensuring that proper

treatment is being administered and assisting

people regain lost mobility via therapy as

well. Other consumer devices to encourage

healthy living, such as, connected scales or

wearable heart monitors, are also a

possibility with the IoT. More and more

end-to-end health monitoring IoT platform

are coming up for antenatal and chronic

patients, helping one manage health vitals

and recurring medication requirements.

Distinct advantages over similar products

from the US and Europe are cost-

effectiveness and personalization for chronic

patients. Doctors can monitor the health of

their patients on their smart phones after the

patient gets discharged from the hospital.

[4.7] Building and home automation

IoT devices can be used to monitor and

control the mechanical, electrical and

electronic systems used in various types of

buildings (e.g., public and private, industrial,

institutions, or residential). Home

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automation systems, like other building

automation systems, are typically used to

control lighting, heating, ventilation, air

conditioning, appliances, communication

systems, entertainment and home security

device to improve convenience, comfort,

energy efficiency, and security.

[4.8] Transportation

The IoT can assist in integration of

communications, control, and information

processing across various transportation

systems. Application of the IoT extends to

all aspects of transportation systems, i.e. the

vehicle, the infrastructure, and the driver or

user. Dynamic interaction between these

components of a transport system enables

inter and intra vehicular communication,

smart traffic control, smart parking,

electronic toll collection systems, logistic

and fleet management, vehicle control, and

safety and road assistance.

[5] IOT AND EVOLUTION OF

ELDERLY CARE

A rise in the aging population puts a lot of

pressure on the healthcare industry to

provide the necessary care and this

population is forecast to double globally by

2030, and many other countries are already

struggling with providing in-person care.

The internet of things is one solution to

provide in-person care and decrease the cost

of this care and boost its quality.

Efficient care

The use of cloud technology in the

healthcare industry is improving how

professionals deliverelderly care. By

integrating devices with cloud technologies,

practitioners can easily provide personalized

services to seniors. Cloud based iot allows

efficient communication between different

systems. A doctor can access the data from

heart monitor and see the progress of a

patient without leaving the office. The care

team can check oxygen levels, blood sugar,

or heart rhythms any time of day.

Reduces cost of elder care

Elderly care results in numerous expenses

for the government, and it is expected that

they will keep increasing. The surge in the

aging population may result in 75 percent

more senior citizens in need of nursing care

from 1.3 million in 2013 to 2.3 million in

2030. However with the help of

technologically advanced gadgets, aged

individuals can live comfortably at home

with minimal need of nursing.Doctors are

now capable of monitoring their patients

remotely, meaning seniors don’t have to

move to the doctors.

Communication

Communication channels are critical to

aging individuals. People still want to feel

cared by their loved ones in their old age.

The internet of things has changed how

seniors communicate with the people in their

lives. Now mobile devices have video call

capabilities among other functions, which

allow people to stay in touch.

Communication is, particularly fundamental

for individuals with mobility issues.

Caregivers also capitalize on the latest

communication technologies to help with

the monitoring of their patients. A nurse can

aerially contact a relative and give

instructions about how to check blood sugar.

Peace of Mind

Persons with mobility challenges or

diminished memory are particularly t high

risks of accidents. There are home systems

such that monitor movement. Such systems

are effective for aging persons with mobility

such as those who have arthritis. Arthritis is

one of the major causes of disability among

seniors and its caring has become a

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fundamental part of elder care. Iot allows

seniors to live a better quality of life even

with some kind of disability.

The possibilities are endless when it comes

to using iot to improve aged care.

Technological advances are being used to

improve the standard of medical care,

security, and convenience for the aging

population.

[6]CONCLUSION

The future of iot is virtually unlimited due to

advances in technology and consumer`s

desire to integrate devices such as smart

phones with household machines.In

conclusion, IoT represents the next

evolution of the Internet. Given that humans

advance and evolve by turning data into

information, knowledge, and wisdom, IoT

has the potential tochange the world as we

know it today—for the better.While the

current technologies make the concept of

IoT feasible, a large number of challenges

lie ahead for making the large scale real

world deployment of IoT applications. In the

next few years, addressing these challenges

will be a powerful driving force for

networking and communication research in

both industrial and academic laboratories.

[7]REFERENCES

https://www.sap.com/india/solution/i

nternet -of-things.hml

https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/

I/internet-of-things.html

https://www.hindawi.com

https://www.ibm.com

https://iotevolutionworld.com