NANOTECHNOLOGY IN

PHARMACEUTICS

CONTENT

History of nanotechnology in pharmaceutics

Nanotechnology in pharmaceutics

Importance of nanotechnology in pharmaceutics

Emerging digital health innovations

Introduction

As biology and technology become ever more closely intertwined, new

opportunities are emerging to improve healthcare through the use of

innovative digital technologies.it includes nanotechnology also

Nanotechnology refers to microscopic technology that is of the scale

of between 1 to 100 nanometers (a sheet of newspaper is about

100,000 nanometers thick). Due to their microscopic size,

nanoparticles can easily travel around the human body in the blood

stream. Nanoparticles are usually composed of biological-based

nanomachines or simple material nanostructures.

Classification

Nanotechnology

1. Nanomaterial

2. Nanodevice

Nanomaterial

Nanomaterial are the material of which at least one dimension is sized

Between 1-100nm.Nanomaterial are the bio-materials used ,their surface

Modification or coatings might greatly enhance the biocompatibility by

favouring the interaction of living cell with the biomaterial.

Nanomaterial is divided into:-

1. Nanocrystalline:-Drugs nanocrystal are the solid drug particle within

diameter below 1000nm.Nanocrystal implies a crystalline state of

discrete particle.This technology is explored to increase the

bioavaibility of sparingly water soluble drugs. e.g. artificial limbs,

facial prosthetics and neuroprosthetics etc.), and implants.

Nanostructure

Nanostructured material are processed of raw nanomaterial that provide special shape or functionality .eg:- Metallic nanoparticles ,Quantum dots, Silicananoparticles etc

Types of nanostructure:-

1. Polymer

2. Non-polymer

Polymer:-These includes nano sized polymer of long chain molecules.in pharmacyit includes:-

1. Nanoparticles

2. Denderimer

3. Micelles

4. Drug conjugates

Nanoparticles

Polymeric nanoparticles provide an alternative to nanosystems due to some

inherent properties like biocompatibility, nonimmunogenicity, nontoxicity and

biodegradability. These are colloidal carrier, 10 nm -1µm in size, consisting of

synthetic or natural polymers. Polymeric nanoparticles are a broad class

comprised of both vesicular systems (nanocapsules) and matrix systems

(nanospheres). Nanocapsules are systems in which the drug is confined to a

cavity surrounded by unique polymeric membrane whereas nanospheres are

systems in which the drug is dispersed through out the polymer matrix. The

various natural polymers like gelatin, albumin and alginate are used to

prepare the nanoparticles.

Dendrimers

They are hyperbranched, tree-like structures and have compartmentalized

chemical polymer. Dendrimer contain three different regions: core,

branches, and surface . The macromolecule constituents radiate in branching

form from the central core, creating an internal cavity as well as a sphere of

end groups that can be tailored according to requirements. They can be

tailored or modified into biocompatible compounds with low cytotoxicity and

high biopermeability. They bear promising properties for delivery of

bioactives ranging from drugs, vaccines, metal, and genes to desired sites.

Their hollow interior provides space to incorporate drugs and other bioactive

physically or by various interactions to act as drug delivery vehicles

Polymeric micelle

Polymeric micelles are usually of <100 nm and their hydrophilic surface

protects their nonspecific uptake by reticuloendothelial system. Micelles are

formed in solution as aggregates in which the component molecules are

generally arranged in a spheroidal structure with hydrophobic cores shielded

from water by a mantle of hydrophilic groups

Polymer drug conjugate

The conjugation of low molecular weight drugs with polymer causes drastic

change in pharmacokinetic disposition of drug in whole body and at cellular

level. Polymer-drug conjugates are thus designed to increase the over all

molecular weight, which facilitates their retention in cancer cells through

enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect using passive delivery

approach.

Non-polymer

Carbon nanotubes:- Carbon nanotubes are hexagonal networks of carbon

atoms, and a layer of graphite rolled up into a cylinder 1 nm in diameter and

1–100 nm in length. There are two types of nanotubes: single-walled

nanotubes (SWNTs) and multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs) .

These are small macromolecules that are unique for their size, shape, and

have remarkable physical properties. Nanotubes offer some distinct

advantages over other drug delivery and diagnostic systems due to very

interesting physicochemical properties such as ordered structure with high

aspect ratio, ultra-light weight, high mechanical strength, high electrical

conductivity, high thermal conductivity, metallic or semi-metallic behavior

and high surface area.Upto now it is highly used in cancer treatnment.

Metallic nanoparticles

Metallic nanoparticles are emerging as good delivery carrier for drug and

biosensor. Although nanoparticles of various metals have been made yet silver

and gold nanoparticles are of prime importance for biomedical use . Their

surface functionalization is very easy and various ligands have been decorated

onto the surface. A large numbers of ligands have been linked to

nanoparticles including sugars, peptide, protein and DNA. They have been

used for active delivery of bioactive, drug discovery, bioassays, detection,

imaging and many other applications due to surface functionalization ability,

as an alternative to quantumdots.

Quantum dots

Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconducting materials consisting of a

semiconductor core (CdSe), coated by a shell (e.g., ZnS) to improve optical

properties, and a cap enabling improved solubility in aqueous buffers. They

are neither atomic nor bulk semiconductors. Their properties originate from

their physical size, which ranges from 10–100 Å in radius. Due to their bright

fluorescence, narrow emission, broad UV excitation and high photostability

QDs have been adopted for in vitro bioimaging for real time monitoring or

tracking of intracellular process for longer time

Silica nanoparticles

10 nm–50 µm

Silanised and coated with oligonucleotide. Observable by fluorescence

method.

Efficient nuclic acid hybridization Detection of DNA Nanobiosensor for trace

analysis

Nanodevice

Nanodevices are miniature devices in the nanoscale and some of which

include nano- and microelectromechanical systems (NEMS/ MEMS),

microfluidics(control and manipulation of micro or nanolitre of fluids), and

microarrays(different kind of biological assay e.g. DNA, protein, cell, and

antibody ). Examples include biosensors and detectors to detect trace

quantities of bacteria, airborne pathogens, biological hazards, and disease

signatures and some intelligent machines like respirocytes .

Types:-

1. NEMS

2. Microarrays

3. Respirocytes

Nano electro-mechanical device

nano-technologies enable the fabrication of complex and miniaturized

functional systems, called NEMS (i.e.nano electro-mechanical systems). NEMS

provide interface functions (sensors and actuators) between micro- or

nanoelectronics and the environment and human beings.it also helps to binds

drugs to cabon nanotubes.it is the typical device having low mass &

mechanical frequencies .

Microarrays

A microarray is a laboratory tool used to detect the expression of thousands of

genes at the same time. DNA microarrays are microscope slides that are

printed with thousands of tiny spots in defined positions, with each spot

containing a known DNA sequence or gene

These slides are referred to as gene chips or DNA chips. The DNA molecules

attached to each slide act as probes to detect gene expression, which is also

known as the transcriptome or the set of messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts

expressed by a group of genes.

It helps in finding out the sequence of dna also which further help in many

other works such as dna cloning

Respirocytes

A respirocyte is a theoretical engineering design for an artificial red blood cell

about a micron in diameter - a machine that cannot be constructed with

current technology. Respirocytes are micron-scale spherical robotic red blood

cells comprised of nanometer-scale components, containing an internal

pressure of 1000 atmospheres of compressed oxygen and carbon dioxide. The

intense pressure would be safely contained in two separate high pressure

vessels likely made of pure diamond. At this intense pressure, a respirocyte

could hold 236 times more oxygen and carbon dioxide than our natural red

blood cells.

General application

1. Intracellular targeting

2. Treatnment of chemotherapy

3. Avoidance of multidrug resistance

4. Treatnment of leprosy

5. Ocular drug delivary

Current application in pharmacy

1. Nanomedicine

2. Tissue engeneering

3. Nano-robots

4. Carrier of daigonostic

5. Biosensor

6. Biomaker

7. Image enhancement

https://www.slideshare.net/saravananchandran712/applications-of-nanotechnology-in-pharmacy-63180294

https://www.omicsgroup.org/journals/engineered-nanomaterials-for-pharmaceutical-and-biomedical-productsnew-trends-benefits-and-opportunities-jpr-1000105.pdf

https://www.slideshare.net/rpillairajeev/nanopolymer

http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1984-82502013000400002

https://www.google.com.np/#q=how+does+carbon+nanotube+distinguished+healthy+and+infected+cell

http://www.nano-tera.ch/program/research/mems.html

http://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/microarray-202

http://www.thenanoage.com/respirocytes.htm