trenches around world

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TRENCHES AROUND THE WORLD Firstly How trenches are formed: At trench Ocean floor destroyed melted in mantle Oceanic crust heavier than continental crust Ocean floor act like conveyor belt Ocean floor cyclic process 300 ml yrs

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Page 1: Trenches Around World

TRENCHES AROUND THE WORLD

Firstly How trenches are formed:

• At trench Ocean floor destroyed – melted in mantle

• Oceanic crust heavier than continental crust

• Ocean floor act like conveyor belt

• Ocean floor – cyclic process – 300 ml yrs

Page 2: Trenches Around World

Some Important trenches around world:

Name Location Depth (metres) Depth (feet) Depth

(miles)

1 Mariana Trench Pacific Ocean 10,911 35,797 6.78

2 Tonga Trench Pacific Ocean 10,882 35,702 6.76

3 Philippine Trench Pacific Ocean 10,540 34 580 6.54

4 Kuril-Kamchatka Trench Pacific Ocean 10,500 34,449 6.52

5 Kermadec Trench Pacific Ocean 10,047 32,963 6.24

6 Japan Trench Pacific Ocean 9,000 29,527 5.59

7 Puerto Rico Trench Atlantic Ocean 8,605 28,232 5.35

8 Yap Trench Pacific Ocean 8,527 27,976 5.30

9 South Sandwich Trench Atlantic Ocean 8,428 27,651 5.24

10 Peru-Chile Trench Pacific Ocean 8,065 26,456 5.01

11 Diamantina Trench Indian Ocean 8,047 26,401 5.00

12 Romanche Trench Atlantic Ocean 7,760 25,460 4.82

13 Cayman Trough Caribbean Sea 7,686 25,238 4.78

14 Aleutian Trench Pacific Ocean 7,679 25,194 4.77

15 Java Trench Indian Ocean 7,455 24,460 4.63

15 Middle America Trench Pacific Ocean 6,669 21,880 4.14

16 Eurasian Basin Arctic Ocean 5,450 17,881 3.39

Page 3: Trenches Around World

1. Mariana Trench: Please note Guam is US Trust Territory of Pacific Island

*Above Equator below Tropic of Cancer *Challenger deep

Page 4: Trenches Around World

2. Tonga Trench:

The Tonga Trench is an oceanic trench located in the South Pacific Ocean. It is 10,882 metres (35,702

ft) deep at its deepest point, known as the Horizon Deep.

3. Philippines Trench: The Philippine Trench (also Philippine Deep, Mindanao Trench, and Mindanao

Deep) is a submarine trench to the east of the Philippines.

* 3rd Deepest after Challenger (Mariana),Horizon (Tonga)

Page 5: Trenches Around World

4. The Kuril–Kamchatka Trench or Kuril Trench (Russian: Курило-Камчатский жёлоб, Kurilo-

Kamchatkii Zhyolob) is an oceanic trench in the northwest Pacific Ocean. It lies off the southeast

coast of Kamchatka and parallels the Kuril Island chain to meet the Japan Trench east of Hokkaido. It

extends from a triple junction with the Ulakhan Fault and the Aleutian Trench near the Commander

Islands, Russia, in the northeast, to the intersection with the Japan Trench in the southwest.[1]The

trench formed as a result of the subduction zone, which formed in the late Cretaceous, that created

the Kuril island arc as well as the Kamchatka volcanic arc. The Pacific Plate is being subducted

beneath the Okhotsk Plate along the trench, resulting in intense volcanism.

Kamchatka Peninsula

JAPAN

Page 6: Trenches Around World

5. The Kermadec Trench is one of Earth's deepest oceanic trenches, reaching a depth of 10,047

metres (32,963 ft). Formed by the subduction of the Pacific Plate under the Indo-Australian Plate, it

runs over a thousand kilometres parallel with and to the east of the Kermadec Ridge and island arc,

from near the northeastern tip of New Zealand's North Island to the trench's junction with the

Louisville seamount chain northeast of Monowai Seamount. The Tonga Trench marks the

continuation of subduction beyond this point. Subduction south of the Kermadec Trench is marked

by the shallower Hikurangi Trench.

Page 7: Trenches Around World

6. Japan Trench

The Japan Trench is a part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, in the floor of the northern Pacific Ocean off

northeast Japan. This is an oceanic trench.It extends from the Kuril Islands to the Bonin Islands and is

9,000 metres (29,500 ft) at its deepest. It is an extension of the Kuril -Kamchatka Trench to the north

and the Izu-Ogasawara Trench to its south with a length of 800 km (500 mi).

This trench is created when the oceanic Pacific plate subducts beneath the continental Okhotsk

Plate. The subduction process causes bending of the downgoing plate, creating a deep-sea trench.

Since 1973 the Japan Trench subduction zone has hosted nine events of magnitude 7 or greater.

Page 8: Trenches Around World

7. Yap Trench:

The Yap Trench is an oceanic trench near Yap Island in the western Pacific Ocean. The trench forms

the part of the Pacific Ring of Fire between the Palau Islands and the Mariana Trench. It is 650

kilometres (400 mi) long and 8,527 metres (27,976 ft) deep at its deepest point.

Page 9: Trenches Around World

8. The Peru–Chile Trench, also known as the Atacama Trench, is an oceanic trench in the eastern Pacific Ocean, about 160 kilometres (100 mi) off the coast of Peru and Chile.[1] It reaches a maximum depth of 8,065 metres (26,460 ft) below sea level in Richards Deep and is approximately 5,900 kilometres (3,666 mi) long; its mean width is 64 kilometres (40 mi) and it covers an expanse of some 590,000 square kilometres (228,000 mi²).The trench delineates the boundary between the subducting Nazca Plate and the overriding South American Plate.

Page 10: Trenches Around World

9. Aleutian Trench

The Aleutian Trench (or Aleutian Trough)[1] is an oceanic trench along a convergent plate boundary

which runs along the southern coastline of Alaska and the Aleutian islands. The trench extends for

3,400 km from a triple junction in the west with the Ulakhan Fault and the northern end of the

Kuril-Kamchatka Trench, to a junction with the northern end of the Queen Charlotte Fault system

in the east. It is classified as a "marginal trench" in the east as it runs along the margin of the

continent. The subduction along the trench gives rise to the Aleutian arc, a volcanic island arc,

where it runs through the open sea west of the Alaska Peninsula. As a convergent plate boundary,

the trench forms part of the boundary between two tectonic plates. Here, the Pacific Plate is being

subducted under the North American Plate at a dip angle of nearly 45 degrees. The rate of closure

is ~3in. (8 cm) per year.

Page 11: Trenches Around World

10. Middle America Trench: submarine depression in the Pacific Ocean off the western coast of

Central America. Extending northwest-southeast for more than 1,700 miles (2,750 km) from central

Mexico to Costa Rica, the trench reaches a maximum depth of 21,880 feet (6,669 metres) and covers

a total area of 37,000 square miles (96,000 square km). The shallower northern section of the trench

tends to curve along the coast of Mexico, paralleling the break in the continental shelf, while the

deeper southern section follows a more linear course. The southern section of the trench is usually

associated with active volcanism on land, as, for example, the eruption in 1982 of El Chichón volcano

in southern Mexico; the trench floor in this area is irregular.

Page 12: Trenches Around World

11. Puerto Rico Trench, submarine depression in the North Atlantic Ocean, roughly parallel to the northern coast of the island of Puerto Rico and lying about 75 miles (120 km) to the north. The Puerto Rico Trench is about 1,090 miles (1,750 km) long and 60 miles (100 km) wide. The deepest point in the Atlantic Ocean, the Milwaukee Depth, lies at a depth of 27,493 feet (8,380 m) in the western end of the trench, about 100 miles (160 km) northwest of Puerto Rico. The origin of the trench can be traced back to the beginning of the Cenozoic Era (about 65 million years ago). The Puerto Rico Trench appears to be part of a complex system of sinistral strike-slip faults in the north Caribbean; the trench seems to have been open continuously for about 70 million years. It is partially filled with sediments.

Page 13: Trenches Around World

12. The South Sandwich Trench is a deep arcuate trench in the South Atlantic Ocean lying 100 km

to the east of the South Sandwich Islands. The trench is produced by the subduction of the

southernmost portion of the South American Plate beneath the small South Sandwich Plate. The

South Sandwich Islands constitute a volcanic island arc which results from this active subduction.

Mount Belinda on Montagu Island is an active volcano.It is the deepest trench of the Southern

Atlantic Ocean, and the second deepest of the Atlantic Ocean, after the Puerto Rico Trench.The

trench is 965 km long and has a maximum depth of 8,428 metres below sea level. This location, at

55°40'S, 025°55'W, is called Meteor Deep. It is 122 km northeast of Zavodovski Island.

Page 14: Trenches Around World

13. Romanche Trench: The Romanche Trench, also called the Romanche Furrow or Romanche Gap,

is the third deepest of the major trenches of the Atlantic Ocean, after the Puerto Rico Trench and

the South Sandwich Trench. It bisects the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) just north of the equator at the

narrowest part of the Atlantic between Brazil and West Africa, extending from 2°N to 2°S and from

16°W to 20°W. The trench has been formed by the actions of the Romanche Fracture Zone, a

portion of which is an active transform boundary offsetting sections of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Page 15: Trenches Around World

14. Diamantina Trench

The Diamantina Fracture Zone is an area of the south-eastern Indian Ocean seafloor. It has a range

of ridges and trenches.[1] It lies to the south of the mideastern Indian Ocean features of

the Wharton Basin and Perth Basin, and to the south west of the Naturaliste Plateau

Being parallel to the Southeast Indian Ridge, Diamantina Fracture Zone is not a real fracture

zone in the sense of plate tectonics,[2] but rather an escarpment, separating twooceanic plateaus

15. Java Trench/Sunda Trench

Java Trench, also called Sunda Double Trench, deep submarine depression in the eastern Indian

Oceanthat extends some 2,000 miles (3,200 km) in a northwest-southeast arc along the

southwestern and southern Indonesian archipelago. It is located about 190 miles (305 km) off the

southwestern coasts of the islands of Sumatra and Java, stretching eastward south of the western

Lesser Sunda Islands. To the northwest the trench merges with a system of islands and continental

shelves that eventually extend into the Ganges River delta. For about half its length, off of

Sumatra, it is divided into two parallel troughs by an underwater ridge, and much of the trench is

at least partially filled with sediments. Its slopes exceed 10° and descend to a maximum depth of

24,440 feet (7,450 metres), the deepest point in the Indian Ocean.

The Java Trench constitutes an extensive subduction zone, where the seafloor of the tectonic plate

to the west is being forced under the stable plate to the east (there represented by the Sunda

Shelf and the Sunda Island arc). It is an active volcanic and seismic zone. In 2004 a massive

Page 16: Trenches Around World

undersea earthquake(magnitude 9.1) centred off northwestern Sumatra at the northern limit of

the trench displaced a section of the fault zone stretching northward for more than 600 miles

(1,000 km). This triggered a largetsunami that inundated coastal areas throughout the Indian

Ocean region and caused widespread death and destruction

16.Cayman Trench