unece-medstat workshop on gender statistics: time use surveys · unece-medstat workshop on gender...

2012-03-05 1

UNECE-Medstat Workshop on Gender Statistics: time use surveys

Presentation by Klas RydenstamGeneva, 15 March 2012

[email protected]

2012-03-05 2

Agenda

•Characteristics of the time use survey and how it differs from many other statistical surveys •Technique: Survey design process, methodological options •A statistical story on gender equality: illustration of properties and content of time use data on basis of a Swedish survey•International harmonisation

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 3

Time use structure, by sex, Swedish population 16-64 years, before 1991

Hours

Source: LFS 1991

?

?

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 4

Time use structure, by sex, Swedish population 20-64 years, 1990/91, Sept-May

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24

Men

Women

Paid work Study Unpaid work

Personal needs Free time Other

Hours

Source: Swedish TUS, 2000/01 Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 5

Survey objectives• Early days: living conditions, mass media use

• Gender issues, work

• UN women’s conference, Beijing 1995

• Increasing number of tus Data available

• More analysis New applications for new purposes

• E.g. well-being, work-life balance, health, transport, etc. See, e.g. UNECE Policy Relevance of Time Use Surveys, draft 2011-12-20

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 6

Characteristics of the time use survey• What people do, how time is allocated to

various sorts of activities

• Study object: person days• A sample in two dimensions: individuals and days

• The time use is measured by chronological recording of activities

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 7

Household or Individual….

…. but also a time periodconsequently: sample of person-days or household-days

Unit of study

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 8

Population1

234

56

789

101112

.N

Time dimensionDay

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 D-1 D.

x .x .

.x . x

.x .

x ... x

x ..

. . . . . . . . . . ..

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 9

What were you doing? What else were you doing? Where were you? Were you alone or together with Record your main activity for each 10-minute Record the most important parallel Record the location or somebody you know?period from 04.00 to 07.00 am! activity. the mode of transport

Indicate if you used a computer or internet Indicate if you used a computer or e.g. at home, Mark "yes" by crossinginternet at friends' home, With other household members

at school, at workplace, Alone Partner Parent HouseholdOther OtherOnly one main activity on each line! in restaurant, in shop, member householdpersonsDistinguish betw een travel and the activity that is by foot, on cycle, in car, up to 9 member that you

Time, am the reason for travelling. on motorbike, on bus, … know

04.00-04.10

04.10-04.20

04.20-04.30

04.30-04.40

04.40-04.50

04.50-05.00

05.00-05.10

05.10-05.20

05.20-05.30

05.30-05.40

05.40-05.50

05.50-06.00

06.00-06.10

06.10-06.20

06.20-06.30

06.30-06.40

06.40-06.50

06.50-07.00

Klas RydenstamSource HETUS

2012-03-05 10

What did you during this day?Household no |__|__|__|__| night morning day evening nightPerson no |__|__|__|

Date |__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__| 04.00 05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 01.00 02.00 03.00 04.00 05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 01.00 02.00 03.00

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 01.00 02.00 03.00 04.00 05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 01.00 02.00 03.00 04.00

1 Sleeping

2 Eating, drinking, personal care

3 School (also homework)

4 Work as employed |__|

5 Own business work |__|__|

6 Tending rice |__|__|

7 Tending other crops |__|__|

8 Tending animals

9 Fetching water

10 Collecting firewood

11 Hunting

12 Fishing

13 Buying /shopping

14 Construction

15 Weaving, sewing, textile care

16 Handicraft (not textile)

17 Cooking, baking

18 Washing,cleaning,do the dishes

19 Care for children/adults/elderly

20 Travels

21 Leisure time

22 Other, specify…

04.00 05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 01.00 02.00 03.00 04.00 05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 01.00 02.00 03.00

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 01.00 02.00 03.00 04.00 05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 01.00 02.00 03.00 04.00

night morning day evening night

Klas RydenstamSource: Laotian TUS

2012-03-05 11

Basic design optionsGeneral approach:– Diary vs. Direct questionnaire approachDiary:– Interviewer administered vs. Self administered– Pre-coded activities vs. ”Own words”If interviewer administered:– Phone vs. face-to-face interview– Yesterday vs. tomorrow– Open vs. fixed time intervals– Diary content (recording domains or dimensions)

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 12

Main activitySecondary activity (Tertiary, … activity)With whomFor whom (paid?)Where (location)Means of transport

Subjective indicatorsSatisfaction, feeling, happiness, degree of obligation

Other indicators:The weatherOther circumstances connected to the episode

Diary content

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 13

Survey objectives

All aspects of the survey design depends on survey objectives!

E.g.:- Target population and unit of study- General approach- Time period, selection of diary days- Variable content

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 14

Objective

Testing,Pilot surveys

Evaluation”Final” surveydesign

Data collection

”Ideal” surveydesign (content)

Adjustments?

Adjusted surveydesign

Restrictions imposed by ”reality”

Survey design process

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 15

Field process for one household

Interview:- Household- Householdmembers

Time

Coding, data entry, etc.

Interviewer’spreparations

Randomly designated diary days

X X X

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 16

What were you doing? What else were you doing? Where were you? Were you alone or together with Record your main activity for each 10-minute Record the most important parallel Record the location or somebody you know?period from 04.00 to 07.00 pm! activity. the mode of transport


at school, at workplace, Alone Partner Parent HouseholdOther OtherOnly one main activity on each line! in restaurant, in shop, member householdpersonsDistinguish between travel and the activity that is by foot, on cycle, in car, up to 9 member that you

Time, pm the reason for travelling. on motorbike, on bus, … know

04.00-04.10 Went from work to the day care centre Planned a birthday party for my son Bus

04.10-04.20 --"-- --"-- --"--

04.20-04.30 Talked with the child minder Helped the children dressing Day care center

04.30-04.40 Went to the grocery Talked with my children By foot

04.40-04.50 Bought food for my family and my neighbour Shopping center

04.50-05.00 Went home By foot

05.00-05.10 Delivered food to my neighbour At neigbourgs home

05.10-05.20 Put own food in fridge Home

05.20-05.30 Cooked supper Listened to the radio

05.30-05.40 --"-- --"--

05.40-05.50 Had supper Talked with my family

05.50-06.00 --"-- --"--

06.00-06.10 --"-- --"--

06.10-06.20 Cleared the table

06.20-06.30 Had a rest

06.30-06.40 Watched TV with my family Knitted

06.40-06.50 --"-- --"--

06.50-07.00 --"-- --"--

Klas RydenstamSource HETUS

2012-03-05 17

What did you during this day?Household no |__|__|__|__| night morning day evening nightPerson no |__|__|__|

Date |__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__| 04.00 05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 01.00 02.00 03.00 04.00 05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 01.00 02.00 03.00

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 01.00 02.00 03.00 04.00 05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 01.00 02.00 03.00 04.00

1 Sleeping

2 Eating, drinking, personal care

3 School (also homework)

4 Work as employed |__|

5 Own business work |__|__|

6 Tending rice |__|__|

7 Tending other crops |__|__|

8 Tending animals

9 Fetching water

10 Collecting firewood

11 Hunting

12 Fishing

13 Buying /shopping

14 Construction

15 Weaving, sewing, textile care

16 Handicraft (not textile)

17 Cooking, baking

18 Washing,cleaning,do the dishes

19 Care for children/adults/elderly

20 Travels

21 Leisure time

22 Other, specify…

04.00 05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 01.00 02.00 03.00 04.00 05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 01.00 02.00 03.00

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 01.00 02.00 03.00 04.00 05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 01.00 02.00 03.00 04.00

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 18Klas Rydenstam

31 FOOD MANAGEMENT311 Food preparation, baking and preserving312 Dish washing

32 HOUSEHOLD UPKEEP321 Cleaning dwelling322 Cleaning garden323 Heating and water324 Arranging household goods and materials329 Other or unspecified household upkeep

33 MAKING AND CARE FOR TEXTILES331 Laundry332 Ironing333 Handicraft and producing textiles339 Other or unspecified making of and care for textiles

34 GARDENING AND PET CARE341 Gardening342 Tending domestic animals343 Caring for pets344 Walking the dog

3 HOUSEHOLD AND FAMILY CARE

Example, part of an activity code system

Source HETUS


• Comprehensive (cover all activities)

• Mutually exhaustive (not multiple categories for one and the same activity)

• Must not require more information than the respondents are likely to provide

Requirements on activity code systems


http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/product_details/publication?p_product_code=KS-RA-08-014

and/or

http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/timeuse/icatus/icatus_2.htm

alternatively search in Google for “HETUS Guidelines” resp. “ICATUS” for UNSD activity code system

Examples of activity code systems, diaries and questionnaires:

2012-03-05 21

• The coding process is sensitive and open to measurement errors

• Properly trained coding personnel

• Well organised and monitored

• Independent recoding?

Coding of diaries

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 22

What were you doing? What else were you doing? Where were you? Were you alone or together with Record your main activity for each 10-minute Record the most important parallel Record the location or somebody you know?period from 04.00 to 07.00 pm! activity. the mode of transport


at school, at workplace, Alone Partner Parent HouseholdOther OtherOnly one main activity on each line! in restaurant, in shop, member householdpersonsDistinguish betw een travel and the activity that is by foot, on cycle, in car, up to 9 member that you

Time, pm the reason for travelling. on motorbike, on bus, … know

04.00-04.10 Went from work to the day care centre 910 Planned a birthday party for my son 371 Bus 31

04.10-04.20 --"-- --"-- --"--

04.20-04.30 Talked with the child minder 384 Helped the children dressing 381 Day care center 19

04.30-04.40 Went to the grocery 938 Talked with my children 383 By foot 21

04.40-04.50 Bought food for my family and my neighbou 361 429 Shopping center 1604.50-05.00 Went home 936 By foot 21

05.00-05.10 Delivered food to my neighbour 429 At neigbourgs home 14

05.10-05.20 Put own food in fridge 324 Home 11

05.20-05.30 Cooked supper 311 Listened to the radio 831

05.30-05.40 --"-- 311 --"-- 831

05.40-05.50 Had supper 021 Talked with my family 51105.50-06.00 --"-- --"--

06.00-06.10 --"-- --"--

06.10-06.20 Cleared the table 312

06.20-06.30 Had a rest 531

06.30-06.40 Watched TV with my family 821 Knitted 333

06.40-06.50 --"-- --"--

06.50-07.00 --"-- --"--

Source HETUS Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 23

Principle, fictitious diary content

19 rows = episodes recorded in the diary

Klas Rydenstam


Open episodefile.xls

2012-03-05 25

A life history

Birth

Firstchild

Schoolstart Marriage Death

Secondchild

End ofschool

Firstjob

….Retirement

Time Use data: A micro life history

Midnight Midnight

Atsleep

Wokeup

Lots ofepisodes

Hadcoffee

Went towork

Tobed

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 26

Time use dataDIARY:Characteristics of diary day, e.g. day, date

INTERVIEW:Individual/householdcharacteristics

DIARY:Episode data

TIME USE DATA

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 27OH, basmått

1. Average time: All time – for all persons in the study - spent on the activity / the number of persons in the study

2. Proportion of ”doers”: The number of persons that spent some time doing the activity / the number of persons (Participation rate)

3. Average time for ”doers”: All time – for all persons in the study - spent on the activity / the number of persons that spent some time doing the activity

Three basic measures

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 28

Gainful employment:Average time 5:24 6:38Proportion “doers” 65 72Average for “doers” 8:22 9:21Housework:Average time 3:36 2:43 Proportion “doers” 97 92Average for “doers” 3:42 2:58

Average time for activities, by sex, hours and minutes per weekday. Swedish population 20-64 years, year 2010/11

Women Men

OH, basmått All measures Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 29

Time use structure, by sex, Swedish population 20-64 years

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24

Men

Women



Hours


2012-03-05 30

Hours per week undertaking unpaid work in year 2000/01, by sex. Swedish population, 20–64 years

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Household w ork

Maintenance

Care of children

Help to adult household members

Shopping and services

Other housew ork

Travel related to housew ork

WomenMen

Million hours per w eek

Source : SCB, Time Use Survey

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Agriculture, forestry and fishing

Manufacturing, etc

Construction

Trade and communications

Financial activity and business services

Education and research

Care and w elfare

Personal and cultural services, cleaning

Public sector administration

WomenMen

Million hours per w eekSource : SCB, Labour Force Survey

Hours worked according to industry sector in year 2000, by sex. Swedish population, 20–64 years

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 31

A weekday in SwedenPopulation 20-64 years, Monday to Thursday

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 32


0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24

Men

Women



Hours


2012-03-05 33

Paid work vs. total work. Swedish population 20-64 years

0

3

6

9

12

15

-3 hours 3-7 hours 7-11 hours 11-hours

Men Women

Hours of total work

Source: Swedish TUS, 2000/01

Hours of paid work

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 34


0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24

Men

Women

Paid work Study Unpaid work, study



0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24

Men

Women

Weekdays

Weekend days

Hours

Hours

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 35

Time use structure, by sex, weekdays, Swedish population 20-64 years

0 2 4 6 8 10

Men

Women




0 2 4 6

Men

Women

Weekdays, 7 am – 5 pm

Weekdays, 5 pm – 11 pm

Hours

Hours

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 36

Time use structure, by sex, weekend days, Swedish population 20-64 years

0 2 4 6 8 10

Men

Women




0 2 4 6

Men

Women

Weekend days, 7 am – 5 pm

Weekend days, 5 pm – 11 pm

Hours

Hours

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 37

Length of work day. Total work, cumulative distribution. Swedish population 20-64 years


60

0

10

20

30

40

50

70

80

90

100

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Percent

Hours

Weekdays

Weekend days

Men Women

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 38

Hours of free time activities. Cumulative distribution. Swedish population 20-64 years


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Percent

Hours

Weekend days

Weekdays

Men Women

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 39

A weekday in SwedenWomen and men 20-64 years, Monday to Thursday

Women

Men

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 40

A weekday in Sweden and SpainPopulation, 20-64 years, Monday to Thursday

Sweden

Spain

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 41

A weekday in SpainWomen and men 20-64 years, Monday to Thursday

Women

Men

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 42

A weekday in Sweden and SpainMen, 20-64 years, Monday to Thursday

Sweden

Spain

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 43

A weekday in Sweden and SpainWomen, 20-64 years, Monday to Thursday

Sweden

Spain

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 44

Women

Men

A weekend in Sweden

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 45

Gross vs. net measurement, paid vs. unpaid work


10:00 10:30 12:3011:3011:00 12:00 13:00

Phone call Toilette

Coffee breakHousehold work

Private phone call Toilette

Coffee breakPaid work

3 hours of work

2 hours 20 minutes of work

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 46

Transformation of breaks of various lengths to household work, by sex

05

101520253035404550

10 minutes 20 minutes 30 minutes

Women Men

Minutes


Maximum ”permitted”break duration

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 47

Average duration of free time periods, by sex

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Men

Women

Minutes


Weekdays

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Men

Women

MinutesWeekend days

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 48

Average number of free time periods, by sex

0 2 4 6 8

Men

Women


Weekdays

0 2 4 6 8

Men

Women

Number of periodsWeekend days

Number of periods

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 49

Distribution of free time periods of various duration, by sex

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Men

Women

10 min. 20 min. 30 min. 40 min. 50 min. 60 min.

Percent


Weekdays

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Men

Women

Percent

Weekend days

Period duration:

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 50

Activities which follow free time periods, by sex, weekdays

0 10 20 30 40 50

Paid work

Housework

Personal care

Meals

Other free time activity

Other

Women MenPercent


2012-03-05 51

Activities which follow free time periods, by sex, weekend days

0 10 20 30 40 50

Paid work

Housework

Personal care

Meals

Other free time activity

Other

Women Men Percent


2012-03-05 52

Intensities for various activities following free time episodes.Women relative to men.

Weekdaysc

Weekend days d

5-12 pm 4 am-7 pm 7 pm-4 amAll activities a 1,27 1,35 1,21

Personal care a 1,26 1,16 1,10

Paid work/Education b 0,91* 0,71 1,23*

Meals a 0,72 0,81 0,78

Unpaid work a 1,54 1,67 1,66

Household work a 2,22 2,41 2,25

Child care a 1,78 2,02 1,88

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 53

Proportion doing household work after work. Working people, weekdays


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 1 2 3

Women Men

Percent

Hours after finishingpaid work

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 54

Proportion enjoying free time after work. Working people, weekdays


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 1 2 3

Women Men

Percent


Free time, total

Of which TV

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 55

Proportion eating a meal after work. Working people, weekdays


0

5

10

15

20

25

0 1 2 3

Women Men

Percent


Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 56

Conclusions 1

• The work undertaken by women consists of equal proportions of paid and unpaid work, whilst that undertaken by men is strongly dominated by paid work.

• Gainful employment undertaken by women strongly depends on where they are in their lifecycle. Men undertake more or less anequal amount of time for gainful employment throughout their lives up until retirement.

• At a very general level, distinguishing between work, personal care and free time: great similarities between women and men

• However: these general means hide significant differences………

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 57

Conclusions 2

• With equal number of hours in paid work, women’s total work exceeds men’s. Women’s “second shift”.

• Men concentrate their work to weekdays and daytime. Weekends and evenings are relatively free from work. Women’s work is more evenly distributed over the day and the week.

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 58

Conclusions 3

• If breaks are accepted on equal terms in paid and unpaid work, women’s time devoted to work increases more than men’s. That is, if both kind of work are measured as gross (or net)

• At some point women’s work might then exceed men’s.

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 59

Conclusions 4

• Women’s free time consists of more and shorter periods, interwoven with periods of other activities

• A greater proportion of women’s free time consists of short periods.

• Women’s free time periods are more frequently ended and replaced by housework. Men’s more frequently by a meal or another free time activity.

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 60

Conclusions 5

• A greater proportion of working women than men take on housework directly after work

• A greater proportion of men eat a meal or enjoy free time directly after work.

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 61

General conclusions

• It seems apparent that the gender inequality in Sweden is greater than the most general time use structure might indicate.

• Diary based time use data and statistics are well suited to call in question its own results.

• There is much more information and statistics to elicit from the diary based time use data. This is a major issue to focus on in cooperation between users and producers of statistics!

Klas Rydenstam

Ice mountain

Klas Rydenstam2012-03-05

2012-03-05 63

Mean time for various sorts of child care. Married or cohabiting parents with small children, 0-6 years. Sweden. Computed by means of the HETUS table generating tool

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Men

Women

Main activity child care Secondary activity child care

Meals, child present Free time, child present

Housework, child present

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 64

Market Household sectorEconomic statistics Statistics on individuals and households

State: ”what we are” (in a broad sense)

Employment (LFS)

TUS: Action perspective, comprehensive and neutral to sector

”All activities”, exhaustive

Resources: ”what we have” (broad selection)

Action: ”what we do” ( narrow selection)

Consumption (Expenditure surveys)

Study

What, how much, value of produced goods and services.

Exhaustive

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 65

Hours

Time use structure by country. Population 20-74 years. All days

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05

Hours

Time use structure by sex and country. Population 20-74 years. All days

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 67

Hours a day

Hours of unpaid work by country. Population 20-74 years

Klas Rydenstam

2012-03-05 68

Percent

Men’s proportion of the total unpaid work by country. Population 20-74 years

Klas Rydenstam

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