From : Bas;c- €rgtisft For Science bJ -DonoVdn, O*Fond (lnlve ,SiVtfi1l

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74

unit 6classworksection i

classworkSECTION 1 simpie instructionsA When we want people to do ihings. we useinstructicns. lnstructions can be give"n in differentways. Spoken instruciions can bJ very dir-ect. for.example'. Cpen the window.. Close the dcor.

.B ln s.cientific English. we often sayinstead of put. For example.

some cooper sulphate crystals onpaper.

filter

ln everyday English rve could sayFut -corne sugar in ycur coifee.Vy'hat verbs would we use for these instruclions?i -.--....--- some water irrto a beaker.

o!':

)

{papei

a filter

:

j

:

i,!:

t:1

,I

I,

'i,t,'t;iilrit

trlit,llllIt

i'tlt:I

I,|,ir

1l

;,Ill '{,I

i.I''t:

ill$l r

xtiirlill,tii I

.riii,:l lrir j\r!i

"{iflili rtBtaitrlirlttsitJ I\ ai:I

Give insiructicns io otherthis table Make sure thecorrectly. Make up some

people in the ciass. usinginstructions are fcliowedinsiructions of your own

Many verbs which are used for insti"uctions arefcllowed by a prep,osirion ror. e*arpt;1;r; ;he lighton. Svtirch the rarlro offGive more instrrjctions. using this table. Again. makesure ihey are carried out correctly.

OpenCloseShut

TurnSwitchPutPick

your bookthe wrndorry.the cioor.the cupboard

the chair"the lightyour bookyour handyour penyour desk

up.on.off.do,vr,rn.

rounci,upside down.

Nouu make up your own instructions with these verbsand prepositions:

take . .. offswitch/turn ... offlonpick . . upPut . .. dcwrrturn... round

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75

unit 6classworksection 1

the resuit of the equatlon

a Ciagram of the aPParatus

the reaction whrch takes Place'

x'* y' +2? =?a tube into a test-tube.

the stoPPei f rom the contalner

the wire to the terminal'

the length of the rod

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I\r\S!5>\q\

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unit 6classw'orksection 1

C We can illustrate theof operations by meaqsflow chart rn,hich shora;sdoor.

stages or steps tn a sequenceo{ a flow chart. Here is a

ho\ / to use a key to open a

Use the flow chart to help y6rlopen the door.

instructicns io

seleci key

it,-..t

remove keyfrom lock

rnser i keyinto lcck

no ,i

Next ask someone to give you instructions to openi.he door For example.

!\irat shouid I Co frrst?What shoulC I dc after that?What sirouid | .ic if the key doesn't turn ?

You can also sa_v:

Whai should i do after I have selec.teci the key?After you have selected the ft6r7. you should insertit into the lock.

ihese are all very direct r,vays of giving instructions.But often instructions are given in an indirect form.Study tl-re paragraph below. which 'efers again to theflow chart.

First ihe key is selected and rnserted into the lock.The key is then turned arrd the door ope ned Oncethe Cocr is ocen. the key shouiC be rernoved f rcnrthe lock. lf the key does not trrrn ir.r the lock. itshculd be removed from the lock anC the ccrrectorie should be selected.

D Now drarr,, up your orn;n florv chart for a simpleoperation Do this wiih i,6u1 teacher anC the rest ofthe ciass

u.fu

y'es

:ii-riiii::i::it:*+i

=t.tli"i:.:'

open docr

;!.:..:E::,..,in

r,i::;.:t;:i:ii;i:

:ii!l!:::i+

'i:il:iit:;:j,,.:n-r:,:ti

remove keyfrcrn icck

repeating theThis time. find

//

unit 6classworksection 2sEcTloN 2

A Here are a

siilrple voltalc(-orrrplete the

list

nctewaitconnect

galrranom eter

zrnc electrode(cathode)

orlute --,-.-i1 2 SO4 (electrotYte)

cont8!n9r .----.----_.-

connectlng wlre

electrode(anode)

bubbies o{hydrogenforming

dilute sulPhuric acici'the electrolYte so

a distance from

the plates bY

by the

and the copper

instruction and explanation

list oi instructions {or settirtg up a

cell Use the ciragran-r to help Vou

instructions Chcose w'ords from this

Now ccnrplete these instructions for

"r-p"rirn"nt rnrith dif{erer-rt electrodes'

your owtr words1 Q thre eleciiocies f ror''-r the contatner'

8 D.-''..---..'-..-'.''._.-iile ln'rtres'

I R tnt iopp"t ancj zlnc elecirodes w'ith"

auTon and iron elecilodes1C Fc --'--.--.------.--- tlre Eaivanoffr:iel1i R - ,-- the va'iue of the galrranomeier

cjeflectiotr .L^ .

1') . this value wlth ihe value for coppeft-/ u

anci zir'c'

B lnstead o{ writing instruciions 'i-6 in 1f1s d:':t:t^

*ui it is also. po"ill" {or them to be written rn an

indirect waY, in a ParagraPh'

A container rs f rlled with Cilute suiphuric acid a'nd

electrodes of topp"t and zinc are.arranged so thai

they are irn."',5i in the acid upiight and parallel

to-"r.f-, other Ti-rev shouid be as,f ar apart as

p"*Ll" Their upper gnds sholl!-be above the

sr-rrf ace of the ulli -tru'ttt

ate then attached to the

encis of the electrodes' and ihe vvires are irt turn

connecied to a-galvelnorneter. The value of the

galvanomet", C"iLtiicn shouli^be recorded' and

after a perroci of time the action of the acid and the

copper shoulci be observed'

Nornr i'e-r,vrite !nstructicns 7-1 2 in tne same waV

using these notes io f'uf p you \lJ-hen you have dcne

ir-tu. v., will !'rave a paragraph.c-f fcur sentences.

e iectiod es/ remove/co nta ine r/w,ii'es/d isco n nect

copper and zinc "i"-*itottfshould/iepiaceicarbon

and

zinc electrodesgalvanometeri then/ recon nect/r'alue/def lection/shcu ld /

noteva lu e/Oettection /shou ld /trre n/compa relva lue/copper

and zinc

fiiiobservea!'range

a container withtwo electrodes in

that theY are vertical and at

ehch other-a galvanometer across

5

means of trn'o wlres'

- "-

the reiding indicatedgalvanometer deflection

the action of the acid

3

B

7

6

ffi tttff,*-.: U",' #[i[r uJ{: F"i{--_F." fe

OPERA'I-I ON

P[*.n;1yi f-"I. C*'te , Jnstr,,tctr-on BooLc- NOTES ON OPERATION

P1 ani ng

El ements* Pl an i ng tabl e compri s i ng- feed table (1)- d'ischarge table (2)

* Cutter splndle guard (3)

* Cutter spindle cover (4)

* Fence (5)

Feed tabl r, ,

* The lever (6) regulates the depth of cutup to max. 3 mm.

* The depth of cut is indicated on tlte scale

Discharge table

* Is clamped on the left and right lvitheccentric clamps (B).

* I t i s removed for thi cknessi ng.

Cutter spindle quard

The following is enclosedcountry of destrnaticn:

* StandardIs raised and lowered by

depending on the

hand

* SLIVA

Is raised and lowered by operating a lever.

The guard covers the cutter spindle over theenti re tabl e w'idth. Duri ng joi nti ng the areanot used is covered by moving the coversheet (4) to the side.

Fence

* For the accurate gu'iclance of theworkpi eces.

* The fence can be adjusted cross-wise tooffset wear to the cutter.

* The fence can be t'il ted by up to 45o.

* The angle is accurately displayed onthe scale (9)Display range: 0o to 45o.

(7)

I'lorki ng ti ps

* Remove swarf.

* Crank thi cknessi nq 1.abl e i nto bottomposition.(Free space = space for swarf).

* Set desired depth of cut.* Remove loose branches/twigs.* Remove nai I s and other f ore'ign object.s.* lnihen f eedi nq the workpi ece, exert pressure

i n the di recii on of the di scharge tabl e.* !,.,liren planing workpieces v'rith uneven sur-

faces, always start vlith a smal'l depth ofcut.

Planing wide workpieces

Plane arched boards on the concave side,orherwise you will not obta'in a planesurface.

Safe t.y note

* C,-rver cutter sp indl e over the ent.ire tabl ewirlth.

* Do rrot grasp arouno workpiece.

* Press workpi ece orrto the tabl e wi th thebal I s of your hands.

* Always reach above the cover of the cutterspindle.

Correct pcs i ti on of hands for p1 ani ng

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Joi nti ng

The cutter spindle is guarded by the spindlecover to the thj ckness of the workpi ece.

Safety note

* Guide workp'iece irr upPer area.

* Never reach under the cutter spind'le cover.

Correct posi tion of hands for joi nti ng.

Planing and jointing of workpieces withsmall cross sections

blarning! Increased risk of accident owingto poor gu'idance r:n the f ence l !

* Use a self-made auxjliary angle fence (1)Attach it to the fence (e.g. with twocramps ) .

7,

-tr-<--ll

.I@

-l1

F-- -- -- F

The guard i s fi ttedthat it assumes thestri p. The openi ng

with a spring (?) Sofunction of a jointing

rra' is approx. 14 mm.

Safety regul ations

General :

o Keep the working area clean.

cl Do not wear loose work clothes. Make surethat your work cl othes are t'ight at yourwrists and hips.

o Remove ri ngs, watches, cha'ins etc.

o Never 'leave the machi ne runn.ing unattended.

o Unpl ug the mach'ine for- maintenance work- servi ci ng- set-up work- changing tools- remedy i ng faui ts.

Do not reach into machine when it isrunni ng.

0n1y remove swarf and workpieces when themach i ne i s swi tched off.

0n1 y remove resi n wi th terpenti ne.

Flount safety equipntent before commission-'ing and check that it functions.

0n1y use perfectly qround cutters.l,Jorki ng wi th dul I grourrd cuttersoverl oads the machi ne, i ncreases the ri skof kick-back and produces poor results.

Do not use cracked planing cutters.

Always change tools in pairs.

Remove loose twigs and branches from theworkpi ece. 0therwi se, they are pul 1 ed outduring planing and f1y out of the mach'ine.

Remove na"i I s and other forei gn objects.

Check the direction of rotation of thetool.

0

D

o

0

0

o

,anl ng

o Adopt stable working posjtion(1eft foot roughly at level ofcutter spi ndl e )

{rbb worki ng di recti on

Duri ng p1 ani ng the cutterspindie is to be covered withihe guard over the entire table\^/idth.

Never reach under the cover ofthe cutter spindle duringp1 ani ng.

When joi nti ng, cover cutterspindle vrith guard except forboard w'idth.

Wi th short workpi eces, usefeedi ng devi ce.

Gu'ide workpjece firmly andsaf ely.

Hand pos i t'i on .

- Cl osed fi ngers- Palm flat- Press workpiece with ball of

hand onto table- Never use yollr fingertips .,

or knuckles to advance theworkpiece.

Use a feed i ng devi ce to gu i denarrov/ workpi eces.

Use an auxi I i ary fence whenpl aning urorkpieces rvi lh a smalcross section

Clamp discharge table r,^iitheccentrrc.

Thi cl<nessi ng

o Only work with swarf ejection hood.in this way the cutter spindle 'isalways covered.

Bef o'r^e thicknessi ng, check that thekick-.back guard functions. Whenrai sed, i t must automat'ical ly f ai 1

back.

()nly use terpentine to remove resinsfrom the kick-back plates.

Do not thickness workpieces smal I erthan 125 mm. Exaci guidance throughthe transport rollers is no longerguaranteed.

There is an increased risk of kick--back when thi cknessi ng boards ofdi fferent thi cknesses .

Afier thicknessing, move thicknessingtabl e i nto 'i ts bottom pos i ti on sothat swarf can be easily removed.

0n1y remove swarf from the openingwhen the machi ne i s srv'i tched of f .

.?*;i s"ii*f i,l + t:.-, g.: ili I t cr: sa* i:

i ?'i.al:c "iiAr*;rji{i h* fu:l:i*-.:,.- =i;i:ij_:r+: 5lg*lail;g e;,;

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,?. :i=,'E:lti lii$g.3: I;.i:tg ,ir* $,;c3*: r:t"8ir:r: g** l*::rfuin*is ln:rgriirff jj

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il*: i ti g i":s.:*.9 i-l*t" li :+ :i::,:*!; *l +',

i. !iqs,rr"!i-r, :i:+ ;=;r-glrtg !lrr;lrJ f+:iiii:ir:s:aah**it l? gtsi i:ur., :it',i.rE{*-i*g-:.

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LE\/EL

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NOMENCTATURE

Forword oiming sight

Hood

Horizontoi odiusimeniclomP

Focusing knob---'-

Eyepiece

iii

I

',tlr

Fi e.

-,::+:]

,.;;:.

Reor oirning sighl

--..-Renection plote

Circulor level

Fine horizontol knobFine iilting kno

velling screw

OPERATION

Setling up the Tripod(l) Spreod the tripod legs ond press in firmly so lhqt the

tripod heod is level ond ot o suitoble height for cttochinglhe instiument. When using on extension leg tripod. firstextend lhe legs lo suitoble lengths ond tighten the wingednuts on their mid-seciions.

(2) Once the tripod hos been set up, tighten the winced nuts

below the fripod heod.

Attoching the lnstrument*(31 Toke the instrument corefully out of the metcl ccrrying

cose ond ploce it on the tripod heod; screw tne tripoCscrew into the instrumeni's tripod socket ond tightly fix the

instrument to the tripod.

Levelling the lnsfrumentl4l Acliust the three levelling screws ond center the bubble of

the circulor level.(o) First, use two of the levelling screws only cnd move

the bubble so thot it is loccted on o line perpendiculorto o line running fhrough lhe centers of ihe twolevelling screws which ore being used to mcke the

initiol odjustment.(b) Next, use the remoining levelling screw only cnd shift

the bubble to the center of the circulor level.(.) lf it is not possible to center the levbl bubble, ihen

repeot the levelling operotion once more from the

begin ning.

Eyepiece Adiustment(5) Point the telercope towords the light qnd rock the eyepiece

out completely, by revolving the eyepiece odiustment ringin the counter-clockwise direction until if stops.

(6) Next, revolve the odiustment ring slowly in the clockwisedirecticn, while looking through the eyepiece, cnd stop

when ihe cross-hoirs of the reticule c!'e seen shcrply onddistinctly, which will be the point ot which the eyepiege l5

odiusted to the user's eyesight. lf the eyepiece adiusiment

ring is revolved post ihe point of distincf vision, then repeotthe odiustment from the beginning once more.This odiustmeit must be undertoken corefully becouce itwill help eliminote porollox (ond, therefore, errors) in

focusi n g.

Torget SighfinglrTl Loosen the horizontol odiustment clomp. which will permit

the telescope io be rototed sround its verticol oxis, ondpoint the telescope towords the iorget. using the rough

oiming sights on top of the telescope for speedy olignment.(8) When oligned roughly to the torget, tighten the horizonlql

odiustment clomp.

Focusing(9) Revolve the focusing knob, in either direction, while look-

ing through the telescope, ond stcp when the torget is

seen distinctly.Focusing wil! be greoily speeded uP if the estimoted dis-

tonce is set to the focusing knob prior to octuolly focus'ing on the torget. (See Fie. 6)

Distonce scole

Checking Porollox(12) Shift the eye up ond dcwn ond check whether

ony deviotions beiween fhe horizonto! line ot

hoirs ond the tcrget; if there is, porollox exisis

is porollox, either focusing hos not been corre

iustment of the eyepiece to the user's eyesigh

been properly mode. both of which will leocl to

the reoding o{ the levelling rod or torget' Por

be eliminoted by re-focusing ccrefully or re-odi

eyepiece, or both.

Fine Tilling Adiustments by lrnoge Coincidencr(.I3) Adiust brightness of ihe holf bubble imoges whi

through the eyepiece. by roioting the refteciion 5

(See Fig. 7)

Fie. 7

(14) When the bubble imoges ore illuminoted sotisfo

volve the fine tilting knob ond coincide the lef

holf bubble imoges. As in Fig.3, the fine tl

should be rotoled to coincide the index-point or

to the Cot index on the instrument body, which

the bubble imoges inside its f rome in the field

the telescoPe.

.iL9.': re.'-

*'€Fis. 6

(10) When the torget is seen shorp ond disfinct in the field ofview, use the fine horizontol knob ond olign the torget tothe center of the reiicule cross-hoirs.

{ll) Check focus once more.

121ll0

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F,#d/Ft ;oti i

Fig' 8

ln most instonces, the ends of boih holf bubble irnoges

wili not be coincided ot this time ond' therefore' they

should be coincicjed by using the fine iilting knob'

lftheleft-sidebubbleimogeishigher'theeyepiecesideo'fin" iu'u;;o; is high aid,'therefore,-the fi-ne tilting krrob

sh6uld be roil!d-d in ihe counter-clockwjlg direction to

move the ;na""-ioinito the left' Cn the other hond' if the

ri.ght-side bubble imoge is higher' revolve the fine tilting

kn-ob in the clockwise direciion ond coincide the ends of

the holf bubble imoges' ln either ccse' when the ends of

theholfbubbleimogesorecoincided,thetelescopeiscor.rectly levelled. (See Fig' 9)

Eyepiece side high Level

Fig. 9

IJ

Obiective side high

IMPORTANT

l. Before focusing on the torget, corefully odiust the eyepiece

to the user's eyesight (os exploined in OPERATION)' os

otherwise,therewillbeerrorsinfocusing'duetoporolloxorising from improper eyepiece odiustrnent'

2. For high precision surveying, cover both instrument ond

fripod with some kind of owning or umbrello to shield them

from the strong sunlight.

3.Whentheilluminotorisnotbeingused'theengrovedlineoniheilluminotionknobshouldolwcysbeplocedporollelto the opti€ol cxis of the telescope'

ADJ( ,

l. A{.(l)

iti

$lexaiiug {"" i '-..6i-."

I .l,!tx,;rnihe fihc triFcrj'

:. {-};1..;crihe, f.{rel f:r*si$:lutt *{''ffue fusfufui* ;

i'1q',i] h,vt: I I i rt'i",l, i,r{.: iY 1\'i; lq" }: r: * I *{ t* ! *"'l'e}

d r trr:ims ;a r"i"ius{*:*1 "

, * la:,lrul'ibci ttt* lalo'l'twrelit. il[ []"8* e'ife'gr[r

;3 {$.i [a 3i{ ibt*ftt t"i lt g'+t'$ I *rtlr' ! {rr: l'3** plee:'r i

*r*ri srfl i;ci-i ust*t*.

i. * 3:,4,i;4"*be -lirc eirc, l' t:nrs{l{. {xt' {Xu* itrl*:${:

tr; sifl{rt {: t;;x{',uq{it,

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i i.tir-ru li*ir";l p:e$'lllliti :1-'tlili6itjt:i1{'d "

t-\irtt \hrlrttd lre'inlrr{"i"11 flt lii if;$}li

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itl4 {}q.;ir {ri{c*;{;t

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ii; 1\'lttvur rftust t*iiiil itttritl'uHsrl'li b* qlisl

4.

6.

Preveni shock or vibrotion to the instrumenf' during trons-

portotion, by using suitoble cushioning moteriol'

After using the inslrument, corefully wipe owoy dust ond

moislure qnd then store the instrumeni in o dry ond well-

ventiloted Iocotion.The lens surfoce should be cleoned' ofier first dusting or

blowing owoy the surfoce dust ond dirt with o brush or oir

blo*er, u'ith o soft well'woshed cotlon cloth which hos been

dipped in olcohol or o mixture of olcohol ond ether' The

lenr rurfoce should not be rubbed strongly but the lens

sur{o:e should be wiped with o circulor motion until the lens

surfoce is cleon.Z. The lightness of the levelling screws con be odiusted with

the levelling screw oCiustment screws' when necessory'

However, do not tighten the screws too much' os the level-

ling screws will be domoged'

8, Do not dismontle the instrument but olwoys contoct the

n.or..i experienced cpricol repoir shop' if the :ns!runlent

must be overhquled.

IA

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