Ready EOG ReviewSpring 2014

Chemistry1. Atomic Structure

a. Protons, positive, located in nucleusb. Neutrons, neutral, located in nucleusc. Electrons, negative, around nucleus

2. Atomic number = protons or electrons

3. Atomic mass = protons + neutrons

4. Neutrons = atomic number - atomic mass

5. Atoms, make up all matter, smallest unit of an element or pure substance

Chemistry1. Compounds-composed of two or more elements that are chemically

combined

2. Mixtures-physical combination of 2 or more substances that can be separateda. Heterogeneous-not the same throughout, trail mix, sand/waterb. Homogeneous-same throughout, air, milk, metal

i. filter, evaporate, sift3. Particles in solid are fixed, in liquid they slide past each other, in gas they

move independently

Periodic Table

Periodic Table1. Most reactive group is alkali metals, group 1 (least complete outer energy

shell)

2. Least reactive group is noble gas, group 18 (most complete outer energy shell)

3. Reactivity decreases across periodic table but INCREASES down a column

4. Metals are on the left, metalloids (have properties of both like semiconductors) are on zig-zag line, non-metals are on the far right

5. Density-least dense are at top, most dense are at bottom

Periodic TableGroups have similar properties

Alkali, alkaline earth, transition, lanthanides/actinidies, halogens, noble gases

Metals-solid, conduct heat/electricity, dense, shiny,

Nonmetals-low densities, low boiling point, do not conduct heat/electricity, many are gas

Chemistry1. Valence=number of electrons on

the outside energy shell or energy level, the number for this is in the one’s column. Ex: group 17=7 valence electrons

1. Chemical formula = the number of atoms and elements in a compounds,

2. H2O (2 Hydrogen, 1 Oxygen)

3. Subscript-#atoms of each element

Physical and Chemical PropertiesPhysical(Each element has a unique set of these)melting ptboiling ptdensity (d= m/v)colorsolubilityconductivitymagnetism

Chemicalreactivityflammabilitycombustibilty

Physical and Chemical ChangesPhysical (ice melting, tearing paper)change in state of matter, ex liquid to gaschange in size or shape

Chemical (makes a new substance, rust, vinegar + baking soda )color changetemperature change (endo- and exothermic)forming a precipitate (solid)forming a gas

Catalyst-can speed up a chemical reaction like heat

Chemistry

Law of Conservation of Mass and Balancing Equations

Matter can never be created nor destroyed, just rearranged

Use coefficients to balance both sides

If ending mass is different, was a gas produced?

2H2 + O2 ---> 2H2O

Open and Closed systems-gas can be lost in a open system

EOGIf a substance is composed of atoms arranged in one particular way, how is this substance best classified?a. elementb. compoundc. mixtured. gas

EOGThe data table below represents observations made by a scientist during an investigation. Use this table to answer the questions that follow.Samplessilver (Ag)silver, solid

nitrogen (N)colorless, gas

oxygen (O)colorless, gas

copper (Cu)orange-red, solid

silver nitrate (AgNO3)colorless, powder

water (H2O)colorless, liquid

silver nitrate + watercolorless, liquid

A scientist preformed an investigation with samples listed in the data table above. She heated the 2 liquid samples until boiling. After a while, all of the liquid evaporated from Sample 1 and the container was empty. Later, all of the liquid evaporated from Sample 2 and a colorless powder remained.

1. Based on the information presented in the data table, which term best describes Sample 1?

a. atomb. elementc. mixtured. compound

In the current model of the Periodic Table of Elements, the elements have been placed in groups or families. Why have the elements been organized in such a way?

a. Elements in each group have similar densities.b. Elements in each group all have similar boiling points.c. Elements in each group have similar physical and chemical properties.d. Elements in each group have the ability to chemically react with the other elements within that group.

EOG

EOGA science teacher mixes calcium chloride and vinegar in a test tube. He passes the test tube around for his students to feel. The students notice that the test tube is hot. The science teacher asks the students to decide if the mixing of the two chemicals involved a physical or chemical change. He also asks the students to justify their answer. Which student gave the correct response?

a. Student 1: The change was physical because a temperature change occurred.b. Student 2: The change was chemical because a temperature change occurred.c. Student 3: The change was physical because the two chemicals mixedd. Student 4: The change was chemical because the two chemicals mixed

EOGSodium and chlorine can react chemically to form table salt. How does the mass of the table salt formed in this reaction compare to the mass of the sodium and chlorine before the reaction takes place?

a. The mass of the table salt formed is less than the sodium and chlorine.b. The mass of the table salt formed is greater that the sodium and chlorine.c. The mass of the table salt formed is twice the mass of the sodium and chlorine.d. The mass of the table salt formed is the same as the mass of the sodium and chlorine.

EOGA scientist performed an investigation using the following substances:Based on the investigation and the packing of sample C, which measurement would most likely be the mass of the crystal?SAMPLE A = 46 G, SAMPLE B = 71 GRAMS, SAMPLE C =?a. 25 gramsb. 71 gramsc. 110 gramsd. 117 grams

EnergyEnvironment provides the resources we use for energy

Renewablesolarhydroelectricbiomassgeothermalwind

Non-renewablecoal, oil, natural gas, nuclear

Each has risks and benefits

EOGWhich is a concern related to the production of electricity using nuclear power?

a. Nuclear power produces too much excess heat and causes global warming.b. Nuclear power produces radioactive wastes that are difficult to eliminate.c. Nuclear power is not as efficient in producing electricity as are other forms of energy.d. Nuclear power plants take up too much space for the amount of electricity they produce.

EOGThe U.S.A. and other countries are often promoting the conservation of electricity and fossil fuels. Which is an advantage of these conservation efforts?

a. Conservation will allow electricity to be produced more cheaply.b. Conservation will help scientists find more uses for nonrenewable resource.c. Conservation will give scientists more time to find renewable alternatives to produce electricity.d. Conservation will provide all people on Earth access to electricity.

HydrosphereWater covers 71% of Earth’s surface

97% of all water on Earth is salty

3% of all water is fresh (most is frozen at ice caps which are melting due to global warming, CO2 levels)

Very little freshwater is surface water, some is trapped under ground

Ocean1. Salinity, dissolved salts

2. Areas with higher evaporation like equator are more salty

3. Hydrothermal vents, at bottom of ocean, release hot gas and dissolved chemicals from Earth’s core

4. Ocean temp can impact global climate, El Nino, La Nina

5. Water cycle, sun drives this

HydrospherePermeabilty-ability of rock or sediment like gravel to transport water underground

Impermeable-water does not pass through it, like solid rock

Aquifer-large underground lake of water

Riverbasin-aka watershet, part of land drained by a river, we live in Yadkin

Path of waterRiverbasin-->river-->estuary-->Atlantic Ocean

Estuaries1. Where the river meets the ocean, has brackish, or part salt/part fresh water

2. Nursery or breeding ground for critters, fertile for plant growth

3. Helps control flooding, buffers hurricanes

4. Shallow, good light penetration, good bacteria

5. Acts like sponge, soaks up pollution from rivers before it reaches ocean

6. Pamlico, Albemarle (sound, bay)

Ocean Zones

Oceans1. Phytoplankton, plant, bottom of food chain, sunlight to make energy

2. CO 2, most important gas in ocean, dissolved in sea water, helps balance salinity

3. Ocean animals exchange gases, plants use carbon dioxide, then release oxygen after photosynthesis, ocean critters take up oxygen

4. Ocean salt comes from rivers

Global Ocean Circulation Upwelling

Ocean Resources/TechWE use ocean forfishmine for oil and mineralsplants for medicine and foods

TechnologysubmersiblesROVRobotsSONAR

Discoveredhydrothermal vents (survival of critters in high temps)cold seeps (lower temperature methane gas and water, sustains bacteria that are vital to food web)

Water QualityWe measure water quality by testing1. temperature (fish die if too hot)2. turbidity (dirt in water, fish die due to lack of oxygen, no sunlight penetration)3. dissolved oxygen (higher at surface due to photosynthesis, cold water holds more oxygen,

eutrophication is low oxygen caused by high algae growth)4. pH (most water is neutral, or 7)5. nitrates (from pollution like fertilizers)6. bacteria (from sewage)7. bioindicators (crayfish, insects, can the water support life or not)

Potable-water safe to drink

EPA-Environmental Protection Agency, makes laws for clean waterClean Water Act 1970-can’t pollute surface waters

PollutionPoint-can identify the sourceNon Point-cannot identify the source

Water Treatment1. Water is screened-large debris is screened out

2. Coagulation-chemicals are added to make sludge clump together

3. Water settles-sludge goes to bottom

4. Water is filtered-sludge is removed

5. Water is disinfected-chlorine kills bacteria to make it safe again

EOGHow are estuaries connected to oceanic organisms?

a. Estuaries provide a nursery grounds for oceanic organismsb. Estuaries provide sunlight for oceanic organisms.c. Estuaries provide primary food for oceanic organisms.d. Estuaries provide excess dissolved oxygen for oceanic organisms.

EOGTo represent the distribution of water on earth, a teacher filled a 2-liter bottle with 2000 mL of water. She then made a mark at the 1944 mL point. What should be written at the 1944 mL level to distinguish the type of water to that point?

a. Water from glaciers & icebergsb. Ground waterc. Ocean waterd. Water from ponds, rivers, lakes & streams

EOGHow would excessive increases in nitrate and phosphorous concentration affect freshwater systems?

a. It would cause excessive algal blooms.b. It would cause increased dissolved oxygen.c. It would cause increased water clarity.d. It would cause extremely cold water.

EOGIf your community was planning to build a new sanitary landfill, what would be the most important environmental consideration in locating the landfill?

a. cost of the landb. location of the groundwaterc. proximity to an industrial parkd. accessibility to a major highway

Earth HistoryFossils provide evidence of how Earth and organisms have changedIndex fossils, lived all over world but for a specific period of time, helps us date rock layers

Most fossils found in sedimentary (compacted) rock rather than igneous (lava)or metamorphic (under pressure)Types of fossils1. mold-leaves or shape of organism2. Cast-fills in the mold3. Petrified-minerals replace remains4. Preserved remains-amber5. Carbonized-leaves a carbon imprint6. Trace-footprints

Geologic Time1. PreCambrian- creation of Earth

2. Paleozoic-invertebrates, trilobites, first fish, first insects, first reptiles

3. Mesozoic-dinosaurs, birds

4. Cenozoic-mammals, flowering plants

5. Eon, era, period, epoch

1. Relative dating-determining age by looking at the order of the layers, oldest are on bottom

2. Radioactive dating-using Carbon-14 to tell how much time has passed since rock or fossil was created, half-life or how long does it take for half of the material to decay (fizz) away

3. Law of superposition-youngest layers on top, intrusion in usually youngest

Rock/Fossil Age

Surface of Earth changesFault-breakFold-due to pressureerosion-wind, water, icedeposition-materials is moved to another locationweathering-breaking down of rock

Earth Changes

Layers of ice traps Earth’s gases

More carbon dioxide means warmer year

Lower carbon dioxide means cooler year

Ice Cores

This diagram shows a cross section of land that has not been overturned and includes a fossil. (The fossil is in the sandstone) shale sandstone limestone

What can be concluded about the age of the fossil?a. It is younger than the shale.b. It is older than the shale.c. It is older than the sandstone.d. It is younger than the sandstone.

EOG

EOGAn index fossil is found in the same sedimentary layer as another fossil. What would this reveal about the other fossil?

a. The relative age of the fossil.b. That the two fossils are from the same species.c. The fossil is older than the index fossil.d. The fossil is younger than the index fossil.

Animal V. Plant

Major differencesanimal has many vacuoles, plant has one large oneplant has chlorplasts filled with chlorophyllplants have cell wall for support

Animal v. Plant

Cells create energy

VirusesNon livinginvade cells in order to reproducecontagioustransmitted through vectors like water, air, insects, watervaccines or anti-virals can be used to controlflu

Bacteriaprokaryotic cells (no nuclear membrane but has DNA free floating in cytoplasm)reproduces rapidly (exponential growth)antibiotics used to kill (resistant bacteria can result)strep

Microbiology

Fungican be single celled or multi celledattacks tissue of living thingsathletes footanti-fungal are needed

Parasitesneeds a hosttapeworm, malarianeeds anti-parasitic medication

Microbiology

Pandemiclarge areahigh number of peopleflu, spanish flu, swin flu, black plague

Epidemicsmaller arealower number

Pandemic vs. Epidemic

1. using living things to solve problems

2. GM, GMO, modifying the DNA of crops/livestock to reduce disease or use of pesticides

3. Gene splicing or recombinant technology-taking DNA out of humans and inserting it into bacteria to make insulin or medicine

4. Cloning-making exact genetic copy5. Bioremediation-using bacteria to clean up oil spills6. Genome-mapped out all the genes on chromosomes

7. Has legal and ethical considerations

8. NC largest area for biotech industries and jobs, RTP

Biotechnology

EOGHow are viruses, bacteria and parasites alike?

a. They are unicellular and can cause disease.b. They are multi-cellular and can cause disease.c. They are non-living and can cause disease.d. They can infect a host and cause disease.

EOGSeveral people contract the same flu-like symptoms in a particular city. Other cases with the same symptoms show up across the state but the concentration remains localized in a few original cities. Some cases turn up elsewhere in the nation but doesn’t catch on everywhere. In the cities where the flu-like symptoms rate remains more than you would expect to normally see would be an example of an epidemic. How could this scenario turn into a pandemic?

EOGWhich is a major difference between an epidemic and a pandemic?

a. An epidemic is caused by toxins but a pandemic is caused by viruses.b. An epidemic results in more deaths than a pandemic.c. An epidemic affects fewer people than a pandemic.d. An epidemic spreads father around the world than a pandemic.

EOGStrawberries have been genetically modified to resist frost. How is this a benefit for growers in North Carolina?

a. a longer growing seasonb. a pest resistant berryc. a larger berryd. easier harvesting

EcosystemsBiotic Factors

living factors

Abiotic Factors

Sunlight (sustains ecosystems, the source of energy)

spaceshelterwaternitrogenoxygensoil nutrientstemperaturerainfall

Ecosystems Levels

Ecosystems Populations1. Density- measures the number of individuals living in an area

2. Populations can be limited by (limiting factors)a. competitionb. predation (predators)c. parasitismd. weathere. human activitiesf. pollution

g. natural disasters

2. Some ecosystems are stable (the population size fluctuates at predictable rate)3. Niche-how a species makes a living in its environment, ecological niche no other organism can

fill

Human ImpactHabitat destruction (deforestation, habitat division)

Pollution (DDT, bald eagles)

Over-hunting and over-fishing (Catch and release, seasons)

Poaching-primates of Africa

Relationships

Food Webs/Energy Pyramid

Producers-make food, autotrophs

Consumers-eat, heterotrophs, herbivore, omnivore

Decomposers-bacteria, fungi

Scavengers-buzzards

Some energy is used by all organisms for metabolism (heat) and is lost. Some energy is transferred to another organism when used as food

Food Webs

Nitrogen

Carbon

EOGIn a food web, energy flows from producer to consumers. What else flows from producers to consumers?

a. soil and rockb. carbon and oxygenc. light and soundd. chlorophyll and nitrogen

EOGToday, in many parts of the world people suffer from not having enough food. One way that plant scientists could increase the amount of green plant food that is available for consumption by humans might be through the development of plants with larger leaves that would capture more solar energy to be converted into food. Which cycle of matter would most likely be affected by such an increase in leaf size?

a. phosphorousb. waterc. carbon dioxided. oxygen

EOGWhich of the following limiting factors will most likely preventfurther population growth within an ecosystem?a. excess water supplyb. food supply to the areac. transportation availabilityd. recycling of human goods

A tick has caused a dog to be diagnosed with Lyme disease. Whattype of relationship would this suggest exists between the tick and thedog?a. mutualisticb. parasiticc. commensald. adaptive

Evolution and Genetics1. Evolution is change over time

a. Evidence is found in living organisms, fossils, plate tectonics, rock layers

2. Comparative-compare living organisms to fossils to look for similarities

3. Structures4. Vestigial-no longer used, appendix5. homologous-same ancestor, used differently, bird wing vs. bat wing6. analogous-different ancestor, used same, bird wing vs. butterfly wind7. embryological-human, chicken, etc have similar stages in development

Taxonomy

Theory of Evolution1. Darwin, Galapagos island

2. Mutations occur due to changes in DNA caused by environment

3. Mutations passed on

4. Natural selection or Survival of fittest-organism best suited to environment will survive

5. Extinctions can happen suddenly like dinosaurs at end of Cretacous period (KT) asteriod impact(iridium layer evident) or slowly due to climate, disease

Plate TectonicsPangae-250 mya continents were joined, similar fossils found on widely separated continents, continents have same rock layers

Plate BoundariesLithosphere-rock/crust floats on asthenosphere the liquid, molten layer

Convergent-two plates are coming together, the collision builds mountains

Divergent-two plates are moving apart, sea floor spreading, rift zones

Transform-strike/slip, plates are moving past one another, earthquakes, fault lines

Hot spots, the plate is moving over a spot of volcanic activity, Hawaii

EOGThe shaded areas of this diagram represent where fossils of a landdwelling animal were found on the continents of South America and Africa.

What does this evidence suggest?a. The animals swam from one continent to the other.b. The two continents were once connected by a land bridge.c. The animals developed on the two continents at the same time.d. The two continents were once joined as part of a largercontinent.

Differences in bone arrangements shown below, supports thehypothesis that these organisms:

a. are member of the same speciesb. live in the same environmentc. have adapted to live in different environmentsd. all contain the same genetic information.

EOG

Darwin observed many birds that had many different beak shapes andsizes. There were few beaks that were similar because of…

a. competition for the same type of foodb. competition for a specific concentration of oxygen in theatmospherec. the presence of an excessive number of autotrophsd. the presence of a disease that attacks birds with similar beak

EOG

Macromolecules/Nutrition1. Food provides energy and molecules needed for building materials like

bone, growth in muscles and survival

2. Sunlight provides energy

3. Plants convert this into chemical energy

4. Animals eat food to get energy

5. Cells convert energy or glucose into a useable for (ATP a chemical cells use)

6. Metabolism-how your body stores food and converts it into energy

NutritionCarbs (used for quick energy), rice, pasta, potatoes, sugar

Fats (used to help body process vitamins, used to transmit messages in neurons) from butter, oils, animal fats

Proteins (used for building like muscles) found in meat, eggs, cheese, nuts

Digestion and respiration provides body with needed materials like oxygen and food and also gets rid of waste products like excess water and carbon dioxide

Lifestyle ChoicesHigh sugar diet = diabetes type 2High fat = high cholesterol, fat deposits inside arteries, heart attacks, stroke (vessels near brain are clogged and blood cant flow)High salt = high blood pressure, excess fluids in bodySmoking= cancer, emphysema, COPD, nicotine addictiveAlcohol = liver disease, fetal alcohol syndromeDrugs = neurological/brain disorderLow fiber diet=cancerNo exercise = low respiration

EOGWhen an animal eats food, the food and other nutrients must enter each cell in the animal’s body so the cells can carry out their functions. How do the food molecules and nutrients enter the cell?

a. through the nucleusb. through the plasma membranec. through the chlorophyll in the celld. through other specialized cells

EOGAs you exercise, why does respiration rate increase?a. Your systolic blood pressure is increasing.b. Your diastolic blood pressure is decreasing.c. You are sweating and need more water vapor.d. More oxygen is needed to utilize the body’s stored energy.

How do the cells of the body respond when a person, over time, has a poor diet and little exercise?a. They stop reproducing.b. They reduce their rate of respiration.c. They stop absorbing nutrients.d. They increase their production of protein