rebirth and revolution: nation-building in east asia and the pacific rim

Chapter

AP* Sixth Edition

World CivilizationsThe Global Experience

World CivilizationsThe Global Experience

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert

Rebirth and Revolution: Rebirth and Revolution: Nation-Building in East Nation-Building in East Asia and the Pacific RimAsia and the Pacific Rim

34



Rebirth and Revolution in East Asia and the Pacific Rim

I. East Asia in the Postwar Settlements

II. The Pacific Rim: More Japans?

III. Mao's China: Vanguard of World Revolution?

IV. Colonialism and Revolution in Vietnam



Rebirth and Revolution in East Asia and the Pacific Rim



East Asia in the Postwar Settlements

• Japanese Recovery– Japan occupied by United States

• Korea divided– Russian, American zone

• Emerging Stability in Taiwan,Hong Kong, and Singapore– Chinese occupation

Chiang Kai-shek

• Reoccupation of some areas



New Divisions and the End of Empires

• Postwar decolonization– U.S. loses Philippines– Dutch: Indonesia– British: Malaya

• Chiang, Guomintang– driven to Taiwan



The Pacific Rim Area by 1960



Japanese Recovery

• American occupation– ends, 1952

• Democratization– women get the vote– unions encouraged– Shintoism disestablished– land redistribution– new constitution

modified, 1963



Japanese Recovery

• Liberal Democratic Party, 1955



Korea: Intervention and War

• North– communist– Kim Il-Sung, to 1994

• South– Syngman Rhee– parliamentary government



Korea: Intervention and War

• North invades South, 1950– U.S. leads UN effort

China supports North

– 1953, armistice



Emerging Stability in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore

• Taiwan– Guomindang retreats to Taiwan– U.S. Support

• Hong Kong– British colony– Chinese control, 1997

• Singapore– independence, 1965



Japan's Distinctive Political and Cultural Style

• Liberal Democrat Party, 1955-1993– corruption raises questions

• Cultural continuity• Hiraoka Kimitoke

– nationalist



The Economic Surge

• Company unions– cooperation between management, labor

• Women– traditional attitudes

• Popular culture– Western influence– Political change



The Pacific Rim: More Japans?

• The Korean Miracle– South Korea

Chung-hee, 1961-1979 military loses power more open press, political action new companies• Hyundai



Advances in Taiwan and the City-States

• Taiwan– rapid economic growth– more contact with China, other neighbors– Death of Chiang Kai-shek, 1978

gap narrows between China and Taiwan



Advances in Taiwan and the City-States

• Singapore– similar to Taiwan– Lee Kuan Yew

authoritarian rule

– returned to China, 1997



Common Themes and New Problems

• Common culture– group loyalty stronger than individualism– Confucianism important in economic

development– benefit from Japanese influence

• Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia follow



Mao's China: Vanguard of World Revolution

• Chiang Kai-shek– Japanese invasion

allies with Communists

– Guomindang's position lessened partly due to military defeat

– Communism popular Mao gaining power by 1945

– Defeat of Japan, 1949 Communists ascendant



Indices of Growth and Change in the Pacific Rim: Per Capita GNP, 1965-1996



Indices of Growth and Change in the Pacific Rim: Social and Economic Data, 1965-1996



China in the Years of Japanese Occupation and Civil War, 1931-1949



Mao's China: Vanguard of World Revolution

• The Communists Come to Power– Secession movements

Inner Mongolia, Tibet

– Korean War China supports division

– Vietnam support liberation



Alliance with Soviet Union

• Collapses by late 1950s– border disputes– post-Stalin changes

• War with India



Planning for Economic Growth and Social Justice

• Land reform• First five-year plan, 1953• Mass Line approach, 1955

– agricultural cooperatives– farming through collectives from 1956

• Purge of intellectuals, 1957



The Great Leap Backward

• The Great Leap Forward, 1958– based on peasant communes– peasants un-cooperative– famine– ended by 1960– Mao no longer state chairman

still head of Central Committee replaced by pragmatists• Zhou Enlai, Liu Shaoui, Deng Xiaoping



"Women Hold Up Half of the Heavens”

•Mao and Jiang Qing–Guomindang

not supportive of women's rights

–Communist promising–legal equalilty–work outside the home–opportunities increase



Mao's Last Campaign andthe Fall of the Gang of Four

•Cultural Revolution, 1965–Zhou Enlai

into seclusion

–Liu Shaoqui killed

–Deng Xiaoping Emprisoned

–ended, 1968



Gang of Four

• Jiang Qing–opposed by Deng–defeated by pragmatists–imprisoned

• Pragmatists–more open to West, capitalism



Colonialism and Revolution in Vietnam

• French–interest since 1600s

hope to convert to Catholicism

–Tayson peasant rebellion, 1770s–Nguyen, Trinh dynasties out–French back Nguyen Anh (Gia Long)

unification by 1802 new capital at Hue




•Minh Mang–persecution of Vietnamese Catholics

• French intervene, 1840s–Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos taken over by 1890s–Nguyen as puppets

• French takeover–discredits emperor, bureaucracy,

Confucianism



Vietnam: Divisions in the Nguyen and French Periods




• Vietnamese Nationalism: Bourgeois Dead Ends and Communist Survival– French influence

Western-educated middle class

– Vietnamese Nationalist Party (VNQDD) from 1920s repressed, 1929




• Vietnamese Nationalism: Bourgeois Dead Ends and Communist Survival– Communist the focus of resistance

crushed by French aided by Comintern

– Japan occupies Vietnam, 1941



The War of Liberation against the French

• Viet Minh– communist-dominated resistance– Vo Nguyen Giap

proclaims independence, 1945 only in North

• War– French defeated at Dien Bien Phu, 1954– Geneva conference promises elections



The War of Liberation Against the United States

• Communists v. United States– South

Ngo Dinh Diem, president fights communists (Viet Cong)

– North supports Viet Cong



The War of Liberation Against the United States

• Communists v. United States– United States

supports military overthrow of Diem withdraws, 1970s

– Communists take South Vietnam



North and South Vietnam



After Victory: The Struggle to Rebuild Vietnam

• Difficulties– U.S. blocks international aid– reprisals

• Economy more open in 1980s– better relations with U.S.



Global Connections: East Asia and the Pacific Rim in the Contemporary World

• Patterns of development differ from most other Asian and African nations– Ethnic homogeneity– Cultures and societies less impacted by

colonization– Few benefits from European domination

• Growing power of east Asia

rebirth and revolution: nation-building in east asia and the pacific rim

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