recent advances in methionine nutrition for poultry · recent advances in methionine nutrition for...
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Recent advances in methionine nutrition for poultry
Ahmad Mujahid
Sumitomo Chemical Enviro-Agro Asia Pacific
Amino acids 1806 – Asparagine Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin and Pierre Jean Robiquet first time isolated “asparagus” that proved to be “asparagine”
1810 – Cystine
1820 – Glycine and Leucine
Amino acid in the English language is from 1898
(Ann de Chim 57: 88–93, 1806)
(Philos Trans R Soc Lond 100: 223–30. 1810)
(Ann Chim Phys Ser 2 13: 113–25. 1820)
(www.etymonline.com)
1922 – Methionine by Muller - USA (incorrect formula)
1925 – Methionine formula corrected by Odake - Japan (http://www.peptideguide.com/amino-acids/methionine.html, 2011)
Structure of amino acids
Methionine
General structure of an amino acid C
H3N+
R
H
COO-
C
H3N+
CH2
H
COO-
CH2 S CH3
Amino acid isomers Amino acids used in protein synthesis must be
in the L-configuration
Methionine is supplied as racemic (DL) mixture
Animals can utilize some D-isomers (methionine) (The D and L isomers are mirror images of each other)
Methionine synthesis in plants Aspartate
Aspartate phosphate
Lysine
Aspartate semialdehyde
Serine
O-acetylserine
Cysteine
Homeserine
O-phosphohomoserine
Cystathionine
Homocysteine
Methionine
Threonine
Isoleucine
GSH
Dihydrodipicolinate
SAM Decarboxylated SAM
MTA Biotin
Ethylene
AdoHcy
Methyl group
Cell wall synthesis
Chlorophyll synthesis
Secondary metabolites
DNA replication
Methyl cycle
Yang cycle
Amino acid Abundance per E. coli
ATP synthesis cost
Aerobic Anaerobic
Met 0.88 21 23 Cys 0.52 11 15 Ile 1.7 7 11
Thr 1.5 6 8 Arg 1.7 5 13 Lys 2.0 5 9 His 0.54 1 7 Asp 1.4 0 2 Ala 2.9 -1 1 Gly 3.5 -2 2 Pro 1.3 -2 4 Ser 1.2 -2 2 Val 2.4 -2 2 Phe 1.1 -6 2 Glu 1.5 -7 -1 Trp 0.33 -7 7 Tyr 0.79 -8 2 Leu 2.6 -9 1
Stoichiometry and metabolic cost in cell
(Phys Biol Cell Garland Sci 178, 2009)
DL-methionine (DLM)
Content: 99%
Powder form
Liquid form
Acid form
Content: 88%
L-methionine
Sources of methionine
Synthetic AA
Liquid methionine hydroxy analog (LMA)
Corn
Threonine
Aspartic Acid
Serine
Glycine Glutamic Acid
Methionine
Alanine
Cystine
Valine
Isoleucine
Histidine
Leucine
Tyrosine
Phenylalanine
Lysine
Tryptophan
Proline
Arginine
USA Pakistan China Amino acid (Contents, %)
JSFA (USA)
0.48
Thailand
0.25
0.26
0.31
0.34
0.80
0.18
1.21 0.27
0.54
0.14
0.28 0.12
0.21
0.32
0.18
0.59
0.53
0.29
0.27
0.36
0.43
0.96
0.22
1.42 0.31
0.65
0.34
0.05
0.25
0.39
0.20
0.63
0.46
0.26
0.24
0.34
0.38
0.84
0.20
1.30 0.26
0.55
0.17
0.29 0.14
0.20
0.31
0.18
0.59
0.52
0.29
0.27
0.36
0.42
0.99
0.22
1.47 0.30
0.61
0.05
0.34
0.04
0.24
0.38
0.20
0.61
0.48
0.27
0.28
0.36
0.38
0.95
0.21
1.39 0.28
0.63
0.19
0.33 0.16
0.22
0.36
0.22
0.65
0.04 0.04
0.18
0.18
0.17
0.17
(SCEA, 2011-13)
Soybean meal
USA India Brazil China Amino acid
Threonine
Aspartic Acid
Serine
Glycine
Glutamic Acid
Methionine
Alanine
Cystine
Valine
Isoleucine
Histidine
Leucine
Tyrosine
Phenylalanine
Lysine
Tryptophan Proline
Arginine
5.30
1.87 1.88
2.07
2.67
0.66
2.69
2.01 2.01 8.60 8.58
1.95
2.06
0.75 0.77
1.97
2.11
5.72 5.36
2.84
9.18
2.10
1.74
1.20
0.66
3.88
1.95
3.07
2.54
3.63
0.77 1.95
0.67
1.67
1.58
3.62
2.29
2.90
3.35
1.14
0.53
2.08
1.81
1.62
3.65
2.36
2.89
3.39
1.13
0.55
2.09
2.21
1.76
2.00
5.44
2.48
8.61
2.06
0.54
1.83
0.66
2.16
2.35
1.59
1.26 2.92
2.22
0.52
3.67
2.01
3.71
0.55
(SCEA, 2011-13)
(Contents, %)
Dietary essential amino acids cannot be synthesized in body
0
100
Methionine Ile
Leu
Val
Lys
Trp
Thr
Phe
Amino acid balance in feed materials
Corn Soybean meal Fishmeal
0
100 Ile
Leu
Val
Lys
Trp
Thr
Phe
Methionine
0
100
Methionine Ile
Leu
Val
Lys
Trp
Thr
Phe
(Japn Feed Stand Poult, 2004)
Distribution of AA in feedstuff
The influence of synthetic amino acid level on the protein level
Ingredient (%) Corn (%)
L-Threonine (%)
SBM (%)
Poultry fat (%)
DL-Methionine (%) L-Lysine HCl (%)
Composition ME (Kcal/g)
Protein (%)
Threonine (%)
Methionine (%)
Lysine (%)
Defluorinated P (%) Limestone (%)
Salt (%) Vit-Min premix (%)
14.01
UA
70.86
12.22
UA UA
1.48 0.61
0.40 0.42
3.20
35.60
1.37
0.50
2.13
Un-suppl 57.21
UA
33.91
5.46
0.23 UA
1.73 0.64
0.40 0.42
3.20
21.61
0.80
0.55
1.15
+Met 59.47
UA
31.94
5.10
0.25 0.03
1.75 0.64
0.40 0.42
3.20
20.89
0.80
0.56
1.10
+Met+Lys 62.42
0.09
29.29
4.62
0.27 0.07
1.76 0.64
0.40 0.42
3.20
20.00
0.80
0.58
1.10
+Met+Lys+Thr
(J Appl Poult Res 18 :477–486, 2009)
DL-HMTB
D-HMTB L-HMTB
Keto-MTB
L-MET
Homocysteine
Cysteine
Taurine Sulfate Glutathione
D-MET
DL-MET Proteins
B
S
50% 50%
L-HAOX D-AAOX
TA
TM RM
TS
50%
50%
D-HADH
Metabolic pathway of methionine
(Amino acids 39:633-640, 2010)
Role of methionine
Protein synthesis
Methyl donor
Metabolic pathway
Polyamine synthesis
Sulfur donor
(Cellular metabolism, co-enzyme S-adenosylmethionine)
(Cystine and carnitine)
Role of methionine Protein synthesis Methionine is proteinogenic (protein building) AA
Methionine encoded by single Codon AUG
Codon AUG start message for ribosome
Initiation of protein translation from mRNA
Methionine incorporated at N-terminal position of all proteins (Biol Cell 95 : 169–78, 2003)
Methionine and meat production
Dietary methionine in broiler chickens
Breast muscle yield
Abdominal fat pad
(Poult Sci 83, 1307–1313, 2004)
Methionine and protein expression
Dietary methionine in broiler chickens
Pectoralis muscle yield
Citrate cycle and calcium
(Poult Sci 91, 2548–2555, 2012)
Actin cytoskeleton
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis signaling
Differently regulated by LM and HM fed chickens Sarcoplasmic hypertrophy
Raising broilers at high temperature
Requirement for total sulfur amino acids
(R Bras Zootec, 34:2399-2407, 2005; 35:497-503, 2006)
(Sulfur amino acids = methionine and cystine)
High temperature exposure
High dietary methionine
Cellular and humoral immune response
Total serum protein
Blood albumen and globulin
Antibody response to Newcastle disease
Serum aspartate aminotransferase
Serum alanine aminotransferase
(Br Poult Sci 41:83-88, 2000; Int J Poult Sci, 4:856-865, 2005)
Methionine and immune system
Methionine and intestinal health
Dietary methionine in broiler chickens
Clostridium perfringes
Risk of necrotic enteritis
(Poult Sci 86:2358-2366, 2007)
Methionine and IBD
Dietary methionine in broiler chickens
Bursa lesion score
Immune response
(Poult Sci 91:2173-2182, 2012)
Mitochondrial bioenergetics and ROS production
CPT-II
CoA-SH
Carnitine
R C
O
S-CoA
R C
O
Carnitine
R C
O
Carnitine
Carnitine
R C
O
S-CoA
CoA-SH
2-enoyl-CoA
3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA
3-Ketoacyl-CoA
Chain shortened acyl-CoA Acetyl-CoA
CoA
LCAD
3HADH Oxaloacetate
Citrate
CS
IMM
ADP+Pi ATP
H+
Uncoupling
Oxidative phosphorylation
H+
NADH
NAD+
FADH2
FAD
H+ H+ H+
Matrix
F1
Fo
ATPase
H+
O2 O2
.-
-e
Superoxide production
-e -e
CPT-I
II III IV
Cyt C
Q
e- I e- e-
UCP ANT
Antioxidant defense system created by cyclic oxidation and reduction of methionine residues
(FASEB J 23: 464-472, 2009)
Methionine-sulfoxide
reductase
Thioredoxin Thioredoxin reductase
Met res idues in prote ins can provide antioxidant defense through recycling pathway
Protein
Protein
MSRred
MSRox
TRXox
TRXred
TRXRred
TRXRox
MetO
Met
S S
SH
SH
S S
SH
SH
S S
SH
SH
NADPH
ROS
Antioxidant defense Egg yolk of breeding hens supplemented with methionine
(Poult Sci 89: 931-937, 2010)
Egg albumen of breeding hens supplemented with methionine
Methionine requirement of broiler chicken Strain Stage Methionine (%) TSAA (%)
Total Digest Total Digest
Arbor-Acre plus Starter 0.51 0.47 1.07 0.94
Grower 0.45 0.42 0.95 0.84
Finisher 1 0.40 0.37 0.83 0.73
Finisher 2 0.38 0.35 0.79 0.69
Cobb Starter 0.56 0.50 0.98 0.86
Grower 0.53 0.48 0.96 0.84
Finisher 1 0.48 0.43 0.88 0.77
Finisher 2 0.44 0.40 0.80 0.70
Hubbard Starter 0.60 0.54 1.05 0.90
Grower 0.54 0.47 0.98 0.85
Finisher 0.50 0.44 0.90 0.78
ROSS 308 Starter 0.51 0.47 1.07 0.94
Grower 0.45 0.42 0.95 0.84
Finisher 0.41 0.38 0.86 0.76
Conclusion
Methionine is required for growth, production, health
and protection against internal and external stresses
Methionine is dietary essential AA and its
distribution varies with feed ingredients
Methionine metabolism is different for DLM and
HMTB
Methionine is essentially required for protein
synthesis, immunity and biological functions
Methionine protects against environmental,
disease and oxidative stresses