Recent Decisions inTechnologies for

Sustainable Development

Edited byA. Ghurri

N.P.G. SuardanaN.N. Pujianiki

I.N. Arya ThanayaA.A. Diah Parami Dewi

I.N. BudiarsaI.W. Widhiada

I.P. Agung BayupatiI.N. Satya Kumara

Recent Decisions inTechnologies for Sustainable

Development

Selected, peer reviewed papers from the3rd International Conference on

Sustainable Technology Development(ICSTD 2014),

October 30-31, 2014, Bali, Indonesia

Edited by

A. Ghurri, N.P.G. Suardana, N. N. Pujianiki,I. N. Arya Thanaya, A.A. Diah Parami Dewi,

I. N. Budiarsa, I. W. Widhiada,I. P. Agung Bayupati and I.N. Satya Kumara

Copyright 2015 Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland

All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this publication may be reproduced ortransmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of thepublisher.

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Preface

This volume was selected from papers presented at the 3rd International Conference on

Sustainable Technology Development (ICSTD Bali 2014), which have been held in Udayana

University Bali during October 30-31, 2014. The conference was organized by Faculty of Engineering,

University of Udayana Bali Indonesia. This conference covered wide range of engineering issues

toward the achievement of sustainablility.

In order to meet high standard of Applied Mechanics and Materials, the organization committee

has made their efforts to do the following things. Firstly, all submitted papers have been reviewed by 2

anonymous expert reviewers, poor quality papers have been rejected after reviewing. Secondly,

periodically review meetings have been held around the reviewers about three times for exchanging

reviewing suggestions. Finally, the conference organization had several preliminary sessions before the

conference. Through efforts of the scientific committee and Editors team, the volume will be the best

collected papers.

We would like to thank the Faculty of Engineering, University of Udayana, the member of

organizing and scientific committees, and also to TTP publisher.

Editors

Ainul Ghurri

N.P.G. Suardana

Ni Nyoman Pujianiki

I Nyoman Arya Thanaya

A.A. Diah Parami Dewi

I Nyoman Budiarsa

I Wayan Widhiada

I Putu Agung Bayupati

I.N. Satya Kumara

Table of Contents

Preface

Chapter 1: Technologies of Sustainable Development in CivilEngineering, Transportation and Urban Planning

Sustainable Development of Concrete Using GGBS: Effect of Curing Temperatures on theStrength Development of ConcreteG. Turu'allo 3Properties of Sand Sheet Asphalt Mixture Incorporating Waste PlasticI.N.A. Thanaya, I.G.R. Purbanto and I.G. Wikarga 9Asphalt Pavement Temperature Profile for Tropical Climate in IndonesiaI.M.A. Ariawan, B.S. Subagio and B.H. Setiadji 17The Development of Slurry Seal Design with Ordinary Portland Cement Replacement byLow Calcium Fly AshA. Setyawan, D. Sarwono and M.S. Adnan 24The Structural Properties Assessment of Thin Hot Mixture Asphalt for PavementPreservationA. Setyawan, A.H. Mustafa Elshawesh and S. As'ad 30Mechanical Strength of Hydraulic Binder Made by Blending Type I Portland Cement andPozzolanI.M.A.K. Salain 36Laboratory Tests on Failure of Retaining Walls Caused by Sinusoidal LoadA.M. Hidayati, R.W. Sri Prabandiyani and I.W. Redana 41Deformation Behavior of Concrete due to the Influence of the Steel Ring Width Variationsas the External ConfinementE. Safitri, I. Imran, Nuroji and S. Asa'ad 47Evaluation of High Grade Recycled Coarse Aggregate Concrete Quality Using Non-Destructive Testing TechniqueN.N. Kencanawati, J. Fajrin, B. Anshari, Akmaluddin and M. Shigeishi 53Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Bolted Bamboo Joints without Void FilledMaterialG.M. Oka, A. Triwiyono, A. Awaludin and S. Siswosukarto 59The Significant Importance to Measure Road SafetyS.A. Caroline 66Accessibility to Location of Activities in Denpasar City, Bali-IndonesiaP.A. Suthanaya 74Travel Time Estimation Based on Spot Speed with Instantaneous and Time Slice ModelA.M.H. Mahmudah, A. Budiarto and S.J. Legowo 80Port Location Selection Model: Case Study of Tourism Sector in BaliR.M.N. Budiartha, T. Achmadi and D. Manfaat 87Determining Passenger Car Equivalent for Motorcycle at Mid-Block of Sesetan RoadI.G.R. Purbanto 95Readiness Criteria: Indonesias’ New Initiative to Ensure Sustainable Development ProgramA. Merthayasa 101Conceptual Framework of Bidding Strategy in Order to Improve Construction ProjectPerformanceI.N.Y. Astana, H.A. Rusdi and M.A. Wibowo 108The Conceptual Framework of Design Change Effects in Some Project Delivery SystemsA.A.G.A. Yana, H.A. Rusdi and M.A. Wibowo 114An Identification of Construction Project Overheads for Sustainable Cost Management andControlling Practices (CMCPs)N.M. Jaya and A. Frederika 121Risk Analyses for Riau Regional Water Supply Projects (SPAM), IndonesiaA. Sandhyavitri 127

b Recent Decisions in Technologies for Sustainable Development

S. Purnawan, I.W. Sukania and L. Widodo

Chapter 2: Materials and Technologies for a Sustainable Development

169

The Property and Applicability to Auto Industry of Natural Fiber Reinforced CompositesR.H. Hu, Z.G. Ma, S. Zheng, C.L. Zheng and A.J. Jiang 179Fracture Parameters of Short Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polycarbonate CompositeFabricated by Injection Molding ProcessM.G. Hwang, G.H. Kim, H.J. Park, Y.G. Lee, C.M. Yang, J.K. Lim and H.Y. Kang 186Effect of Polar Extract of Cocoa Peels Inhibitor on Mechanical Properties andMicrostructure of Mild Steel Exposed in Hydrocloric AcidGunawarman, Y. Yetri, Emriadi, N. Jamarun, Ken-Cho, M. Nakai and M. Niinomi 193Hardness Distribution and Effective Case Depth of Low Carbon Steel after PackCarburizing Process under Different CarburizerD.N.K.P. Negara, I.D.M.K. Muku, I.K.G. Sugita, I.M. Astika, I.W. Mustika and D.G.R. Prasetya 201The Effect of Solidification on Acoustical of Tin Bronze 20Sn AlloyI.K.G. Sugita and I.G.N. Priambadi 208Morphological Analyses and Crystalline Structures of Anodic TiO2 Thin Film on Ti6Al4VAlloy Using Phosphate and Calcium Containing Electrolyte under Different Voltage andCalcium MolarityI.N.G. Antara, K.I.M. Gatot, I.M. Budiana and D.K. Choi 215Determination of Optimal Clinker Factor in Cement Production by Chemical GrindingAids AdditionT. Eryanto and E. Amrina 223Wear of Carbon Steel (0.65%C) in Rolling-Sliding Contact with Creep RatioM. Widiyarta, T.G.T. Nindhia and H. Mudiastrawan 229Hardness Prediction Based on P-h Curves and Inverse Material Parameters EstimationI.N. Budiarsa 233The Influence of Austenisation Temperature and Holding Time on Mechanical Properties,Scale Thickness, and Microstructure in Alloy SteelA. Aziz, M. Hidayat and I. Hardiyanti 239Hardness, Density and Porosity of Al/(SiCw+Al2O3p) Composite by Powder MetallurgyProcess without and with SinteringK. Suarsana and R. Soenoko 246Development of Fiberglass Woven Roving Composite as an Alternative Material for theHull of Fishing BoatWinarto, W. Eddy, R. Liza and H. Syamsul 253Tensile Strength of Banana Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites MaterialsA.P. Irawan and I.W. Sukania 260Green Composites Based on Recycled Plastic Reinforced Local Sisal FibersN.P.G. Suardana, N.M. Suaniti and I.P. Lokantara 264Cement Bonded Sol-Gel TiO2 Powder Photocatalysis for Phenol RemovalN. Hafizah and I. Sopyan 271

Modeling Discharge of the Bangga Watershed under Climate ChangeI.W. Sutapa, M. Bisri, Rispiningtati and L. Montarcih 133Water Resources Management of Subak Irrigation System in BaliI.N. Norken, I.K. Suputra and I.G.N.K. Arsana 139Study of the Evolution of Sanur Beach Nourishment Project for Beach EnhancementI.G.B.S. Dharma and S.S. Efendi 145Numerical Simulation of Breaking Waves in a Wave Group by SPHN.N. Pujianiki 151The Study on Bore Piles Foundation of the Reinforced Concrete Arch Bridge Beams ofTukad Pekerisan and Tukad PenetI.N. Sutarja and I.W. Wayan Redana 157The Importance of the Physical Boundary Line onBali Coastal Tourist ResortsA. Rajendra, N. Temple and R. Nicholls 163Comparative Analysis of Traditional House at Taman Mini Indonesia Indah with ModernHouse

I.N.S. Winaya, R.S. Hartati, I.P. Lokantara, I.G. Subawa and I.M.A. Putrawan

Chapter 3: Advanced Decisions in Mechanical Engineering

300

Magnetic Camera and its Applications in Aging Aircraft, Express Train and Pipelines forGreen TechnologyJ.Y. Lee and J.M. Kim 309Buckling Analysis on Pechiko Field of Fixed Offshore Platform in Makassar StraitM.Z.M. Alie, Y.R. Palentek and D.G. Sesa 313Simulation of a Differential-Drive Wheeled Mobile Lego Robot Mindstorms NXTI.W. Widhiada, C.G.I. Partha and Y.A.P. Wayan Reza 319Design and Simulation of Five Fingers Gripper for Dexterous Pick-Up Various ofComponentsI.W. Widhiada, E. Pitowarno, C.G.I. Partha and Y.A.P. Wayan Reza 325Tar Balls Collector for Mechanical Recovery in Combating Oil Spill on the MarineEnvironmentC.P. Mahandari, M. Yamin and D.S.A. Asandi 331Three Wheel Bike as Physical Therapy Equipment for Post-Stroke PatientI.M.L. Batan, Rodika and M. Riva'i 337Geometric Progression Application in Design Transmission Gear RatioA.A.I.A.S. Komaladewi, I.G.A.K. Suriadi and I.K.A. Atmika 343Role of Risk Management in Effective MaintenanceH.A. Yuniarto and P.F. Paristiawati 349Redesign Combustion Air Shelter of the Furnace to Improve the Performance in MeltingBronze for Manufacturing GamelanI.G.N. Priambadi, I.K.G. Sugita, A.A.I.A.S. Komaladewi, K. Astawa and I.W.B. Adnyana 355Model of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emission from Motorcycle to the Manufactures, EngineDisplacement, Service Life and Travel SpeedA.M. Mulyadi and S. Gunarta 361Experimental Study of Heat Transfer Characteristics of Condensed Flow on the VerticalWave PlatesW.H. Piarah and Z. Djafar 371Forces Analysis on a Spherical Shaped Delivery Valve of Hydram PumpM. Suarda 377The Influence of Distance Variation between Rings with Sloping Position on the CylinderSurface to Drag CoefficientS.P.G.G. Tista, A. Ghurri and H. Wijaksana 384Auto PID Tuning of Speed Control of DC Motor Using Particle Swarm Optimization Basedon FPGAH. Tayara, D.J. Lee and K.T. Chong 390Mobile Robot Motion Planning to Avoid Obstacle Using Modified Ant Colony OptimizationN. Habib, A. Soeprijanto, D. Purwanto and M.H. Purnomo 396Mobile Robot Motion Control Using Laguerre-Based Model Predictive ControlM. Chipofya, D.J. Lee and K.T. Chong 403

Chapter 4: Application of Alternative Energy and InformationTechnologies

Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 776 c

Review on Zn-Based Alloys as Potential Biodegradable Medical Devices MaterialsM.S. Dambatta, D. Kurniawan, S. Izman, B. Yahaya and H. Hermawan 277Bone Implant Materials from Eggshell WasteI. Sopyan 282Boiling Phenomenon of Tabulate Biomaterial Wick Heat PipeW.N. Septiadi and N. Putra 289Fluidization Characteristic of Sewage Sludge ParticlesI.N.S. Winaya, R.S. Hartati and I.N.G. Sujana 294Design of Fluidized Bed Co-Gasifier of Coal and Wastes Fuels

d Recent Decisions in Technologies for Sustainable Development

Experimental Investigation of Micro-Hydro Waterwheel Models to Determine OptimalEfficiencyL. Jasa, A. Priyadi and M.H. Purnomo 413Understanding Peak Average Power Ratio in VFFT-OFDM SystemsN.M.A.E.D. Wirastuti 419Fusing Multiple Inexpensive GPS Heading Data via Fuzzified Ad-Hoc WeighingF.P. Vista IV, D.J. Lee and K.T. Chong 425Tree Data Structure Implementation in Android Base System of E-UlambebantenanA.A.K.O. Sudana and A.A.G. Brampramana Putra 431Design and Implementation of Web-Based Geographic Information Systems on MappingHindu’s TempleN. Piarsa and K. Adi Purnawan 437Improving Biogas Quality through Circulated Water Scrubbing MethodH.S. Tira, Y.A. Padang, Mirmanto and Hendriono 443Study on Solar Generating Apparatus for Solving Problem of ShadowJ.W. Chang, S.S. Kim, J.K. Lim and J.J. Lee 449An Experimental Study on the Thickness of Stainless Steel as an Electrode in Alkaline FuelCellM. Sucipta, I.M. Suardamana, I.K.G. Sugita, M. Suarda and K. Astawa 455Transient Thermal Efficiency of Natural Hybrid Dryer System on Chimney HeightVariation of Exhaust Moist AirM.R. Murti and C.W. Park 461

CHAPTER 1:

Technologies of Sustainable Development in CivilEngineering, Transportation and Urban Planning

CHAPTER 2:

Materials and Technologies for a SustainableDevelopment

Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol 776 (2015) pp 208-214 Submitted: 2015-02-19© (2015) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland Accepted: 2015-04-10doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.776.208

The Effect of Solidification on Acoustical of Tin Bronze 20Sn Alloy

I Ketut Gede Sugita 1,a, I G. N.Priambadi 2,b

1.2 Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Udayana Universityasgita_03@yahoo.com , bpriambadi.ngurah@yahoo.com

Keywords: tin bronze, dendrite, acoustical, SDAS, solidfication rate

Abstract. This study was designed to determine the effect of the solidification rate on the acousticproperties of the bronze alloy of 20% wt. Sn. Copper and commercially pure tin is melted in afurnace to a temperature 1000, 1100 and 1200⁰C. The melted metal is poured into molds variationtemperature of 200, 300 and 400⁰C. Materials castings were cut and machined for specimendamping capacity test.

The results showed that the reduction in mold temperature leads to an increase solidificationrate, which causes the shortness of the solidification time. The variation of the solidification rateaffects on the morphology of the microstructure and acoustical properties of the material. Byincreasing the solidification rate influence on the secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS)decreases. It causes the material hardness increases and the damping capacity of material decreases.There is a significant correlation between the material hardness and the damping capacity ofmaterials.

Introduction

Tin bronze with a composition of 87.5-80% Cu-20-22.5% Sn are generally used for musicaltraditional materials such as bell, gamelan. It is because these alloys have good mechanicalproperties, are stable in room temperature conditions, and have good acoustical characteristics thatcan produce long sound (low damping vibration ) [1,2]. Commonly, the products are made ofbronze musical instruments such as gongs, bells, made by casting process.

One of the important parameters in the casting process is the process of solidification. It is aprocess of change in the liquid phase to the solid phase. The solidification rate is influenced by thetemperature gradient of the liquid metal with the mold temperature. Preheating the metal mold aimsto avoid sudden temperature changes (temperature shock). Initial temperature of the mold that hasbeen studied is the temperature of 450-500 ⁰C [3], 300-400 ⁰C temperature [4]. Mold preheating(300-400⁰C) on the gravity casting and high pressure can increase the fluidity. Campbell [4], statesthat when the use of mold temperature approaching the the molten metal temperature, the fluidity ofalloy will be unlimited. The increased temperature lowers the nucleation rate and the cooling rate. Itincreases the grain size and DAS [5]. Solididification rate also affects the form of the solidificationof dendrite tip radius. The higher the cooling rate, the more refined microstructure is formed, andthe pointy end of the dendrite is formed [6].

Related to this, there were several studies which have been conducted, such as: solidificationbinary alloy system [7], solidification bronze alloy Cu-8% Sn [8], Cu-Sn peritectic alloy [9] and theevolution of structure in the Cu-Sn alloy [10]. The solidification rate affects the micro structuressuch as grain size and dendrite arm spacing (DAS). Changes on microstructure form directly affecton the mechanical and acoustical properties of material castings.

Up to the present time, the studies on the influence of solidification of the acousticalproperties of tin bronze material for musical instruments (gamelan) has not been widely studied.This study examines the effect of solidification rate on the microstructure and properties ofparticular acoustic damping capacity.

Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 776 209

Experimental Procedure

Alloy used in this study is tin bronze 20 Sn. The chemical composition of the alloy isshown in Table 1. The pure commercial alloys are melted in a crucible furnace until the temperatureof 1000, 1100 and 1200⁰C variations. Metal that has been melted is poured in the mold with a sizeof 250x55x15 mm. Mold is preheated at temperatures of 200, 300 and 400⁰C. Billet castings werecut and machined. This is done for testing hardness and damping capacity specimens. Set-up ofdamping capacity measurement refers to ASTME1876-01 standards [11], it shown in Figure 1. Thecalculations of damping capacity use the method of logarithmic decrement. The damping capacitywas determined under simply supported free vibration bending model. The logarithmic decrementδ, derived from the amplitude decay of specimen under free vibration, is given by [8].

1 A δ = ln i

n Ai+n

(1)

Where Ai and Ai+n are the amplitudes of the i th cycle and the (i + n) th cycle, by n periods ofoscillation.

Table 1 Chemical composition of alloy

Composition Chemical Composition wt%Cu Sn Si Pb Zn Mn S As

Cu-20%Sn 79.18 19.1 - 1.18 0.505 0.0008 0.014 0.055

Figure 1. Set-up of damping capacity test

Results

Solidification Characteristics

Figure 2 shows the solidification characteristics of tin bronze 20 Sn alloy on the variation ofthe mold temperature. The initial mold temperature varies at each temperature casting process, theyare 200, 300 and 400⁰C. Pouring and molding temperature variation affects the solidification ratecurve. The solidification rate on the use of molding temperature of 200⁰C is 13.112⁰C/s, the highestone compared with the use of the molding temperature of 400⁰C that is 7.722⁰C/s. The higher thesolidification rate, the shorter time required in a complete solidification in comparison with a lowersolidification rate.

210 Recent Decisions in Technologies for Sustainable Development

Figure 2. The effect of molds temperature on solidification of bronze 20Sn

The resullt of metallographic studies show that variation solidification rate have affectedmicrostructure form forming. Figure 3 a-c shows the microstructure of bronze alloy of 20% wt. Sndue to solidification rate. The relatively tip dendrite shape is occurred at the solidification rate of13.112⁰C/s (Figure 4a), and then it is getting spherical and bigger in accordance with the decreaseof solidification rate (Figure 3b-c). There is no change phase that occurs due to the differences inthe cooling rate. The relationship of the secondary dendrite arm spacing size (SDAS) and thesolidification rate is shown in Figure 4. The Size SDAS is getting decreases in accordance with theincrease of solidification rate.

Figure 3. Microstructure of alloy on ssolidification rate variationsa) 13.112 ⁰C/s, b) 10.206 ⁰C/s and c) 7.722 ⁰C/s.

(magnification 200x)

Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 776 211

Figure 4. SDAS as a function of cooling rate

Relationship of cooling rate on VHN.

Figure 3 shows that the hardness of material (VHN) characteristic increases as withsolidification rate increases, eventhough has the opposite relationship with SDAS. The faster thecooling rate in the solidfication process affects on finer the grain structure and the structure is moredense. Material hardness is correlated with the density of a material.

Figure 5. VHN as a function of cooling rate

Relationship of cooling rate on damping capacity

Damping capacity is a measure of a material's ability to release energy during theirvibration. Low damping capacity means the ability of the alloy to release mechanical energy/lowvibration is characterized by the length of vibration. The materials having lower damping capacityvibrates longer than those of having higher damping capacity. Figure 6 shows the relationship ofcooling rate with the damping capacity of tin bronze. The damping capacity of materials decreasedalong with the increase of the cooling rate casting process.

Figure 6. Damping capacity as a function of cooling rate

212 Recent Decisions in Technologies for Sustainable Development

Relationship of VHN on damping capacity

Figure 7. Damping capacity as a function of VHN

Figure 7 shows the relationship of material hardness (VHN) with the damping capacity oftin bronze. The hardness of materials has a direct impact on the acoustic properties of the material,especially the damping capacity of the material. The harder the materials, the lower the dampingcapacity will be.

Casting defects

a. Shrinkage porosity

b. Gas porosityFigure 8 SEM micrographs of casting defects

Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 776 213

Casting process produces multiple defects in the form of casting defects such as gasporosity and shrinkage porosity. Porosity is caused by two sources: shrinkage during solidificationand trapped gas. Alloys generally have higher densities in the solid state compared to the liquidstate, forming dendrite defects in the solidification interface called the shrinkage porosity (Figure8a). Feeding casting process resulting turbulent flow can trap gases in liquids to form gas porosity.The casting process on tin bronze alloy is also having defective castings such as gas porosity andshrinkage porosity, as shown in Figure 8 b.

Discussion

The difference molds temperature rate were affected by variation of gradient temperaturebetween molten metal and mold temperature. The higher temperature difference between the liquidmetal with the mold temperature, the more speed of the solidification rate. The solidification rate isinfluenced by the variations in the temperature gradient between the molten metal to the moldtemperature. The difference in the solidification rate affects on the shape of the resultingmicrostructure. The size of SDAS tends to decrease in accordance with the increase of thesolidification rate. It is caused by the less time available diffusion of nucliation [11,4]. During thesolidification process the mold temperature increases due to heat transfer from the molten metal intothe mold. Mold absorbs the heat released by the molten metal, then heat is released into thesurrounding environment. Heat mold increasing temperature gradient will decrease the liquid metalwith the interface, so that the solidification rate is inhibited. This causes the longer time needed fora complete solidification. The larger dendrite shape is occurred on the lower speed of solidificationrate. Research on the solidification rate of the material of no bronze is also observed that thevariation in the form of dendrite structure is influenced by variations in the speed of thesolidification of the wall into the mold until the mold. [3,13]. Solidification rate also affects theform of dendrite tip radius. The higher the cooling rate, the more subtle microstructure formed, thesmaller SDAS, and the more pointed dendrite tip radius will be (6,13,14 and 15]. The smallerSDAS are formed and the harder the properties of the material hardness. The high solidification rateproduces hardness of materials better than that of low rate of solidification. Finer structures areformed at a high solidification rate. These will form many grain boundaries which can inhibit themovement of dislocations. Therefore, the alloy strength increases [16].

Damping capacity is the ability of the materials to release elastic energy when the alloy isgetting impulse vibration. According to De Silvia [16] internal damping of material is influenced bymicrostructural defects such as grain boundaries and impurities. Porosity is caused by two sources,namely: shrinkage defect and gas trapped during solidification. Alloys generally have higherdensities in the solid state compared to the liquid state so that the shrinkage porosity formed onsolidification. Turbulent flow of molten metal during casting processes impact to trapping gases andform porosity defect. Shape defects also occur due to shrinkage between the dendrite tips will causeholes (voids) in the material. Void defects influence on the increase in the damping capacity ofmaterial [17]. The increase in material damping capacity is caused by the vibrations that propagatein the the material is absorbed by some porosity of material.

Conclusions

Research on the effect of solidification rate on the acoustic bronze material has been done sothat conclusions can be drawn. Pouring temperatures and temperature mold castings variation whichare used in the casting process affects the rate of solidification. The solidification rate affects theresulted microstructure (SDAS). The difference in the generated microstructure due to variations inthe solidification rate affects the hardness and damping capacity of the material. The finer and thesmaller of microstructure shape effects on the increase of materila hardness. The increase inhardness material affects on the decrease in damping capacity of material bronze.

214 Recent Decisions in Technologies for Sustainable Development

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[9] Kohler, F., Germond L, Wagniere J-D., Rappaz M., Peritectic Solidification of Cu–Sn Alloys:Microstructural Competition at Low Speed, Acta Materialia 57 (2008) 56–68.

[10] Zhao, Y., Bian, X., Qin, J, Qin, X., Hou, X., Structural Evolution in the Solidification Processof Cu–Sn Alloys Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 353 (2007), 4845–4848.

[11] ASTM, E 1876-01, Standard Test Method for Dynamic Young, Shear Modulus, and Poisson’sRatio by Impulse Excitation of vibration, ASTM International, 2002.

[12] Halvaee, A. and Talebi, A., Effect of Process Variables on Microstructure and Segregation inCentrifugal Casting of C92200 Alloy, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 118 (2001)123–127.

[13] Hemanth, J., Effect of Cooling Rate on Dendrite Arm Spacing (DAS), Eutectic Cell Count(ECC) and Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) of Austempered Chilled Ductile iron, Materialsand Design 21 (2000) 1-8.

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[17] De Silva Clarence W,Vibration Fundamental and Practice, Boca Raton London, CRC Press,2000.