Recent Development in Space

Cheng-I ChenPresentation at GWS

August 4, 2012

Outline

• Introduction• US Space Program• Space Stations and ISS• Space Transportation after Space Shuttle• Mars and Moon Exploration• Chinese Development• Rocket and Satellite Program of North Korean• Recent Development of NSPO (credit NSPO)

Education Development in 50 years

Key US Space AgenciesIt is more than NASA

NASA

Department of DefenseUSAF Space CommandOther Military Services (Navy and Army) National Security Agency (SIGNAT signal intelligence) NGA (National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency)

Department of CommerceNOAA

National Weather ServiceNational Envir Satellite, Data, and Information Service

NRO National Reconnaissance Office ( DoD and CIA)

Others –NSF, FAA, etc …

NASA’s Main Missions• Aeronautics Research

– Air Transportation– Air Traffic Control– Aeronautics Test

• Science– Earth– Heliophysics– Planets– Astropysics

• Human Exploration and Operations– ISS– Space Communication and Navigation– Launch Service– Commercial Space Transportation– Exploration System Development– Advanced Exploration Systems– Space Life Science Research and Application

Space Stations and ISS

Salyut 7 Space Station

Skylab Space Station

MIR Space Station

International Space Station (1)• Cooperative Program among USA, Russia, ESA,

Japan, and Canada• First Russian Module ‘Zarya’ launched in

November, 1998• Total of 15 pressured modules (US-7,Russia-5,

Japan-2, ESA-1) in ISS now• One more Russian module (MLM) is planned for

2013• Partners agreed to extend the life from 2015 to

2020

International Space Station(after STS-134 mission; Credit: NASA)

International Space Station (2)

• Life in ISS– Accommodate 6 astronauts normally– Expedition 32 crew are in residence now– Typical duty is 6 months in space

• AMS-2 was added by Space Shuttle flight STS-134 in May 2011

• Russia plans to use some of its ISS modules for the next generation space station OPSEK.

• Other modules are not planned to be reused.

Space Transportation

• Serve the need of reaching space• Provide means of transportation

between the earth and space stations• Requirements and Design are Different for Crew and Cargo Transportation

Space Shuttle• The first reusable spacecraft launched April 12, 1981

with Columbia.• NASA has lost Columbia and Challenger in fatal

disasters. • Three others (Discovery, Atlantis and Endeavour)

retired in 2011. • The Soviets developed their own reusable craft, Buran• Buran flew only once, on November 15, 1988, when it

spent 3.5 hours in space, orbited the earth twice, and landed, all under remote control

Space Shuttle

• US Space Shuttle (year 1981-2011)• Six shuttles were built (1 test 5

operations)• Total of Missions : 135 mission (plus 6

test flights of Enterprise)• Oribital Weight : 78 tons• Crew Capacity - 7• Cargo Capacity - 24.4 tons• • Russia(Burun), ESA, and Japan all terminated their

shuttle programs before completion

Space Development in the past 50 years

US Commercial Space Transportation

• US Gov’t turns to commercial space transportation after Shuttle• Major programs:

– Space X Falcon 9 and Space Dragon

– OSC/Thales Alenia Space Antares and Cygnus

– Lockheed Martin-led Team Delta IV and Orion

• Other Programs– Virgin Galactic SpaceShip Two (suborbital flight for tourists)– Bigelow Orion Lite– Sierra Nevada Dream Chaser– Blue Origin New Sheppard– Boeing CST-100

View from the International Space Station of the SpaceX Dragon spacecraft as the station's robotic arm moves Dragon

into place for attachment to the station. May 25, 2012. Photo: NASA

SpaceX’s Space Dragon• Successful demonstration flight in May 2012• Fully autonomous rendezvous and docking (with manual

override capability in crewed configuration )• 6,000 kg (13,228 lbs) payload up-mass to LEO; 3,000 kg (6,614

lbs) payload down-mass • Payload Volume: 10 m3 (350 ft3) pressurized, 14 m3 (490 ft3)

unpressurized • Dragon is 4.4 meters (14.4 feet) tall and 3.66 meters (12 feet)

in diameter. • The trunk is 2.8 meters (9.2 feet) tall and 3.66 meters (12

feet) wide. • Supports up to 7 passengers in Crew configuration

Major Components of Space Dragon (credit SpaceX)

Non-US Space Vehicles

• Russian Spacecraft• Soyuz• Progress• PPTS and Advanced Crew Vehicles (in development)• ESA• ATV• CSTS and ACTS (in development)• Japan• HTV• China• Shunzhou• India• ISRO Orbital Vehicle (in development)

Recent Mars Exploration

• US– MERS-A Sprit Dover(2003-2011)– MERS-B Opportunity Dover(2003-now)– Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (2005-now)– Phoenix (Lander)(2007-2008)– Dawn (Gravity assist to Vesta)(2007-now)

• ESA– Rosetta (Gravity assist enroute to comet

67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko)(2004-now)

Recent Mars Exploration NASA Phoenix

The Phoenix lander descended on Mars on May 25, 2008. Mission scientists used instruments aboard the lander to search for environments suitable for microbial life on Mars, and to research the history of water there.

• The program was a partnership of many US and European Universities and a number of space agencies and aerospace companies

Recent Mars and Asteroid Exploration NASA’s Dawn

It was launched in 2007 toward Mars to get gravity assisted flyby and to orbit around dwarf planet Vesta from July 16, 2011 to August 26, 2012.

The spacecraft will then head to Ceres, which it is scheduled to reach in February 2015.

It is propelled by three xenon ion thrusters and can produce velocity change of 10km/sec

Vesta, Ceres and Earth's Moon with sizes shown to scale

New Mars Exploration NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory

• NASA's MSL, with its Martian rover named "Curiosity", was launched on November 26, 2011 and contains instruments designed to look for past or present conditions relevant to habitability. The Curiosity is scheduled to land on Mars in August 5, 2012 at 10:31 pm PDT

• Cost of Mission: $2.5B

Mars Science LaboratoryLanding of Curiosity

• Cruise Distance: 354 million miles• Distance to Earth: 154 million miles• Communication Delay: 14 minutes• Touch Down Operation: 7 minutes• Touch Down Phase:

– S-Curve Maneuver (13000 mph->900mph)– Parachute (to about 1 mile altitude)– Rocket Burn (slow down to 2 mph)– Hovering ,Spool Cable to lower the Curiosity– Cut Cables

Curiosity's Landing on Mars

Viedo of Curiosity’s Final Arrival

• SHOW VIEDO

Recent Mars Exploration Russia’s Fobos-Grunt Lander

• In September 2011, Roscosmos' Fobos-Grunt lander with sample return was launched.

• It is intended to obtain surface samples from the Martian moon Phobos

• The Fobos-Grunt mission suffered a complete control and communications failure during launch and was left stranded in low Earth orbit and later falling back to Earth.

Recent Mars Exploration CNSA’s Yinghhou 螢火 1

• Launched on November 8, 2011, Yinghou-1 was Chinese first Mars-exploration space probe

• It was launched along with the Russian Fobos-Grunt sample return spacecraft and intended to orbit Mars for around two years,

studying the planet's surface, atmosphere, ionosphere and magnetic field.

• Burns to depart Earth orbit fialed

Future Mar ExplorationNASA’s MAVEN

• Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) is the only currently planned NASA’s future Mars exploration mission

• The planned mission will send a space probe to orbit Mars and study its atmosphere

• It will help determine what caused the atmosphere —and water— to be lost to space

• To be launched in late 2013 and reaches Mars in Fall of 2014

Future Mar ExplorationESA ExoMars 2016-2018

The EAS-led program is originally joined by NASA and Russia

NASA backed out due to funding problemMission 2016 - The Gas Orbiter and EDM LanderMission 2018 – Lander and Rover

ESA ExoMars 2016

• Artist's concept of the ExoMars 2016 spacecraft, which consists of the Trace Gas Orbiter and the Entry, descent and landing Demonstrator Module (EDM).CREDIT: ESA-AOES Medialab

Chinese Space Development

• Overview• Launch Vehicles• Manned Space Program• Chinese Space Station• Moon Exploration• Navigation Satellites

Chinese Space Development Overview

Chinese Space DevelopmentRecent Major Milestone

• October 15, 2003 China‘s 1st Manned Mission Shenzhou-5 • October 12, 2005 Launched 2nd Manned Mission• September 2008 First Space Walk on 3rd Manned Mission• September 2011 Launched Tiangong-1,an Unmanned

Rendezvous Module• November 2011 Completed a docking of the Shenzhou-8 with

the Tiangong 1 by remote control • 2012 June 16 launched Shenzhou-9 with 3 Astronauts to Dock

with Tiangong 1 automatically and manually

Chinese Launch VehiclesLong March Families

Name Status Stages LEO (kg) GTO(kg)• Long March 1 Retired 3 300 -• Long March 1D Retired 3 930 -• Long March 2A Retired 2 1,800 -• Long March 2C Active 2 2,400 -• Long March 2D Active 2 3,100 -• Long March 2E Retired 2 (plus 4 Strap-on boosters) 9,500 3,500• Long March 2E(A) In development2 (plus 4Strap-on boosters) 14,100 -• Long March 2F Active 2 (plus 4Strap-on boosters) 8,400 3,370• Long March 2F/G Active 2 (plus 4 Strap-on boosters) 11,200 N/A• Long March 3 Retired 3 5,000 1,500• Long March 3A Active 3 8,500 2,600• Long March 3B Retired? 3 (plus 4 Strap-on boosters) 12,000 5,100• Long March 3B(A) In development 3 (plus 4Strap-on boosters) 3,000 6,000• Long March 3B/E Active 3 (plus 4 Strap-on boosters) ? 5,500• Long March 3C Active 3 (plus 2 Strap-on boosters) ? 3,800• Long March 4A Retired 3 4,000 (SSO) 1,500• Long March 4B Active 3 4,200 (SSO) 2,200• Long March 4C Active 3 4,200 (SSO) 2,800• Long March 5 In development 3 25,000 14,000• Long March 6 In development 3 (SSO) 500

Long March II-F rocket transported to the launch pad. Image released June 11, 2012.CREDIT: China Manned Space Engineering

Launch History of CZ-2F• Date & Time (GMT)PayloadOutcomeRemarks• 19 November 1999, 22:30Shenzhou 1SuccessFirst unmanned test of the Shenzhou capsule• 9 January 2001, 01:00Shenzhou 2SuccessSecond unmanned test of the Shenzhou capsule,

carried live animals• 25 March 2002, 14:00Shenzhou 3SuccessThird unmanned test of the Shenzhou

capsule.• 29 December 2002, 16:40Shenzhou 4SuccessFinal unmanned test of the Shenzhou capsule.• 15 October 2003, 01:00Shenzhou 5SuccessChina's first manned spaceflight• 12 October 2005, 01:00Shenzhou 6SuccessSecond manned spaceflight, first with two crew

members• 25 September 2008, 13:10Shenzhou 7SuccessThird manned spaceflight, first with three crew

members, first to feature Extra-vehicular activity• 29 September 2011, 13:16Tiangong 1SuccessThe first Chinese space station, with a modified

version of Long March 2F• 31 October 2011, 21:58Shenzhou 8SuccessUnmanned spaceflight to test automatic

rendezvous and docking, with a modified version of Long March 2F• 16 June 2012 18:37 Shenzhou 9Success Manned spaceflight to test automatic and Manual

rendezvous and docking, with a modified version of Long March 2F

CZ-2F (LM-2F)• Function: Man-rated orbital launch vehicle• Manufacturer Country of Origin: China• SizeHeight: 62 meters (203 ft)• Diameter: 3.35 meters (11.0 ft)• Mass: 464,000 kilograms (1,020,000 lb)• Stages: 2• Capacity Payload to LEO: 8,400 kilograms (19,000 lb)• Associated Rockets Family: Long March• Launch History Status: Active• Launch Sites :, JSLC• Total launches:10 Successes: 10• Maiden flight: 19 November 1999

Shenzhou spacecraft

• China’s Shenzhou spacecraft are derived from the three-module Soyuz spacecraft built by Russia. They consist of an orbital module, a crew capsule and a propulsion module. But unlike Russia’s Soyuz, the Shenzhou’s orbital module has its own solar arrays, allowing it to linger in orbit for months after its crew has returned to Earth.

3 Modules of Shenzhou Spacraft

Shenzhou Series • Shenzhou 1 – November 19, 1999 – unmanned test flight• Shenzhou 2 – January 9, 2001 – carried animals• Shenzhou 3 – March 25, 2002 – carried a test dummy• Shenzhou 4 – December 29, 2002 – carried a test dummy and several science

experiments• Shenzhou 5 – October 15, 2003 – 14 Earth orbits carrying Yang Liwei• Shenzhou 6 – October 12, 2005 – five day mission with Fei Junlong and

Nie Haisheng• Shenzhou 7 – September 25, 2008 – three man crew with Zhai Zhigang, Liu Boming

, and Jing Haipeng; spacewalk performed by two crew members• Shenzhou 8 – October 31, 2011 – unmanned mission carrying 2 test dummies,

which rendezvoused and docked with Tiangong-1.• Shenzhou 9 – June 16, 2012 – three-person crew (one female), docked with

Tiangong-1. The spacecraft returned to earth on 29 June 2012 with three crew members appearing in good health.

Photo of the Shenzhou 8 spacecraft undergoing testing earlier in 2011.CREDIT: China Manned Space Engineering Office View full size image

Chinese Space Station

• September 29, 2011, China launched Tianggong 1, later docked with Shenzhou 8 and Shenzhou 9

• Tiangong-2 is scheduled to be launched around 2013. It weights about 20 tons

• Tiangong-3 will be launched around. It weights about 22 tons• Chinese Space Station will consist of one Core Cabin Module

and two Laboratory Cabin Module and weight about 65 tons. It will launch in the 2020-2022 timeframe and and will support three astronauts for long-term habitation. Resupply craft and manned Shenzhou craft will be able to provide needed space transportation

Tiangong 1 and Shenzhou 9

Docking and Berthing

• Technical Issues Related to Berthing & Docking– Orbital Adjustment– Attitude Alignment– Ranging– Approach and Capture– Date Interface

Docking Interface

• Two basic types of docking system– Non-androgynous Docking System (Used by most

earlier Russian System for automatic docking)• Role can not be switched

– Aandrogynous Docking System (Used in more recent system, including international programs)• Active and Passive role can be switched• Allow cascade docking

– Docking Adaptor can be used

Docking Interface

• There are many standard docking interfaces:– Docking Adaptor can be used– There are a lot of plugs for gas and electrical

circuits that must be perfectly aligned," s must also be precisely positioned to be connected

Docking Accident of MIR with Progress in 1997Progress smashed into Solar Panel and wall of Spektr Module during manual docking, causing it to depressured. MIR lost half of its power due to solar panel damage and the pressured module Spetkr containing half of US experiments was also abandoned

Docking of Shenzhou with Tiangong

• Similar to the Russian-designed APAS system, used in Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, the Russian Mir Space Station, and by Space Shuttles visiting ISS

• Shenzhou is the Active Vehicle for docking• Automatic docking is demonstrated in Shenzhou 8

mission and manual docking is performed in Shebzhou 9 with crew on-board

• There are a lot of plugs for gas and electrical circuits that must be perfectly aligned," s must also be precisely positioned to be connected

Viedo of docking

Chinese Lunar Exploration Plan• First phase lunar program (嫦娥 -1) — launched in

2007 with CZ-3A: two lunar orbital probes • Second phase lunar program (嫦娥 -2)— to be

launched in 2012 with CZ-5/E:first Moon landing of a couple of rovers

• Third phase lunar program (嫦娥 -3) — to be launched in 2017 with CZ-5/E: automated Moon landing and return sample

• Fourth phase lunar program (嫦娥 -4) — to be launched in 2024 with CZ-7: crewed mission

Chinese Navigation SatelliteBeidou System

• Total Satellites: 35 (expected in 2020)• Coverage: Asia now and global in 2020• Orbital: High and Medium • Possition Accuracy (civil): 10m• Velocity Accuracy: 0.2m/sec• Timing accuracy: 0.02 msec

North Korean Satellite Launch

• Designation Date Launch Site Payload Remark• Taepodong-2 4 July 2006[1 Tonghae Unknown Failed early in

flight, possibly intended to be suborbital

• Unha-2 5 April 2009 Tonghae Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2 Failed to reach orbit

• Unha-3 13 April 2012 Sohae Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Failed to reach orbit

• Due to the secrecy of North Korea's ballistic missile program, technical details are scarce. According to several analysts the Unha's first stage consists of four clustered Nodong motors, which themselves are enlarged Scud motors. The second stage is supposed to be based on SS-N-6 technology North Korea is known to have acquired. The third and last stage might be identical to the Iranian Safir's second stage which is propelled by two small gimbaled motors. Also North Korea has probably not yet developed a nuclear warhead small enough to be fit on their ballistic missiles.

• History of NASA's annual budget (millions of US dollars)• Year NASA budget (Nominal)(in $Millions) % of Fed Budget

[4][5] 2007 ConstantMillion Dollars 1958 89 0.1% 488 1959 145 0.2% 1,841 1960 401 0.5% 3,205 1961 744 0.9% 6,360 1962 1,257 1.18% 12,221 1963 2,552 2.29% 24,342 1964 4,171 3.52% 33,241 1965 5,092 4.31% 33,514 1966 5,933 4.41% 32,106 1967 5,425 3.45% 29,696 1968 4,722 2.65% 26,139 1969 4,251 2.31% 21,376 1970 3,752 1.92% 18,768 1971 3,382 1.61% 15,717 1972 3,423 1.48% 15,082 1973 3,312 1.35% 14,303 1974 3,255 1.21% 11,494 1975 3,269 0.98% 11,131 1976 3,671 0.99% 11,640 1977 4,002 0.98% 11,658 1978 4,164 0.91% 11,411 1979 4,380 0.87% 11,404 1980 4,959 0.84% 11,668 1981 5,537 0.82% 11,248 1982 6,155 0.83% 11,766 1983 6,853 0.85% 13,051 1984 7,055 0.83% 13,561 1985 7,251 0.77% 13,218 1986 7,403 0.75% 13,421 Year NASA budget (Nominal) % of

Fed Budget[4][5] 2007 Constant

Million Dollars 1987 7,591 0.76% 17,735 1988 9,092 0.85% 14,454 1989 11,036 0.96% 16,734 1990 12,429 0.99% 18,019 1991 13,878 1.05% 19,686 1992 13,961 1.01% 15,310 1993 14,305 1.01% 18,582 1994 13,695 0.94% 18,053 1995 13,378 0.88% 16,915 1996 13,881 0.89% 16,457 1997 14,360 0.90% 15,943 1998 14,194 0.86% 15,521 1999 13,636 0.80% 15,357 2000 13,428 0.75% 14,926 2001 14,095 0.76% 15,427 2002 14,405 0.72% 15,831 2003 14,610 0.68% 16,021 2004 15,152 0.66% 15,559 2005 15,602 0.63% 16,016 2006 15,125 0.57% 16,085 2007 15,861 0.58% 15,861 2008 17,318 0.60% 17,138 2009 [6] 17,782 0.57% 17,186 2010 [7] 18,724 0.52% 17,804 2011 [8] 18,448 0.53% 17,005 2012 (est.) [8] 17,770 0.48% 16,014 2013 (proj.) [8] 17,711 2014 (proj.) [8] 17,711 2015 (proj.) [8] 17,711 Notes: Sources: U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) (needs proper citation-link, numbers here differ from NASA Pocket Statistics),

National GDP in 2004Percent spent on space

• USA 11.8 trillion 0.14% (NASA)• Europe 11.7 trillion 0.03% (not inc. individual

agencies) • Japan 3.7 trillion 0.05%• China 7.3 trillion 0.02% • Russia 1.4 trillion 0.06%• India 3.3 trillion 0.03%• Taiwan (2011) 0.4 Trillion 0.01%

Thank You For Your Attention

SPACE is

The Frontier of Today and Tomorrow