recent developments in the adoption of nano - foster rush
TRANSCRIPT
Foster RushLeading Edge Materials
Technology Consulting
Recent Developments in the Adoption of Nano-
Technology for Electronic Components
Brian C. Foster
Foster RushLeading Edge Materials
Technology Consulting
Outline
• Market Driving Forces
• Major Product Trends
• Synthesis Approaches
• Enabling Materials and Device Development- Barium titanate for high capacitance MLCC devices
- Metal powders for inks and pastes for multilayer structures
- Nano graphine platelets for supercapacitor electrodes
- Nano oxides for filled polymers for embedded capacitors, antennas, tunable filters and phase shifters
• Conclusions
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Market Driving Forces
• Smaller footprint, lower mass & reduced cost with increased functionality and improved reliability- Integration of components into modules with higher circuit density,
decrease in component size
• Broad adoption of HDTV
• Increased functionality in portable devices- SMART phones driving consumer interface
- Touchscreen circuitry
- Netbook
- eReader
• Automotive navigation and entertainment systems- Drive by wire
- Telematics
• Hybrid and electric vehicles- Power electronics
• Energy Storage
• Robotics- Consumer oriented
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Major Product Trends
• Higher operating temperature environments (>150 oC)- Down hole, lighting and automotive applications
- Rated operating performance to 350 oC for selected applications
• Noise suppression and tuning at higher operating frequencies- Faster processor speeds and increased bandwidth
• High voltage transient suppression- HDTV, hybrid vehicle
• Smaller footprint, higher volumetric efficiency- High capacitance MLCC X5R
- Lower impedance at higher operating frequencies
- Embedded passives
• Energy Storage- Supercapacitors
• Cost reduction in components for consumer products- Solid state precursors
- Low cost raw materials
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Nano Technology Research Activity
Source: Semiconductor International, 1/21/2010
Ceramic and metal nano technology research has shown steady
growth over the past decade. Graphene research activity is
replacing CNT.
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Nano Powder Synthesis Approaches
• Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition: carbon nanotubes (CNTs) such as tangled CNTs, short dispersible CNTs,aligned CNTs, functionalized CNTs. A wide variety of inner diameters, outer diameters, lengths, functionalizations and purities are possible.
• Chemical Precipitation/Coprecipitation: single-metal oxides, multi-metal oxides and rare earth oxides.
• Combustion Chemical Vapor Condenstion: Possible materials include numerous ceramics of one or more cations and certain metals.
• Laser Induced Chemical Vapor Deposition: Si, SiC and oxides, with average particle sizes around 10 nm, 50 nm and 100 nm, free from aggregation.
• Microemulsions: oxides and compounds with precise control of small (5-10 nm) average particle size.
• Sol-Gel: narrow particle size range and aggregated nanopowders.
• Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition: metals (average particle size of 25 nm, 60 nm, 80 nm and 120 nm) and silicon, carbides, borides and nitrides (average particle size of 5 nm, 10 nm, 30 nm, 60 nm, 200 nm, 300 nm and 500 nm), purity of 99% or 99.9%.
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Nano Powder Synthesis Approaches
• Plasma Physical Vapor Deposition: vapor temperature less than 3,000 K, resulting in an average particle size of 90-150nm. Purities of 3N, 4N, 5N or higher. Nanoparticles can be solid elements, metal oxides, carbides, nitrides and more, with a special focus on nanoparticles with superior electronic properties.
• Wet Chemistry: metallic nanopowders (W, Mo, Ta, etc.), oxides and carbides. High-pressure wet chemistry also possible for specific phases.
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MLCC High Capacitance Evolution
Source: Samsung Fine Chemical Co., Ltd.
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Oxalate-Derived Barium Titanate
• Synthesis of barium titanate via the thermal decomposition of barium-titanyl-oxalate- BTO formed from various barium precursors and titanium
oxychloride in the presence of oxalic acid
• Traditional processing results in large agglomerates of BTO in the size range >100 microns- Inhomogeneous formation of barium titanate during
decomposition from the center to the surface of the agglomerated crystals
� Poor particle size and morphology control
� Non-uniform Ba:Ti ratio
� Wide distribution of crystallinity (c/a ratio)
• Mechanical milling to reduce aggregated barium titanate to primary particle size detrimental to electrical properties
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Oxalate-Derived Barium Titanate
• New oxalate synthesis approaches have focused on producing nano-sized BTO without agglomeration- Uniformity of Ba & Ti at the atom scale
- Discrete nano BTO that converts to nano barium titanate particles at lower temperatures with a higher degree of tetragonal crystallinity
Source: S. Wada, Univ. of Yamanashi
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Oxalate-Derived Barium Titanate
Source: Samsung Fine Chemical Co., Ltd.
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Microemulsion Synthesis of Barium Titanate
• Formation of barium titanate from barium and titanium precursors in a water-oil emulsion- Stable isotropic dispersion of the aqueous phase in the
continuous oil phase
� Nanosized water droplets
- Precipitation/co-precipitation reaction takes place in the nanosized aqueous domains when droplets containing reactants collide
- Water droplets act as a nanosized reactor for forming nanosized precursor particles
• Low reaction temperature to form crystalline barium titanate (80o C)
• Transparent films can be formed directly from the emulsion
• Ferroelectric behavior below 50 nm grain size
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Microemulsion Synthesis of Barium Titanate
Barium titanate nanoparticles Barium titanate thin film formed
with microemulsion precursor
Source: Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
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Solid State Reaction of Composite Particles
• Low cost alternative to chemical synthesis routes
• Formation of composite particles using chemical coating technique
• Thermally reacted to form single phase material- Lower reaction temperatures, finer particle sizes when
compared to mixtures of nanocrystalline raw materials
- Maximized contact surface between reactants
- Minimization of diffusion distances
Source: Solvay Bario e Derivati
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Nano Metal Powders for Inks and Pastes
• Multiple synthesis approaches to produce particles in the 2-100 nm size range
- Au, Pt, Pd, Ag
- Cu, Ni, Al
• High conductivity and low processing temperatures
- Focus on print electronics, sensors and solar cells
� Compatible with processing on flexible organic films
� Photo curable/sintered
- Wirebond replacement for 3D stacked chip architectures
• Additive to conventional thick film pastes to improve sintered film density
- Lower resistivity films
- Thinner deposition
• Extending the technology to include silicon, dielectric and organic inks for passive and active electronic devices
- Diodes, capacitors, resistors, and transistors
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Nano Metal Powders for Inks and Pastes
Ag nano-particles stabilized in suspension by organic ligand shellsSource: NanoMas Technologies
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Nano Metal Powders for Inks and Pastes
Sintered film density improvement
with the addition of nano Ag
powderSource: NanoMas Technologies
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Nano Graphene Platelets for Electrodes
• Alternative to carbon nanotubes and fibers- Cost effective mass production
- Very high surface area, 2600 m2/g
- High conductivity
• Can be functionalized via surface grafting or polymerization
• Aspect ratios of thickness as low as ~ 0.34 nm and length (width) range of ~ 100 nm to 10 mm
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Nano Graphene Platelets for Electrodes
• Meso-porous nanocomposites based on NGP- NGP coated with conducting polymer or surface functional
groups
- NGP bonded by a conductive binder,coating or matrix material such as a polymeric carbon
- Comprised of a sheet(s) of graphite plane with thickness <10 nm and an average length, width or diameter <500 nm
Source: US patent 7,623,340
Angstron Materials Inc.
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Nano Oxides for Filled Polymers
• Atomization and combustion to form single, bi-metal and multi-metal oxides- Vapor and plasma arc synthesis
• Critical processing issues:- Control and modification of composition
- Particle size and distribution, morphology
- Surface control and dispersibility
- Scalability and cost
Combustion Chemical Vapor Condensation
Source: nGimat Co.
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Nano Oxides for Filled Polymers
• Polymer/ceramic nanocomposites for embedded capacitors- Dielectric thickness <500 nm to maximize capacitance
- Reduction of ESR and ESL compared to SMD producing cleaner wave forms and improved performance during microprocessor switching
- Better management of plane resonances to reduce EMI
- Supports substantial reduction in package and board size
• Filled polymers for antennas, tunable filters and phase shifters- High dielectric permittivity, low dielectric loss, high dielectric
strength, and large nonlinear response to electric field for high frequency microwave applications
� Wide operating frequency range
� Compact
� Lower transmitter power, longer battery life, reduced handset size
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Nano Oxides for Filled Polymers
Nanocomposite thin film coating
on copper foil for printed wiring
board applications
Polymer/ceramic nanocomposite on Pt/Si wafer
Source: nGimat Co.
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Conclusions
• Research and Development activity in nano-technology applicable to electronic components has been steadily increasing
• Reduction to practice in some areas has led to the commercialization of next generation devices
• Scalability and manufacturing cost remain barriers for some synthesis approaches
• Continuous improvement in the functionality of electronic devices and the resulting demands on component miniaturization and integration will drive the next wave of nano technology commercialization