RECIDIVISM STUDY RECIDIVISM STUDY PROPOSALPROPOSAL

MONTGOMERY COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTION AND MONTGOMERY COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTION AND REHABILITATIONREHABILITATION

DETENTION SERVICESDETENTION SERVICES PRE-RELEASE AND REENTRY SERVICESPRE-RELEASE AND REENTRY SERVICES

COUNTY COUNCIL REQUESTCOUNTY COUNCIL REQUESTOngoing reports from the Department Ongoing reports from the Department

of Correction and Rehabilitation of Correction and Rehabilitation (DOCR) indicating:(DOCR) indicating:

Baseline recidivism ratesBaseline recidivism rates Changes in recidivism ratesChanges in recidivism rates Trends in offender populationTrends in offender population Program affects on recidivismProgram affects on recidivism Programs making the biggest Programs making the biggest

difference in offender outcomedifference in offender outcome

LITERATURE REVIEWLITERATURE REVIEW

Two major recidivism studies provided Two major recidivism studies provided answers to questions similar to those answers to questions similar to those asked by the County Council. asked by the County Council.

The methodology used in both studies The methodology used in both studies is possible to replicate in Montgomery is possible to replicate in Montgomery County DOCR.County DOCR.

HAMPDEN COUNTY, HAMPDEN COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTSMASSACHUSETTS

Hampden County Sheriff's Department Hampden County Sheriff's Department administers the Hampden County administers the Hampden County Correctional Center supervising Correctional Center supervising approximately 1800 offenders in various approximately 1800 offenders in various levels of security.levels of security.

They have been conducting an ongoing They have been conducting an ongoing recidivism study since 1998.recidivism study since 1998.

Staff regularly present timely reports on Staff regularly present timely reports on current data and make comparisons with current data and make comparisons with previous data.previous data.

HAMPDEN STUDY (continued)HAMPDEN STUDY (continued)

Population studied: all sentenced Population studied: all sentenced offenders released time served or paroled offenders released time served or paroled from correctional facilities in Hampden from correctional facilities in Hampden County.County.

Data collected:Data collected: Offender demographicsOffender demographics Offense informationOffense information ClassificationClassification Criminogenic risk factorsCriminogenic risk factors Institutional behavior and program participationInstitutional behavior and program participation Criminal historyCriminal history Supervision upon releaseSupervision upon release

HAMPDEN STUDY HAMPDEN STUDY (continued)(continued)

Recidivism defined as:Recidivism defined as: Re-arraignment – any court appearances Re-arraignment – any court appearances

post-releasepost-release

Re-conviction – any guilty finding in a case Re-conviction – any guilty finding in a case in a Massachusetts courtin a Massachusetts court

Re-incarceration – a sentence of any length Re-incarceration – a sentence of any length to a state or county correctional facility in to a state or county correctional facility in the state of Massachusetts for either a new the state of Massachusetts for either a new offense or violation of release conditionsoffense or violation of release conditions

HAMPDEN STUDY HAMPDEN STUDY (continued)(continued)

Data collected on a monthly basis and Data collected on a monthly basis and reported one year and three years post-reported one year and three years post-release.release.

Data analysis revealed trends in offender Data analysis revealed trends in offender characteristics and behavior that were characteristics and behavior that were useful to staff making security, useful to staff making security, classification and programming decisions.classification and programming decisions.

Data also informed Hampden County how Data also informed Hampden County how other agencies such a parole, probation other agencies such a parole, probation and the courts affect the facilities.and the courts affect the facilities.

1994 BUREAU OF JUSTICE 1994 BUREAU OF JUSTICE STATISTICS STUDYSTATISTICS STUDY

Repeated study done in 1983 reviewing Repeated study done in 1983 reviewing releases from prisons in 15 states.releases from prisons in 15 states.

Population studied: sentenced offenders Population studied: sentenced offenders released time served or paroled in 1994 released time served or paroled in 1994 tracked for three years post-release.tracked for three years post-release.

Data elements:Data elements: Offender demographicsOffender demographics Offense typeOffense type Sentence lengthSentence length Amount of time served prior to releaseAmount of time served prior to release Criminal history dataCriminal history data

1994 BUREAU OF JUSTICE 1994 BUREAU OF JUSTICE STATISTICS STUDY STATISTICS STUDY (continued)(continued)

Recidivism defined as:Recidivism defined as:

Re-arrestRe-arrest

Re-convictionRe-conviction

Re-sentence to prisonRe-sentence to prison

Return to prison with or without a Return to prison with or without a new sentence in any state (VOP)new sentence in any state (VOP)

1994 BUREAU OF JUSTICE 1994 BUREAU OF JUSTICE STATISTICS STUDY STATISTICS STUDY (continued)(continued)

Comparisons were made to the previous Comparisons were made to the previous study of prisoners released in 1983. study of prisoners released in 1983.

Highlights of the study include the following:Highlights of the study include the following: 67.5% of the prisoners were re-arrested for a 67.5% of the prisoners were re-arrested for a

new offense new offense 46.9% were re-convicted for a new crime46.9% were re-convicted for a new crime 25.4% were re-sentenced to prison25.4% were re-sentenced to prison 51.8% were back in prison serving time for a new 51.8% were back in prison serving time for a new

prison sentence due to a technical violation of prison sentence due to a technical violation of their releasetheir release88

NATIONAL RECIDIVISM DATANATIONAL RECIDIVISM DATA

It is estimated that approximately It is estimated that approximately two-thirds of individuals released two-thirds of individuals released from prisons and jails in the United from prisons and jails in the United States recidivate within three years.States recidivate within three years.1212

JACKSONVILLE EXPERIENCE IN JACKSONVILLE EXPERIENCE IN RECIDIVISM INTERVENTIONRECIDIVISM INTERVENTION

Many offenders in the criminal justice system are Many offenders in the criminal justice system are Habitual Misdemeanor Offenders (HMO)Habitual Misdemeanor Offenders (HMO) suffering suffering from drug and alcohol problems and mental from drug and alcohol problems and mental health issues.health issues.33

HMOs cost tax payers much to house and feed HMOs cost tax payers much to house and feed them in jail repeatedly without developing skills them in jail repeatedly without developing skills needed to remain outside of the criminal justice needed to remain outside of the criminal justice system.system.33

Offender’s behavior tends to worsen with time Offender’s behavior tends to worsen with time and without appropriate intervention and and without appropriate intervention and treatment.treatment.33

DOCR PROPOSED STUDY DOCR PROPOSED STUDY POPULATIONPOPULATION

All sentenced offenders from the All sentenced offenders from the Montgomery County Detention Center, Montgomery County Detention Center, Montgomery County Correctional Facility, Montgomery County Correctional Facility, and Pre-Release and Reentry Services and Pre-Release and Reentry Services released time served or paroled between released time served or paroled between 1/1/2002 and 12/31/2002 to allow for a 1/1/2002 and 12/31/2002 to allow for a three year follow-up period. three year follow-up period.

Weekenders, transfers to other jurisdictions Weekenders, transfers to other jurisdictions for warrants or detainers, federal, state and for warrants or detainers, federal, state and pre-trial inmates will not be included.pre-trial inmates will not be included.

DATA ELEMENTSDATA ELEMENTS

DemographicsDemographics Prior OffensesPrior Offenses Instant OffenseInstant Offense Post-release supervisionPost-release supervision Offenses post-releaseOffenses post-release

DEFINITION OF RECIDIVISMDEFINITION OF RECIDIVISM Re-arrest - any arrest occurring post-Re-arrest - any arrest occurring post-

releaserelease

Re-conviction – any guilty finding in a Re-conviction – any guilty finding in a case post-releasecase post-release

Re-incarceration – a sentence of any Re-incarceration – a sentence of any length to a state, county or local length to a state, county or local correctional facility for a new offense correctional facility for a new offense or violation of release conditions or violation of release conditions

QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWEREDQUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED

Number of days to re-arrest, re-conviction and re-Number of days to re-arrest, re-conviction and re-incarceration (survival analysis).incarceration (survival analysis).

Do recidivists commit the same offenses? Less Do recidivists commit the same offenses? Less Severe offenses? More severe offenses?Severe offenses? More severe offenses?

Are offenders violating probation or parole (VOP) Are offenders violating probation or parole (VOP) by a new crime or technical violation?by a new crime or technical violation?

Does the length of the sentence in the original Does the length of the sentence in the original offense affect recidivism?offense affect recidivism?

Does offender age, gender or original offense Does offender age, gender or original offense (offense from which released) have any affect on (offense from which released) have any affect on recidivism?recidivism?

QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED (continued)(continued)

Do offenders who commit certain offenses (original Do offenders who commit certain offenses (original offense) recidivate more quickly?offense) recidivate more quickly?

What is the recidivism rate one year post-release? What is the recidivism rate one year post-release?

What is the recidivism rate three years post-What is the recidivism rate three years post-release?release?

Is there a particular group of offenders that recycle Is there a particular group of offenders that recycle through the jail 5 or more times per year (HMO)?through the jail 5 or more times per year (HMO)?

Is there a need to change our business practices to Is there a need to change our business practices to better facilitate a reduction in recidivism?better facilitate a reduction in recidivism?

QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED (continued)(continued)

Have we captured all the data elements we need Have we captured all the data elements we need to include in our Correction and Rehabilitation to include in our Correction and Rehabilitation Information Management System (CRIMS)?Information Management System (CRIMS)?

Can we identify offenders with a high likelihood of Can we identify offenders with a high likelihood of recidivism in the beginning of their incarceration recidivism in the beginning of their incarceration and prioritize them for treatment services and prioritize them for treatment services designed to interrupt their pattern of re-designed to interrupt their pattern of re-offending?offending?

WHAT WORKS TO REDUCE WHAT WORKS TO REDUCE RECIDIVISMRECIDIVISM

Research indicates that programs based on a Research indicates that programs based on a cognitive-behavioral approach focused on altering cognitive-behavioral approach focused on altering thoughts, emotions, and behaviors associated thoughts, emotions, and behaviors associated with drug use and criminal acts are affective in with drug use and criminal acts are affective in reducing recidivism.reducing recidivism.1111

Reentry programs reduce recidivism.Reentry programs reduce recidivism.66

Educational programs, substance abuse and Educational programs, substance abuse and mental health treatment, and employment mental health treatment, and employment assistance lead to lower recidivism.assistance lead to lower recidivism.66

DATA AVAILABILITYDATA AVAILABILITY

At the present time DOCR does not At the present time DOCR does not have automated data on program have automated data on program participation, LSI-R scores and participation, LSI-R scores and disciplinary information for all DOCR disciplinary information for all DOCR inmates.inmates.

CORRECTION AND CORRECTION AND REHABILITATION INFORMATION REHABILITATION INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (CRIMS)MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (CRIMS)

DOCR is currently in the process of DOCR is currently in the process of purchasing a software package and purchasing a software package and developing the CRIMS database. developing the CRIMS database.

Once purchased and in place DOCR will Once purchased and in place DOCR will ensure all operational data elements are ensure all operational data elements are included in the system.included in the system.

CRIMS will allow the regular collection of CRIMS will allow the regular collection of offender data including program offender data including program participation, education, employment, participation, education, employment, disciplinary problems and LSI-R scores. disciplinary problems and LSI-R scores.

CRIMS (continued)CRIMS (continued) DOCR will have the ability to examine LSI-R DOCR will have the ability to examine LSI-R

scores of recidivists to assist with classification scores of recidivists to assist with classification and program placement decisions for future and program placement decisions for future inmates.inmates.

DOCR will have the ability to assess the DOCR will have the ability to assess the differences in recidivism rates of program differences in recidivism rates of program participants versus non-participants.participants versus non-participants.

In addition to a variety of other data elements, In addition to a variety of other data elements, DOCR will have the ability to evaluate the DOCR will have the ability to evaluate the affect of educational and employment affect of educational and employment programs as well as substance abuse and programs as well as substance abuse and mental health treatment on recidivism rates.mental health treatment on recidivism rates.

CRIMS (continued)CRIMS (continued) DOCR will have the ability to evaluate the DOCR will have the ability to evaluate the

affect mental health problems have on affect mental health problems have on recidivism.recidivism.

DOCR will be able to identify the habitual DOCR will be able to identify the habitual misdemeanor offenders at intake and misdemeanor offenders at intake and program them appropriately.program them appropriately.

SAMPLE DATA ELEMENTS SAMPLE DATA ELEMENTS CURRENTLY COLLECTED BY CURRENTLY COLLECTED BY

PRRS MONTHLYPRRS MONTHLY

The following is a sample of aggregate The following is a sample of aggregate data elements currently collected and data elements currently collected and available for analysis on a regular basis by available for analysis on a regular basis by PRRS staff.PRRS staff.

The data is from the first six months of The data is from the first six months of 2006.2006.

PRRS SUCCESSFUL DISCHARGESPRRS SUCCESSFUL DISCHARGESby RELEASE TYPEby RELEASE TYPE

3%

1%

96%

Time Served

Parole

Court Reconsideration

96% of PRRS releases are Time Served.

PRRS INTAKES BY PRRS INTAKES BY RACE/ETHNICITYRACE/ETHNICITY

29%

58%

4%8% 1%

CaucasianAfrican-AmericanAsianHispanicOther

The majority of The majority of the PRRS the PRRS population is population is African-African-American American followed by followed by Caucasian and Caucasian and Hispanic.Hispanic.

PRRS INTAKES by AGEPRRS INTAKES by AGE

The majority of men were between the ages of The majority of men were between the ages of 18 and 25.18 and 25.

The majority of women were between the ages The majority of women were between the ages of 46 and 55.of 46 and 55.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

MEN WOMEN

15-17

18-25

26-35

36-45

46-55

56-65

Over 65

18-25

46-55

PRRS INTAKES by RESIDENCEPRRS INTAKES by RESIDENCE

71%

7%

10%

3%5%

4%

Montgomery

DC

PG

Frederick

Virginia

Other

71% of PRRS intakes live in Montgomery County.

PRRS INTAKES by GENDERPRRS INTAKES by GENDER

National data indicates National data indicates that almost nine out of that almost nine out of every ten jail inmates every ten jail inmates were adult males.were adult males.55

PRRS gender data is PRRS gender data is very similar to national very similar to national data.data. 88%

12%

Men

Women

PRRS INTAKES by EDUCATIONPRRS INTAKES by EDUCATION The majority of The majority of

men coming to men coming to PRRS had at PRRS had at least a HS least a HS diploma or diploma or GED.GED.

The majority of The majority of women had at women had at least 10-12 least 10-12 years of years of education or a education or a HS diplomaHS diploma..

27% needed 27% needed educational educational services.services.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Men Women

K-6

7-9

10-11

HS

GED

13-16

AA Deg.

BA/BS

16+

PRRS INTAKES by OFFENSEPRRS INTAKES by OFFENSE

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Men Women

Person

Property

Sex Offense

Drug/Alcohol

Other Traffic

VOP

Drug/alcohol offenses were more common among both male and female residents.

Men were more likely to have committed a person or sex offense than women.

PRRS INTAKES by SENTENCE PRRS INTAKES by SENTENCE LENGTHLENGTH

The most The most frequent frequent sentence was sentence was 4-6 months.4-6 months.

State and State and Federal Federal residents residents often have often have sentences sentences over 18 over 18 months.months. 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Men Women

1-3

4-6

7-9

10-12

13-15

16-18

Over 18

MONTHS

REFERENCESREFERENCES

1. Aos, S., Phipps, P., Barnoski, R. and Lieb, R. (1999). 1. Aos, S., Phipps, P., Barnoski, R. and Lieb, R. (1999). The comparative costs and benefits of programs to The comparative costs and benefits of programs to reduce crimes: A review of national research findings reduce crimes: A review of national research findings for implications for Washington State. (Doc# 99-05-for implications for Washington State. (Doc# 99-05-1202). Olympia, WA: Washington State Institute for 1202). Olympia, WA: Washington State Institute for Public Policy.Public Policy.

2. Robert Barnoski & Steve Aos, Washington’s Offender 2. Robert Barnoski & Steve Aos, Washington’s Offender Accountability Act: An Analysis of the Department of Accountability Act: An Analysis of the Department of Corrections Risk Assessment, Washington State Corrections Risk Assessment, Washington State Institute for Public Policy (December 2003).Institute for Public Policy (December 2003).

3. Gordon Bass Jr., Justice and the Revolving Door: The 3. Gordon Bass Jr., Justice and the Revolving Door: The Jacksonville Experience in Recidivism Intervention, Jacksonville Experience in Recidivism Intervention, Large Jail Network (LJN), US Department of Justice Large Jail Network (LJN), US Department of Justice National Institute of Corrections (2005).National Institute of Corrections (2005).

REFERENCES (continued)REFERENCES (continued)4. 4. Bureau of Justice Statistics Crime Characteristics Bureau of Justice Statistics Crime Characteristics

(US Department of Justice – Office of Justice (US Department of Justice – Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics).Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics).

5. Bureau of Justice Statistics Correctional Surveys 5. Bureau of Justice Statistics Correctional Surveys (The National Probation Data Survey, National (The National Probation Data Survey, National Prisoner Statistics, Survey of Jails, Census of Jail Prisoner Statistics, Survey of Jails, Census of Jail Inmates, and The National Parole Data Survey) as Inmates, and The National Parole Data Survey) as presented in presented in Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997,, and and Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear, 2005Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear, 2005. .

6. Data Spotlight: Recidivism, Management and 6. Data Spotlight: Recidivism, Management and Training Institute (February, 2003).Training Institute (February, 2003).

7. Doris J. James & Lauren E. Glaze, Mental Health 7. Doris J. James & Lauren E. Glaze, Mental Health Problems of Prison and Jail Inmates, Bureau of Problems of Prison and Jail Inmates, Bureau of Justice Statistics (September 2006, NCJ 213600).Justice Statistics (September 2006, NCJ 213600).

REFERENCES (continued)REFERENCES (continued)

8. Patrick A. Langan & David J. Levin, Recidivism of 8. Patrick A. Langan & David J. Levin, Recidivism of Prisoners Released In 1994, Bureau of Justice Prisoners Released In 1994, Bureau of Justice Statistics (June 2002, NCJ 193427).Statistics (June 2002, NCJ 193427).

9. Edward J. Latessa, What Works and What Doesn’t 9. Edward J. Latessa, What Works and What Doesn’t in Reducing Recidivism: The Principles of affective in Reducing Recidivism: The Principles of affective Intervention, Center for Criminal Justice Research, Intervention, Center for Criminal Justice Research, Division of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati Division of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati presentation.presentation.

10.Martha A. Lyman, Hampden County House of 10.Martha A. Lyman, Hampden County House of Correction Recidivism Rates One Year Post Release Correction Recidivism Rates One Year Post Release 2004 Releases.2004 Releases.

REFERENCES (continued)REFERENCES (continued)

11.Programs that Help Inmates Stay out of Prison: 11.Programs that Help Inmates Stay out of Prison: Growing Public Expectations, Management & Growing Public Expectations, Management & Training Corporation Institute, (November, 2003).Training Corporation Institute, (November, 2003).

12.Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative - 12.Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative - SVORI evaluation, NIJ.SVORI evaluation, NIJ.