1. 1. RECOMBINANT DNA or rDNA Raymart Enriquez Isidro BSE III- Biological Science
2. 2. Recombinant DNA An artificially made DNA strand that is formed by the combination of two or more gene sequences. This new combination may or may not occur naturally, but is engineered specifically for a purpose to be used in one of the many applications of recombinant DNA.
3. 3. What is DNA? How does it works?
4. 4. Background Information on DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid A double helix structure and contains a combination of the nitrogen bases: adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine. Instructional manual for how to build life Found in chromosomes and contains gene.
5. 5. RECOMBINANT DNA or rDNA Refers to a combination of DNA molecules that are not found together in nature. Is generally reserved for molecules produced artificially by joining DNA obtained from different biological sources.
6. 6. PIONEERS IN RECOMBINANT DNA Paul Berg Stanley N. Cohen Herbert Boyer
7. 7. PIONEERS IN RECOMBINANT DNA The invention of recombinant DNA technology the way in which genetic material from one organism is artificially introduced into the genome of another organism and then replicated and expressed by that other organismwas largely the work of Paul Berg, Herbert W. Boyer, and Stanley N. Cohen, although many other scientists made important contributions to the new technology as well.
8. 8. RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY The basic process of recombinant DNA technology revolves around the activity of DNA in the synthesis of protein. Scientists can change the nature of the DNA and of the gene make-up of an organism. Uses methods derived from nucleic acid biochemistry, coupled with genetic techniques.
9. 9. METHODS OF rDNA TECHNOLOGY 1.DNA to be cloned is purified from cells or tissues. 2.Proteins called restriction enzymes are used to generate specific DNA fragments. 3.The fragments produced by restriction enzymes are joined to other DNA molecules that serve as vectors, or carrier molecules. 4.The rDNA molecule is transferred to a host cell. Within the host cell, rDNA molecule replicates. 5.As host cells replicate, the rDNA molecules within them are passed on to all their progeny.
10. 10. Methods 6. The cloned DNA can be recovered from host cells, purified, and analyzed. 7. The cloned DNA can then be transcribed, its mRNA translated, and the encoded gene product isolated and used for research or sold commercially.
11. 11. RECOMBINANT DNA MOLECULES ARE CONSTRUCTED USING SEVERAL COMPONENTS RESTRICTION ENZYMES- isolated from bacteria, restrict or prevent viral infection in bacterial cells by degrading the invading viral DNA. Are endonucleases that recognize a specific nucleotide sequence and cut both strands of the DNA within that sequence. Werner Arber, Hamilton Smith, and Daniel Nathans- 1978 Noble Prize Winner in Physiology or Medicine. Escherichia coli and is designated EcoRI.
12. 12. 1978 Nobel Prize Winner in Physiology or Medicine Werner Arber Daniel Nathans Hamilton Smith
13. 13. DNA LIGASE/SYNTHETASE An enzyme that catalyzes the linking together of two molecules usually using the energy derived from the concurrent splitting of a pyrophosphate group from a triphosphate(as ATP) It plays a role in repairing single-strand breaks in duplex DNA in living organisms.
14. 14. VECTOR Fragments of DNA produced by restriction enzyme digestion cannot directly enter bacterial cells for cloning. However, when a DNA fragment is joined to a vector, it can gain entry to a host cell, where it can be replicated or cloned into many copies. Vectors are, in essence, carrier DNA molecules.
15. 15. MAKING rDNA
16. 16. Sources: Retrieved from: http://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Recombinant- DNA.aspx; http://www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/biology/microbiology/dna- and-gene-expression/recombinant-dna-and-biotechnology; http://www.bio.davidson.edu/Courses/Molbio/MolStudents/spring 2005/Durnbaugh/yfp.html; http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online- resources/chemistry-in- history/themes/pharmaceuticals/preserving-health-with- biotechnology/berg-boyer-cohen.aspx Introductory Genetics by William S. Klug and Michael R. Cummings; Merriam-Webster Dictionary 2015