Recommendations for Improving Vaccination Coverage in the Bali Dog Population

Arief, R.A.1, Jatikusumah, A.1, Widyastuti, M.D.W.1, Sunandar1, Basri, C.1,2, Putra, A.A.G.3, Willyanto, I.4,

Estoepangestie, S.5, Mardiana, I.6, Gilbert, J.7 and Hampson, K.8

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Ecohealth 2012 conference, Kunming, China,15-18 October 2012

Affiliation

1. Center for Indonesian Veterinary Analytical Studies2. Bogor Agricultural University3. Disease Investigation Centre Denpasar4. InI Veterinary Service5. Airlangga University6. Bali Provincial Livestock and Animal Health Office7. International Livestock Research Institute8. University of Glasgow

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Introduction

• Rabies in the island of Bali is widespread• 3 island-wide vaccination campaigns, the

latest just recently finished• Maintaining high coverage is key to successful

rabies control• Mass dog vaccination is difficult and

population turnover erodes coverage

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Dog Population in Bali

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Restrained Free Roaming

Owned DogsUn-

owned Dogs

Method Household survey owned dog population Banjar transects free-roaming population

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Foto Survei Door to Door

= observed villages

Map of Bali

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Results

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Household Survey 17,376 owned dogs; 8,588 owners

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Category Urban Suburban Rural OverallGender1. Male 63.0% 72.2% 76.2% 70.4%2. Female 37.0% 27.8% 23.8% 29.6%Age1. Adult 81.7% 87.5% 83.1% 83.5%2. Juvenile 18.3% 12.5% 16.9% 16.5%Restraining of dogs1. Restrained 71.2% 16.1% 8.0% 33.6%2. Free-roaming 28.8% 83.9% 92.0% 66.4%Vaccination coverage 88.8% 83.7% 78.7% 83.6%

Vaccination in Owned Dogs

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Adult Juvenile0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

91%

44%

9%

56%

Vaccinated NoRestrained Free-roaming

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

90% 80%

10% 20%

Vaccinated No

• 10% higher coverage in restrained dogs• significantly higher coverage in adults (91%) than juveniles

(<1yr, 44%)

Banjar Transect

1,972 free-roaming dogs

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Category Urban Suburban Rural OverallGender1. Male 70.3% 80.8% 82.2% 76.8%2. Female 29.7% 19.2% 17.8% 23.1%Age1. Adult 97.0% 94.9% 96.7% 96.6%2. Juvenile 3.0% 5.1% 3.3% 3.4%Vaccination coverage 37.5% 21.4% 27.8% 30.9%

Why is Coverage in Free-Roaming Dogs Low?

• Also include unowned or difficult to vaccinate dogs.

• Status inferred from collar:– Known to fall off– Difficult dogs only painted

Underestimation

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Effects of Culling• 4 villages had culled dogs in the last 3 months

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Culling

No

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

21%

16%

79%

84%

83%

84%

VaccinationAdultJuvenile

Owned Dog Population

Effects of Culling (2)

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Culling

No

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%100%

3%

3%

97%

97%

49%

28%

VaccinationAdultJuvenile

Free-Roaming Dog Population

Effects of Culling (3)

• Culling only stimulates population turnover and culled dogs will likely be replaced with unvaccinated new adults.

• In long term, there is no positive benefit of culling. Dog sterilization would have more benefits as it could stabilize coverage by reducing births.

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Recommendation• Put more effort to vaccinate free-roaming dogs

in suburban and rural areas.• Target juveniles through better planning,

advertisement and public awareness.• Adopt other methods for population control,

such as sterilization.• Improve collar endurance for better

identification of vaccinated animals and reassure communities of campaign achievements.

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Acknowledgement

• International Development Research Centre (IDRC)

• International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)

• Bali Provincial Livestock and Animal Health Office

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THANK YOU

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