Recommended Reading and Weblinks

Reading

1. R. Bimbot, A. Bonnin, R. Deloche and C. Lapeyre: Cent ans apres -La Radioactivite, Le Rayonnement d'une decouverte. EDP Sciences, 1999

2. One Hundred Years after the Discovery of Radioactivity. Radiochim­ica Acta (Special Issue), vol. 70171. Oldenbourg Verlag, Mtinchen 1995

3. X Ray & Radioactivity Centennial Calendar. Health Physics Society's History Committee, 1995

4. Herman Cember: Introduction to Health Physics. Third edition. McGraw-Hill, 1996

5. Cherry Lewis: The Dating Game - one Man's Search for the Age of the Earth. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2000

6. W. Miller, R. Alexander, Neil Chapman, Ian McKinley, and John Smellie: Geological Disposal of Radioactive Wastes and Natural Analogues - Lessons from Nature and Archaeology. Pergamon, Amsterdam 2000

7. C. Grupen: Grundkurs Strahlenschutz. Vieweg, Braunschweig 2000 8. H. V. Klapdor-Kleingrothaus: Sixty Years of Double Beta Decay -

From Nuclear Physics to Beyond Standard Model Particle Physics. World Scientific, 2001

9. James E. Martin: Physics for Radiation Protection. John Wiley & Sons, 2000

10. Benefits Uses and Production of Isotopes, 2000 Update. Nuclear En­ergy Agency, OECD 2000

11. G. C. Lowenthal and P. L. Airey: Practical Applications of Radioac­tivity and Nuclear Radiations - An Introductory Text for Engineers, Scientists, Teachers and Students. Cambridge University Press, 2001

12. 1. S. Lilley: Nuclear Physics - Principles and Applications. John Wi­ley & Sons, 2001

13. K. H. Lieser: Nuclear and Radiochemistry: Fundamentals and Appli­cations. VCH / Wiley, 1997

14. G. R. Chopin, 1. Liljenzin, and 1. Rydberg: Radiochemistry and Nu­clear Chemistry. Butterworth-Heinemann 2002

15. R. D. Evans: The Atomic Nucleus. McGraw-Hill, 1965

218 Recommended Reading and Web links

16. 1. Emsley: The Elements. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1998 17. B. Coursey and R. N ath: Radionuclide Therapy. Physics Today on the

Web, http://www.aip.org/ptfaprOO/coursey.html 18. B. Schlein, L. A. Slaback, Jr., and B. Kent Birky: The Health Physics

and Radiological Health Handbook. Third edition. Scinta, Silver Spring, MD 1998

19. S. Hoffmann and G. Munzenberg: The Discovery of the Heaviest Elements. Rev. Mod. Phys. 72, 733-767 (2000)

20. P.1. Mohr and B. N. Taylor: The 1998 CODATA Recommended Val­ues of the Fundamental Physical Constants, Web Version 3.1, avail­able at physics.nist.gov/constants. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899,3 December 1999

21. K. Ridder, J. Holzhauser: ADR 2001: Gefahrgutverordnung StraBe I Eisenbahn (Entwurf) Anlagen A und B zum ADR, 3. Ausgabe. ecomed, Landsberg/Lech 2001. (European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road)

22. 1. Kenneth Schultis and Richard E. Faw: Radiation Shielding. Amer­ican Nuclear Society, 2000

23. E. Browne and R. B. Firestone: Tables of Radioactive Isotopes. Wiley, New York 1986

Weblinks

Nuclear Data Services on the Internet (see also Data Used in Nuclides.net: Appendix 2)

1. Atomic Mass Data Center: http://www-csnsm.in2p3Jr/AMDC/web/nubase_en.html

2. Table of Isotopes: http://ie.1b1.gov./toi.html http://nucleardata.nuclear.1u.selNuclearDataltoi/

3. Display of nuclear data: http://ie.1b1.gov/isoexpllisoexp1.htm

4. National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory: http://www.nndc.bn1.gov/

5. Nuclear cross section data, Los Alamos: http://t2.1an1.gov/dataldata.html

6. JEF Nuclear Data Services: http://www.neaJrlhtml/dbdatal

7. Photon mass attenuation coefficients and the mass energy-absorption coefficients: http://physics.nist.govlPhysRefData!XrayMassCoef/cover.html

8. International Commission for Radiological Protection: http://www.icrp.org/

Recommended Reading and Web1inks 219

9. Centre for Photonuclear Experimental Data, Moscow State Uni­versity: http://depni.npi.msu.su/cdfe/services/index.html

10. International Atomic Energy Agency (lAEA) Nuclear Data Section: http://www-nds.iaea.or.at

11. Korean Atomic Energy Research Institute Nuclear Data Evaluation Laboratory: http://atom.kaeri.re.kr/

12. Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Data Center: http://georg. pnpi.spb.ru/englishlRNDC.html

13. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NERP): http://www.ncrp.com

14. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU): http://www.icru.com

15. The German Institute of Radiation Protection: http://www.gsf.de/index_en. phtml

16. National Radiological Protection Board: http://www.nrpb.org

17. Health Physics Society: http://www.hps.org/

Glossary

Actinide(s)

Any nuclide belonging to a series of 15 consequetive elements in the periodic table from actinium to lawrencium (atomic numbers 89 to 103). As a group they are significant largely because of their toxicity. Although several members of the group including uranium occur naturally, most are man-made.

Absorbed Dose

The amount of energy deposited in any substance by ionizing radiation per unit mass of the substance. The SI unit for absorbed dose is the joule per kilogram (J kg-I). It is expressed numerically in grays or rads.

ADR

This European agreement concerning the international carriage of dan­gerous goods by road, popularly known as the ADR, aims to ensure that dangerous goods arriving at a frontier in or on a road vehicle have been suitably packed and are being carried safely. The system of classification of dangerous goods under ADR is based on the Recommendations of the United Nations Committee of Experts of the Transport of Dangerous Goods, published in the Orange Book.

Alpha Decay

Radioactive decay resulting in the emission of an alpha particle.

Alpha Particle

Nucleus of a helium atom of mass number four. It consists of two protons and two neutrons and therefore has a double positive charge.

Annual Limit of Intake (ALI)

For occupational exposures, the 1990 recommendations of the ICRP limit the effective dose to 100 mSv in a 5 y period (giving an annual value of 20 mSv). The derived limit, ALI, for the amount of radioactive material taken into the body of an adult by inhalation or ingestion in a year is then

ALI = 0.02/ e(50) ,

where e(50) is the effective dose coefficient.

222 Glossary

Atomic Number

The number of positively charged protons in the nucleus of an atom.

Barn

Unit of effective cross-sectional area of a nucleus equal to 10-28 m2 .

Becquerel (Bq)

The unit of radioactive decay equal to 1 disintegration per second. 37 billion (3.7 x 1010) becquerels = 1 curie (Ci).

Beta Decay

Radioactive disintegration with the emission of an electron or positron accompanied by an uncharged antineutrino or neutrino. The mass number of the nucleus remains unchanged but the atomic number is increased by one or decreased by one depending on whether an electron or positron is emitted.

Beta Particle

An electron or positron emitted in beta decay from a radioactive isotope.

Binding Energy

The minimum energy required to separate a nucleus into its component neutrons and protons.

Boson

Elementary particles with integer spin angular momentum. Bosons have total spin angular momentum of n . hj2rr., where n = 0, 1,2 and h is Planck's constant.

Bremsstrahlung

Electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle changes its velocity. When electrons collide with a target and undergo large decel­eration, the radiation emitted constitutes a continuous Bremsstrahlung spectrum.

Committed Effective Dose, E (T)

The sum of the products of the committed organ or tissue equivalent doses and the appropriate organ or tissue weighting factor WT, where r is the integration time in years following the intake. The integration time is 50 y for adults.

Committed Equivalent Dose, HT(T)

The time integral of the equivalent dose rate in a particular tissue or organ that will be received by in individual following intake of radioactive material into the body, where r is the integration time in years following the intake. The integration time is 50 y for adults.

Glossary 223

Compton Effect

The elastic scattering of photons by electrons. If As and Ai are respec­tively the wavelengths associated with scattered and incident photons, the Compton shift is given by As - Ai = Ao(1 - cos e) where e is the angle between the directions of the incident and scattered photons and 10 is the Compton wavelength (10 = 0.00243 nm) ofthe electron. The effect is only significant for incident X-ray and y-ray photons.

Cumulative Dose The total dose resulting from repeated exposures of ionizing radiation to an occupationally exposed worker to the same portion of the body, or to the whole body, over a period of time.

Curie (Ci)

The old unit used to describe the intensity of radioactivity in a sample of material. The curie is equal to 37 billion (3.7 x 1010) disintegrations per second (Bq), which is approximately the activity of 1 gram of radium. A curie is also a quantity of any radionuclide that decays at a rate of 37 billion disintegrations per second. It is named after Marie and Pierre Curie, who discovered radium in 1898.

Daughter Product A nuclide that originates from a radioactive disintegration of another parent nuclide.

Disintegration

A process in which a nucleus ejects one or more particles applied espe­cially, but not only, to spontaneous radioactive decay.

Dose The absorbed dose, given in grays (or in the old system of units, rads), represents the energy absorbed from the radiation in a gram of any mate­rial. Furthermore, the biological dose or dose equivalent, given in sieverts or rems, is a measure of the biological damage to living tissue from the radiation exposure.

Dose Coefficient, e ( T )

Committed effective dose per unit intake, e(r), where r is the time in years over which the dose is calcluated (typically 50 y for adults).

Drip-lines

The drip-lines are the outer boundaries of the chart of the nuclides, ter­minating isobaric chains on both sides of the valley of stability. Beyond the drip-lines, the nucleus can no longer bind another particle.

224 Glossary

Effective Dose, E

Is the sum of the weighted equivalent doses in all tissues and organs of the body given by

E ~ Lr(wr' Hr ),

where Hr is the equivalent dose in tissue or organ T and Wr is the weight­ing factor for tissue T.

Equivalent Dose, H T

The equivalent dose, Hr,R, in tissue or organ T due to radiation R, is given by:

Hr,R = WR . Dr,R

where Dr,R is the average absorbed dose from radiation R in tissue T and WR is the radiation weighting factor. Since WR is dimensionless, the units are the same as for absorbed dose, J kg-I, and its special name is sievert (Sv). The total equivalent dose, Hr , is the sum of Hr,R over all radiation types i.e.

Hr = LRHr,R

Electron

A fundamental particle with negative electric charge of 1.602 x 10-19

coulombs and mass 9.109 x 10-31 kg. Electrons are a basic constituent of the atom; they are distributed around the nucleus in shells and the electronic structure is responsible for the chemical properties of the atom. Electrons also exist independently and are responsible for many electric effects in materials. Due to their small mass, the wave properties and relativistic effects of electrons are marked. The positron, the antiparticle of the electron, is an equivalent particle but with positive charge. Either electrons or positrons may be emitted in ~ decay. Electrons belong to a group of fundamental particles called leptons.

Fermion

Elementary particles with half-integer angular momentum of (n + t) . hj2rt, where n = 0,1,2 ... and h is Planck's constant.

Fission see Nuclear Fission

The spontaneous or induced disintegration of a heavy atomic nucleus into two or more lighter fragments. The energy released in the process is referred to as nuclear energy.

Gamma Radiation

Electromagnetic radiation emitted by excited atomic nuclei during the process of passing to a lower excitation state. Gamma radiation ranges in energy from about 10-15 to 10-10 joule (lOkeV to 10 MeV) correspond­ing to a wavelength range of about 10-10 to 10-14 metre.

Glossary 225

Geological Repository

An underground site, excavated from surrounding rock formation, de­signed to isolate nuclear wate from the biosphere over long periods of time.

Gray, (Gy)

The special name for the SI unit of absorbed dose. 1 Gy = 1 J kg-I.

Hadron

Any of a class of subatomic particles that interact by the strong interaction. The class includes protons, neutrons and pions. (See Leptons).

Half-life

The time in which one half of the atoms of a particular radioactive sub­stance disintegrates into another nuclear form. Measured half-lives vary from millionths of a second to billions of years. Also called physical or radiological half-life.

Internal Conversion

An excited nucleus may return to the ground state by ejecting an orbital electron. This is known as internal conversion and results in an energetic electron and X-rays due to electrons cascading to lower energy levels. The ratio of internal conversion electrons to gamma emission photons is known as the internal conversion coefficient.

Isotone

One of several different nuclides having the same number of neutrons (isotoge) in their nuclei.

Isotope

(Greek: at the same place). One of two or more atoms of the same el­ement that have the same number of protons (isotope) in their nucleus but different numbers of neutrons. Hydrogen, deuterium and tritium are isotopes of hydrogen. Most elements in nature consists of a mixture of isotopes.

Isomer

Atoms with the same atomic number Z and the same mass number A in different states of excitation, the higher states being metastable with respect to the ground state.

Lepton

Any of a class of fundamental particles that consists of the electron, muon, tau particle and three types of neutrino. For each lepton there is an equivalent antiparticle.

226 Glossary

Table G.1. The Standard model and fundamental particles

ermions Boson~

u c t y

Quarks up charm top

d b

photon

Z down ~trangc boll m Z OO\on

rcc carrier.

"e 11 "t W electron- muon- tau- Who on

Leptons neutrino neutrino ncutrino

IJ. '{ g electron muon tau glu n

To be confirmed

The anti leptons have a charge opposite that of the leptons; the antineu­trinos, like the neutrinos, have no charge. The electron, muon and tau all have a charge of -1. These three particles differ from each other only in mass: the muon is 200 times more massive than the electron and the tau is 3500 times more massive than the electron. Leptons interact by the electromagnetic interaction and the weak interaction.

Lethal Dose

(Lethal Dose 50/30). The dose of radiation expected to cause death to an exposed population within 30 days to 50 percent of those exposed. Typically, the LD 50/30 is in the range from 4 to 5 Sieverts received over a very short period of time.

Magic Numbers

Numbers of neutrons or protons that occur in atomic nuclei to produce very stable structures. The magic numbers for both protons and neutrons are 2, 8, 20, 28, 50 and 82. For neutrons, 126 and 184 are also magic numbers and for protons, 114 is a magic number. The relationship between stability and magic numbers led to a nuclear shell model in analogy to the electron shell model of the atom.

Mass Defect

The difference between the rest mass of an atomic nucleus and the sum of the rest masses of its individual nucleons in the unbound state. It is thus the mass equivalent of the binding energy on the basis of the mass-energy equation.

Glossary 227

Mass Number

The number of nucleons (neutrons and protons) in the nucleus of an atom.

Minor Actinides

Refers mainly to the elements neptunium, americium, and curium. These minor actinides (MA) are produced as radioactive by-products in nuclear reactors. The term "minor" refers to the fact that they are produced in smaller quantities in comparison to the "major" actinide plutonium.

Neutron

A neutral particle (hadron) that is stable in the atomic nucleus but decays into a proton, an electron and an antineutrino with a mean life of 12 minutes outside the nucleus. Its rest mass is slightly greater than that of the proton, being 1.6749286(10) x 10-27 kg. Neutrons occur in all atomic nuclei except normal hydrogen. The neutron was first reported in 1932 by James Chadwick.

Neutrino

A lepton (see Lepton) that exists in three forms, one in association with the electron, one with the muon and one with the tau particle. Each form has its own antiparticle.

Nucleons

Protons and neutrons.

Nuclear Fission

A nuclear reaction in which a heavy nucleus (such as uranium) splits into two parts (fission products) which subsequently emit either two or three neutrons, releasing a quantity of energy equivalent to the difference between the rest mass of the neutrons and the fission products and that of the original nucleus.

Nucleus The central core of an atom that contains most of its mass. Experiments performed in 1909 by Geiger and Marsden (under the direction of Ruther­ford) led to the discovery of a nuclear structure. The nucleus is positively charged and contains one or more nucleons (protons or neutrons). The positive charge of the nucleus is determined by the number of protons it contains; in the neutral atom this positive charge is balanced by an equal number of negatively charged electrons orbiting the nucleus in a comparatively large region outside it.

Pair Production

The creation of an electron and a positron from a photon in a strong elec­tric field, such as that surrounding an atomic nucleus. The electron and the

228 Glossary

positron each have a mass of about 9 x 10-31 kg, which is equivalent on the basis ofthe mass-energy equation to a total of 16 x 10-14 1. The fre­quency associated with a photon of this energy is 2.5 x 1020 Hz. Pair pro­duction thus requires photons of high quantum energy (Bremsstrahlung or gamma rays). Any excess energy is taken up as kinetic energy of the products.

Photon

A particle with zero rest mass consisting of a quantum of electromagnetic radiation. The photon may also be regarded as a unit of energy equal to hI, where h is the Planck constant and f is the frequency of the radiation in hertz. Photons travel at the speed of light. They are required to explain the photoelectric effect and other phenomena that require light to have particle character.

Positron

The antiparticle of the electron.

Proton

An elementary particle that is stable, bears a positive charge equal in magnitude to that ofthe electron and has a mass of 1.672614 x 10-27 kg, which is 1836.12 times that of the electron. The proton occurs in all atomic nuclei.

Quality Factor

The factor by which the absorbed dose (gray or rad) is to be multiplied to obtain a quantity that expresses, on a common scale for all ionizing radiation, the biological damage (sievert or rem) to an exposed individual. It is used because some types of radiation, such as alpha particles, are more biologically damaging internally than other types.

Rad

The old unit of absorbed dose of ionising radiation. (See Gray).

Radiation Weighting Factor, WR

The radiation weighting factor is a dimensionless factor to derive the equivalent dose from the absorbed dose averaged over a tissue or organ and is based on the quality of the radiation.

Radioactive Equilibrium

The equilibrium reached by a radioactive series in which the rate of de­cay of each nuclide is equal to its rate of production. It follows that all rates of decay of the different nuclides within the sample are equal when radioactive equilibrium is achieved. For example, in the uranium series,

Glossary 229

uranium-238 decays to thorium-234. Initially, the rate of production of thorium will exceed the rate at which it is decaying and the thorium content of the sample will rise. As the amount of thorium increases, its activity increases; eventually a situation is reached in which the rate of production of thorium is equal to its rate of decay. The proportion of thorium in the sample will then remain constant. Thorium decays to pro­duce protactinium-234; some time after the stabilisation of the thorium content, the protactinium content will also stabilise. When the whole ra­dioactive series attains stabilisation, the sample is said to be in radioactive equilibrium.

Radioactive Series

A series of radioactive nuclides in which each member of the series is formed by the decay of the nuclide before it. The series ends with a stable nuclide. Three radioactive series occur naturally, those headed by thorium-232 (thorium series), uranium-235 (actinium series), and uranium-238 (uranium series). All three series end with an isotope of lead. The neptunium series starts with the artificial isotope plutonium-241, which decays to neptunium-237, and ends with bismuth-209.

Radioactivity

The spontaneous disintegration of certain atomic nuclei accompanied by the emission of alpha-particles (helium nuclei), beta-particles (elec­trons or positrons), or gamma radiation (short-wavelength electromag­netic waves).

Radioisotope

An isotope of an element that is radioactive.

Radionuclide A nuclide that is radioactive.

Reference Man A person with the anatomical and physiological characteristics of an aver­age individual which is used in calculations assessing internal dose (also may be called "Standard Man").

Rem

The old unit of equivalent dose (l rem = 0.01 sievert, see Sievert).

Rest Energy

The rest mass of a body expressed in energy terms according to the rela­tionship E = moc2, where mo is the rest mass of the body and c is the speed of light.

230 Glossary

Rest Mass

The mass of a body at rest when measured by an observer who is at rest in the same frame of reference.

Roentgen (R)

The roentgen is the amount of exposure that will create 2.58 x 10-4 C of singly charged ions in 1 kg of air at STP. Since about 34 e V of energy is needed to produce one ion pair, 1 R corresponds to an energy absorption per unit mass of 0.0088 J kg-I.

Shell Model of the Nucleus

A model of the atomic nucleus in which nucleons are assumed to move under the influence of a central field in shells that are analogous to atomic electron shells. The model provides a good explanation of the stability of nuclei that have magic numbers.

SI Units

Systeme International d'Unites: the internationl system of units recom­mended for scientific purposes.

Sievert (Sv)

The new international system (SI) unit for dose equivalent equal to 1 J oule/ kilogram. 1 sievert = 100 rem. The equivalent dose in sieverts is equal to the absorbed dose in grays multiplied by the quality factor.

Spent Fuel

Nuclear fuel which has been used for energy production in a nuclear reactor and whose nuclide composition has been (partially) modified by fission and neutron capture processes and subsequent radiaoctive decay.

Spontaneous Emission

The emission of a photon by an atom as it makes a transition from an excited state to the ground state. Spontaneous emission occurs indepen­dently of any external electromagnetic radiation; the transition is caused by interactions between atoms and vacuum fluctuations of the quanti sed electromagnetic field. The process of spontaneous emission, which cannot be described by nonrelativistic quantum mechanics, as given by formu­lations such as the SchrOdinger equation, is responsible for the limited lifetime of an excited state of an atom before it emits a photon.

STP Standard temperature (T = 273.15 K) and pressure (p = 0.1 MPa).

Strong Interaction

The strong interaction, some 100 times stronger than the electromagnetic interaction, functions only between hadrons and is responsible for the

Glossary 231

force between nucleons that gives the atomic nucleus its great stability. It operates at very short range inside the nucleus (as little as 10-15 metre) and is visualised as an exchange of virtual mesons.

Thomson Scattering

The scattering of electromagnetic radiation by free charged particles, es­pecially electrons, when the photon energy is small compared with the energy equivalent of the rest mass of the charged particles. The energy lost by the radiation is accounted for by classical theory as a result of the radiation transmitted by the charged particles when they are acceler­ated in the transverse electric field of the radiation. It is named after Sir J. J. Thomson.

Tissue Weighting Factor, WT

The factor by which the equivalent dose in a tissue or organ is weighted to represent the relative contribution of that tissue or organ to the total detriment resulting from uniform irradiation of the body.

Transmutation

The transformation of an atomic nucleus into another nucleus by radioac­tive decay or by nuclear reactions.

Reference

Many definitions can be found on the website: http://physics.about.comllibrary/dictlblglossary.htm

Appendices

Appendix 1: The Atomic Mass Unit

Atomic masses are expressed in atomic mass units (u), based on the definition that the mass of a neutral atom of 12C is exactly 12.000 u. All other nuclides are assigned masses relative to I2c. The mass of a single atom can be computed from the fact that one mole of any substance contains 6.02214199(47) x 1023 atoms (Avogadro's number, NA ) and has a mass equal to the atomic mass in grams. For 12C, 1 mole has a mass of 12.0000 g, hence the mass of one atom is given by:

Mass of one atom of 12C = (12.0000 g)/6.02214199 x 1023

= 1.9926465 X 10-23 g.

The atomic mass unit, u (also known as a dalton) is

1 u = 1.9926465 X 10-23 g/12 = 1.66053873(13) x 10-24 g.

The energy equivalent of 1 u is E = mc2 = 931.494013(37) MeV. As an example consider the nuclide 208Pb. From the Nuclides.net

database (see the DataSheets), the atomic mass = 207.976635790 (± 3113) u. It follows that the mass of a 208Pb nucleus is

M208Pb = 207.976635790· 1.9926465 x 10-23 g

or

M208Pb = 4.1442392 X 10-21 g .

Calculations usually involve entering a mass or an activity of a parent nuclide. The first internal calculation is to convert this mass to a number of atoms, N, before the solutions to the equations is evaluated. The relation used for this conversion is, from the above considerations,

N = Mass (g) . NA/M

where M is the atomic mass. The activity, A, is defined by A = kN where k is the decay constant (In 2/ r (s)). Given an activity, the number of atoms is given by

234 Appendices

N = A/k = A· r(s)j1n2

where res) is the half-life in seconds. The relationship between the mass and the activity is given by

A· r(s)/ln2 = Mass (g) . NA/M

from which it follows

A = In2/r(s)· Mass (g) . NA/M or

Mass (g) = A· [M/NA ]· r(s)j1n2.

Reference

A good explanation of the atomic mass unit is given in: Atomic, molecular, and formula masses, see http://www.carlton.paschools.pa.skca/chemical/molemass/default.htm

Appendix 2: The Nuclides.net Database 235

Appendix 2: The Nuclides.net Database

Data Used in Nuclides.net

The basic radioactive decay data used in the Nuclides.net database is from the NUBASE evaluation from the ''ATOMIC MASS DATA CENTER" (http://www-csnsm.in2p3.fr/AMDC/web/nubase_en.html)

The first version of the NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay proper­ties appeared in Nuclear Physics A, 1997, vol. 624, page 1-124. The eval­uation contains experimentally known nuclear properties, and some that have been estimated from extrapolation, for approximately 3000 nuclides: mass, isomeric excitation energy, half-life, spin, parity, decay modes and intensities. Spectral information such as the gamma energies and emission probabilities is not contained within NUBASE.

Spectral data is from the Joint Evaluated File (JEF) version 2.2, with a few corrections for known inaccuracies in the file. The JEF project is managed by the OECDINEA Data Bank in Paris, France, and the original JEF-2.2 evaluated nuclear data library is available, free of charge, from the NEA Data Bank (http://www.neaJr). The OECDINEA makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of the radioactive decay data, but assumes no responsibility for errors and omissions in the data nor any liabilities with respect to the use of, or for damages resulting from the use of, these data.

Averaged thermal cross-section data are based on JEF Report 14, Table of Simple Integral Neutron Cross Section Data from JEF-2-2, ENDFIB-VI, JENDL-3.2, BROND-2, and CENDL-2, NEA, OECD 1994.

Fission yield data are from:

JENDL data files (JENDL-3.2: T. Nakagawa, S. Shibata, S. Chiba, T. Fukahori, Y. Nakajima, Y. Kikuchi, T. Kawano, Y. Kanda, T. Ohsawa, H. Matsunobu, M. Kawai, A. Zukeran, T. Watanabe, S. Igarasi, K. Kosako and T. Asami; J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 32 (12), 1259-1271 (1995)). The evaluated data have been taken from JNDC-FP2, a special format data library documented in the reports JAERI-M-89-204 (1989) and JAERI-1320 (1990).

JEF Datafiles, JEF-2IFPY, (ref. AEA-TRS-1015, 1018 and 1019, and M. F. James et al.: Progress in Nuclear Energy 26, 1 (1991)). The eval­uated data have been taken over from UKFY2, the UK fission-product yield data library by M. James and R. Mills. Brief summary: IAEA-NDS-123 Rev. 1.

ENDF Datafiles, ENDFIB-6 fission product yield data (ref. LA-UR-94-3106 ENDF349 1993). This is a separate ENDFIB-6 sublibrary which was released in September 1991 and updated in June 1993 and May 1995. It has two parts: one part for neutron induced fission, another part for spontaneous fission. See summary document IAEA -NDS-l 06 Rev. 3.

236 Appendices

The effective dose coefficients, e(T), have been taken from the Interna­tional Commission for Radiological Protection, Age-dependent Doses to Members of the Public from Intake of Radionuclides: Part 5, Compilation

of Ingestion and Inhalation Dose Coefficients, ICRP PUBLICATION 72, Annals of the ICRP 26 (1996). Pergamon Press.

The datafor the photon mass attenuation coefficients and the mass energy­

absorption coefficients have been taken from the Physical Reference Data

section of the National Institute of Standards and Technology website at: http://physics.nist.govlPhysRefData/XrayMassCoef/cover.html

The buildup factors have been taken from:

B. Schlein, L. A. Slaback, Jr., and B. Kent Birky: The Health Physics and Radiological Health Handbook. Third edition. Scinta, Silver Spring, MD

1998.

American National Standard for Gamma-Ray Attenuation Coefficients and Buildup Factors for Engineering Materials. ANSI! ANS-6.4.3-1991 (1991).

Additional Nuclides

In addition to the nuclides listed in the Nubase datafile, the Nuclides.net database contains the following additional nuclides and properties shown

in Table A.2.1.

Table A2.1. Nuclides in the Nuclides.net database in addition to those listed in the Nubase datafile

uclide M~. Half-life Deca) Mode BR Daughter

10 Hs_73 27 I.h 106 g269 10 H. 277 277 11.4 m 110 un277 277 0.003 . Ipha 10 H. 273 110 un280 2 0 7.5, F 110 un2 I - I Ipha 10 H. 277 III uu272 272 0.00 I 5 " Ipha 109Ml26 112 ub277 277 0.00024 Ipha 110 un273 112 0.000 9" Ipha 110 un_77 112 1 0 ~ 112 9. " Ipha 110 112 10.7 m Ipha 110 114 uq2 5 0.0005 , Ipha 112 114 Uuq 287 5.5 Ipha 112 114 I. Ipha 112 114 21 " Ipha 112 116 Ipha 114

Appendix 2: The Nuclides.net Database 237

References

The data used for these nuclides, listed in Table A2.1, has been taken from:

S. Hoffmann and G. Miinzenberg: The discovery of the heaviest elements. Revs. Mod. Phys. 72, 733-767(2000)

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC): The Naming of New Ele­ments http://www.iupac.org/reports/provisionaliabstractO llkoppenoL31 0302.html

See also: Naming of Heavy Elements http://www.chemicalelements.com/sup/sysname.htrnl

238 Appendices

Appendix 3: Tables of Mass Attenuation Coefficients

Table A3.1. Data for lead

£ It/p £ Il/p £ Il/p £ Illp

{ 1e (cm~ g - I) (Me (cm:!g - I) ( Ie (cm2 g- l ) ( Ie (cm2 g- I)

I.OOE-03 3. '5 1.31 +03 _.OOE- 02 .~ .00 -0 1 . 7 -02

1.37 +03 3.00 - 02 3.03 1.00 +00 7. 10 -02

1.25E+03 4.00E- 02 1.44 +01 1.25 +00 +0_ 7.30 +02 5.00 -02 .04E+OO 1.50 +00

1 o40E+03 6.00E·03 4.67 +02 6.00 -0_ - .02 +00

1.73 +03 2.29 +02

1.94 +03 1.31 E+02 -02

6.70 +01 5.00E+00 -02

+03 1.62E+02 . 5 +00 6.00 +00 -02

3.07 -03 +03 1.1_ +02 1.-0 -01 2.01E+OO .OOE+OO 4.6 -02

+03 1.0 +02 2.00E-01 9.99 -01 1.00 +01 4.97 -02

lo49E+02 3.00 -01 4.0 E-OI 1.50E+01 5.66 -02

1042 +02 4.00E-01 2.32 -01 _.00 +01 6.21 -02 1.59 -02 1.34 +02 5.00 I 1.61 - 0 1

1.59E-02 1.55E+02 6.00 -01 1.25E-0 1

10' .........

~ '" E 10' ~ a... :t

103 C Q) '0 !E 102 Q) 0 ()

c .£1 «i

10'

::J C

.!! 10° «i VI VI ro 10" ~

10.2

1E-3 0,Q1 0,1 10 Figure A3.1 Photon Energy (MeV) Mass attenuation coefficient

for lead

References

J. H. Hubbell, S. M. Seltzer: Radiation Research 136, 147 (1993). See also the NIST web­site at: http://Physics.nist.gOVlPhYSRefDatalXraYMaSSCOef/cover.html

American National Standard for Gamma-Ray Attenuation Coefficients and Buildup Fac­tors for Engineering Materials. ANSI! ANS-6.4.3-1991 (1991)

Figure A3.2

Mass attenuation coefficient for concrete

Appendix 3: Tables of Mass Attenuation Coefficients

Table A3.2. Data for concrete

£

(J\ lc

1.00 -0)

.00E-O)

.07 -0)

.07E-O) ... 03

.56 ... 03

.69E-03

. 43

.84E-03 2.00 -03

3.00E-03

3.61 -03 ).61E-O)

4.00 -03

4.04E-O.

4.04 -03

10' -0>

'" E 103

~ 0.. :i

102 -c: Q)

'u I;:::

10' -Q) 0 u c: .2 ro 10°

::J c: ~ 10" ro C/) C/) (1J 10.2 ~

10'3

+0)

+03 +0)

1.7 +0)

1.23 +03 1.IOE+03 1.1 +0)

9A2E+02 7.5) +02 1.6)E+0)

1.37 +03

4.65E+02

2. 0 +02

2.91 E+02 _.19 +02

2.I)E+02

1E-3

£

( c

6.(X) -03

7.11 -03

7.IIE-03 '(XlE-OJ

l,ClOE-02

1.50E-02 2.00E-O_

.00 -02

4.00 -02

5.00 -02

6.00 -02

2.00 I ).00 -01

4.00 -01

5.00E-Ol

6.00 .00E-01

0,01

2.05E+01

6.35E+OO _. 1 +00

9.60E-OI -.06

3,4 1 E-OI

2.66 -01 2.01 E-OI

1.74 -01

IA4E-OI

1.2 -01

1.I0E-OI

0,1

Photon Energy (MeV)

£

( e

+00

+00

+00

3.00E+00 4.00 +00 5.00E+(x)

6. (lO +O()

.OOE+()()

1.00 +01 1.50 +01

2.00 +01

10

239

.70E-02 ).22E-O_

_.91E-02 2.70 ... ()2

2.2 -02

2.10 -02 2.0) -{}2

240

Table A3.3. Data for iron

£ Il/p

( Ie (cm2 g-I)

+03 +03 +02

7.IIE-03

1.50E-02 2. -02 3.00E-02

3.63E+00 1.96 +00

2 1.21 +00

5.95 -01 3.72 -01

10~ r-C) ... E 10' u ........ a. --:J..

103

C al '0 :t 102 al

8 c .Q ro 10'

::J c 2 10° ro en en (1J

10' ~

10 ~ 1E-3 0.01

£ Il/p

(Me (cm2 g- l)

1.50 -01 2.00E-01 3.00 -01 4.00E-01 - .00 -01

6.00E-01 .00 -01

1.00 + 1.2SE+OO 5.35E-02

I. 4. -02

4.00E+00

+00 6.00E+00

.00 +00 2. 9 -02

1.00E+OI 2.99E-O_

I. 0 +0 1 3.09E-02 2.00 +01 3.2_E-O_

0,1

Photon Energy (MeV)

Appendices

10

Figure A3.3

Mass attenuation coefficient for iron

Appendix 3: Tables of Mass Attenuation Coefficients 241

Table A3.4. Data for tin

£ Il/p £ Il/p £ Il/p

(Me (cm1 g- l ) (Me (cm11,C I ) (Me (em:!g - !)

I.OOE-03 • . 92E-02 4.36 +01 4.00E+00

1.50 -0 3.00E-02 4. 12 +01 5.00 +00

2.00E-03 1.94 +01 6.00E+00 -02

3.00E-03 1.07 +01 .OOE+OO 3.72E-O.

3 3 -03 3. IIE+0. 6.-6 +00 1.00 +0 I .. 90 -02

3.93 -0 9.29 +02 .00E- 02 3.03E+OO 1.50 +01 4 .• 2 -02

4.00E-O 9,39E+02 1.00 -01 1.6 +00 _.OOE+OI 4.66E-02

4. 16 03 A7E+0. 6.09 -01

4. 16 -03 1.1 +03 3.26E-01

4.31E-03 1.06E+03 1.64 -01

4.46 -03 9.71E+02 4.00E-01 1.16 -01

4.46 -03 1.12 +03 5.00 -01 9.37 -02

5.00E-03 .47 +02 6.00 -01 .11 2

6.00E-03 5 .• 9E+02 .00 -01 6.66b- 02

.00 -03 2. 0 +02 I.OOE+OO . OE'().

I.OOE-02 1.3 +02 1.25 +00 .10 -02

1.50 -02 .l6 E+OI 1.50E+ 4.64 -02

2.00 -0. 2. 15 +01 2.00 +00 4.IIE .().

2.9.E-02 7.76 +00 3.00 + 3.69 - 02

105

~

C!l '" {3 10'

----@:

103 ..-C Q)

'0 I;

102 -Q) 0 u c .2 iii

10'

::J C ~ 10° -ro tI'J tI'J ro 10" ~

Figure A3.4 10.2

lE-3 0,01 0,1 10 Mass attenuation coefficient

for tin Photon Energy (MeV)

242

Table A3.S. Data for tungsten

£ !-lIp

(Me (cm:! g.- I)

1.00 - 03 3.6 +03 1.50E-03 1.64 +03 I. IE-O 1.11 +03

1.33 +03 1.91E+03 2.90 +03 3.17 +03 3.92 +03 2.83 +0

+03 2.42E-03 +03 2.S7 -03 +03 2.57E-O +03

2.34E+03

2.10 +03 2.19 +03

1.90 +03 9.56E+02

5. 3 +02 3.5IE+02

10' ....... Ol

N

E 103 ~

~ C 10~ Q)

·u lE Q) 0

10' u c: .Q iii ::J

100 c: 2 -co III III 10·' co ~

10.2

1E-3 0,01

£ Il/p

( e (em:! g- I)

.00 -0 1.7 1 +02 1.00 -02 9.69E+01

1.02 -02 9.20 +01 1.02 -02 2.33E+02

1.09 -02 1.9 +02 -02 1.69E+02 -02 2.31 +02

1.1 -02 2.27E+02 1.21 -02 _.07 +02

1.21 E-02 2.3 +0_

I. 0 -02 1.39E+02

2.ooE-02 6. 7 +01 3.00 -0_ 2.27E+01

4.00E-02 1.07 +01 5.00E-02 5.95E+00

6. 00 E-O 2 .71 +00 6.95E-02 2.55E+00

6.95E 2 1.12 +01 .OOE-()2 7. I +00

1.00 -01 4.44 +00

0,1

Photon Energy (MeV)

£

(M e

I. +00 1.25E+00 1.50 +00 2.00 +00 3.00 +00 4.00 +00 5.00 +00 6.ooE+00

.00 +00 1.00 +01 1.50E+01 2.00 +01

Appendices

Il/p

(cm2 g- l )

- 0 1

1.38 -01 1.09 -01 8.07 -02

.62E-02

5.58 -02 5.00E-02 4.43 -02 4.0 E-02 4.04 2 4. IOE-02 .... 21 -02 4.47E-02 4.7 -02 5.38 -02 5. 9 -02

10

Figure A3.S

Mass attenuation coefficient for tungsten

Figure A3.6

Mass attenuation coefficient for uranium

Appendix 3: Tables of Mass Attenuation Coefficients

Table A3.6. Data for uranium

l:. Itlp £ Il/p

(Me (em:! g I) ( 1c (cm:!g- I)

I.OOE- 03 6 .63E+03 -03 . 12 +02

1.02E-O 6.3 E+03 -03 .6IE+02

I.O·m-03 6. 13E+03

I.W -03

l.IS -03

1.27 -03 6.2 E+02

1.27 -03 3.IIE+02

1.35 -03 4.07E+03 1.00E-02 1.79 +02

1.44 -0 3.60 +0 I. 0 -02 .5 E+OI

3.67E+03 1.72E-02 4 .66 +01

3.3 +03 1.7_ -02 1.07E+02

I. 7E+03 2.00E-02 7. 11 +01

7.69 +02 _.09E-02 6. OE+OI

S.26E+02 2.09E-02 . 4 +01

1.27 +0 _.1. E-02 9.S2E+01

1.19E+03 .02 +01

3.7 -03 1.11 3 9.-2E+OI

1.5 E+03

I. + 3

I.IIE+03

105

.::-' Ol

N

E 10' 0 ...... ~ :l.

103 C (I)

'u !E 102 (I) a 0 c a 10' ~ ::I C 2 10° iii III III co 10" ~

10-2

1E-3 0,01 0,1

Photon Energy (MeV)

243

£ Il/p

{Me (cm:!g-I)

2. 9 +

2.00 -01 1.30E+00

3.00 -0 1 5. 1 E- OI

4.00E-01 2.92E-0 1

S. -0 1 1.9 I

6.ooE-0 1 1.49E-01

1.02 I

7.90E-02

.37 2

5.S9E-O_

4. -O~

4.4SE-02

4. 9 -02

4.46E-02

4. -02

2

10

244

Table A3.7. Data for water

E Illp

( Ie (cm2 g- I)

1.00 -03 4.0 +03 1.-0 -03 1.3 +03

+02 +02 +0 1

4.26E+0 1 6.OOE-03 2046 +01 .OOE-03 I.()..l +01

1.00 -02 .33 +00 1.50E-02 1.67 +00 _.00 -02 . IOE-OI 3.00E-02 3.76 -01

2.6 E-O I 2.27 -0 1 _.06E-0 1

.OOE--02 I. 4 --01 1.00 --01 1.71 --01 1.50 --01 I. 1 -01

10~ -~

r... 10' E

~

~ 103

C Q)

10' 'u lE Q) 0

10' ()

c .2 ro 10° :::J c: 2 ro 10" Vl Vl ro ~ 10-'

10-3

1E-3 0,01

E Illp

( 1e (cm2 g- I)

_.00 -01 1.37 -01 3.00 ·-01 1.19'-01 4.00 -01 1.06 1 5.00E-01 9.69E-O_ 6.00 -01 .96 -02

.OOE-OI 7. 7 1.00 +00 1.25 +00 1.50E+OO

4.94 -02 3.97 -02 ).40 -02

3.03E-02 2.77 -02 2.43E--02 2.22 --02 1.94 -02 I. 1 2

0,1

Photon Energy (MeV)

Appendices

10

Figure A3.7

Mass attenuation coefficient for water

Figure A3.8

Mass attenuation coefficient for aluminium

Appendix 3: Tables of Mass Attenuation Coefficients

Table A3.8. Data for aluminium

E

(Me

1.00 -0 1.50E-03 I. 6 -03 I. 6 -03 2.00E-03 3.00 -0

I.OOE-02

I. 0 -02 2.00E-02

-02 4.00E-02 5.00 -0_

6.00E-02 -0_

I.OOE-OI

105 ........

~ N

10' E ~ a.

103 ~ -c Q)

102 ·0 !E Q) 0

101 U C .Q co 10° ::J C 2 iii 10 1

en en co ~ 10.2

10..1 1E-3

1.19E+0 4.02 +02 3.6_ +02

.96 -+03

L6E+03 7. +02

3.6IE+02 1.93 +02 1.I-E+02

. 3 +01 2.62E+OI

7.96 +00 3.44E+OO

0,01

(Me)

1.50 -0 1 2.00 1 3.00E-O I 4.00 -01 5.00 -01 6.00 -01

.OOE-OI

I. 1.50E+01 2.00 +01

0,1

2 5.01E-02 4.3_ -02

3.54E-02 3.11 2

-02

-02 -02

-02

Photon Energy (MeV)

245

246

Table A3.9. Data for air

£ Il/p

{Me (cm2 g- 1)

.6IE+03

1.19 +03

.20E-03

.. 1.00 -03

5.00E-03 +01

6.00 -03 2.34 +01

.OOE-03 9.92 +00 5. 12 +00

1.61 +00 7.7 E--{) I

3.54 -0 1

2,49E-O 1

.00 -02 1

I. E--{)I I. 4E--{) I

10' ,.......

~ N

E 103

~ ~ :l.

10' C Q)

'u !E 10' Q) 0 0 c .2 (tj

10°

:J C 2 10" (tj II) II)

~ 10·' ~

10.3

1E .. 3 0,01

£ Illp

( 1c (cm2 g- l)

1.3

9.55E- 02

5.00E-0 1 .71 -0_

6.00 -0 1 .06 -02

8.00E-O I 7.07 - ()2

6.36E-02

.6 -02

5.1 -0_

-02

4. +00 3.n -02

5.00E+OO

2. 2 -02

_.23E-02

2.05 -02

I. I -02

1.71 --{)2

0,1

Photon Energy (MeV)

Appendices

10

Figure A3.9

Mass attenuation coefficient for air

Figure A3.10

Mass attenuation coefficient for tissue

Appendix 3: Tables of Mass Attenuation Coefficients

Table A3.10. Data for tissue

£ Il/p £ Il/p

(Me (em:! g - I) (Ie (em2 g-I)

3.71 +03 .00 - 03 J.().tE+O I

3.39 +03 1.00 5.3 +00

3.09 +03 1.50E-02 1.70E+OO

3.10 +03 2.00 -02

1._5 +03 .. OOE-O_

5.60E+02 4. E-02 _.6 E-OI

5.00 -02 2.26E-01

6.00 -0_ 2.05E-01

I. 2E-OI

1.69E-01

1.50E- 01 1.49 -01

I. 6E-OI

1.1 -01 1.05E-OI

3.00E- 03 9.60E-02

3.61 - 03 1.07 +02 . 7E-02

3.61E-03 I.IIE+O_ 7.79 -0_

4.00 -03 .16 +01 7.01 -02

5.00E-{)3 4.22E+OI 6.27 -02

6.00 -03 _.46 +01 5.70E-02

10·

0)

E 103 (.) ....... ~ :1.

102 -C <1> '0 !E 101

<1> 0 (.)

c 0 10 ~ ::J C $ 10'\ iii I/) I/) C1l 10.2 ~

10.3

1E-3 0,01 0,1

Photon Energy (MeV)

247

£ Il/p

( Ie (em2 g - I)

+00 4.90 -02

+00 3.93E-02

4.00 +00 3.37 2

5.00 +O()

6.00 +00

.00 +00

1.00 +01

1.50E+O J 1.92 -02

2.00 +0 I 1.79 -02

10

248 Appendices

Appendix 4: Tables of Buildup Factors

Reference

B. Schlein, L. A. Slaback, Jr., B. Kent Birky: The Health Physics and Radiological Health Handbook, 3rd edn. Scinta, Silver Spring, MD 1998

Table A4.1. Build-up factors for concrete

R (mfp) 15 10 6 5

0.5 1.13 1.1 1.21 1.25 1.32 1.24 1.34 I .4 1.4 I. 7

2

3 4

1.42 1.61 1.74 1.92 2.05 1.61 I. 2.07 2.3 _. 4

I. 2.16 2.4 _.77 3.04

1.99 2.4 2.73 .2 6 7

2.71 3.07 _ .99 3.41

3.2 3 .76

. 5 4.4 5.33 6._1

3.64 4.06

4.0 4.5

4.52 5.1 -.4_ . 16

7.7 . 6

10

15

20

25 5.23 6. 6 10 11.6 6.45 .45 9. 3 12.4 14.4

o 5

40

7.71 10.1 11.7

.97 11.7 13.7 10.2 1304 16

R (mfp) 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.15

1.73 1.0- 1.02 I. 6 0.5 2.74 1.07 1.03 3.06 5.46 1.09 I.W 6.32 2

9 1.11 1.05 10.6 3 I .4 1.13 1.05 16 4 I .7 1.14 1.06 22. 25 1.15 1.06 30. 6 2.3 1.16 1.07 39. 7

40.7 1.17 1.07 0.1 60.9 1.1 1.0 76.- 10 1.4 1.21 1.09 174 15 24 1.22 1.09 326 20 392 1.24 1.1 543 25 5 3 1.25 1.11 34 0

20 1._7 1.11 1-10 35 1100 1.-7 1.11 1670 40

17.3

Energ) ( Ie

0.1

2. 11

3. 5 7.69 '-.9 19.3

27

36

46.6

72 620

1400

1940

Energ) (~ le

3 2

1.31 1.34

1.62 1.7 2.22 2.44

2. I 3.19

HI 3.96 4.92

4.0 4 .76 6.07 4.66 5.5 5.29 6.4 _

5.94 L7

L4 .02 12.6 10.6 13. 20

14.1 I A 2 .1

17.6 23.3 36.7

0.0 O.

2.32 2.39

4 .~ 3. 9

.29 7.06

I . 10.4

19.6 14.1

26.7 17.9

34. 22.1

44 26.6

54. 31.5

79.1 42.1

165 74.7 292 116

463 16 6 6 _22 963 _ 6

1300 35

0.05

2. 19

.27

5.30

L6

9.21

11 .20

13.20

15.30

17.40

21. 0

4. 10 47 .60

62.4

7 .30

95.10

113.00

1.5 o. 0.6 O.

1.42 1.49 1.53 1.6 1.66 1.9 2. 11 _.22 _AI 2.5

3.0 3.59 3.94 4.4 4. 9

4.36 .35 6.03 7.1 7. 9 5.77 7.35 A 10.. 11.6 L 9 .61 11.3 14 16.0

.9 12.1 14.5 1.2 _1.1

1 .6 14. 23 .1 27.0 12.4 17. 21.9 2 .6 33.7 16.3 24 .3 0.7 41. 49.6 _7 .1 44.0 5.5 4 105 39. 67 . 4.1 142 I 52.6 95.5 I 7 216 2 6 67 126 I 6 30 414

160 24_ 40 567 197 303 27 747

O.W 0.03 0.02 0.015

1.6 1.4 1.31 1.15 _.25 1. 1.47 1.22

.25 204 I. 72 1.31 4.02 _.7 1.9 1.3

4.74 3.12 2.W 1.43

A H3 2. 17 1.47

6.0 3 .73 L 1.51

6.72 4.01 2. I.

7. 4.27 2.48 1.5

.59 2. 6 I. 3

11.6 .02 1.74

14.5 3.31 I. 2

17.4 3. 7 I. 9 20 1.95

1.99

2.02

Appendix 4: Tables of Buildup Factors

Table A4.2. Build-up factors for Fe

R(mfp

0.-

2

3

4

5

6

7

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

10

1.1 1.1

1.1 1.27

1.31 1.4

1.44 1.69

1.59 1.93

1.76 _.19

1.96 2.47

2. 17 2.7

2.42 3.12

2.9 3. 7

-.06 6.29

.44 9.59

13. 14

22.- 19.6

35 2 .7

54.1 35.4

R (mfp) 0.4 0.3

O. 1.91 2.07

2. 6 .0

2 4 .9 5.09

3 7.17 7.23

4 9 .75 9.

5 12.7 12.1

6 15.9 14.9

7 1,4 17.9

23.3 21

10 31.9 27.

15 5.6 47.6

20 92. 70.

25 133 97.2

30 I 0 126

35 233 15

40 292 192

6 5

1.1 1.-2 1.26

1.33 1.42 1.49

1.6 1.79 1.9

I. 2.17 2.39

2.17 2.57 2. 6

2. _.9 3.37

2. 5 3.45 3.91

3.22 3.93 4.47

3.6_ 4,44 5.07

4.5 5.54 6.33

7.1 .72 9.92

10.6 L. 14.1

14. 16.9 1.7

19. 21.7 23 .7

2 . 26. 2 .9

32.4 32. 1 34

0._ 0.15 0. 1

2.13 1.93 J.3

2.94 2A6 1.6

4.34 3.22 1.94

5.72 3.93 2.13

7.14 4.6 2. I

.5 5.23 2A

10 5. 4 2.63

II. 6.42 2.77

13.1 6.9 2.9

16. 1 .07 .13

24.2 10.6 3. I

32.- 12.9 4

41 15 4.34

49. 16.9 4.63

19A 4.

6.1 _1.7 4.9

3 2

I. I 1.3 1.4

1.59 1.7 I. 4

2. 12 2.39 2.76

2.6 3.1 3.74

3.27 3. 6 4 .

3. 9 4 .66 5.93

4.55 . I 7.12

5.23 6.39 .37

- .95 7.3 9.67

7.46 9.23 12.4

11.7 14.5 20

16.4 ~0.4 2.-

_1.6 _6.7 .7.7

27 33.3 47.4

32.- 40.4 7.7

37.9 47. 6 .4

O.

1.23

I. 4 I. -I

1.61

1.70

1.7

I. 4

1.91

1.96

2.06

2.-6

2.41

_. 4

_.65

2.73

2.77

0.06

1.12

1.17

1.23

1.2

1.31

I. 4

1.:'1

1.39

IAI

1,45

I. 2

1.57

1.61

1.65

1.67

1.6

0.05

1.0

1.1

1.14

1.17

1.19

1.21

1.22

1.23

1.24

1.26

1.3

1..3

I. 5

1.37

1.3

I.

1.5 O.

1.45 1.53 1.6

1.95 _. 14

.03 3.50 3. I

4.23 - .()4 5. 7

5.54 6.79 7.6

6.95 .74 9.

.47 10.9 12,4

10.1 13.2 15.2

II. 15.7 1.2

1 .3 21.1 24.9

25.4 37. 1 45.3

36. 56.2 70.4

49.2 77. 9 .

62.6 102 I. 3

76. 12 170

91.6 I 6 211

0.()4

1.()4

1.06

1.0

1.09

1.1

1.11

1.12

1.12

1.1

1.14

1.1

1.17

1.1

1.19

1.2

1.-

0.03

1.02

1.03

1.0

1.()4

1.05

1.0

1.05

1.06

1.06

1.06

1.07

1.0

1.0

1.09

1.09

1.09

0.02

1.01

1.01

1.01

1.01

1.02

1.02

1.02

1.02

1.02

1.02

1.02

1.03

1.03

1.0

1.03

1.03

0.6 0.5

1.71 1.79

_.5 2 .66

4.27 4.57

6.3 6.75

.65 9.--

II.. 12.1

14.3 1.3

17.7 I .

21.3 22.7

29.4 31.4

55 5 .

7.4 93.9

127 136

172 16

223 242

2 0 0-

0.01-

I

1.01

1.01

1.01

1.01

0.0 1

1.0 I

1.01

1.01

1.01

1.01

1.01

1.0 I

1.01

1.01

249

250 Appendices

Table A4.3. Build-up factors for Sn

R (mfp) 15 10 6 5 3 2 1.5 O. 0.6 0.5 OA 0.3 0.2

0.5 1.25 1._9 1.33 1.36 1.39 1.39 1.43 1.4 1.47 1.6 1.74 I. I I. I 1.7 1.6 1.46

I 1.4 1.5 1.57 1.6 1.65 1.66 1.7 I. 1.93 2.2 2.37 2A2 2.39 2.27 1.92 1.61

2 1.91 I. 4 1.92 1.95 2.05 2. 11 2.37 2.6 2 . 6 3A2 3.5_ 3A9 .35 .02 2.36 I. I

3 2A 2.21 2.27 2.31 2A6 2.6 .01 3. - 3. 7 4. 4.6 4 .54 ·U6 3.7 2 .72 1.9

4 .05 2. 6 2 . .72 2.92 3. 14 3.69 4A3 4. 7 5 .70 5.7 5.49 5.06 4.26 2.9 2.06

3.91 L 3. 13 3.19 3.44 3.74 4A3 - .36 5.92 . 2 6 .87 6.41 - . 3 4.7 3.-1 2. 15

6 - .03 3. 6 .. 7 .74 4.0· 4A3 5.- 6.43 7.11 .12 .1 7A7 6.70 .3 3.46 2.2

7 6.4 4.6 4 . 4. 7 4 .7 .1 6.2 7 . 3 . 4 9.4 9.39 .5 7.54 5.9 3.6 2 .33

.37 5.59 5.1 5.05 5.46 5.97 7. 14 .66 9.57 10.7 10.6 9.49 .34 6.4 3. 7 2.4

10 14.1 .07 6.9 6.7 7.17 7.77 9.24 11.1 12.2 13A 13.2 11.6 . 9 7.43 4.25 2.54

1.4 19. 14. 1-.7 1 .6 1 .6 1 .2 19.9 21.1 20.3 17.1 14.4 9.95 5.1 2. 4

20 I 4 47 2 .9 2-.2 _IA 21.2 23.2 26. 29.3 27.9 22. 1 .7 I-. . 3 3 .1

25 6 4 10 57.6 36.5 32.9 30.7 31. 35.2 3 A 37. 35. 2.4 _3.1 14.- 6.46 3.31

o 2120 24 I 7 57.3 47.9 42.1 41.4 44. 4 A 46A 43.6 4.1 27.4 16.6 7 .03 3.5

35 6930 520 193 6.5 67.1 5.4 I. .9 5 .2 1.6 9.6 31.6 1 .6 7.57 3.67

40 UlOO 1100 33 127 91 70.6 62. 65.5 69.5 63.9 59.5 45.1 35.6 20.4 .06 3. I

R (mfp) 0.15 0.1 0.09 0.0 0.07 0.0 0.0

o.

2

3

4

6

7

10

I

20

30

3

40

I. 4 I. I. _ I. 1.37 1.3 1.3

1.43 1.32 1.35 I A 1.4 1.56 1.61

1.52 1.35 1.37 1.41 1.51 1.7 I. 6

I. I. 1.39 1.42 I. 1.7 I. 99

1.64 I A 1.41 1.43 1.5 1.74 2.07

1.6 1.42 1.42 1.44 1.5 1.74 2. 13

1.72 1.44 1.44 1.4 I. I 1.74 2. 17

1.75 I AS I A - 1.46 1.51 1.73 2.21

1.7 1.46 1.46 1.47 1.52 1.73 2.26

I. 4 1.49 1.47 1.4 1.52 1.72 2.

I. 97 1.53 1.51 I. I 1.54 I. 72 2.64

2.07 1.56 1.53 I. 2 1.56 1.71 _.92

2. 16 1.5 1.5 1.54 I. 7 1.71 .27

2.23 1.6 1.57 I. 1.5 1.72 .76

_.29 1.62 1.5 1.57 I. 9 1.7_ 4.44

2. 1.63 1.59 1.5 1.6 1.7 5.44

0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03-

I. I. 7 1.36 1.. 6

1.64 1.6 1.7 1.74

2.05 2.2 2. 2.79

2.37 2.95 3.6 4 .65

2.69 3. 3 . 9 .26

3.02 5.04 . I 15.4

3.39 6.6 14._ _9A

. I 9.0 22.9 .6

4.34 12.1 36.3 97.3

. 3 22.4 9-.2 33.-

12.9 130 1.17 3 .0 3

9.4 1010 I. _E4 _.19E5

I 9 30 6.6_E6

52 4400 _.14

2060 0 000 1.21 L7E9

190 7.73 6 2.4_ 9 2 .54 II

0.03 0.029 0.02 0.015

I. 5

1.7

3

5.:7

II.

_4._

5-.9

10

223

97

4.06 4

I. 3 6

.71E7

4.32

2.22 II

1.1 E I

1.02 1.0 I

1.03 Ull 1.0 I

1.04 1.02 1.0 I

1.05 1.02 1.0 I

1.05 1.02 1.0 I

1.06 1.02 1.0 I

1.06 1.02 1.0 I

1.0 1.02 1.0 I

1.06 1.02 I. I

1.07 1.03 1.01

1.0 1.03 1.02

1.09 I. 3 1.02

l.09 1.04 1.02

I. I 1.04 1.02

I. I 1.04 1.02

I. I I 1.04 1.02

Appendix 4: Tables of Buildup Factors 251

Table A4.4. Build-up factors for W

Energy (Me )

R (mfp) 15 10 8 654 3 2 1.5 O. 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 (L 0.1 0.14 0.13

0.5 1.3 1.34 1.3 104 1.43 1,43 104 1.4 1045 I. 2 1.51 1.4 1.5 1.-19 1.-1 1.-1-1 1.-15 1.-16 1.-17

1.53 1.53 1.6 1.59 1.6-1 1.62 1.7-1 I. I 1.81 I. 9 I. 5 1.73 I. 0 1.67 1.5-1 1.51 1.61 1.66 1.71

2 1.9 I. 1.91 I. 7 1.9-1 1.96 2.1 2.39 2.45 _,49 2.3 _.12 2.14 1.91 1.6 1.56 1.69 1.79 1.93

3 2.57 2.3 _.26 2.2 2.29 2.36 2.67 3.01 3.09 .0-1 2. -I 2.-1-1 2.-12 2.09 1.77 1.6 1.7 I. 2 2.01

-I 3.41 _. 4 2.69 2.57 2.69 2.81 3.2 3.62 3.69 3.52 _ .23 2.71 2.63 2.23 I. -I 1.63 1.71 I. 3 2.0-1

5 -1.59 .53 3.22 3.0_ 3. 1 3.3 3.79 -1.27 -1.32 3.9 3.59 2.95 2. 3 2. 5 I. 9 1.65 1.7_ I. -I 2.07

6 6.22 -1.-1 3. 6 3.5-1 3.6 3. 6 4.4-1 -1.9 -1.99 -1.47 3.9 3.2 .03 _.47 1.9 I. 1.73 I. -I 2.0

7 . I 5.51 -1.62 -1.13 4.2 4.4 5.1-1 5.7 5.65 -1.9-1 -1.34 3.43 3.21 _.5 2 1.7 1.7 I. -I _.0

11.7 6. 5.5-1 -I. I .94 5.1-1 5. 7 6.4-1 6.3 5. 9 -1.6 3.6-1 3.3 2.67 2.0-1 1.72 1.7-1 I. -I 2.09

10 22.4 10. 7.99 6.49 6.-3 6.68 7.49 7. 9 6.2 5.34 -1.05 3.71 _. 6 2.12 1.76 1.76 I. 5 2.09

11-1 33. 19. IL 1-.-1 II. 12.4 1-.3 11.-1 .42 6. 7 4.96 4.42 3.26 2.2 I. 3 1.7 I. 7 2.10

20 572 10-1 " 25.7 _1.9 19.1 1 .3 16.9 1 .3 10.40 ._ 1 5.72 5.02 3.5 2.41 I. 9 I. 2 I. 9 2.10

25 2770 31-1 113 47.9 36.5 28.7 -5.3 21.9 19.2 12.10 9,4 6. 6 .53 3. - 2. I 1.94 I. 4 1.9 2.10

30 13 91 _60 5.9 .3 41. 3.1 27.2 23.1 13. 0 10.5 6.93 5.9 -1.07 2.59 1.9 I. 6 1.92 2.10

35 59 00 2620 5 3 I SO 9.9 57.1 41.7 32.6 27 15.3 11.5 7.44 6.37 -1.27 2.67 2.01 I. 7 1.93 2.10

-10 26 7320 12 0 253 134 76.6 51.1 38.1 30.8 16.70 12.4 7.91 6.7 -1.4 _.7 2.04 I. 9 1.9-1 2.11

R (mfp) 0.12 0.11 0.1 0.09 0.08 oms 0.07 0.069 0.06 0.05 0.0-1 0.03 0.02 0.01

0.5

I

2

3

-I

6

7

10

15

20

2

30

5

40

1.47 1.47 1.-I6EOO 1.-I6EOO 1.-I6EOO 1.-I7EOO 1.4 00 1.05

1.77 I. I. -I 00 1.89EOO 1.94EOO 1.9 EOO 2.02EOO 1.07

2. I I 2.31 2.56EOO 2. 6 00 3. I 00 040 00 3.6-1 00 1.1

2.31 2.73 3.33 00 4.19 00 -.24 00 5.94 00 6.74 00 I. 1 I

2045 3.15 4.32 00 6.25 00 9.0 I 00 1.09 0 I 1.33 EO I 1.12

2.7 3.6 5.65EOO 9.5700 1.6101 2.10-01 2.7301 1.1

2.67 -1.1 7.-1-1 00 1.-19 01 2.92EOI 4.09EOI 5.66EOI 1.1-1

2.77 4.7 9.99EOO 2.3-1 01 5.24 01 7.70EOI 1.13 02 1.15

2. 5,47 I. 4 01 3.6-1 01 9.IOEOI 1.-12 0_ 2.22 02 1.15

3.12 7A3 2.46 01 .75 01 2. 02 .0-1 02 .7 02 1.16

.92 I. lAO 02 9.96E02 5.77 03 1.3_ 04 2.97 0-1 1.19

-1.9 61.7 1.0-1 03 1041 0-1 1.37 OS .95 05 1.11 E06 1.21

6.5 229 8.62 03 2.23E05 3.59 0 1.29 07 -1.4 07 1.22

9.21 902 7.42 0-1 3.6 06 1.00EO 4,49E08 1.9 1 E09 1._3

13.9 660 6.50 OS 6.20 07 2. 09 1.62 10 AS 10 1.2-1

22.1 151 .77 0 1.06 09 .46 10 6.03EII 3. 5EI2 1.2

1.04 1.02 1.0 I 1.0 I

1.06 1.03 1.02 1.0 I

1.07 1.05 1.0 1.0 I 1.0 I

1.0 1.0 1.03 1.02 1.0 I

1.09 1.0 1.03 1.02 1.0 I

1.09 1.06 1.03 1.02 1.0 I

I. I 1.06 1.0-1 1.02 1.0 I

1.1 1.07 1.04 1.02 1.0 I

I. I I 1.07 1.0-1 1.02 1.0 I I

I. L 1.0 1.05 1.02 1.0 I 1.01

1.1 1.0 1.0 1.02 1.0 I 1.0 I

1.1-1 1.09 1.0 1.03 1.0 I 1.0 I

I. 15 1.1 1.06 1.03 1.0 I 1.0 I

1.16 1.1 1.06 1.0 1.0 I 1.0 I

I. 17 1.1 I 1.06 1.03 1.0 I 1.01

1.1 1.1 I 1.07 1.03 1.0 I 1.0 I

252 Appendices

Table A4.S. Build-up factors for U

R (mfp) 15 10 6 5 2 1.5 O. 0.6 0.5 0.-1 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.19 0.1

0.5 1.35 1.37 1...12 1.-1 1.46 1.44 1,49 1.47 1.-1 1.37 I. 1.32 1.-1 1.-1- 1.-1 1.49 1.49 1.-19 1.-19

I. 7 1.56 1.6 I. 1.61 1.5 1.6 1.72 1.67 1.61 1.5 1.47 I. 1.56 1.5 1.76 I. I. 3 I. 6

2 2.03 1.9 I. 9 I. 2 I. 6 I. 7 2.02 2.14 2.1 I. 4 I. 7 1.67 1.76 1.67 1.65 2.0-1 2.16 2.29 2.44

3 _.6-1 2.33 2.23 2.11 2.16 2.19 _.-11 2.5 2.51 2.2 _.1 I. 2 I. 9 1.76 1.69 2.17 2.37 2.62 2.94

4 3.-1 2. 7 2.6-1 2.44 2.49 2.54 2. I 3.0 I 2. 2.-17 2.2 1.9-1 1.99 I. 3 1.72 2.-5 2.53 _.91 3...16

5 4.67 3.5-1 3.1_ 2. 2. 5 2.91 .2-1 3.-1 3.25 2.69 2.-15 2.05 2.07 I. 9 1.7 2. _.6· 3.19 -I.

6 6.2 -I. 6 3.69 3.22 3.27 3.33 3.7 3.9 .63 2.92 2.62 2.16 2.17 1.9-1 1.7 2.. 2.7 3.46 4.69

7 .54 5.-1 4.36 3.69 3.72 3.77 4.1 4.3 3.99 3.12 2.77 2.25 2.24 1.99 I. 2.36 2. 5 3.76 5.5

11.6 6.67 5.16 -1 .22 4.21 4.24 4.6 -I. 4.3 3.31 2.91 2.3 2. I 2.Q..I. I. 2 2.3 2.9 4.11 6. 4

10 22 10.3 7.22 .4 5.35 5.29 5.75 5.74 5.0 3.6 .16 2,49 _.44 2.12 I. 6 2.42 3.1 5.01 9.3

15 109 30...1 16.6 10.2 9.27 .57 8.76 .12 6. -I H7 3.71 2. I 2.71 2.29 1.94 2...19 3. 5 .5 26.5

20 534 0 37. 1.4 15.1 12. 12.2 10.5 .6 .11 4.1- .06 _.93 2.42 2 2.54 4.69 17.1 6

2 2550 2 I 4. 32 2.7 I .2 1- . 13 10.3 5.67 4.52 .26 .10 _.52 2.0· _.57 .7 3. 391

30 11900 743 186 5-135.624.719.91-.-1 II. 6.1- 4.53.44 3.-5 2.612.092.67.44 96 160

35 5-1 00 2070 -101 9.2 52.2 32.6 _4.2 17.9 13.3 6.59 . 14 3.59 3.3 2.69 2.13 2.62 10 249 7410

40 247000 56 0 50 144 74.5 41. 2.6 _0.3 14.7 6.99 5.-1 3.72 3.49 2.76 2.17 2.6-1 14.1 6 33

R (mfp)

o.

2

3

4

5

6

7

10

15

20

2

30

r

0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.1 16 0.115 0.1 o.n 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03

1.-19 +00 1.-1 +00 1.-19 +00 1.49 +00 1.-19 +00 1.-19 +00 1.0

I. 9E+00 1.90 +00 1.95 +00 1.99 +00 2.01 +00 2.02E+00 1.11

2.60 +(){) 2.7 E+OO 2.9 +00 3.- I +00 3.-12 -+00 3.49E+00 1.1

3.32 +00 3.77 +00 4.39 +00 .10 +00 . 3 +00 6.1 I +00 1.17

-I.19E+00 5.15E+00 6.56E+00 .35E+OO 1.04E+01 1.13 +01 1.19

. I +00 7.1 +00 1.00 +0 I 1.41 +0 I 1.92E+0 I 2.16 +0 I 1.2

6.73 +00 1.00 +0 I 1.55 +0 I 2.-11 +0 I 3.60 +0 I 4.1 +0 I 1.22

.69 +00 1.43 +01 2.-16 +01 4.17E+01 6.63E+01 .02 +01 1.23

1.13 +01 2.04 +01 2.-16 +01 4.17 +01 6.63 +01 .02 +01 1.23

1.91 +01 4.16E+OI 9.13 +01 1.97E+02 3.96 +02 5.24 +02 1.26

9. 7 +0 I 3.0 +02 1.0 I +0 .1 +0 9.0 +0 1.37E+Q.t 1.3

5.37 +02 2. 6E+03 1.3 E+Q.t 6.14 +04 2.39 +05 4.06E+05 I. 4

3.5 +03 2.9 +04 2.10 +05 I.3IE+06 6.9IE+06 I.3IE+07 I. 6

2.-19E+04 3.16 +05 3.33E+06 2.97 +07 2.11 +0 4.47 +0 I. 9

1.76 +05 3.45 +06 5.41 +07 6. 3E+08 6.6 E+09 1.5 E+IO 1.4

1.06 1.04 1.02 1.0 I 1.0 I

1.0 1.05 1.02 1.0_ 1.0 I 1.0 I

1.1 1 1.07 1.03 1.02 1.01 1.0 I

1.12 1.07 1.04 1.0_ 1.02 1.0 I

1.14 1.0 1.04 1.03 1.02 1.0 I

1.15 1.09 1.04 1.03 1.02 1.01

I. I 1.09 1.0 1.03 1.02 1.0 I

1.1 6 1.1 1.05 1.03 1.02 1.0 I

I. 16 1.1 1.05 1.03 1.02 1.0 I

1.1 1.1 I 1.06 1.04 1.02 1.0 I

1.21 I. 13 1.06 1.04 1.02 1.0 I

1._ 1.14 1.07 1.04 1.0 1.0 I

1.-4 1.1 1.07 1.05 1.03 1.02

1.26 1.15 1.0 1.0 1.03 1.0_

1._7 I. 16 1.0 1.05 1.03 1.02

40 1.27 +06 3. I +07 1.60 + 10 2.1 + I I .69 + II 1.42 1.2 1.17 1.0 1.0· 1.03 1.02

Appendix 4: Tables of Buildup Factors

Table A4.6. Build-up factors for water

R (mfp)

o.

2

3

4

6

7

10

20

2

30

35

40

IS 10

1.16 1.21

1.29 1.3

1.51 1.7

1.72 2

1.93 2.29

2.I.t 2.57

2.3.t 2.85

2. 3 .1

2.73 3A

3. 11 .9.t

.t .~ .2.t

.t.93 6.51

5. I 7.75

6.~ .97

7A2 10.2

.09 II.

6 5

1.2 1.27 1.29

I.~ 1.55 1.57

I. 2 1.9 2. 1

2. 17 2A3 2.62

2.52 2. 7 3 .12

_. 6 3.31 3.63

3.2 .74 4.14

.t.16 4.64

3. 6 4.59 5.14

4.51 5A3 6.I.t

6.0 7A9 .62

7.61 9.52 11.1

9.1 II. 13.5

10.6 1 .5 I.

12.2 15.5 1.3

14.1 17.9 20.7

R (mfp) OA 0.3 0.2 0.15 0.1

0.5 1.66 1.75 1.92 2.07 2.36

2.6 2. 4 3.42 3.91 .t.52

2 ,42 6.2 ._2 9.36 11.7

3 9. 6 11.5 15.7 I .6 23.5

4 I .1 19 26.4 2.5 40.6

5 22.2 2. 41. 2

6 30. 41.2 61 77.9 9.t.

7 41. I 56.5 6.2 III I 4

53.2 75 II 153 I

.2 122 202 26 l.t

15 197 318 582 05 917

20 77 656 1310 I 90 2120

25 632 I I 0 25 0 3 40 426

o 97_ 1930 4640 70 0 77 0

2

1.3 1 J.3.t J.3

1.63 1.71 I. 3

2.26 2.47 2. 2

2. 7 3.24 . 7

3A 4.01 4.99

4.09 4 . I 6.16

.t.71 5.62 7.3

5. 3 6,4 .6

5.95 7.2 9.97

7.2 .98 12.7

10. 13.4 20.1

13.5 17. 2

16.6 22A 36.4

19. 27.1 4 .2

23 I. 54.3

26. I 36.5 6 .6

0.0 0.06

2 . .t 2.63

4.93 .t .94

12.5 11.5

24. 20.6

40. 32,4

62 .7 46.

90.6 ~.3

12 4.

167 109

27 167

7 .t 390

1650 75

I I 20

-560 2140

35 1400 2950 7 90 12100 13100 9190 3270

40 1940 42 0 2 00 19600 20300 14-00 4_0

1.5

1.42 1.47

1.93 2.0

.11 3.6_

.t.~ 5. 0

5.9 7.66

7A7 10.1

9.1.t 12.1

10.9 15.7

12. I .9

16. 26

_7.9 47.4

.to.4 73.5

5.t. 1 1O.t

6 . 13

4,4 175

101 214

O.

1.51

2.1

.96

6.2.t

.96

12.1

15.6

19.6

24

33.9

65.6

106

156

213

_77

3.t9

0.6

1.56

_.34

.t,4

7A

11.1

15,4

20.6

26A

33

4 .7

102

176

272

525

6 3

o.

1.61

2.4

4. 7

._9

12.7

I .1

2.t.6

2.2

40.

61.

137

247

395

5 2

09

10 0

0.05 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.015

2. - 2.27 I. I 1.29 1.13

4.51 3.5 2,43 lAS 1.19

9A9 6.41 A6 1.70 1.2

1.7 9.5 4AI I. 1.34

2L 12. 5.32 2.05 I A

I. 16.3 6.1 2.19 I.~

.tl.6 19.9 7.01 2.31 1.4

52.6 23. 7. I 2,43 1.51

64.9 37. .61 2. 3 1.-4

93.3 6.5 10.2 _.72 1.59

190 61.6 14.1 .13 1.69

331 92. 1 1.1 3A7 1.77

2 12 223 .76 1.3

779 169 _6.7 4 .03 I.

1100 216 1.3 4.25 1.93

1510 269 35.9 4A3 1.96

253

254

Table A4.7. Build-up factors for AI

R (mfp)

0.5

3

4

5

6

7

10

15

_0

2

30

5

40

R (mfp)

O.S

2

4

5

6

7

10

15

20

2

o

40

15 10 6

I. L 1.1 1.21 1.25 1.2

1.-3 1.32 1.39 I A 1.57

I A I 1.59 1.72 1.91 2.0

I. - I. - 2.0- 2.33 2.53

1.76 2.12 2.37 2.75 3.c13

1.95 2A 2.71 3.1 3.53

2.15 2.6 3.04 3.62 ·W4

:U5 2.97 3.39 4.06 4.5

2.55 3.26 3.74 4.51 5.09

2.97 3. 6 4.44 5A3 6.16

4.11 5A5 6.27 7.79 .91

-.36 7.15 .1 10.3 11.

6.71 .96 10. 1 12. 14.7

. 15 10.9 12.2 15.2 17.6

9.63 12. 14.2 17.5 _0.6

11.1 14. IL 19. 23.3

OA

1.76

2.77

5,46

9.06

13.5

19

2 A

32.9

-II.

62.5

139

253

410

61-1

67

1170

0.3

I. 5

3.0

6.35

10.

16.3

23

31.1

-10.6

51.7

7 .

1 1

42

572

12 0

17 0

0.2

2.1

3.M

7.76

13.2

19.

17.9

7.

4 .

61.

93.9

215

407

6 8

1070

15 0

2220

0.15

2.36

4.12

.5

14

20.5

2 .2

37.1

47.3

5 .

6.3

I 4

331

534

01

11-10

1560

0.1

2.43

4

7.44

I 1.2

15.2

19.6

2-1.-1

29.6

35.-

47.7

6.7

137

19

271

356

4 I

Appendices

Energy (Me

4 2 1.5 o.

1.31 1.34 1.39 1.-12 IA9 1.53

1.62 1.7 I. 3 1.93 2.10 2.22

2.21 2A3 2.79 3.09 3.59 3.94

2. 3.1 3. 2 4 .. 7 5.35 6.04

3A 3.95 4.92 -.7 7.37 .51

4.02 4.7 6.0 7.3 9.64 11.3

4.M 5.57 7.3 .62 12.1 1-1.6

.2 6A2 .57 10.6 14.1 1.1

5.92 7.2 9.9 12.5 17.9 _2.1

7.-2 9.0 12.7 16.3 24.5 31

10.6 13.7 _0. _7.2 44.3 9.2

14 1.6 28.5 39.4 6.4 95A

17.5 23.6 37.4 L7 96.2 139

21.1 2 . 46 . 67.1 1_7 190

24. 3-1.1 56.6 2.3 162 247

_ A 39A 66.6 9 ._ 199 .10

0.0 0.06

2.24 I. 5

3.41 2,46

.66 .44

7. 7 -1.31

10.1 5.13

12A 5.91

1-1.7 6.67

17.1 7.-11

19.6 .1-1

24.9 9.59

39.6 13.2

56.2 16.7

74.1 20.2

94. 23.5

117 26.-

1-10 2.9

0.05 0.04

1.61 I. 3

1.9 1.5

_. 2 1.77

2.9-1 1.97

3.32 2.12

3.6 2.26

-1.01 2.3

4.33 2.

4.63 2.6

.2 2.79

6.5 3.2

7.67 _ .53

.7 3. I

9.76 4.06

1 .6 4.25

11 .3 4.39

0.03

1.16

1.23

1.3_

1.39

1.-15

1.

1.54

1.57

1.61

1.67

1.7

I. 7

1.94

2

_.OS

2.0

O.!)2

1.0

l.en 1.10

1.1-

1.13

1.14

1.15

1.16

1.17

1.1

1.21

1.23

1.25

1.-

1.27

1.2

0.6 0.5

1.6 I. 7S

2AI 2.-7

4A9 -I. 7

7.14 7.91

10.3 I 1.6

1-1.1 16.1

1.-1 21.3

23.3 27.3

2.9 L

41. SO.5

-1.9 107

1-13 I 9

217 296

306 -130

410 91

529 7 0

0.015

1.02

1.03

1.04

1.05

1.05

1.06

1.06

1.07

1.07

1.0

1.09

1.1

1.1

1.11

1.11

1.11

Appendix 4: Tables of Buildup Factors

Table A4.8. Build-up factors for air

Rlmfp)

0.5

3

-I

5

6

7

10

20

25

30

35

-10

15 10

1.15 1.2

1.2 1.37

1.-19 1.6

1.7 1.97

1.9 2.26

2.11 2.5-1

2.3 2. 2

2.- 3.1

2.7 3.37

3.0 3.92

-I.(n 5.2

-1.96 6.55

5. 7 7.-1

6.75 9.11

7.5 IDA

.3 1 11.6

R (mfp) 0.-1 0.3

0.5 1.66 1.75

2.59 2. 3

2 5.37 6.2

3 9.-1: IIA

-I 1-1. I .7

5 21. 2 .2

6 30.2 -10._

7 -10.2 5-1.9

52 72.7

10 1.1 II

15 191 304

20 36 62-1-

25 611 1120

30 93 I 20

3 1350 2770

-10 I 70 -1010

6 5 3 2

1.2 1.27 I. 29 1.31 I. -I I..

1.-13 1.52 1.57

I. 1.97 2.

2. 15 2AI 2.6

2.5 2. 3.11

2. -I L .61

3.17 3.71 -1-.12

3.51 -1.1-1 -1.62

3. -I- -1.57 5.12

-1.-19 5.-12 6.13

6.0 7.51 .6

7.6-1 9.5 Il.l

9.17 11.6 13.6

10.7 13.6 16. I

12.3 15.-1 1.5

1-1.1 16.9 21

0.2

1.9

3.2

7.7-1

15

25.6

-10

5 .9

2.

112

192 --1-

12_0

2360

-1150

6770

10500

0.15

2.16

3. 3

9.21

I .2

31.5

-19.9

7-1.2

10

I-W

2-19

73

1700

3·HO

6210

10500

17000

1.63 1.71 I. 3

_A6 _. I

2. 5 3.22 3.86

3.-16 -I- -1.96

-I-.()7 7.-19 6. I

-1.69 5.6 7.35

.31 6.-13 .6 1

.9-1 7.26 9.92

7.19 .97 12.6

10. 13A 20

13.5 17.9 27.9

16.7 2-.5 36.2

19.9 21-- -1-5

23.1 2 54

26.3 36.7 63.2

Energ) (Me

0.1

_ 2

800

I 10

3570

6-10

10

15700

0.0 0.06

2. 2 2.5

4. 3 -1.76

12 10.

22.9 I.

37.9 39.1

57.4 41.

2 56.1

112 73.2

1-1 92.7

2-12 1-10

636 316

1350 596

_ -10 1010

4390 1600

71-10 2410

11100 3-1 0

1.5 0.8

1.42 1.-17 1.5

1.92 2.0 2. I 7

.09 .60 3.9-1

-1-.-12 5.46 6.19

5. 6 7.6

7.-12 10 I.

9.0 L.7 15.5

10.8 15.6 19.-1

1_.7 I. 23.7

16.7 25. 33.

27.7 -17 6-1.9

-10.2 72. 105

53.9 103 15-1

6 .5 136 210

-I 17 27-1

100 212 3-15

0.0 0.04 0.0

_.-I L 1.76

-1.2 3.3 _.31

.72 5. 5 3.19

14.1 .-17 .9.9

20. 11.2 -1-.75

27.6 1-1.1 5.46

35.7 17 6.1-1-

-W.6 20.1 6.79

-1.-1 23.3 7.-13

76. 30 .69

151 -19 II.

256 71.-1 1-1.

395 97.2

574 126 21.

79 159 25.-1

1070 19 29.7

0.6

I. 6

2.33

-IA6

7.3-1

10.9

15.3

20.3

26

2.5

-17.9

100

173

266

379

512

6

0.5

1.60

2.-1-1

-I. -I

.21

1-.6

17.9

-4.2

31.6

-10.1

60.6

13-1

2-11

3 5 567

7

1050

0.01 0.015

1.27 1.12

1.-11 I. I 7

1.62 1.25

17.90 13.1

1.93 1.36

2.04 1.39

2.15 1.-13

L5 1,46

2.3-1 1.-1

2.50 1.53

2. 3 1.62

.1 1 1.6

3.35 1.7-1

3. 6 1.7

3.74 I. 2

3. I. 5

255

256 Appendices

Table A4.9. Build-up factors for Pb

R(mfp) 10 6 2 1.- O. 0.6 0 .5 A O . 0.2 0 .16 0. 15

0.5 1.32 1.35 1.4 1.41 1.44 I A3 1.49 IA 1.43 1.46 1.43 1.36 IA IA5 1.47 IA5 IA5 I A5

I. -5 1.54 I. 9 1.5 1.62 1.6 1.71 1.7 IT 1.76 1.7 I. 6 1.67 1.5 1.6 1.69 1.72 1.77

2 I. I. I. I. 4 I. 9 1.91 2. 11 _.2 2 .29 2.23 2.09 I. 5 1.92 1.76 1.6 I. I 2 .03 2.20

3 2 .5 2.3 2.24 _. 15 2.22 2.28 2.56 2. 2 2 . 2 2.M 2.43 2.07 2.11 I. 1.6 2 L 2.52

4 3.42 _. 6 2.5 2.59 2.6 3.0 .35 .31 2.7 2 .2 • . _6 1.9 1.6 _.0 _.3_ 2. I

5 4 .61 3.54 3. 17 2.91 3 3.1- 3.55 3.9 3 . I 3.32 2.95 2.41 _AO 2.06 1.7 2.0 2A2 .10

6 6 .26 404 .79 A .4 .61 4. 12 4. 4.34 .2_ 2.58 2.53 2.1 1.72 2.09 2A9 3.39

7 .56 4. 3 3 .94 4.02 4. 1 4.72 .0 4. 5 4 .00 3.45 2.72 • . 6 2 .22 1.73 2.1 2 . 6 3 .1-

II. 6. 7 5AI 4.56 4.6 4 .7_ 5.34 -.6 - .36 4.30 .67 2. 5 _ .76 2.2 1.75 2. 11 2.M 4 .11

22.6 I . 7.76 .0 6 .01 6.0 6 .7 6 .9 6A 4. 0 4 .1 3. 11 _.97 2AI 1.77 2.13 2. - .14

117 33 19 12.1 Il.l lOA 10. 10.3 9 .0 6 .26 .0 3 .6 AI 2.6 I. 2r 9.52

20 594 105 45.9 23.1 19.1 16A 15.7 13.9 11. 7.44 5. 2 4 .0 3 .77 _. 7 I. 7 _ .16 _1.7

2 29 0 19 10 4 • . 6 I. 24.3 21._ 17.7 14.6 .4 6A 4.44 4.07 3.04 1.91 2. 16 4.5 56.6

30 14100 944 _49 75.7 49.3 4.4 27.4 21. 17.2 9041 7.09 4.75 4.3 3 .1 I. 4 _ .17 5.45 160

35 66200 2730 562 131 75.1 47 34.1 2-.5 19.7 10.3 7.64 5.03 4.56 3.3 1.97 2.17 6. 9 473

40 30- TTO 1_4 2_1 III 62A 41.4 29.1 22.2 11.1 . 1 50- 4.76 HI 1.99 _.1 9 .1 1440

R (mfpl 0. 14 0.13 0. 12 0. 11 0.1 0.09 0.0 9 0.0

0.5

2

3

4

5

7

10

20

25

30

35

40

1.46

I. I

2.41

2.96

3.59

4.33

6AI

7.6

12.2

4 .7

2_0

1190

6 0 3 -00

22

lA3 1.46E+oo I A E+OO IA4E+00 104 +00

1.51 I. - +00 I. +00 I. 9E+00 2.ooE+00

1.61 2. 3.05 +00

+00

3.54 +00

1.67 r2 +00 4.20 +00 4.92E+OO 6.24E+00 6.39E

1.7_ 4.71 +00 6. 0 +00 .25 +00 1.1 E+OI 1.22E+OI

1.76 6.40E+ 9.7 I E+OO 1.44 +01 2.31 +01 2.41 +01

I. .77 +00 1.52 +01 2.54 +01 4.59E+01 4.85E+Ol

I. 4 L3 +01 _AI +01 4.50 +01 .7 +01 9.3 +01

I. 7 I.72E+OI 3.77E+Ol 7.67 +01 1.66 +02 1.79 +02

1.92 3.39 +01 9.20 +01 2.32 +02 6. 11 +02 6.7IE+02

2.03 2.34E+02 1.0 E+03 4.33 +03 1.75 +04 _.00 +04

2. 12 2. 6 +03 I. 5 +04 9.54E+04 5.66E+05 6.71 +05

2.19 2.0 I +04 2.49 +05 2.33 + 6 I. 9 +07 2.44 +07

_.2 2 .04 +0 4. 19 +06 6.02 +07 7.40E+0 9.36E+0

2.3 2 .10 +06 7.20 +07 1.61 +09 2. 6 +10 3.74 +10

2.3 2 .1 +07 1.25E+09 4.35E+l0 1.12 +12 1.5 +12

1.07

l.l

1.12

1.14

1.15

1.16

1.1

1.19

1.19

1.21

1._4

1.26

1.­

I.

1.31

1.32

0.0 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.0

1.05 1.0_ 1.02 1.0 I 1.01

1.0 1.04 1.02 1.0 I 1.01

I. I 1.0 1.03 1.02 1.0 I

1.1 1 1.0 1.04 1.02 1.0 I

1.12 1.0 1.04 1.02 1.01

1.13 I. 1.04 1.02 1.01

1.14 1.07 1.0 1.0 1.01

1.1 1.07 1.05 1.03 1.0 I

I. 16 1.0 1.05 1.03 1.02

I. 17 1.0 1.05 1.03 1.02

1.19 1.09 1.06 1.04 1.02

1.21 1.1 1.06 1.04 1.02

1.22 1.1 1 1.07 1.04 1.02

1.24 1.1 I 1.07 1.04 1.02

L5 1.1_ 1.0 1.05 1.02

1.26 1.1_ 1.0 1.05 1.02

Appendix 5: Physical Constants, Conversion Factors, Prefixes, Greek Alphabet 257

Appendix 5: Physical Constants, Conversion Factors, Prefixes, Greek Alphabet

Table AS.1. Physical constants*

uantil)

ICClron mas

leClron charge e

Pr l n ma!\s

eUlf n m, s.

Ipha pani Ie rna, Ma

l mic mass unil u

(I u = 1)2 / 12)

peed oflighl c

\ gadr number

B 11lInann C nslanl k

Reference

9.1093 I (72) x 10- 31 kg

.4 79 110(1~)xlO--Iu

0.51099 902(21) Me (, - 2

1.60~ 176-162(63) x 10- 1 C

1.6726215 (13) x 10- 27 kg

1.007 ~76-166 (13)u

93 .27199 (3 )Me (, - 2

1.67-1927 16( 13) x 10- 27 \...g

I. 6 9157 ( )u

939.565330(3 ) Me c- 2

-1.001 506 17-17( 10) u

1.66053873(13) x 10- 27 \...g

931.-19-1013(37) e (,- 2

299 792 -I m . - I

.0221-11 9(-17) x 1023 m I- I

I.. 06503(2-1) x 10- 23 J K- I

* P. 1. Mohr and B. N. Taylor: The 1998 CODATA Recommended Values of the Fun· damental Physical Constants, Web Version 3.1, available at physics.nist.gov/constants (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, 3 December 1999)

Table AS.2. Conversion factors

I year ( 65.25 days)

1m nlh

I lVeek

1 day

I urie

3.15576 x 107 .

2.629 x 106 ...

6.CU x 105

.(HO x 10-1 .

3.7 x 1010 8q

** I month = I yearl12 = 2.6298 x 106 s

258 Appendices

Table ~.3. Radiation do\c. do\c ratc. and COl1\ cp,ion factor,

Dose nil bbr \ iati n I unil

I unit

b,orbed D Gra} y I } = I J kg I

do,e ( nnerl rad) (rd) (I rd = 0.01 yl

qui,alent H ie\ert I \ ~ I J)..g

dose (formerl) rem) (rem) ( I rem ~O.O I \)

b, rbed dDl dl )/s <G)!h) I G)h = I J)..g I s

d se rate (reV ) (I reV. = 0.01 yl\)

Equivalent dH l dl ,/, ( v!hJ I \/s = I J )..g- I .. - I

dose rale (remfs) ( I remfs = 0.0 I y/s)

Table ~ .4. Lisl of prefi \Cs

Prefix nil Fact r Prefi nil Factor Prefix nit Factor

olla Y 1024 )..ilo k 103 nano n 10- 9

lelia Z 1021 he to h 102 pico P 10- t2

e~a lOll! de)..a da 101 femt f 10- 15

pela P 10 15 deci d 10- 1 all a 10- 1

lera T 10 12 cenli c 10- 2 Leplo z 10 -2 1

giga G 109 milli m 10- 3 y I 10- 24

mega M 106 mier Il 10- 6

Table 5.5. Thc Grcc).. alphabet

.a alpha I.l iota P. p rh

B.~ beta K.K kappa r.a sigma

r.y gamma 1\. ), lambda T. t tau

• & deha M·ll mu . \) upsilon

E. E epsilon . \l nu <1>. cj> phi

Z. ~ lela :::. ~ xi .'1.. chi

H.ll eta 0,0 omier n \II.1jJ psi (-). e theta n.n pi n.w omega

nglL h

)mbol Z ame

C 9 ctillium

g 47 il cr

13 lumillium

m 9 meri ium

rgon

s 33 rsenic

5 laline

u 79 old

B 5 B r n

Ba -6 Barium

Bc 4 8e1")llium

Bh 107 Bohrium

Bi 3 Bi~mulh

Bk 97 Berkelium

Br 35 Br mine

6 arb n

a _0 alcium

d 4 admium

e 5 erium

9 alifomiutll

17 hlorine

m 96 urium

0 27 Coball

r 24 hromium

5 aesium

u 29 opper

Db 105 Dubnium

D) 66 Dysprosium

r 6 rbium

99 inSleinium

u 6 uropium

Appendix 6: Table of the Elements

Appendix 6: Table of the Elements

Reference

Elementymology Elements Multidict, Peter van der Krogt, see website at http://www.vanderkrogt.netlelements/

emlan ren h pallbh Ru~siall

rune om ombre IlllmaHI1P

clillium Clillium clinio AI\"TIIHHii

ilbcr rgcnt PlaIa 'pp('6po

luminium luminium luminio Jll{).II1HI1~i

meri ium mcricium meri io A. !C'!>HUIlIi

rgon rgon rg6n Aproll

n,en r.enic rsellic ~li>!m"LHI\

slal lale slalin At"TIlTHH

old Or Oro 30noTo

Bor B re B r op

Barium Ba1")um Bario Gcljll1ii

Berylliutll Beryllium Berili C'pltnm!ii

Bohrium Bohrium Bohrio Gopltii

Bbmut Bismuth Bistlluto BlIn!~ T

BerJ..elium BerJ..eliutll BerJ..eli GC'PK nUM

Brom Brome Brom GpOM

K hlen.1 IT arbone arbon . rm'po.ll

alcium Calcium Calcio naJli>lU·lii

admium admium admi a.ll~H1ii

er Cerium erio U(,p~lii

ali~ mium alifomium alifomio naJlI1qlopHlJii

hlor Chi re lro Xnop

urium urium urio nlO]>l1ii

oball C bait allO n06ani>T

hr m hrome Cromo XpOd

Caesium Ca . ium e. i U('Jl1ii

Kupfer uhre Cobre :\IC'.ll1>

Dubnium Dubnium Dubni lIy6m1M

Dy prosium D sprosium Dbpr io 1Il1cnpo:mii

Erbium Erbium rbi p6~lii

inSleinium Ein Icinium Einsleinio iiHUJT ~iHl1ii

uropium Europium uropio aponl1H

259

260 Appendices

nglih German French pani h Russian

}mbol Z ame arne om ombre II,UBaJiliI:'

9 lu rine luor Fluor Fluor chop

Fe 26 Iron i.en Fer Hierro it\PJlPJO

Fm 100 ermium ermium ermium Fermio <l> p. mil Fr 87 Francium Francium Francium ranci <I>ln\HU~1i1

a 31 allium Gallium allium Galio raJlJl~lil

Gd 64 Gadolinium Gadolinium Gadolinium Gad Iinio a.ao1U1Hni-i Ge 32 rmanlum Gennanium ermanium emlanio lPpMaFlJ.lH

H Hydrogen Wa er..lOff Hydrog~ne Hydr6geno Bo.aopo.a He 2 Helium Helium Helium Helio m1i1 lIf 72 Hafnium Hafnium Hafnium Hafnio laljJHllii Hg 0 Mercury QuecJ... .. il r Mercur Mercurio PTVTL Ho 67 H Imium H Imium Holmium H Imi OJl ... IHIi H 10 Ha~.ium Has.ium Has. ium Ha.· io ,

a nut

I dine lod lode Yodo lio.!l In 49 Indium Indium Indium Indi It[ FI.all~f

Ir 77 Iridium Iridium Iridium lridio It[ 1H1.allif

K 19 Pta .. Ium Kalium POlas.lum Pota. io h:aJll1H

Kr 36 Krypt n Krypton Kr)pton ript6n npllnTOH

La 57 Lanthanum Lanthan Lanthane antan JIaHTaH

Li 3 Lithium Lithium Lithium Lilio Jlnnlii Lr 103 Lawrencium La\\ rencium Lawrencium Lav.rencio JIoyp H('lIii

Lu 71 Lutetium Lutetium Lut tium Lutecio lOT 'Uldi

Md 101 Mendele\ ium endeledum Mendellhium Mendele io ~I PH.aPJI 'B~IH g 12 1agne ium Magnesium agne:ium Magnesio r-.larHIfH

Mn _5 Manganese Mangan anganc Manganeso ~lltpraHl'U

10 42 M Iybdenum M I}bdan M I bdene Molibdeno ~JoJlIl6.n H Mt 109 Meitnerium Meitnerium eitnerium ilnerio ~l!lihH('IHlii

7 it gen IId.stoIT zOle itrogeno A30T 'a II odium Natrium dium io HaT[>l1ii b 41 iobium iob iobium iobio HUOOilH

,d 60 eod}mium eodym codyme codimi H O.aHM e 10 eon e n eon e6n II OH

2 ickel ickel u;kcl fqucl IhU(('lIL 102 obelium obelium obelium obelio llo6E'JllIii

p 93 epLUnlum eptunium eptunium cptUnlO H('nTYHHH

Appendix 6: Table of the Elements 261

nglish German Fren'h panih Ru. sian

}mbol / ame anlC om 'ombre HaJD<lHIU'

0 8 o ygen aucrstoff xyg ne o fgeno Kll(,JlOPO.n 0, 76 .mium .mium O. mium mi )nllll1

P 15 Pho. phorus Phosphor Ph sph re F6sforo <Po (POP

P,I 91 Pr lactimum Pr ta unium Pr ta tinium Pr 1<1 lini DpoTaKnulI1ll

Pb 2 Lead Blei Plomb Plomo BIIII U

Pd 46 Pall dium Palladium Palladium Paladi RJlJlRmlH

Pm 61 Promethium Promethium Promethium Prometi DpoMt'Hlii

Po 8~ Polonium Pol niulll Polonium Polonio DOJl Hili!

Pr 59 Praseodymium Pm eodym Pmseodyme Pra. odimi ITpn3 O.llII.1

PI 7 Platinium Platm Platine Platino DJlaHlHa

Pu 94 Plut nium Plut nium Plut nium Plut ni TIJlYTOHHii

Ra 8 Radium Radium Radium Radio Pa.lluii

Rb 37 ubidium Rubidium Rubidium Rubidio P:\'GH .lllli!

Re 75 Rhenium Rhenium Rh nium Reni Inl"

Rf I~ RUlherfordium Rutherfordium Rutherfordium Rutherfordio PYT plj>op.nllii

Rh 45 Rhodium Rhodium Rhodium Rodi O.lll1ti

Rn 6 Radon Radon Radon Rad n Pa.noH

Ru 44 Ruthenium Ruthenium RUlhenium Rut nj PYT HUti

16 ulfur hwefel oufre lUfre 't'pn

b 51 nllmony nllmon num inc ntim nio ypt. la

c 21 candjum andlum andium E.candio KaH.lluil

e 34 elenium elen el nium elenj JI H

g 106 eaborgium eaborgium eab rgium ea rgi 1160prHii

14 iticon iii ium ill ium ilicio npt'.lmdl

m 62 amarium amarium amarium amario 'It. mpHii

n 50 Tin Zinn Etam . tano JlOBO

r 3 tronllum trontium trontium slf n io 'TpoHunii

Ta 73 Tantalum TanIa I Tantalc T ntalo TaHTun

Tb 65 Terbium Terbium Terbium Terbio epGl1i1

Tc 43 Technetium Te hn lium Techneuum Te necio T XII 1:\1111

Te 52 Tellurium Tellur Tellure Teluri JlJIYP Th 90 Thorium Th rium Th rium Tori a Topui-i

22 Ilanium Tilan Titane Titania TllTRH TI I Thallium Thallium Thallium Tali TaJlmni Tm 69 hulium Thulium Thulium Tuti YJlllii

92 mnium ran ranium ranio paR

Uun 110 nunnilium nunnilium nunmlium nunnilium

262 Appendices

ngli~h German rench panl h Rus.l<ln

mOOI Z ame ame om ombre lin lB<lHlIC'

uu III nununium Unllnunium nununium nununiulll

ub 112 nun ium nunbiulll nunbillm nunbium

lit 113 nUnlrium nunlrium numrium nuntrium

uq 114 nunqu dium nunquadium nunquadium nunquadillm

uh 116 nunhexium nunhexillm nunhexium nunhexium

u II nun tiulll nunoctium nun lium nllnoctium

23 anadium anadiulll anadium anadi BaHH.llHii

74 Tung,ten Wolfram Tungst ne olframio BOJlLcppa. I

e 54 enon en n enon en6n (. HOH

Y 39 Yttrium Ilrium Yttrium Itrio VITTPHii

b 70 Yllerbium Ynerbium Ilerbium lLerbio VITT pOHH

Zn 0 Zinc ZinJ... Zinc in UIIHK

Zr 40 Zirconium Zirconium Zirconium irconi UIlPKOHllii

References

E. D. Clayton and S. R. Bierman: Actinides Reviews 1, 409-432 (1971)

* Data from R. Q. Wright, W. C. Jordan and R. M. Westfall: Critical masses of bare metal spheres using SCALE/XSDRN, Transactions of the American Nuclear Society 82, 167-168 (2000). Where a range is given, these are the values calculated from the ENDFIB-V, ENDFIB-VI, and JENDL-3.2 datafiles.

** S. Ganesan, A. M. Sharma and H. Wienke: Annals of Nuclear Energy 29, 1085-1104 (2002)

v. Berthon and J. Magill: Critical Masses of Actinide Elements. Institute for Transuranium Elements, Technical Report JRC-ITU 2002125, 2002

Appendix 7: Actinide Critical Masses 263

Appendix 7: Actinide Critical Masses

A list of critical masses for actinides is given in the table below where known. Both "bare" (no reflection) and reflected masses are given for solid metal spheres and for aqueous solutions.

:m

234

235

~ .16 P

~37 P

236pu

23 Pu

239pu

240pu

141pu

242pu

24 I m

242m III

24J m

232 III

132 III

232 III

232 m

232CIll

232 f

B2Cf

231 r :!32Cf

.m f

232Es

rillcal ma~ ... for homogeneou~ aqueous soluli n in Waler

refle Icd pherical gc mCI!) (thcnnal ",yslcm)

nrcflected (kg)

1.2

I.

0.90

'Ii atcr rcfleclcd (kg)

0.59

O. 2

0.53

0.26

0.023

0.213

o.o-n 0.159

0.032

0.032

Crilicalmass for sphericalmelal 'yslem

(fasl neulron)

nretleclcd (kg)

10,t?

3.7- 13.6

15.1-15.5

159.

46.5

10.3

62.7

,4- .

9.6-9.

10. 1

40.0

13.0

5.4

60.0

9. 1

20 .

.6

27.0

9.-

7.0

41.1 .

6.0-7.2 .

6.

2.4-5,4

·to

9.

'Ii mcr reflecleu (kg)

7.3

_0.1

5.6

4.9

105.3

Al 94

A2 94

Absorbed dose 133,221,258 - rate 133,258

Absorption 137, 140

- cross-section 56 Abundance 76 Ac-225 111

225 Ac/2I3Bi generator 132

Accelerator radiocarbon dating of art, textiles and artefacts 102

Actinide 46, 221

Activation processes 59

Activation products 205 Activity 89,93

- calculator 116,142

ADR 94,221

Aerobic decomposition 96 Age 128,129

Air 5,25,91,133,143,230 Alchemists 54 ALI 91-93, 221 Alpha decay 40,221

Alpha particle 26, 221 Alpha-immunotherapy 42,129,131 Altamira 215 Aluminium 143,245 Am-241 47,108

Anderson 188 Annihilation radiation 86, 138 Annual limit of intake 91-93 - (ALI) 93,221

Antibodies 131

Applications of radioisotopes 209 Applications of radionuclides

103,209-214

Archaeological systems 96

Archaeology 103 Articles 5,13,71,101,102

Astrophysical clock 31

Index

Atomic mass 105,117,233 - unit 38,76,77,157,233

Atomic unit 38

Atomic number 222

- Z 35

Atomos 25 Attenuation 135,141 - coefficient 136, 137

Attenuation coefficients 136, 137

- air 246 - aluminium 245

- concrete 239

- iron 240

- lead 238

- tin 241

- tissue 247

- tungsten 242 - uranium 243

- water 244 Audi and Wapstra 76

Auger electrons 44 Average (mean) lifetime 88 Averaged cross-sections 6,76,98

Azimuthal quantum numbers 28

Bacterium 213 bam 55,222

Bateman 109

Battle of Oland 96 Becquerel 25,89 - (Bq) 222

BeF2 79 Beryllium-8 37,51

Beryllium-II 37

Beryllium-14 37

Beta decay 222 Beta delayed neutron emission ~-n 50

~ - n emitters 51

~+p 51

~+a 51

Beta particle 26,222 Beta-minus (~-) decay 40,42

Beta-plus (~+) decay 40

- (positron emission) 44

Bi-213 129 Binding energy 4, 34, 38, 71, 137,

209,222 Biological effects 133

Bioremediation 213

Bismuth-213 129 Bladder 135

Blinking 204 Blood irradiation 211

Bohr 27

Bohr's model 28

Bone surface 135

Boolean search tasks 7, 105 Boron-8 37,51

Borromean nuclei 37

Borromean ring 37 Boson 80, 222 Brachytherapy 209, 211

Brain tumour 211

Branching 110 - ratios 5, 44,76,84, 109,110,117,

155,156,199 Breast 135 Bremsstrahlung 42,138,222 BROND-2 98,235 Bronze cannon 96 Brown 49

Build your own nuclide chart 73

Build-up factor B 137,158

Build-up factors 248-256 - air 255

- Al 254

- concrete 248

- Fe 249

- Pb 256

- Sn 250

266

Build-up factors (continued) - U 252 - W 251 - water 253 Burnout time 56, 199

C-14 108 Calcium-48 37 Cancer radiotherapy 134 Carbon 34,259 Carbon-12 37,30 Carbon-14 51,52 Carbon-19 37 Carbon-22 37 Case study - Alpha-immunotherapy:

213Bi "milking" from 225 Ac

for cancer treatment 129 - "Age" determination of plutonium

particles 128 - How "hot" is 242m Am? 126

- Neutron irradiation of thorium 98 - The radioactive decay of 60Co 122 - The radioactive decay of 232U 124 Cathode rays 25 CENDL-2 98 Chadwick 29,227 Chain yield window 195 Chain yields 64, 188, 192, 199 Chart icon 70 Chromosomes 209,213 Circular orbits 28 Classical scientific papers 103 Classical theory 27 Clay 96 Clay sediments 96 Cluster emission 52,70,203 Cluster radioactivity 51,54 Cm-242 108 Cm-244 108 Co-60 142 Cobalt-53 48 Cold fission 54 Colon 135 Colour scheme 71, 73 Committed effective dose - E(r:) 222

- limit 91 Committed equivalent dose, HT(r:) 222

Completely automated nuclear reactors 100

Compound nucleus 54, 190 Compton effect 223 Compton scattering 137,138 Computer system requirements 14 Conan the bacterium 213 Concrete 142

Index

Control of nuclear reactors 50 Convergent and divergent branches III Conversion factors 257,258 Conversion half-life 157 Corrosion 96 Cow 132 Critical masses 263 Criticality 97 Cross-section 55,98 - data 198 Cs-134 108 Cu-62 184 Cu-64 184 Cumulative - dose 223 - fission yield 190,192 - yield 188 Curie (Ci) 223 Curie, Pierre and Marie 25

D 133

~ 133 DAC 94 Dalton 38,233 Data - icon 71,75 - libraries 190 - Search Engine 13 DataSheets 5,13,38,71,75,233 Daughter 39,76 - products 85,223 Decay - and reaction paths 56 - calculation 109,115,116 - chain 40,198,201 - chain simulator 201 - constant 78,79, 110 - energy Q 78, 85 - engine 13, 109 - modes 76,84 - processes 59 - type 105 Definitions of fission yields 191 Deinococcus radiodurans 213

Delayed neutron emission 50,188

Delayed neutrons 187 Derived air concentration (DAC) 92 Derived water concentration

(DWC) 94 Dermis 143 Deuterons 34 Direct access to the webserver 18 Disintegration 223 DNA 134,213 Dose 223 - coefficient 91,223 - rate 133 Dosimetry and shielding 13, 133, 170 - module 141 Doubly magic 36,57 Drip-lines 35,58,223 Drugs 212 Dunarobba forest 96 DWC 94

Eccentricity 28 Effective dose 133,135 - E 224

- coefficient 86, 93 Elastic scattering 55,138 Electromagnetism 27 Electron 224 - capture (€) 40,45 Electron-positron pair 138 Element 105 - 107 (Bohrium) 57 - 108 (Hassium) 57 - 277 108 57 - 109 (Meitnerium) 57 - 110 57 - 281 110 57 - III 57 - 285 112 57 - 114 57 - 289 114 57 - 118 57 - info 13 - information 100, 10 1 - list box 69 Elliptical orbits 28 Emission probability 106,139 Empedocles 25 End user license agreement 14 ENDF 190 END FIB-VI 98 Endovascu1ar brachytherapy 214

Endpoint energy 42 Energy absorption coefficients 140 Energy bin 140 Engineered barriers 96 Environmental change 96 Environmental protection 213 Epidermis 143 Equivalent dose 133, 134,258 - HT 224 - rate 135, 138,258 - rate constant 145 Evaluated nuclear data files 190 Even parity 83 Excitation energy 190 Exotic decay modes 70 Explosive 212 Exposure time 133

FactSheets 13,76,88,89 Fast neutron induced fission 190 Fermi 188 Fermion 80,224 Fermium 46 Fine structure 28 Fission 176,224 - fragments 54,191 Fission product yield comparisons - elements 192, 193 - libraries 194 - masses (isobars) 193 - parents 192 Fission products 187 Fission Yield 13,98,188 - module 177,189 Flerov 46, 187 Flerov's nuclide chart 57 Fluorescence 25 Fm-256 176 Forums 13,19,20 Fossilised trees 96 Frisch 103 Fundamental particles 30 Fusion reactions 34

Gamma - dose rate 91,140,143 - emission 40,43 - emission energy 139 - imaging 210 - knife 211 - lines 106

Index

- mode 143 - radiation 40, 135,224 - radiography 150,212 r-dose 141 Gamow theory 79 Geiger 27 General Electric nuclide chart 63 Genetic manipulation 213 Genetic material 213 Geological repository 225 Glossary of nuclear science 103 Gluons 30 Goldansky 48 Gonads 135 Gray 133 - (Gy) 225 Greek alphabet 258 Greiner, W. 51 Groundwater movement 96 GSI 211 Guarapari 92 Gy 133

H-3 108 Hadrian's wall 96 Hadron 225 Hadrons 30 Hafnium-178 82 Hahn 187 Half-integral spin 80 Half-life 56,76,78,88, 105,225 Half-value layer thickness

(HVL) 144 Halo nuclides 37 Heavy-ion 51 - radioactivity (14C, 24Ne, etc.)

40,51 Helium 26 - burning 30 Helium-3 34 Helium-6 37 Helium-8 37 Help 14 Hf-184 203 Hg-206 203 Historical 103 History of radioactivity 101 Hofmann 49 Hussonois 53 Hydrogen burning 30

1-138 153

Immuno-proteins 210 Inchtuthil roman nails 96 Independent fission yield 190, 191 Independent yields 188 Industrial applications 212 Industrial processes 213 Inelastic scattering 55

267

Ingestion and inhalation radiotoxicities 91

Input/output restrictions 147 Installing Nuclides.net 14 Instrumentation 212 Integral spin 80 Internal - conversion 43,225 - coefficient 43 - photoelectric effect 44 - radiation therapy 211 Introduction to radiation and

radioactivity 103 IRCP72 76 Iron 34,96 Isobars 35 Isomer 225 Isomeric transitions (IT) 40,44,81 Isomers 105 Isotone 35,225 Isotope 35,225 - 241AJn 53,212 - l7lAu 49 - 198 Au 213 - 114Ba 54 - l3lBa 79 - 7Be 79 - 185Bi 49 - 213Bi 211 - 12C 54 - 14C 51,212 - lOOCd 54 - 252Cf 212 - 53mCo 48 - 57Co 210,212 - 60Co 122,140,148,159,211,212 - 51Cr 213 - l13Cs 49 - l37Cs 211,212 - 64Cu 210 - 18F 210

- l~F 54

- 256Fm 187 - 264Fm 54

268

Isotope (continued) - 67Ga 210

- ~H 54 _3H 210

- liHe 54

- 181Hg 83

- 1091 49 - 1231 210 - 1241 210

- 1251 210,211 - 1311 210,211 - lllln 210 - 1131n 213 _ 165,166, 1671r 49

- 192Ir 150,151,211-214 - 81mKr 210

- 85Kr 212 - 150Lu 49 - 151Lu 49

- liN 54

- 17N 50 - 20Na 51 - 24Na 148 - 90mNb 79 - 147Nd 213

- l~O 54 _ 32p 214

- 233Pa 58

- 103Pd 211 - 147Pm 212 - 238pu;234U 128 - 239PU/235U 128 - 240pu 53 - 24DPU;236U 128 - 241 Pu;241 Am 128 - 242PU;238U 128 - 223Ra 51 - 82Rb 210 - 160Re 49 - 188Re 214 - 105Sb 49 - 46Sc 213 - 75Se 212 - 28Si 54 - 34Si 53 - 128Sm 54 - 151Sm 212 - 153Sm 211 - l00Sn 49,53 - 119mSn 212

- 132Sn 53,54 - 102Sn 54 - 90Sr 212 - 90Sr;9°y 212 - 156Ta 49 - 182Ta 213

- 99mTc 79,210 - l11Te 51 - 125mTe 212 - 232Th 99

- 44Ti 101 - 201T1 210 - 204T1 212 - 146Tm 49 - 146mTm 49 - 147Tm 49 - 147mTm 49

- 232U 115, 124159 - 233U 99

- 238U 187,202 - 133Xe 210 _ 86y 210

_ 90y 211,212,214 _ 169y 212

Isotopic power 90 ITU 63

Jackson 48 Japanese evaluated nuclear data

library 190 Japanese (JAERI) nuclide chart 64 Java 1.2.2 p1ugin 16 JAERI 64 JEF-2.2 76,98 JEF-2IFPY 190 JENDL-3.2 98,190 Joint evaluated file JEF 190 Jones 51

Karlsruhe chart 62 Kronan cannon 96

Laser induced fission 79 - of uranium 162,181,182

Index

Laser irradiation of copper 162, 184 Lead 142 Lead-82 82 Lead-208 52 Lepton 225

Leptons 30 LET 134 Lethal dose 226

Leukaemia 131 Light water reactors 205 Linear - attenuation coefficient 136 - chains 111 - energy transfer 129,134 Lithium-6 34 Lithium-7 34 Lithium-8 (~-2a) 51 Lithium-9 37 Lithium-II 37 Liver 135 Lung 135 LWR 205

Magic numbers 226 Magic radioactivity 53 Magnetic resonance imaging 210 Major axes 28 Marsden 27 Mass 76,77 - absorption coefficient 140 - attenuation coefficient 136 - defect & 38,226 - excess 76 - list box 69 - number A 35,227 - yield distributions 188 Mass-activity calculator 116 Mass-activity-number calculator 117 Materials research 212 Mean decay energies per disintegration

76,86 Measurement gauges 212 Medical applications 209 Meitner 103 Members of the public 94 Memorial Sloan-Kettering

Cancer Center 129 MEMS 108 Metastable states 71, 204 Mg-28 203 Microelectromechanical systems

(MEMS) 108 Micromechanics 108 Milked 132 MinBR(%) 203 Min. Prod. 117121 Minor actinides 227 Minor axes 28 Mixed decay modes 70

Monoclonal antibodies 130, 131, 211 Monoclonal antibody 129 Multiple particle emission 70

N-12 152 Nanotechnology 108 Natural - analogues 96, 97 - fission reactors 97 - uranium 162 Navigational interface 67 Ne-24+Ne-26 203 Needle's eye 97 Neon-24 51 Neptunium 151,152 Neutrino 227 - \) 42 Neutrinos 34 Neutron 29,227 - dripline 36, 37 - emission rate 91 - flux 205 - reactions 56 Neutron-induced fission 56, 188 - 14MeV 190 Neutron-induced reactions 98 Neutrons 34 New colour scheme 73 New elements 103 News 14,19 Ni-63 108 No. Chains 118, 121 Non-destructive testing 212 Normal form materials 94,95 Notes 76 NUBASE 76 Nuclear - batteries 108 - data 103 - decay processes 59 - diagnostic imaging 210 - fission 187,224,227 - force 29 - isomers 81 - magnetic resonance 80 - reactions 54, 59 - spin 78 - waste 96 - waste disposal 96, 97 Nucleo-syntbesis 34 Nucleons 227

Index

Nucleus 227 Nuclide - chart 35,57,58,72 - chart viewer 198, 201 - Explorer 13,67,68 - stability 35 Nuclides.net database 235 Nuclides.net homepage 103 Nuclides.net program suite 13 Number of decay modes 84 Number of time steps 117

Odd parity 83 Oesophagus 135 Oklo natural fission reactors 97 Orbital magnetic moment 29 Organic pollutants 213 Origin of nuclides 103 Oxygen 34

Packaging 95 Pair production 137,138,227 Paper-based nuclide charts 62 Parent 39 Parity 76, 82, 83 Partial decay constant 110 People 103 Peptides 131,211 Periodic table 69 - icon 69 PET 210 Petrzhak 46,187 Phosphorescence 25 Photoelectric absorption 137 Photoelectric effect 137 Photon 228 - and electron induced reactions 79 Physical Constants 257 Pitchblende 97 Planck 27 Pm-147 108 Po-21O 108 Poenaru, D. N. 51 Poincare 25 Polonium 25,27 Polonium-212 82 Portland cement 96 Positron 138,228 - decay 51 - emission tomography 210 Prefixes 258

Prehistoric cave art 215 Primary fission products 187 Principal quantum number 28 Proctactinium 101 Prometbium 34 Prompt neutrons 188,192 Property filter 69 Prostate cancer 211 Protactinium 100 Protactinium-231 51 Proton 228 - decay 48 - decay (p) 40 - dripline 37 - emission 48 Pu-240 190 Pure and mixed modes 70 Pure decay modes 70

Quality 93, 134 - factor 228 Quantum - mechanical tunnelling 79 - numberm 29 - tbeory 27, 28 - tunnelling 40 Quarks 30 Quick Tour 1-12

r processes 30 Ra-228 108 rad 133,228 Radiation - absorbed dose 133 - dosimetry 133 - processing 212 - weighting factor, WR 228 Radiation-resistant microbes 213 Radioactive - capture 56 - decay 39,78,110 - decay chains 109 - equilibria 111 - equilibrium 228 - series 229 - stents 214 Radioactivity 229 Radiocarbon dating 101 Radioimmunoassay 210 Radioimmunotberapy 214 Radioisotope 229

269

270

Radionuclide 229 - migration 97 Radiotherapy 211,214 Radiotoxicity 76, 86, 93 Radium 25 Radium-222 51 Radium-224 51 Radium-226 51 Radon 103 Ramsar (Iran) 92 Reaction index 205 - path simulator 201,204 - paths 198,201 - products 206 Recoil nucleus 41 Red bone marrow 135 Reference annual average dose 91 Reference man 229 rem 135,229 Repository 96 Republic of Gabon 97 Research applications 212 Rest energy 229 Rest mass 230 Rest-mass energies 85 roentgen unit (R) 133,230 Roman cement 96 Rontgen, Wilhelm Conrad 25 Rose 51 rp processes 30 Rutherford 25,54,79,109 Rutherford's nuclear atom 26

s processes 30 Sandulescu, A. 51,54 Scattering reactions 55 Scientific notation 22 Scission 191 Screen captures 22 Sealed radioactive sources 211 Search 104 - engine 106,107 - icon 71 - Nuclides.net 106 - the database 104 Secondary ion mass spectrometry

(SIMS) 128 Secular equilibrium 112, 113 Sedimentation studies 213 Seed implants 211 Segre, E. 79

Sensors 212 Shell model 36, 230 Shield materials 141,142 Shield thickness 143 - mode 143 Shielding 133 Shipping regulations 94 SI units 230 Si-32 108 Sievert (Sv) 93, 135,230 Silicon 34 Simple radioactive decay 109 Skin 135,141,143 Skrable, K. 110 Sm-151 108 Sn-121 108 Solar system 34 Source/detector distance 142 Source strength 142 Source terms 110 Spallation 56 Special beta-decay processes 50 - (~-n, ~+(l, ~+p) 40

Special form 95 Specific activity 89, 105 Specific gamma dose - rate at 1 m 91 - rate constant 144,148,149 Spectral information 76, 86 Spent fuel 230 Spin 76,78,80 - magnetic moment 29 - magnitude 81 - quantum number 78,81 Spin+Parity 83 Spontaneous emission 230 Spontaneous fission 187, 190 - (SF) 40,46 - (SF) rate 91 Sr-90 108 Stable nuclides 105 Standard model 30, 226 Stomach 135 STP 133,230 Strasbourg chart 62 Strassmann 187 Strong interaction 230 Sulphur 34 Super-heavy elements 57 Supernova 34,101 Surface hydrology 213

Index

Sv 93, 135,230 Synthesis of the elements 30

Table of the elements 259-262 Tables of buildup factors 248-256 Tables of mass attenuation coefficients

238-247 Taskbar 71 Technetium 34 Teller, E. 100 Tenth-value thickness (TVL) 144 Text Search Engine 13 Th-232 205 The universal nuclide chart 197 Thermal neutron induced fission 190 Thermal neutron spectrum 205 Thin database 198 Thomson, J. J. 26 Thomson scattering 231 Thomson's "plum pudding" atom 26 Thorium 25,98 Thorium-230 51 Threshold gamma energy 203 Thyroid 135 Tin 142 Tissue 135,140,141,143 - weighting factor, WT 86, 135,231 Tl-204 108 Total attenuation coefficient 136-138 Total magnetic moment 29 Toxic organic chemicals 213 Tracers 212 Transient equilibrium 113, 114 Transmutation 34, 54, 96, 204, 205, 231 - of nuclear waste 96 Transport index 95 Transuranics in 1 ton spent fuel 162 Tritium 210 Tritons 34 Tumours 131 Tungsten 142 Tungsten-178 82 Tutankhamon 214 Two-proton (2p) emission 70 Two-proton radioactivity 49 Type - A packaging 95 - B packaging 95 - C packaging 95

U232+Co60 162

U-234 203 Under/overflow 147 Underground repositories 96 Unit conversion 159 Universal Nuclide Chart 13 UNSCEAR 92 Uranium 25,142 Uranium-232 51 User interface 116 User registration 16 User-defined chart 73

Index

Validation 148 Very fine structure 29 Virtual nuclide - information 165 Virtual nuclides 13, 155, 158,

162, 163, 165 Virtual Nuclides module 161 Virtual parent 155, 156

Waste canisters 96 Water 142

Weblinks 13, 102, 103

Weighting factor 134

X processes 30 X-rays 25

Yields 187,188

Zoom icon 69

Zoom levels 68

271