reconstructing forty years of landsat observations
DESCRIPTION
Introduction Some background and history Landsat 7 ETM+ – the beginning of “modern” curation/management Landsat 4/5 TM – extending back Landsats 1-5 MSS – to the beginning Landsat Global Archive Consolidation – completing the history in time and spaceTRANSCRIPT
Reconstructing Forty Years of Landsat Observations
Dave Meyer, John Dwyer, Dan Steinwand, USGS The Earth Resources
Observation and Science Center (EROS) Introduction Some background
and history
Landsat 7 ETM+ the beginning of modern curation/management Landsat
4/5 TM extending back Landsats 1-5 MSS to the beginning Landsat
Global Archive Consolidation completing the history in time and
space Conceptual Framework NSLRSDA and Landsat National Satellite
Land Remote Sensing Data Archive (NSLRSDA) was established in 1992
by Dept. Interior at the USGS/EROS, under direction of U.S.
Congressto: maintain a permanent, comprehensive Government archive
of global Landsat and other land remote sensing data for long-term
monitoring and study of the changing global environment. 1996
NSLRSDA Advisory Committee subcommittee performed an assessment of
geographic and temporal gaps in the Landsat record. Gaps
attributable to (among many things): Govt versus private operation
Practices and agreements with International Collaborators (ICs) A
brief political history of Landsat
1970 1980 1990 2010 2000 LS1 LS2 LS3 LS4 LS5 LS7 LS8 MSS TM ETM+
OLI TIRS 1984 Land Remote Sensing Commercialization Act 1989 NOAA
directs EOSAT to turn off LS4 & LS5 Land RemoteSensing Act of
1992 LS back to govt control 7/1/2001 Government Operations
privatization era Government Operations U.S. Landsat Archive
Overview (October 17, 2013)
OLI-TIRS: Landsat 8 96,929 scenes ~ 335 TB Raw and L0Ra Data
average scene size 1813 MB ETM+: Landsat 7 1,648,873scenes ~ 1,531
TB Raw and L0Ra Data average scene size 487 MB TM: Landsat 4 &
Landsat 5 1,770,791scenes ~ 888 TB Raw and L0Ra Data average scene
size 263 MB MSS: Landsat 1 through 5 1,142,352scenes ~ 69 TB Raw
and L0Ra Data average scene size 32 MB Total: 4,658,945scenes ~
2,823 TB Raw and L0Ra Data Landsat 7 ETM+ Mission Objectives
Part of Earth Observing System (EOS) Products in standardized
formats/metadata Systematic acquisitionto maximize cloud-free
coverage over land surfaces Affordable (COFUR, ultimately no-cost)
Calibration Absolute (incorporating in situ) Underfly with L5 for
cross-platform intercalibration Precise geolocation+terrain
correction Image Assessment System routinely tracks
instrument/platform performance Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper
plus
1970 1980 1990 2010 2000 LS1 LS2 LS3 LS4 LS5 LS7 LS8 MSS TM ETM+
OLI TIRS SLC Failure5/31/2003 Launched 4/15/1999 ETM+ (L7) 30m: 3
VIS, 1 NIR, 2 SWIR 15m: panchromatic 60m: 1 TIR Landsat 4/5 TM
Mission Objectives/Features
Introduced Thematic Mapper, continued MSS Managed by EOSAT under
contract to NOAA Transferred to USGS in 1998 TM & MSS Archive
Conversion System (TMACS) Consolidate and convert archive tapes
from NASA, USGS at EROS Construction of FGDC-compliant metadata
Landsat Archive Conversion System (earlier MSS focus) Calibration
activities Reconstruction of calibration history by long term
trending of gains and TOA radiance and reflectance using
psuedo-invariant calibration sites (PICs) improved geolocation
using ground control points and DEMs Landsat 4/5 Thematic
Mapper
1970 1980 1990 2010 2000 LS1 LS2 LS3 LS4 LS5 LS7 LS8 MSS TM ETM+
OLI TIRS L5 Launched 3/1/1984 L5 TM failure 11/2011 L5
decommissioned 12/1/2012 L4 Launched 7/16/1982 L4 Terminated
12/4/1993 TM (L4-5) 30m: 3 VIS, 1 NIR, 2 SWIR 120m: 1 TIR
Reconstructing L5 cal history
Dont forget thermal cal Landsats 1-5 MSS Mission
objectives/features
Experimental instrument on LS1 Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) intended
to be primary observation instrument Early (L1-3) recorded on
analog Wide Band Video (WBV) tapes WBV recovery ( ) 21,300 HDT
converted to 143 DLTs Cleaning & baking required for many
orphans no scene ID, telemetry, etc TMACs included MSS from WBV
Landsat 1-5 Multispectral Scanner (MSS)
1970 1980 1990 2010 2000 LS1 LS2 LS3 LS4 LS5 LS7 LS8 MSS TM ETM+
OLI TIRS MSS (L1-5) 83m: 2 VIS, 2NIR MSS Media/formats MSS-X
(Landsats 1-3) MSS-P (Landsats 2-3)
MSS-X Wide Band Video tape format (WBV) No radiometric or geometric
calibration applied MSS-X GSFC or CCT-X (some radiometry) MSS-X
Orphan (no telemetry, acquisition date/time) MSS-P (Landsats 2-3)
Radiometry + Geometry, similar to current L1G MSS-A (Landsats 2-5)
Radiometry, geometric grid not applied MSS-R (Landsat 4-5, raw
format) No ephemeris! MSS Orphans Data Recovery
Goal: reprocess the orphan WBVT data so that these data can be
included in the EROS archive Associate orphan intervals with
mission number (L1-3) and year of acquisition Infer from tape ID,
supporting data, film archive Construct ephemeris and attitude
support data for orphan intervals Using NORAD two-line elements for
lifetime of all three instruments Assigning sensor attributes (gain
state, encoding) to orphan intervals Reconstruct from calibration
wedges embedded within data, pseudo-invariant targets Landsat 1
Attitude Data for 1974 L1T of Orphan MSSX Path 37 Row 23 7/11/1973
L1T of CCRS MSSX Path 37 Row 23 7/11/1973 Landsat Global Archive
Consolidation (LGAC)
Started in 2010 to consolidate the Landsat archives of all stations
worldwide and make all Landsat scenes available to users.
Challenges: Various data formats and processing methods Unknown
data formats and processing methods (stations no longer active)
Media storage age and conditions Various or obsolete technologies
used to ingest data While every technology asset available will be
explored, some data may be irrecoverable. LGAC Historical
Perspective
Over the past 35 years, over 50 ground stations have been
configured to receive Landsat data Currently, there are 24 ground
stations around the world that are configured to operationally
receive Landsat data (19 currently active) There are an additional
9 historical collection sites operated by 7 organizations that we
believe could have a significant, unique historical archive Landsat
Global Archive Consolidation (LGAC)
Over 2.55 Million scenes collected as of 17 October 2013 Previous
Woodcock Metric: 1,531,899 Current: 2,550,354 Previous Woodcock
Metric 1,531,899 Landsat 5 TM image transcribed from CCRS D-1 tape
available in archive LGAC Ingest Summary LGAC Ingest Summary Backup
slides MSS Past, Present, Future
MSS Archive Conversion System (MACS) 5.0 in development (tentative
release date of May 2013) Ingest, process and distribute newly
acquired Landsat 5 MSS data Will eventually process the CCRS and
other LGAC MSS data as well MSS Past, Present, Future
Current system cannot ingest raw serial MSS data or create products
MSS Landsat Global AC Investigation began with data from Canada
(CCRS) Format used by CCRS (and other stations) different Previous
MSS orphan effort essential in LGAC MSS success Landsat 5 MSS Newly
Acquired Began operating MSS on Landsat 5again Lessons
learned/future
Landsat next? USGS NSLSRDA NASA Long-term preservation content OAIS
compliance Citation/persistent identity