Ms. Susan M. PojerMs. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

with additional slides by various publishers and myself (Mr. Cornwell)with additional slides by various publishers and myself (Mr. Cornwell)Reconstruction (1865-1876Reconstruction (1865-1876

Key Questions (Reconstruction)

1. How do we1. How do webring the Southbring the Southback into the back into the

Union?Union?

2. How do we 2. How do we rebuild the rebuild the

South after itsSouth after itsdestruction destruction

during the war?during the war?

3. How do we3. How do weintegrate andintegrate andprotect newly-protect newly-emancipatedemancipated

black freedmen?black freedmen?

4. What branch4. What branchof governmentof governmentshould controlshould controlthe process ofthe process of

Reconstruction?Reconstruction?

Key Questions (Reconstruction)Key Questions (Reconstruction)

Wartime ReconstructionWartime Reconstruction

Lincoln’s plan

Johnson’s plan

• Denied pardons to officers and anyone who had killed African American war prisoners.

• Permitted each state to create a new constitution after 10 percent of voters took an oath of allegiance.

• Offered pardons to Southerners who swore allegiance.

• States could then hold elections and rejoin the Union.

• Each state could create a new constitution without Lincoln’s 10 percent allegiance requirement.

• States had to void secession, abolish slavery, and repudiate the Confederate debt.

• Although it officially denied pardons to all Confederate leaders, Johnson often issued pardons to those who asked him personally.

Reconstruction PlansReconstruction Plans

President Lincoln’s Plan10% Plan

* Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863)

* Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South.

* He didn’t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction.

* Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers.

* When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized.

President Lincoln’s PlanPresident Lincoln’s Plan

President Lincoln’s Plan1864 - “Lincoln

Governments” formed in LA, TN, AR

* “loyal assemblies”

* They were weak and dependent on the Northern army for their survival.

President Lincoln’s PlanPresident Lincoln’s Plan

Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Required 50% of the number

of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ).

Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials.

Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties.

SenatorBenjamin

Wade(R-OH)

Congressman

HenryW. Davis(R-MD)

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

Wade-Davis Bill (1864) “Iron-Clad” Oath.

“State Suicide” Theory [MA Senator Charles Sumner]

“Conquered Provinces” Position[PA Congressman Thaddeus Stevens]

PresidentPresidentLincolnLincoln

Wade-DavisWade-DavisBillBill

PocketVeto

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

Jeff Davis Under Arrest

Jeff Davis Under ArrestJeff Davis Under Arrest

Presidential ReconstructionPresidential Reconstruction

President Andrew Johnson Jacksonian Democrat.

Anti-Aristocrat.

White Supremacist.

Agreed with Lincolnthat states had neverlegally left the Union.

Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!

President Andrew President Andrew JohnsonJohnson

Andrew JohnsonAndrew Johnson

Andrew Johnson (p. 431)Andrew Johnson (p. 431)

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+) Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except

Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson)

In new constitutions, they must accept minimumconditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts.

Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions.

EFFECTS?

1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations.

3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)

Growing Northern Alarm! Many Southern state constitutions

fell short of minimum requirements.

Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons.

Revival of southern defiance.

BLACK CODESGrowing Northern AlarmGrowing Northern Alarm

Purpose:* Guarantee stable labor

supply now that blacks were emancipated.

* Restore pre-emancipationsystem of race relations.

Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].

Black Codes

Black CodesBlack Codes• As southern states were restored to the Union, they began to As southern states were restored to the Union, they began to

enact enact black codesblack codes,, laws that restricted freedmen’s rights. The laws that restricted freedmen’s rights. The black codes established virtual slavery with provisions such as black codes established virtual slavery with provisions such as these:these:– CurfewsCurfews: Generally, black people could not gather after : Generally, black people could not gather after

sunset.sunset.– Vagrancy lawsVagrancy laws: Freedmen convicted of vagrancy– that is, not : Freedmen convicted of vagrancy– that is, not

working– could be fined, whipped, or sold for a year’s labor.working– could be fined, whipped, or sold for a year’s labor.– Labor contractsLabor contracts: Freedmen had to sign agreements in : Freedmen had to sign agreements in

January for a year of work. Those who quit in the middle of a January for a year of work. Those who quit in the middle of a contract often lost all the wages they had earned.contract often lost all the wages they had earned.

– Land restrictionsLand restrictions: Freed people could rent land or homes only : Freed people could rent land or homes only in rural areas. This restriction forced them to live on in rural areas. This restriction forced them to live on plantations.plantations.

13th Amendment Ratified in December, 1865.

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

13th Amendment13th Amendment

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) Bureau of Refugees,

Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands.

Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen.

Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

Plenty to eat and nothing

to do.

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern EyesFreedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

Freedmen’s Bureau School

Freedmen’s Bureau SchoolFreedmen’s Bureau School

Slavery is Dead?

Slavery is Dead?Slavery is Dead?

ReconstructioReconstructionn

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Civil Rights Act of 1866 Civil Rights Act of 1866 andand

The Freedmen’s BureauThe Freedmen’s Bureau

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Congress bars SouthernCongressional delegates.

Joint Committee on Reconstruction created.

February, 1866 - Presidentvetoed the Freedmen’sBureau bill.

March, 1866 Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.

Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes - 1st in U. S. history!!

Congress Breaks with the President

Radical (Congressional) ReconstructionRadical (Congressional) Reconstruction

14th AmendmentRatified in July, 1868.

* Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people.

* Insure against neo-Confederate political power.

* Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that of the Confederacy.

Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!

14th Amendment14th Amendment

Reconstruction Reconstruction AmendmentsAmendments

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14th Amendment14th Amendment““All persons born or naturalized in the All persons born or naturalized in the

United States…are citizens of the United States United States…are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No Stateand of the state wherein they reside. No State

shall make or enforce any law which shall shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges… of citizens of the abridge the privileges… of citizens of the

United States… nor shall any State deprive United States… nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property any person of life, liberty, or property

without due process of the law …”without due process of the law …”

The Balance of Power in Congress

State White Citizens FreedmenSC 291,000 411,000

MS 353,000 436,000

LA 357,000 350,000

GA 591,000 465,000

AL 596,000 437,000

VA 719,000 533,000

NC 631,000 331,000

The 1866 Midterm-Election

Johnson’s “Swing around the Circle”

A referendum on Radical Reconstruction.

Johnson made an ill-conceived propaganda tour around the country to push his plan.

Republicanswon a 3-1majority in both houses and gained control of every northern state.

1866 Midterm Election1866 Midterm Election

Radical Republicans who managed President Andrew Johnson’s Radical Republicans who managed President Andrew Johnson’s impeachment trialimpeachment trial

Senator Charles SumnerSenator Charles Sumner

Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania: Leader of the Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania: Leader of the Radical RepublicansRadical Republicans

Radical Plan for Readmission Civil authorities in the territories were

subject to military supervision.

Required new state constitutions, includingblack suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments.

In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making.

Reconstruction Acts of 1867 Military Reconstruction Act

* Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment.

* Divide the 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5 military districts.

Command of the Army Act* The President must issue all Reconstruction orders

through the commander of the military.

Tenure of Office Act* The President could not remove any officials [esp.

Cabinet members] without the Senate’s consent, if the position originally required Senate approval.

The Reconstruction Act of 1867The Reconstruction Act of 1867

Calling for “reform not revenge,” Radicals in Congress passed the Calling for “reform not revenge,” Radicals in Congress passed the Reconstruction Act of 1867. Reconstruction Act of 1867.

Key provisions:Key provisions:1. Southern states under military rule by northern generals.1. Southern states under military rule by northern generals.2. Southern states create new state constitutions.2. Southern states create new state constitutions.3. States required to give the vote to all qualified male voters 3. States required to give the vote to all qualified male voters

(including African Americans).(including African Americans).4. Supporters of the Confederacy temporarily barred from voting.4. Supporters of the Confederacy temporarily barred from voting.5. Southern states required to guarantee equal rights to all 5. Southern states required to guarantee equal rights to all

citizens.citizens.6. All states required to ratify the 14th Amendment.6. All states required to ratify the 14th Amendment.

Military Reconstruction Act

Reconstruction Reconstruction ActAct

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The Tenure of Office Act

Edwin Stanton

Designed to protect radical members of Lincoln’s government.

Question of the constitutionality of this law.

President Johnson’s Impeachment

Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868.

Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction.

The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47!

The Senate Trial

11 week trial.

Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).

The Grant Administration (1868-1876)The Grant Administration (1868-1876)

The 1868 Republican Ticket

The 1868 Democratic Ticket

Waving the Bloody Shirt!

Republican “Southern Strategy”

1868 Presidential Election

President Ulysses S. Grant

Grant Administration Scandals Grant presided over an era of

unprecedented growth and corruption.

* Credit Mobilier Scandal.

* Whiskey Ring.

* The “Indian Ring.”

The Tweed Ring in NYC

William Marcy Tweed (notorious head of Tammany Hall’s political machine)

[Thomas Nast crusading cartoonist/reporter]

Who Stole the People’s Money?

The Panic of 1873 It raises “the money

question.”* debtors seek inflationary

monetary policy bycontinuing circulation of greenbacks.

* creditors, intellectuals support hard money.

1875 - Specie Redemption Act.

1876 - Greenback Party formed & makes gains in congressional races The “Crime of ’73’!

Legal Challenges

The Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)

Bradwell v. IL (1873)

U. S. v. Cruickshank (1876)

U. S. v. Reese (1876)

Sharecropping

Sharecropping & the Cycle of DebtSharecropping & the Cycle of Debt1. Poor whites and freedmen have no jobs, no homes, and no money to buy land.

2. Poor whites and freedmen sign contracts to work a landlord’s acreage in exchange for a part of the crop.

3. Landlord keeps track of the money that sharecroppers owe him for housing and food.

4. At harvest time, the sharecropper owes more to the landlord than his share of the crop is worth.

5. Sharecropper cannot leave the farm as long as he is in debt to the landlord.

Tenancy & the Crop Lien SystemFurnishing Merchant Tenant Farmer Landowner

Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop.

Farmer also secures food, clothing, andother necessities oncredit from merchant until the harvest.

Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt.

Plants crop, harvests in autumn.

Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent.

Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant inpayment of debt.

Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop.

Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

Black & White Political Participation

Black Politicians from Black Politicians from ReconstructionReconstruction

Black Senate & House Delegates

Colored Rulein the

South?

Blacks in Southern Politics Core voters were black veterans.

Blacks were politically unprepared.

Blacks could register and vote in states since 1867.

The 15th Amendment guaranteedfederal voting.

The Fifteenth AmendmentThe Fifteenth Amendment• In February 1869, Congress passed the In February 1869, Congress passed the Fifteenth Fifteenth

AmendmentAmendment,, granting African American males the right to granting African American males the right to vote.vote.

• In 1867 and 1868, voters in southern states chose In 1867 and 1868, voters in southern states chose delegates to draft new state constitutions. One quarter of delegates to draft new state constitutions. One quarter of the delegates elected were black.the delegates elected were black.

• The new state constitutions guaranteed civil rights, The new state constitutions guaranteed civil rights, allowed poor people to hold political office, and set up a allowed poor people to hold political office, and set up a system of public schools and orphanages.system of public schools and orphanages.

• In 1870, southern black men voted in legislative elections In 1870, southern black men voted in legislative elections for the first time. More than 600 African Americans were for the first time. More than 600 African Americans were elected to state legislatures, Louisiana gained a black elected to state legislatures, Louisiana gained a black governor, and Hiram Revels of Mississippi became the governor, and Hiram Revels of Mississippi became the first African American elected to the Senate.first African American elected to the Senate.

15th Amendment Ratified in 1870.

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!

Negro Suffrage Amendment Negro Suffrage Amendment CartoonCartoon

First Black VoterFirst Black Voter

The Republican SouthThe Republican South• During Radical Reconstruction, the Republican Party was a During Radical Reconstruction, the Republican Party was a

mixture of people who had little in common except a desire to mixture of people who had little in common except a desire to prosper in the postwar South. This bloc of voters included prosper in the postwar South. This bloc of voters included freedmen and two other groups: carpetbaggers and scalawags.freedmen and two other groups: carpetbaggers and scalawags.– Northern Republicans who moved to the postwar South Northern Republicans who moved to the postwar South

became known as became known as carpetbaggerscarpetbaggers.. Southerners gave them Southerners gave them this insulting nickname, which referred to a type of cheap this insulting nickname, which referred to a type of cheap suitcase made from carpet scraps. Carpetbaggers were suitcase made from carpet scraps. Carpetbaggers were often depicted as greedy men seeking to grab power or often depicted as greedy men seeking to grab power or make a fast buck.make a fast buck.

– White southern Republicans were seen as traitors and White southern Republicans were seen as traitors and called called scalawagsscalawags.. This was originally a Scottish word This was originally a Scottish word meaning “scrawny cattle.” Some scalawags were former meaning “scrawny cattle.” Some scalawags were former Whigs who had opposed secession. Some were small Whigs who had opposed secession. Some were small farmers who resented the planter class. Many scalawags, farmers who resented the planter class. Many scalawags, but not all, were poor.but not all, were poor.

Sharecropping & Tenant FarmingSharecropping & Tenant FarmingSharecroppingSharecropping• A family farmed a portion of a A family farmed a portion of a

planter’s land.planter’s land.• As payment, the family was As payment, the family was

promised a share of the crop at promised a share of the crop at harvest time.harvest time.

• After the harvest, some planters After the harvest, some planters evicted the sharecroppers evicted the sharecroppers without pay or charged the without pay or charged the sharecroppers for housing and sharecroppers for housing and other expenses, so that the other expenses, so that the sharecroppers were in debt at sharecroppers were in debt at the end of the year.the end of the year.

• Many sharecropping families Many sharecropping families were in dept to the planters and were in dept to the planters and trapped on the plantation. trapped on the plantation.

Tenant FarmingTenant Farming• Tenant farmers did not own Tenant farmers did not own

the land they farmed.the land they farmed.• The tenant farmer paid to rent The tenant farmer paid to rent

the land and chose which the land and chose which crops to plant and how much crops to plant and how much to work.to work.

• Tenant farming created a Tenant farming created a class of wealthy merchants class of wealthy merchants who sold supplies on credit.who sold supplies on credit.

• Sharecropping and tenant Sharecropping and tenant farming encouraged planters farming encouraged planters to grow cash crops, such as to grow cash crops, such as cotton, tobacco, and sugar cotton, tobacco, and sugar cane. The South had to import cane. The South had to import much of its food.much of its food.

Klan Portrait (p. 445)Klan Portrait (p. 445)

Nathan Bedford Forrest in Uniform, c. 1865 (p. 446)Nathan Bedford Forrest in Uniform, c. 1865 (p. 446)

KKK Flag (p. 447)KKK Flag (p. 447)

Worse than Slavery CartoonWorse than Slavery Cartoon

The “Invisible Empire of the South”

Spreading TerrorSpreading TerrorThe Ku Klux KlanThe Ku Klux Klan• The Klan sought to eliminate the The Klan sought to eliminate the

Republican Party in the South by Republican Party in the South by intimidating voters.intimidating voters.

• They wanted to keep African They wanted to keep African Americans as submissive Americans as submissive laborers.laborers.

• They planted burning crosses on They planted burning crosses on the lawns of their victims and the lawns of their victims and tortured, kidnapped, or murdered tortured, kidnapped, or murdered them.them.

• Prosperous African Americans, Prosperous African Americans, carpetbaggers, and scalawags carpetbaggers, and scalawags became their victims.became their victims.

The Federal ResponseThe Federal Response• In 1870 and 1871, Congress In 1870 and 1871, Congress

passed a series of anti-Klan passed a series of anti-Klan laws.laws.

• The The Enforcement Act of 1870Enforcement Act of 1870 banned the use of terror, force, banned the use of terror, force, or bribery to prevent people or bribery to prevent people from voting.from voting.

• Other laws banned the KKK Other laws banned the KKK and used the military to protect and used the military to protect voters and voting places.voters and voting places.

• As federal troops withdrew from As federal troops withdrew from the South, black suffrage all but the South, black suffrage all but ended.ended.

Failure of Federal Enforcement Enforcement Acts of 1870 & 1871

[also known as the KKK Act].

“The Lost Cause.”

The rise of the“Bourbons.”

Redeemers (prewarDemocrats and Union Whigs).

The Civil Rights Act of 1875

Crime for any individual to deny full &equal use of public conveyances andpublic places.

Prohibited discrimination in jury selection.

Shortcoming - lacked a strong enforcement mechanism.

No new civil rights act was attemptedfor 90 years!

Northern Support Wanes “Grantism” & corruption.

Panic of 1873 [6-yeardepression].

Concern over westwardexpansion and Indian wars.

Key monetary issues:* should the government

retire $432m worth of “greenbacks” issued during the Civil War.

* should war bonds be paid back in specie orgreenbacks.

The Election of 1872 Spoilsmen v. reformers.

Rumors of corruption during Grant’s first term discredit Republicans.

Horace Greeley runsas a Democrat/LiberalRepublican candidate.

Greeley attacked as afool and a crank.

Greeley died on November 29, 1872!

1872 Presidential Election

Popular Vote for President: 1872

And They Say He Wants a Third Term

1876 Presidential Tickets

“Regional Balance?”

1876 Presidential Election

The Political Crisis of 1877

“Corrupt Bargain”Part II?

The Compromise of 1877The Compromise of 1877• The presidential election of 1876 was disputed. The presidential election of 1876 was disputed.

Rutherford B. Hayes lost the popular vote, but the Rutherford B. Hayes lost the popular vote, but the electoral vote was contested.electoral vote was contested.

• Democrats submitted a set of tallies showing Samuel Democrats submitted a set of tallies showing Samuel Tilden, who had the support of the Solid South, as the Tilden, who had the support of the Solid South, as the winner.winner.

• Finally, the two parties made a deal. In what became Finally, the two parties made a deal. In what became known as the known as the Compromise of 1877Compromise of 1877,, the Democrats the Democrats agreed to give Hayes the victory. In return, the new agreed to give Hayes the victory. In return, the new President agreed to support appropriations for rebuilding President agreed to support appropriations for rebuilding the levees along the Mississippi River and to remove the the levees along the Mississippi River and to remove the remaining federal troops from southern states.remaining federal troops from southern states.

• The compromise opened the way for Democrats to regain The compromise opened the way for Democrats to regain control of southern politics and marked the end of control of southern politics and marked the end of Reconstruction.Reconstruction.

Hayes Prevails

Alas, the Woes of Childhood…

Sammy Tilden—Boo-Hoo! Ruthy Hayes’s got my Presidency, and he won’t give it to me!

A Political Crisis: The “Compromise” of 1877

Reconstruction MapReconstruction Map

Election of 1876 MapElection of 1876 Map

Cities and IndustryCities and Industry• Southern leaders saw the industrialized northern Southern leaders saw the industrialized northern

economy and realized a unique opportunity to economy and realized a unique opportunity to build an industrialized economy in the South.build an industrialized economy in the South.

• Atlanta, the city that had been burned to the Atlanta, the city that had been burned to the ground by Sherman’s army, began to rebuild ground by Sherman’s army, began to rebuild and was becoming a major metropolis of the and was becoming a major metropolis of the South.South.

• One problem with the industrialization of the One problem with the industrialization of the South was that most southern factories handled South was that most southern factories handled the earlier, less profitable stages of the earlier, less profitable stages of manufacturing. The items were shipped north to manufacturing. The items were shipped north to be made into finished products and sold.be made into finished products and sold.

Funding ReconstructionFunding Reconstruction• Rebuilding the South’s Rebuilding the South’s infrastructureinfrastructure,, the public property the public property

and services that a society uses, was one giant business and services that a society uses, was one giant business opportunity.opportunity.

• Roads, bridges, canals, railroads, and telegraph lines had Roads, bridges, canals, railroads, and telegraph lines had to be rebuilt.to be rebuilt.

• Funds were also needed to expand services to southern Funds were also needed to expand services to southern citizens. Following the North’s example, all southern citizens. Following the North’s example, all southern states created public school systems by 1872.states created public school systems by 1872.

• Congress, private investors, and heavy taxes paid for Congress, private investors, and heavy taxes paid for Reconstruction. Spending by Reconstruction legislatures Reconstruction. Spending by Reconstruction legislatures added another $130 million to southern debt.added another $130 million to southern debt.

• Much of this big spending was lost to corruption. The Much of this big spending was lost to corruption. The corruption became so widespread that it even reached corruption became so widespread that it even reached the White House.the White House.

An End to African American SuffrageAn End to African American Suffrage

1860sReconstruction

begins.

1870sReconstruction

ends.

1950s-1960sCivil Rights

movement begins.

1900s-1940s Jim Crow laws prevent African

Americans from voting

Successes and Failures of Successes and Failures of ReconstructionReconstruction

Successes FailuresUnion is restored. Many white southerners remain bitter

toward the federal government and the Republican Party.

The South’s economy grows and new wealth is created in the North.

The South is slow to industrialize.

Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments guarantee African Americans the rights of citizenship, equal protection under the law, and suffrage.

After federal troops are withdrawn, southern state governments and terrorist organizations effectively deny African Americans the right to vote.

Freedmen’s Bureau and other organizations help many black families obtain housing, jobs, and schooling.

Many black and white southerners remain caught in a cycle of poverty.

Southern states adopt a system of mandatory education.

Racist attitudes toward African Americans continue, in both the South and the North.