ReconstructionReconstruction

1865-18771865-1877

Freedman’s Bureau took 1Freedman’s Bureau took 1stst steps steps

Created by Lincoln Created by Lincoln during the warduring the war

Help newly freed Help newly freed adjust to new livesadjust to new lives

Lincoln’s Plan for ReunionLincoln’s Plan for Reunion“charity for all”“charity for all”

Pardon ConfederatesPardon Confederates State Constitutional Conventions when State Constitutional Conventions when

10% take oath10% take oath Return to Union with Constitution that Return to Union with Constitution that

endorses 13endorses 13thth amendment amendment

Pres. Johnson’s PlanPres. Johnson’s Planmoderate Republicanmoderate Republican

Pardon ConfederatesPardon Confederates New State New State

ConstitutionConstitution1. void secession1. void secession2. abolish slavery2. abolish slavery3. ratify 133. ratify 13thth Amdmt Amdmt4. stop paying 4. stop paying Confederate war Confederate war debt debt

Southern DefianceSouthern Defiance New Black Codes New Black Codes

Violence & RiotingViolence & Rioting

Congressional ReconstructionCongressional Reconstruction“Radical” Plan“Radical” Plan

Protect Citizens’ RightsProtect Citizens’ Rights

1. Civil Rights Act 18661. Civil Rights Act 1866outlawed southern state black codesoutlawed southern state black codes

2. 142. 14thth Amendment Amendment * guarantees rights of citizenship * guarantees rights of citizenship * “Equal Protection of the Law”* “Equal Protection of the Law”

Control & Punish the SouthControl & Punish the South

Military Reconstruction act 1867Military Reconstruction act 1867

Controlling the PresidentControlling the President

Tenure of Office ActTenure of Office Act

ImpeachmentImpeachment

PrecedentPrecedent

Extending SuffrageExtending Suffrage

1515thth Amendment Amendment

No Citizen shall be denied the right to vote based on race color or previous

condition of servitude

Political, Economic & Political, Economic & Social Changes ResultSocial Changes Result

Republican Support in the SouthRepublican Support in the South

CarpetbaggersCarpetbaggers

ScalawagsScalawags

African African American Office American Office

HoldersHolders

Republican PoliciesRepublican Policies

Civil Rights LegislationCivil Rights Legislationguaranteeing equal rights & accessguaranteeing equal rights & access

Public EducationPublic Education

Repealed Black CodesRepealed Black Codes

Economic DevelopmentEconomic DevelopmentPlantation System was destroyedPlantation System was destroyed

U.S. Bureau of U.S. Bureau of Refugees, Refugees,

Freedmen, and Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands Abandoned Lands

Failed attempt for Failed attempt for land redistributionland redistribution

Focus on economic Focus on economic improvementsimprovements

RailroadsRailroads

BanksBanks

IndustryIndustry

Changes in Southern AgricultureChanges in Southern AgricultureNew forms of SlaveryNew forms of Slavery

Debt PeonageDebt Peonage

SharecroppingSharecropping

Tenant FarmingTenant Farming

Voter AngerVoter Anger

Taxes = State DebtTaxes = State Debt

Corrupt Government OfficialsCorrupt Government Officials

Demand for Cotton = Economic DepressionDemand for Cotton = Economic Depression

Whites Attack ReconstructionWhites Attack ReconstructionSouthern BacklashSouthern Backlash

Ku Klux KlanKu Klux KlanIntimidation keeps Blacks away from the pollsIntimidation keeps Blacks away from the polls

Solid SouthSolid SouthWhites always elect DemocratsWhites always elect Democrats

Reconstruction EndsReconstruction Ends

Election of 1876Election of 1876

Rep. HayesRep. HayesDem. TildenDem. Tilden

Compromise of 1877Compromise of 1877 Hayes Promises to Hayes Promises to Remove all Southern Remove all Southern TroopsTroops

New form of White SupremacyNew form of White Supremacy

The plight of the freedman after The plight of the freedman after ReconstructionReconstruction

White Supremacists take control of White Supremacists take control of Government – begin to limit rights Government – begin to limit rights

and freedoms of blacksand freedoms of blacks

Voting RestrictionsVoting Restrictions Poll Tax: Poll Tax: voter must own property and voter must own property and

pay a tax in order to votepay a tax in order to vote

Literacy Tests: Literacy Tests: voters have to demonstrate voters have to demonstrate ‘minimal’ standards of knowledge‘minimal’ standards of knowledge

Grandfather Clauses: Grandfather Clauses: segregated blacks segregated blacks from whites by allowing those with from whites by allowing those with ancestors who voted to be exempt from ancestors who voted to be exempt from new lawsnew laws

SegregationSegregation

Jim Crow Laws:Jim Crow Laws: required the required the separation of the separation of the races (Schools, races (Schools, parks, parks, transportation, transportation, hotels, diners, etc.)hotels, diners, etc.)

DiscriminationDiscrimination

De FactoDe Facto – – discrimination in discrimination in fact rather than by fact rather than by actual lawactual law

Common in the Common in the North despite few North despite few Jim Crow lawsJim Crow laws

De JureDe Jure – – discrimination by discrimination by lawlaw

Plessy v. FergusonPlessy v. Ferguson

18961896 US Supreme Court case which US Supreme Court case which legalized separate facilities for legalized separate facilities for whites and African-Americans.whites and African-Americans.

Separate facilities had to be equal:Separate facilities had to be equal: ““Separate but Equal”Separate but Equal” Reality: Black Facilities were always Reality: Black Facilities were always

unequalunequal