RECONSTRUCTIONRECONSTRUCTION

PUTTING THE NATION BACK PUTTING THE NATION BACK TOGETHERTOGETHER

Final TollFinal Toll Close to Close to 10,45510,455 battles between N & S battles between N & S 1,094,453 dead if you factor in battle deaths, 1,094,453 dead if you factor in battle deaths,

sickness, executions, suicide, etc.sickness, executions, suicide, etc. Roughly Roughly 620,000620,000 causalities causalities For the North only -if fought today:$ 2.5 million For the North only -if fought today:$ 2.5 million

DAILY in 1863 = $DAILY in 1863 = $48,736,94448,736,944 today (Iraq: 275 today (Iraq: 275 m)m)

The war would cost $46 TRILLION in today’s The war would cost $46 TRILLION in today’s money- 145% of GDPmoney- 145% of GDP

The words "In God We Trust" first appeared on The words "In God We Trust" first appeared on a U.S. coin in 1864. a U.S. coin in 1864.

Official Estimate in 1879 was $ 6 BillionOfficial Estimate in 1879 was $ 6 Billion Senator John J. Crittendon of Kentucky had two Senator John J. Crittendon of Kentucky had two

sons who became major generals during the sons who became major generals during the Civil War: one for the North, one for the South.Civil War: one for the North, one for the South.

TOUGH QUESTIONS TO TOUGH QUESTIONS TO ANSWERANSWER

Did nation ever really split?Did nation ever really split? How do we put nation together?How do we put nation together? Whose job is it?: President or Whose job is it?: President or

Congress?Congress? What needs to be done with the What needs to be done with the

Southern economy (in shambles)?Southern economy (in shambles)? What needs to be done for the What needs to be done for the

freed slaves?freed slaves?

LINCOLN’S PLANLINCOLN’S PLAN Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction was was

established in 1863- two years before established in 1863- two years before surrendersurrender

Split South into 5 military districtsSplit South into 5 military districts 10% Plan10% Plan: Each state had to redraft their : Each state had to redraft their

constitutions to eliminate slavery and constitutions to eliminate slavery and 10% of 10% of voters had to pledge allegiance to voters had to pledge allegiance to United StatesUnited States

Agreed to amnesty for all but highest Agreed to amnesty for all but highest ConfederatesConfederates

Replace majority rule with Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” “loyal rule” in the South.in the South. Vice President Johnson will continued plan Vice President Johnson will continued plan

after Lincoln’s bad evening at the theaterafter Lincoln’s bad evening at the theater

WADE-DAVIS BILL: 50%WADE-DAVIS BILL: 50%

Radical republicans wanted to Radical republicans wanted to punish the Confederacy for punish the Confederacy for secessionsecession, transform Southern , transform Southern society, and protect rights of freed society, and protect rights of freed slavesslaves

50% Plan: Called for 50% of voters 50% Plan: Called for 50% of voters to take oath to U.S.to take oath to U.S.

Also called for military governorAlso called for military governor Lincoln pocket-vetoed the billLincoln pocket-vetoed the bill

FREEDMEN’S BUREAUFREEDMEN’S BUREAU FREEDMENS BUREAU: Formed to aide freed FREEDMENS BUREAU: Formed to aide freed

slaves and whites with food, medical care, slaves and whites with food, medical care, schools, and legal issueschools, and legal issue

Would later help African Americans adjust: Would later help African Americans adjust: Schools, interpretation of legal documents, and Schools, interpretation of legal documents, and courtscourts

Special Field Order 15- Given by Sherman Special Field Order 15- Given by Sherman that stated abandoned land would be given, that stated abandoned land would be given, in 40 acre plots, to free slavesin 40 acre plots, to free slaves

Helped form schools for African-Americans: Helped form schools for African-Americans: Howard University and Fisk UniversityHoward University and Fisk University

Education seen as greatest achievementEducation seen as greatest achievement

*Sharecropping**Sharecropping*

System of farming that allowed freed System of farming that allowed freed slaves (and other African Americans) slaves (and other African Americans) to remain on the land and farm it, but to remain on the land and farm it, but unfair practices left many tied to the unfair practices left many tied to the land in a form of near slavery.land in a form of near slavery.

They would lease a portion and once paid They would lease a portion and once paid off lease, the rest was profitoff lease, the rest was profit

Very corrupt and forced many African Very corrupt and forced many African Americans to remain tied to the land Americans to remain tied to the land because of the debt they were forced to because of the debt they were forced to go intogo into

PRESIDENTIAL PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTIONRECONSTRUCTION Carried out by Carried out by ANDREW JOHNSONANDREW JOHNSON

Carried out Lincoln’s Carried out Lincoln’s 10%10% including pardons including pardons Ordered all land confiscated by Ordered all land confiscated by

FREEDMEN’S BUREAUFREEDMEN’S BUREAU be returned to be returned to ownersowners

Allowed several states to return to U.S. Allowed several states to return to U.S. while the Congress was recessedwhile the Congress was recessed

Wanted to prevent elite class from taking Wanted to prevent elite class from taking power againpower again

He declared Reconstruction He declared Reconstruction completed in completed in 18651865

Civil Rights of 1866Civil Rights of 1866 The The Civil Rights Act of 1866Civil Rights Act of 1866, enacted April , enacted April

9, 1866, is a federal law in the United States 9, 1866, is a federal law in the United States that was mainly intended to protect the that was mainly intended to protect the civil civil rights (citizenship and due process) of rights (citizenship and due process) of African-Americans, in the wake of the African-Americans, in the wake of the American Civil WarAmerican Civil War. The Act was enacted . The Act was enacted by Congress over the veto of President by Congress over the veto of President Andrew Johnson.Andrew Johnson.

Replaced by the 14Replaced by the 14thth Amendment (Which Amendment (Which is one of the most used amendments by is one of the most used amendments by the Supreme Court)the Supreme Court)

CONGRESSIONAL CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTIONRECONSTRUCTION

Radical Republicans led by Charles Radical Republicans led by Charles Sumner attempted to over turn Sumner attempted to over turn Johnson’s workJohnson’s work

Reconstruction Act of 1867: Reconstruction Act of 1867: Stated states that came in under Stated states that came in under Johnson’s plan were invalidJohnson’s plan were invalid

Passed a series of amendments to Passed a series of amendments to protect their actions and African-protect their actions and African-AmericansAmericans

RECONSTRUCTION RECONSTRUCTION AMENDMENTSAMENDMENTS

Amendments designed to protect Amendments designed to protect African-Americans: MOST IMPORTANT African-Americans: MOST IMPORTANT PART OF RECONSTRUCTIONPART OF RECONSTRUCTION

1313thth: Outlawed slavery (1865): Outlawed slavery (1865) 1414thth: Redefines citizenship (Dred Scott : Redefines citizenship (Dred Scott

no longer applies) and offers due no longer applies) and offers due process and equal protection under the process and equal protection under the law (1866)law (1866)

Other cases using 14Other cases using 14thth Amendment: Amendment: Brown v. Board of Education Brown v. Board of Education (1954), (1954), Bush v. GoreBush v. Gore (2000) (2000)

Reconstruction Reconstruction AmendmentsAmendments

1515thth: United States may not : United States may not prevent a citizen from voting prevent a citizen from voting because of his race, color, or because of his race, color, or previous status as a slaveprevious status as a slave (1870)(1870)

Women’s SuffrageWomen’s Suffrage

Susan B. Anthony

Elizabeth Stanton

What about us?What about us? 1414thth and 15 and 15thth Amendments both inspired and frustrated the Amendments both inspired and frustrated the

Women’s Suffrage MovementWomen’s Suffrage Movement Many women were involved in the abolition movement Many women were involved in the abolition movement

and helped the Union through the National Woman’s and helped the Union through the National Woman’s Loyal League and the U.S. Sanitary CommissionLoyal League and the U.S. Sanitary Commission

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony protested Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony protested the use of “male” in the 14the use of “male” in the 14thth Amendment Amendment

Stanton, Anthony, and Lucy Stone founded the Stanton, Anthony, and Lucy Stone founded the American Equal Rights AssociationAmerican Equal Rights Association in 1866- Due to their in 1866- Due to their resistance many former abolition movements resistance many former abolition movements supporters and even the Republican Party pulled funds supporters and even the Republican Party pulled funds and support for woman suffrage because of their lack of and support for woman suffrage because of their lack of support for the 14support for the 14thth and 15 and 15thth Amendment Amendment

Spilt MovementSpilt Movement The fight split the movement- American Woman The fight split the movement- American Woman

Suffrage Association (AWSA): Founded in 1869 and led Suffrage Association (AWSA): Founded in 1869 and led by Lucy Stone, Julia Ward Howe, and Henry Blackwell- by Lucy Stone, Julia Ward Howe, and Henry Blackwell- Wanted suffrage at state level (Moderate- Supported Wanted suffrage at state level (Moderate- Supported 1515thth Amendment) Amendment)

National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA): More National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA): More radical, Felt the amendment didn’t include all of the radical, Felt the amendment didn’t include all of the goals of the Declaration of Sentiments from Seneca goals of the Declaration of Sentiments from Seneca Falls 1848Falls 1848

Failure of movement was more due to the times (Failure Failure of movement was more due to the times (Failure of Radical Reconstruction and the ability to get suffrage of Radical Reconstruction and the ability to get suffrage for both blacks and women) than the fragment groupfor both blacks and women) than the fragment group

Would lead to an independent suffrage movementWould lead to an independent suffrage movement

IMPEACHMENTIMPEACHMENT Tenure of Office ActTenure of Office Act was passed to limit was passed to limit

Johnson’s authority: Johnson’s authority: Couldn’t remove Couldn’t remove officials from office w/out Senateofficials from office w/out Senate and and could give military orders w/out commander’s could give military orders w/out commander’s approvalapproval

Johnson removed Johnson removed Secretary of War Edward Secretary of War Edward StantonStanton and replaced him with U.S. Grant and replaced him with U.S. Grant

Impeached- missed being removed by Impeached- missed being removed by one voteone vote

Rendered him basically powerlessRendered him basically powerless

Problems of Reconstruction: Problems of Reconstruction: BLACK CODESBLACK CODES

Black Codes: Series of laws that Black Codes: Series of laws that were meant to keep African-were meant to keep African-Americans in a state of near Americans in a state of near slaveryslavery

Examples: Had to work on land for Examples: Had to work on land for certain time (indenture servant,) had certain time (indenture servant,) had to carry residence papers (like to carry residence papers (like passports), could be arrested and passports), could be arrested and forced to work if seen as being idleforced to work if seen as being idle

KKK KKK

Started in TNStarted in TN in 1866 but spread to in 1866 but spread to all Southern states by 1868all Southern states by 1868

First was a social club based on First was a social club based on practical jokes and hazing, but practical jokes and hazing, but would turn to violent means: would turn to violent means: lynching, burning of black schools lynching, burning of black schools and churches, etc.and churches, etc.

Nathan Bedford Forrest: First Nathan Bedford Forrest: First national national Grand WizardGrand Wizard

Problems of Reconstruction: Problems of Reconstruction: KKKKKK Its main purpose was to resist Its main purpose was to resist

Reconstruction, Reconstruction, and it focused as and it focused as much on intimidatingmuch on intimidating "carpetbaggers""carpetbaggers" (NORTHERN (NORTHERN REPUBLICANS WHO MOVED REPUBLICANS WHO MOVED SOUTH TO MAKE MONEY SOUTH TO MAKE MONEY REBUILDING THE SOUTH) and REBUILDING THE SOUTH) and "scalawags""scalawags" (WHITE (WHITE SOUTHERNERS WHO JOINED SOUTHERNERS WHO JOINED REPUBLICAN PARTY) as on REPUBLICAN PARTY) as on putting down the freed slaves.putting down the freed slaves.

DECLINE OF THE KKKDECLINE OF THE KKK

CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1871 (aka CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1871 (aka KKK Act)-KKK Act)- Allowed federal Allowed federal military to arrest and try citizens military to arrest and try citizens of the states for civil rights of the states for civil rights violation. Helped to end KKK in violation. Helped to end KKK in SCSC

Used especially well by U.S. Used especially well by U.S. Grant who was elected to Grant who was elected to president in 1868president in 1868

President U.S. GrantPresident U.S. Grant Elected in 1868Elected in 1868 11stst term was term was rocked by scandalsrocked by scandals: tax : tax

invasion, kick-backs, etc.: invasion, kick-backs, etc.: Caused Caused republicans to split and weakenrepublicans to split and weaken

22ndnd Term: Term: PANIC of 1873: over expansion PANIC of 1873: over expansion by rail roads and industrialist led to by rail roads and industrialist led to economic depression: Stock market economic depression: Stock market crashed and many banks, including the crashed and many banks, including the largest collapsed.largest collapsed.

Combination of scandals and Combination of scandals and depression people lost focus on depression people lost focus on ReconstructionReconstruction

END OF END OF RECONSTRUCTIONRECONSTRUCTION

By 1877, democrats won enough votes (aided By 1877, democrats won enough votes (aided by poll taxes and violence) to win in every by poll taxes and violence) to win in every southern statesouthern state

Hayes-Tilden Compromise (Compromise Hayes-Tilden Compromise (Compromise of 1877)of 1877): : Presidential race tied between Presidential race tied between Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel TildenRutherford B. Hayes and Samuel Tilden. . Hayes agreed to remove troops Hayes agreed to remove troops from South in exchange for electionfrom South in exchange for election

RECONSTRUCTION COMES TO A CLOSERECONSTRUCTION COMES TO A CLOSE Many of the issues not solved in the Many of the issues not solved in the

1870s linger into today’s society1870s linger into today’s society