RECOVERY & REFORM OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH

Obj: What issues led to reform in the Church & how effective were they in achieving their goals?

CHALLENGES TO THE PAPACY•POLITICAL DIVISION IN ITALY•BYZANTINE POSSESSIONS•MUSLIMS•HRE ATTEMPTS TO CONTROL NORTHERN & CENTRAL ITALY•MONASTIC IDEAL SUFFERED DUE TO POLITICAL CONCERNS OF PAPACY & CHURCH•OBLIGATIONS OF FEUDAL SYSTEM LED TO CONCERN FOR MATERIAL ITEMS AT EXPENSE OF SPIRITUAL RESPONSIBILITIES•LAY INVESTITURE CEREMONY•SIMONY•CLERICAL MARRIAGE

MONASTIC REFORM• CLUNY ABBEY & WM. OF AQUITAINE

910 IN FRANCE• RENEWED DEDICATION TO BENEDIC-

TINE RULE

• INDEPENDENT FROM LOCAL RULE• MORE WORK, MORE PRAYER• LESS RELIANCE ON MATERIAL LIFE• SOUND ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT• REPRESENTED ORDER + STABILITY IN

DISORDERLY & UNSTABLE WORLD• PAPAL SUPPORT KEY IN SUCCESS OF

CLUNAIC REFORM• 100’S OF ABBEYS THROUGHOUT

EUROPE

GREAT SCHISM 1054• POPE & PATRIARCH? WHO HAS UNI-

VERSAL JURISDICTION• LEAVENED OR UNLEAVENED BREAD• ROLE OF CONSTANTINOPLE IN

HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY• ICONOCLASTIC CONTROVERSY• SUPRESSION OF GREEK & LATIN

LANGUAGES IN RESPECTIVE AREAS

• PATRIARCH MICHAEL I & POPE LEO IX• FINAL DIVISION OF ROMAN

CATHOLIC & EASTERN ORTHODOX CHRISTIANITY

• DIVISION EXISTS TODAY

LAY INVESTITURE CONTROVERSY 1075KING HENRY IV OF HRE & POPE GREGORY VII

• ELIMINATE POLITICAL ASPECT OF APPOINTING CHURCH OFFICIALS

• GREATEST REFORM POPE • ONLY CHURCH HAS RIGHT TO ELECT

OFFICIALS & RUN IT’S OWN AFFAIRS• HENRY IV DISAGREES – TRADITIONALLY

KINGS APPOINT CLERGY• BISHOPRIC OF MILAN IMMEDIATE CAUSE –

POPE & KING DIFFER ON CANDIDATE• POPE THREATENS EXCOMMUNICATION• KING DEPOSES POPE AT SYNOD • POPE FOLLOWS THROUGH W/ THREAT• ABSOLUTION & FORGIVENESS AT CANOSSA &

BAN LIFTED BUT 3 YRS LATER AT IT AGAIN• EXCOMM & H4 INVADES ITALY, TAKES ROME• STRUGGLE ENDS 1122 CONCORDAT OF

WORMS – POPE HAS FINAL AUTHORITY

SOCIAL & POLITICAL CONSEQUENCES 1075-1122

• CIVIL WAR BETWEEN NOBLES VYING FOR POWER IN HRE• BUILD UP OF CASTLES BY NOBILITY TO SYMBOLIZE INCREASED POWER &

INDEDPENDENCE FROM POPE & EMPEROR • NOBLES HOLD REAL POWER IN HRE & EMPEROR WILL NEVER HAVE

ULTIMATE AUTHORITY & LOYALTY OF SUBJECTS• SUCCESSORS OF HENRY IV RELINQUISH RIGHTS & PRIVILEGES TO

NOBLES• FREDERICK I AND II CAN’T STRENGTHEN MONARCHY AGAINST NOBILITY

• RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POPE & EMPEROR ALWAYS DIFFERENT THAN WITH OTHER MONARCHS 1) POPE CROWNED EMPEROR AND 2) POPE & EMPEROR CLAIMED PAPAL STAES & NORTHERN ITALY UNDER THEIR CONTROL

PAPAL MONARCHY INNOCENT III 1198-1216• REFORM CONTINUED AFTER G7• PAPAL CENTRALIZATION POPE URBAN II

1088-1099 – PAPAL CURIA OR PAPAL COURT• COURT FOR ALL APPEALS INVOLVING

CHURCH: MARRIAGE, PROPERTY, OATHS• MOST POPES IN 12TH & 13TH C. TRAINED AS

LAWYERS NOT MONKS• COLLEGE OF CARDINALS ONLY ONES TO

SELECT POPE• INNOCENT III ‘SUPREME JUDGE OF ALL

EARTHLY AFFAIRS’• USE OF EXCOMMUNICATION & INTERDICT –

KING JOHN (E) & PHILIP II (F)• INQUISITION: CRUSADE AGAINST THOSE

WITHIN THE CHURCH• FRANCISCANS, DOMINICANS & CISTERCIANS

– SANCTIONED BY INNOCENT DUE TO CORRUPTION WITHIN & RESULT OF REFORMS

NEW CHALLENGES FOR THE CHURCH PEOPLE CAN’T ESCAPE UPHEAVALS OF LIFE ROYAL CHALLENGES TO PAPACY ARISE EDWARD I OF ENGLAND & PHILIP IV OF FR

PREPARE FOR WAR POPE BONIFACE VIII 1294-1303 CLERICIS LAICOS – NO TAXATION OF CLERGY

WITHOUT PAPAL APPROVAL & IGNORED BY ED & PHILIP

UNAM SANCTUM “GOD HAS SET POPES OVER KINGS”

PHILIP IV EXCOMMUNICATED, BONIFACE ARRESTED & RELEASED BUT DIES SOON AFTER & PHILIP ENCOURAGES CLEMENT V TO REMAIN IN AVIGNON

BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY OR AVIGNON PAPACY 1311-1377

PALACE IS MANIFESTATION OF ABUSES PLURALISM, INDULGENCES, POWER OVER

SPIRITUAL GUIDANCE

INTERNAL STRIFE & SCANDAL• OPPOSITION TO AVIGNON PAPACY

FROM LAY REFORMERS• CATHERINE OF SIENA – TELLS POPE

GREGORY XI THAT RESIGNING IS MORE HONORABLE TO GOD THAN STAYING IN AVIGNON

• GREAT SCHISM 1378-1417: DEATH OF POPE, ROLE OF COLLEGE OF CARDINALS, ELECTION & RETRACTION & ELECTION

• 2 POPES: URBAN VI IN ROME & CLEMENT VII IN AVIGNON – LEGITIMACY?

• SCHISM OVER BUT NO MEANINGFUL REFORM IN 13TH & EARLY 14TH CENTURIES

• LAYS FOUNDATION FOR PROTESTANT REFORMATION

SOLUTIONS & REFORM (?)• NEW RELIGIOUS ORDERS:

FRANCISCANS , DOMINICANS DIFFERED FROM EARLIER FORMED CISTERCIANS – NEED NEW ORDERS TO DEAL WITH CORRUPTION WITHIN CHURCH AND IN SOCIETY

• CONCILIAR MOVEMENT – SERIES OF COUNCILS MEET TO SOLVE PROBLEM

• COUNCIL AT PISA – ELECT 3RD POPE

• COUNCIL AT CONSTANCE – ALL 3 POPES RESIGN & ELECT MARTIN V 1417-1431