recycled materilals in european highway environments

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RECYCLEDMATERIALSIN

EUROPEANH IGHWAYENVIRONMENT

RECYCLEDMATERIALSIN

EUROPEANH IGHWAYENVIRONMENTUses, Technologies, and Policies


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The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the factsand accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the officialpolicy of the Department of Transportation.

The metric units reported are those used in common practice by the persons interviewed.They have not been converted to pure SI units because in some cases, the level of precisionimplied would have been changed.

The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trademarks ormanufacturers names appear herein only because they are considered essential to thedocument.

The publication of this document was sponsored by the U.S. Federal Highway Administrationunder contract number DTFH61-99-C00005. awarded to American Trade Initiatives, Inc. Anyopinions, options, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed herein are those ofthe authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the U.S. Government, the authors parentinstitutions, or American Trade Initiatives, Inc.

This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation.


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Technical Report Documentation Page1. Report No.

FHWA-PL-00-0252. Government Accession No. 3. Recipients Catalog No.

4. Title and Subtitle

Recycled Materials in European Highway Environments: Uses,

Technologies, and Policies

5. Report Date

October 2000

6. Performing Organization Code

7. Author(s)Vincent E. Schimmoller, Katherine Holtz, Dr. T. Taylor Eighmy,

Carlton Wiles, Michael Smith, Gerald Malasheskie, Gerald J. Rohrbach,Shari Schaftlein, Greg Helms, Robert D. Campbell, Charles H. Van

Deusen, Bob Ford, John A. Almborg

8. Performing Organization Report No.

9. Performing Organization Name and Address

American Trade Initiatives

P.O. Box 8228

Alexandria, VA 22306-8228

10. Work Unit No.(TRAIS)

11. Contract or Grant No.

DTFH61-99-C-0005

12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address

Office of International Programs

Office of Policy

Federal Highway Administration

U.S. Department of Transportation

13. Type of Report and Period Covered

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. Supplementary Notes

FHWA COTR: Donald W. Symmes, Office of International Programs

16. AbstractThe objective of this scanning tour was to review and document innovative policies, programs, and techniques

that promote the use of recycled materials in the highway environment. The U.S. delegation met with more than

100 representatives from transportation and environmental ministries, research organizations, and industries in

Sweden, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, and France.

The European countries visited all had recycling policies promoting sustainability as well as a pervasive public

culture about recycling. Many of the countries use an effective stakeholder process to develop engineering and

environmental specifications. Generally, recycling occurs when it is economical to do so. Factors in themarketplace are dominant, but are supported by government policies and regulations such as bans on landfilling,

landfill taxes, natural aggregate taxes, and, in some cases, subsidies to assist recycling efforts.

The U.S. delegation made a number of recommendations to encourage increased awareness of the benefits of

using recycled materials in road construction, and the report includes specific actions for transferring findings

from the scanning tour to various stakeholders. The delegation believes it is particularly important to adopt

aspects of the Dutch sustainability model.

17. Key Words

Leaching test, waste-to-energy, municipal solid

waste, coal fly ash, slag, valorization, construction

and demolition, recycled asphalt pavement, subbase

18. Distribution Statement

No restrictions. This document is available to the public

from the

Office of International ProgramsFHWA-HPIP, Room 3325

US Dept. of Transportation

Washington, DC 20590

[email protected]

www.international.fhwa.dot.gov19. Security Classif. (of this report)

Unclassified20. Security Classif. (of this page)

Unclassified21. No. of Pages

13222. Price

Free

Form DOT F 1700.7(8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized


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i

Recyc l ed Ma t er ial sin Eur opean Highway

Envir onment s:Uses, Technol ogies, and Pol ic ies

Am erica n Tra d e Initiatives, Inc.

&

Avalon Integrated Services, Inc.

for the

Federa l H ighway Admin is t ra t ionU.S. Dep a rtm en t of Tran sp ortation

Washington, D.C. 20590

Octob er 2000

Vincent E. Schimmoller

FHWA

(Co-chair)

Katherine Holtz

Texas DO T

(Co-chair)

Dr. T. Taylor Eighmy

University of New Hampshire

(Report Facilitator)

Carlton Wiles

University of New Hampshire

(Technical Writer)

M ichael Smith

FHWA

Gerald M alasheskiePennsylvania DO T

Gerald J. Rohrbach

M innesota DO T

Shari Schaftlein

Washington DO T

Greg Helms

U.S. EPA

Robert D. Campbell

American Public Works Association

Charles H. Van Deusen

National Asphalt Pavement Association

Bob Ford

FHWA

John A. Almborg

(Delegation Coordinator)


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ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The tr ip described in th is report w ould not ha ve been successful w ithout thecontributions of many individuals. Most of all, the team members thank theofficials, engineers, scientists, and other people in the countries that we visited.These individuals and their organizations contributed significant time andresources to prepare and make presentations, provide the team with the latestinformation, and make us comfortable. There are too many to list here; please seeAppendix A for their names and affiliations. The delegation also wishes torecognize all those who worked behind the scenes to make us comfortable duringour stay in their country.

Contr ibutions from t he st a ff of th e American Tra de In itia tives, Inc. (ATI) wereessential to the organization, start, and completion of the trip. This organization,working as a contractor to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), managedthe pre-trip logistics, escorted the team throughout the trip, and provided supportto prepare and publish the report. Team members would like to recognize thefollowing ATI staff:

J oe Conn for h is gu idance and a ss is t ance in organ iz ing the t r ip. J a ke Almborg for orga nizing pre-trip meetings a nd teleconference calls. His

guidance, counsel, and leadership as our escort enabled us to maintain ahectic schedule in as comfortable a manner as possible.

Alexandra D oumani for her a ss i st ance in making t r ip a r rangements and inother aspects of the trip.

In addition to coordinating arrangements in Paris, Ms. Marie-Dominique Gorriganacted as an interpreter in France and translated several papers for use in the finalreport. We gratefully acknowledge her contributions.

The scanning trip was sponsored by the FHWA Office of International Programs,the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)through the National Cooperat ive Highway Research Program (NCHRP)administered by the National Academy of Sciences, and the Recycled MaterialsResource Center (RMRC) of the University of New Hampshire.


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iii

FHWA INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY

EXCHANGE PROGRAMS

The FH WAs int erna tional progra ms focus on meeting the g rowing dema nds of itspar tners a t t he Federal, sta te, and loca l levels for a ccess to informa tion on sta te-of-the-a rt technology a nd t he best pra ctices used w orldwide. While the F HWA is considered aworld leader in highwa y t ra nsporta t ion, the domestic highwa y community is very

interested in the a dva nced t echnologies being developed by other countr ies, as w ell asinnovat ive organ izat iona l and fina ncing techniques used by the FH WAs interna tionalcounterparts.

INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY SCANNING PROGRAM

The Int erna tional Technology S canning P rogra m a ccesses and evalua tes foreigntechnologies and innovations that could significantly benefit U.S. highwaytransportation systems. Access to foreign innovations is strengthened by U.S.part icipat ion in the technical committees of internat ional highway organizat ionsand through bilateral technical exchange agreements with selected nations. The

program ha s underta ken cooperat ives w ith th e American Associat ion of St a te Highw ayTra nsporta tion Officia ls an d its Select C ommittee on Interna tional Activities, a nd th eTra nsporta t ion Resear ch B oards Na tiona l Highw ay Research C oopera t ive P rogram(P a nel 20-36), the priva te sector, and a cadem ia .

P riority topic a rea s a re jointly det ermined by the F HWA a nd its pa rtn ers. Team s ofspecialists in the specific areas of expertise being investigated are formed and sentto countries where significant advances and innovations have been made intechnology, management practices, organizational structure, program delivery, andfinan cing. Teams usua lly include Federa l an d sta te highw a y officia ls, privat e sector a ndindustr y a ssociat ion representa tives, a s well as m embers of the aca demic commun ity.

The FH WA ha s organ ized more th a n 35 of these reviews a nd dissemina ted resultsnationwide. Topics have encompassed pavements, bridge construction andmaintenance, contract ing, intermodal transport , organizat ional management,winter road maintenance, safety, intelligent transportat ion systems, planning, andpolicy. Findings are recommended for follow-up with further research and pilot ordemonstrat ion projects to verify adaptability to the United States. Informationabout t he scan findings a nd results of pilot progra ms a re then disseminatedna tiona lly to stat e and local h ighwa y t ra nsporta t ion officials a nd th e privat e sector forimplementation.

This progra m ha s resulted in significa nt improvements an d savings in road progra m

technologies a nd pra ct ices throughout t he U nited St at es, par t icularly in t he ar eas ofstr uctures, pavements, safety, a nd wint er roa d maint enan ce. J oint resear ch an dtechnology-sha ring projects h a ve also been la unched with interna tional counterpa rt s,further conserving resources a nd a dvancing the sta te of the art .

For a complete list of In ter na tiona l Technology Sca nnin g topics, and t o order free copiesof the reports , plea se see the last page of this publica tion.

Website: w w w.interna tional.fhwa .dot.govEm ail: internat iona l@fhwa .dot.gov


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ACRONYMS

AASHTO American Associa t ion o f S t a te Highway and Transpor t a t ion Of ficia ls

AC EC America n C onsult ing E ngineers C ouncil

ACP A America n Concret e P aving Associa t ion

ALT-MAT Alt er n a t iv e M a t er ia l s P r og ra m

AP C a ir pollut ion cont rol

AP WA Am erica n P ublic Wor ks Associa t ion

AR RA As ph a lt Recy clin g a n d R ecla m a tion As socia t ion

AS TM Am er ica n Societ y for Test ing a nd Ma t er ia ls

ASTSWMO Associat ion of Sta te an d Territorial Solid Wast e Mana gement Officials

ATI America n Tra de Init ia t ives, Inc.

B U D beneficia l use det ermina t ion

C&D const ruct ion a nd demolit ion

CERCLA Comprehens ive Response, Compensa t ion and Liab il it y Act o f 1980(Superfund)

C MRA C on st ru ct ion Ma t er ia ls Recy clin g Ass ocia t ion

DOT depa rtment of t ra nsport a t ion

ECOS E nvironment a l Councils of S t a tes

EPA E nvironmenta l P rotect ion AgencyE U E uropea n U nion

FH WA Federa l H ighw ay Administ ra tion

G IS geogra phic informa t ion system

H SWA H aza rdous a nd Solid Wa st e Amendment s

LCCA life-cycle cost a na lyses

LTAP Loca l Technica l Assist ance P rogra m

MAC T m axim um a chieva ble con tr ol t ech nology

MSW municipa l solid w a st e

NAA Na tiona l Aggrega tes Associa tion

NAP A Na tiona l Aspha lt P avement Associa t ion

NC HR P Na t ion a l C ooper a tive H igh w a y R es ea r ch P r og ra m

NG O non-governmenta l orga niza tion


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NSA Na t iona l S tone Associa t ion

OE CD Or ga n iza t ion for E con om ic C ooper a tion a n d D evelopm en t

PAH polycyclic a roma tic hydroca rbons

P CA P ort la nd Cement Associa t ion

P VC polyvinyl chlor ide

QA/QC q ua lit y a ssura nce/q ua lit y con tr ol

RAP recycled a spha lt pa vement

RC RA R esour ce R ecover y a n d C on ser va t ion Act of 1976

RMRC Recycled Ma teria ls Resource C ent er

SMA stone ma st ic a spha lt

TAA ta r a mended a spha lt

TE A-21 Tr a ns por t a t ion E q uit y Act f or t h e 21s t C en t ur y

TRB Tra nsport a t ion Resea rch B oa rd

U NH U niversit y of New H a mpshire

WTE w a ste-to-energy


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vi

CONTENTS

ACK NOWLE DG MENTS .................................................................................................. ii

FH WA INTER NATIONAL TEC HNOLOG Y E XCHANGE P ROG RAMS ... .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . iii

LI ST OF ACR ONYMS ...................................................................................................... iv

LI ST OF FI G U RE S .......................................................................................................... ix

LI ST OF TAB LE S ............................................................................................................. x

E XEC U TIVE S U MMARY ................................................................................................ xiB a ckground ................................................................................................................ xiObjectives an d Pa nel Composition ............................................................................. xiG enera l Conclusions ................................................................................................. xii

Recycling for Sust a ina ble Road Constr uction .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . xiiEconomics ............................................................................................................ xiiEn gineering ........................................................................................................ xiiiEn vironmen t ....................................................................................................... xiv

Fin dings a nd Recomm enda tions ............................................................................... xvCH AP TER ONE OVER VIEW ........................................................................................ 1

Rea son for Sca nnin g Trip ............................................................................................ 1U.S. Per spective ........................................................................................................... 1

Countr y Size a nd Populat ion Density .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . 1Cult ura l Aspects .................................................................................................... 1P olitical P rocess ..................................................................................................... 2En vironmen t .......................................................................................................... 2En gineering ........................................................................................................... 2

G enera l Amplifying Quest ions ................................................................................... 3Sca nnin g Team Composition ....................................................................................... 3P la nnin g a nd Meeting s ............................................................................................... 3G enera l It inera ry ........................................................................................................ 3

CH AP TER TWO OVE RVIE W OF R E CYC LI NG WITH IN THE H IG H WAYENVIRONME NT IN THE HOS T COU NTRIE S AND I N THE U NITED STATES ... .. . . . 5

Sw eden ......................................................................................................................... 5Solid Wa st e Ma na gement ...................................................................................... 5Recycling in the Highw a y En vironment .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . 6

Den ma rk ...................................................................................................................... 6Solid Wa st e Ma na gement ...................................................................................... 6Recycling in the Highw a y En vironment .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . 9

G erma ny .................................................................................................................... 10Solid Wa st e Mana gement .................................................................................... 10Recycling in the Highw a y En vironment .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . 11

The Neth erla nds ........................................................................................................ 12Solid Wa st e Mana gement .................................................................................... 12Recycling in the Highw a y En vironment .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . 14

Fra nce ....................................................................................................................... 16Solid Wa st e Mana gement .................................................................................... 16Recycling in the Highw a y En vironment .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . 17


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U nit ed St a tes ............................................................................................................. 18Solid Wa st e Mana gement .................................................................................... 18Recycling in the Highw a y En vironment .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . 19

CHAPTER THREE RECYCLING FOR SU STAINAB LE ROAD CONSTRUC TION ... . 21In tr oduction of Pert inent Topics ............................................................................... 21Sw eden ....................................................................................................................... 21Den ma rk .................................................................................................................... 25G erma ny .................................................................................................................... 26The Neth erla nds ........................................................................................................ 28Fra nce ........................................................................................................................ 35Su mm a ry of Observa tions. ........................................................................................ 38

CH AP TE R FOU R EC ONOMIC S ................................................................................. 40In tr oduction of Pert inent Topics ............................................................................... 40Sw eden ....................................................................................................................... 40Den ma rk .................................................................................................................... 41G erma ny .................................................................................................................... 42

The Neth erla nds ........................................................................................................ 44Fra nce ........................................................................................................................ 45Su mm a ry of Observa tions ......................................................................................... 46

CH AP TER FIVE ENG INE ER ING ... .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . 47In tr oduction of Pert inent Topics ............................................................................... 47Sw eden ....................................................................................................................... 47Den ma rk .................................................................................................................... 51G erma ny .................................................................................................................... 54The Neth erla nds ........................................................................................................ 59Fra nce ........................................................................................................................ 65

Su mm a ry of Observa tions ......................................................................................... 68

CH AP TE R SIX EN VIRONME NT ............................................................................... 70In tr oduction of Pert inent Topics ............................................................................... 70Sw eden ....................................................................................................................... 70Den ma rk .................................................................................................................... 72G erma ny .................................................................................................................... 75The Neth erla nds ........................................................................................................ 77Fra nce ........................................................................................................................ 81Su mm a ry of Observa tions ......................................................................................... 83

CH AP TER SE VEN RE COMME ND ATIONS .............................................................. 84

Conclusions a nd P rima ry Recommendat ions .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . 84Addit ional Recommenda tions ................................................................................... 85Iden tified Resear ch Needs ........................................................................................ 88

CH AP TER E IG HT IMP LE ME NTATION ................................................................... 89

CH AP TER NI NE LIS T OF REF ER ENC ES B Y COUNTRY ... .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . 90Sw eden ....................................................................................................................... 90Den ma rk .................................................................................................................... 90G erma ny .................................................................................................................... 91


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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Market elements for a susta inable recycl ing st ra tegy cyclein th e Neth erla nds ....................................................................................... 30

Figure 2. The cyclical na ture of a susta inable recyling market . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 31Figure 3. Degree of success for use of recycled mat erials in the Netherlands . . .. . .. . .. . 33Figure 4. Different phases of development of recycled materials . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . 34Figure 5. The (a) Heavy Vehicle Simulat or and (b) a fully instrumented

pavement t est section in th e pavement ba y a t VTI .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . 48Figure 6. Tria xial testing ma chine a t VTI .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . 49Figure 7. Tria xial testing da ta .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . 49Figure 8. Lysimeters used a t SG I for f ie ld leaching of candida te

recycled ma ter ia ls ........................................................................................ 51Figure 9. A highwa y br idge embankment constructed with coa l f ly

a sh in Den ma rk ........................................................................................... 52Figure 10. The C&D crushing process at the RG S 90 A/S ma teria ls

processing plan t in Den ma rk ...................................................................... 53Figure 11. Concrete jaw crusher a t the RG S 90 A/S ma terials processing plant

in Den ma rk .................................................................................................. 54Figure 12. Assembled reclaimers ready for shipping a t the Wirtgen

fa bricat ion fa cilities ..................................................................................... 56Figure 13. RAP bins for use a t the DEU TAG hot mix asphal t plant in Germany . .. .. . 57Figure 14. RAP conta in ing tar a t the DEU TAG asphal t p lant in Germany.

The plant is experimenting w ith processing a nd use of differentrecycled ma teria ls. The RAP conta ining ta r w ill be tested in afoam ed bitum en a pplica tion ........................................................................ 57

Figure 15. C&D wa stes to be processed a t t he Remex C&D processing plant inG erma ny ....................................................................................................... 58

Figure 16. The sorting conveyor at t he Remex C&D processing plan t.Ha nd sorting is used to recover gla ss, meta l, ca rdboard, a ndplast ic tha t is co-mingled w ith t he C&D w a ste .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . 58

Figure 17. Aggregate crushing a nd sort ing facilit ies at the Remex C&Dprocessing plant . The pile in t he foreground is a ggrega te ma defrom crushed C&D w a ste. It w ill be used in highwa y base course .. . .. . . .. . . .. 59

Figure 18. The noise control emba nkment a t Ypenburg in th e Netherla nds. Thebar rier is ma de wit h lightly conta mina ted soils .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. 60

Figure 19. WTE bottom ash use in a road embankment in the Netherlands . . .. . .. . .. . .. . 61Figure 20. WTE bottom ash use in a road embankment in the Netherlands.

The emba nkment w ill be about 3 meters high .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . 62Figure 21. The Sw iss-designed Ammonn double drum hot recycling as phalt

plan t in t he Net herla nds. The pla nt is co-own ed by Vermeer. Theplant uses high qua ntit ies of RAP tha t is a dded to the lowerdrum. Off-gases a re used as fuel in the upper drum to dry na tura la ggr ega te ...................................................................................................... 63

Figure 22. RAP is used at high subst itut ion levels a t t he Swiss-designedAmmonn double drum h ot recycling a sphalt plant in theNeth erla nds .................................................................................................. 63

Figure 23. RAP is sorted before introduction into the lower drum at theSw iss-designed Ammonn double drum hot r ecycling a sphaltplan t in th e Neth erla nds ............................................................................. 64


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Figure 24. The double drums a llow for high introduction of RAP at theSw iss-designed double drum hot recycling a spha lt plant in theNetherlan ds. RAP is heat ed in the lower drum a nd nat ura la ggrega tes a re hea ted in t he upper dr um ... .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . 64

Figure 25. The concrete crushing J ean LeFebvre C&D w a ste recycling pla ntin Fra nce ...................................................................................................... 67

Figure 26. The WTE bottom a sh crushing and sieving process at theJ ean LeFebvre MSW bott om ash recycling pla nt in Fra nce .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . 67

LIST OF TABLES

Ta ble 1. U.S. delega tion meetings .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. 4Ta ble 2. Countr ies a nd cities visited .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. 4Table 3. U se of recycled mat erials in roads in Sweden (million metric tons) . . .. . .. . .. . .. 7Table 4. Solid w ast e genera t ion in Denma rk in 1997 .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. 8

Table 5. P roduct ion and ut il iza t ion of waste in Danish roads(million met ric t ons) ........................................................................................ 9

Table 6. Applica t ions for non-road ma terials in Da nish roads . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . 10Table 7. Quant i t ies and ut i l iza t ion of industr ia l by-products and

recycled construction mat erials in G erma ny (million metr ic tons) .. . .. . . .. . . .. 11Table 8. Mat erials used in German roads and their applicat ions . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. 12Table 9. P rof ile of wa ste management in the Netherlands (mill ion metr ic tons) . .. .. 14Ta ble 10. Recovered mat erials used in Dut ch roads (million metric tons) .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . 15Table 11. Wast e generat ion and ma nagement in Fra nce in 1995

(million met ric t ons) ...................................................................................... 16Ta ble 12. U se of recycled ma teria ls in French roads (million metric tons) .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. 17

Table 13. G enera t ion a nd disposal of municipal solid wa ste in theU nited S ta tes, 1960 to1997 (in million m etric tons a ndpercent of tota l genera tion) ........................................................................... 19

Table 14. U se of recycled mat erials in roads in the United Sta tes(million met ric t ons) ...................................................................................... 20

Ta ble 15. Da nish model for cla ssifying wa ste .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . 73Table 16. Environmenta l test ing results for WTE bottom ash in Denmar k . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . 74Table 17. G erman limits for landfilling wa ste and for using bottom a sh . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . 76Table 18. Review of the regulat ions in the G erman B uilding Mat erials Decree . . .. . .. . 80Table 19. Ca tegories of WTE bottom ash a nd leach test requirements in Fra nce . . .. . . 81Ta ble 20. Sum ma ry of findings and recommenda tions .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . 85

Ta ble 21. Imm ediat e communica tion stra tegy .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. 89


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

BACKGROUND

U se of recycled ma teria ls in the highw a y environment ha s been occurring w ith va ryingdegrees of success in the U nited St a tes for the past 20 years, nota bly wit h recycleda sphalt pavement (RAP ), reclaimed concrete pa vement, coal fly ash , and blast furna ceslag. In the 1998 Tra nsporta tion E quit y Act for the 21st C ent ur y (TE A-21), th e U.S.Congress esta blished the Recycled Ma teria ls Resource Center (RMRC ) a t t heU niversity of New H a mpshire (U NH) to use resea rch and outrea ch to reduce bar riers torecycling in the highw a y environment. Congress a lso stipula ted resear ch into recycledma terials t o improve the dura bility of the surface tra nsporta t ion infrastructure. Anumber of sta tes (e.g., Pennsy lvania ) a nd loca l governments h ave pas sed legislat ion topromote recycling in r oad constr uction. The priva te sector is developing innova tions inma teria ls processing and in new a pplica tions, pa rticularly in a ppurt enan ces. Somesta tes ha ve beneficial use determ ina tion (B U D) processes to eva luat e uses; however,there is no uniformit y am ong stat es. St a te depa rtm ents of tra nsporta tion (DOTs) a ndsta te environmenta l protection a gencies (St a te EP As) a re trying t o ba lan ce the desirefor increa sed use of recycled ma teria ls w ith concerns a bout potent ial environmenta limpacts. Int erest is increasing w ithin a ll levels of the highw a y community t o learna bout adva nces in the use of recycled ma teria ls in the highwa y environment a nd howthey relat e to susta inability init iat ives within t he tra nsporta t ion sector.

OBJECTIVES AND PANEL COMPOSITION

The objective of this sca nning tour w a s t o review a nd document innovat ive policies,programs, a nd techniques in Europe. Recommendat ions w ould be ma de tha t w ould leadto reduced barriers to recycled ma terial use in the U nited Sta tes. Sw eden, Denma rk,G ermany, the Netherlands, and Fra nce w ere identif ied as na t ions that have a ct iveresear ch, policies, and progra ms promoting the use of recycled ma teria ls in the highw a y

environment. The U.S. delegat ion met w ith m ore tha n 100 representa tives fromtra nsporta tion a nd environmenta l ministries,research orga nizat ions, contra ctors, an dproducers involved w ith r ecycled ma teria ls inthe five countries.

The U.S. delega tion wa s a ssembled under theFedera l H ighwa y Administra tions (FHWA)Int erna tional Technology Scan ning P rogram .The pa nel wa s sponsored by F HWA, theAmerican Associat ion of Sta te Highw ay a nd

Tra nsporta tion Officia ls (AASH TO) throughthe Na tional Coopera t ive Highwa y ResearchP rogram (NCH RP ), a nd the Recycled Ma terialsResource Center (RMRC ) a t t he U NH. Thepanel included members wit h expertise in ma teria ls, pa vement engineering, pa vementconstr uction a nd recycling, beneficial use det ermina tions, an d environmenta levalua tion. Pa nel members represented F HWA, U.S. EPA, Sta te D OTs, the America nP ublic Works Associat ion (AP WA), th e Na tiona l Aspha lt P av ement Associat ion (NAPA),and academia.

Interest is increasing within all levels of

the highway community to learn about

advances in the use of recycled materials

in the highway environment and how

they relate to sustainability initiatives

within the transportation sector.


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

ma teria l flow ; man y contr a ctors in th e five countries ar e positioning themselves to usemore recycled ma teria ls. A number of mat erials like RAP, blast furna ce sla g, crushedconcrete, a nd high qua lity C&D a ggrega tes a re of high engineering and environmenta lqua lity and compete favorably with na tura l mat erials. Demand for some of thesema terials in the Netherla nds is so high tha t shorta ges are an ticipat ed. Engineeringand, in some cases, environmenta l w arr ant ies

tha t reduce government or own er liabili ty a rew idely used an d provide flexibility for t hegrea ter use of recycled ma teria ls. Thesew a rra nties a lso drive innova tive public sectorresea rch. Widespread sent iment s wereexpressed in ma ny of the count ries tha trecycled mat erials should be eva luat ed on th eirtechnica l merits for their high est possible usea nd not beca use of direct governmenta lmandates.

EngineeringRecycling is genera lly encoura ged at t he nat iona l level by tra nsporta tion ministriestha t provide sta nda rdiza tion, specialized testing, and performa nce evalua tion. Anumber of countries require tha t recycled mat erials meet t he sa me specifica tions a sna tur a l ma teria ls an d provide equa l performa nce. An a pproved product list is generallynot used in the host count ries, but ra ther ult ima te performa nce is more of a dr iver topromote recycled mat erials use. There is a general sense t ha t r ecycled ma teria ls shouldbe used in a n a pplica tion to return t he highest possible va lue. As in the U nited St a tes,there is st i l l concern t ha t ma ny engineering test methods used for t ra dit ional ma terialsdo not predict t rue field performa nce of recycled ma teria ls. Resear ch in G erma ny,Sw eden, and the Netherlan ds is addressing this issue using equipment t ha t simulat es

the loaded w heel test on site. In Eur ope, priority is given to performa nce-relat ed testssuch as cyclic loa d tria xial a nd gyra tory compaction. In G erma ny, the tea m visited ana ccelera ted t esting fa cility using a n impulse loa der. Roa d test sections can be placeda nd su bjected t o varia ble wa ter ta ble levels an d freeze-tha w cycling. The impulse loa derpermits 25 years of vehicle loa ding over short time fra mes. The Netherla nds u sesperforma nce-relat ed test methods, both in t he laborat ory and in a ccelera ted loadingtests. R esearchers then exa mine the price-performa nce rat io of the investiga tedma teria ls to determine a ma rket-oriented a pplica tion. In the Netherla nds, aninnova tive, Sw iss-designed double drum h ot-mix plan t capa ble of recycling up to 70percent RAP w a s observed. This Ammonn P lan t opera tes w ith t w o drums, one insta lleda bove the other. The bott om drum is a par a llel flow dr um th a t opera tes a s a dr yer an dheats the RAP. Exha ust a ir from this drum is used a s burner a ir for t he counter f low topdrum, w hich dries an d heat s the virgin a ggregate. Output from both drums is mixedw ith a spha lt cement in a mixing cha mber. The mixed product is conveyed t o silos. Thesta ck from this plan t ha d very litt le visua l emissions. In Denm a rk, Ta rco Constr uctionopera tes a tr aveling combina tion drum mixer a nd pa ver. A cross section of existinga spha lt is placed in windrow s a fter cold milling. This ma teria l is picked up by thetra vel plant and tra nsferred to a drum mixer w here asphalt cement is added. The newa spha lt mix is th en tra nsferred to the screed section of the plan t. The newly pla ced mixis compa cted using conventiona l rollers. Tra ffic can us e the pav ement w hen it is cool.

As in the United States, there is still

concern that many engineering test

methods used for traditional materials do

not predict true field performance of

recycled materials.


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Companies tha t supply na tura l ma terials a lso supply recycled ma terials. Manycountr ies utilize technica l a nd environmenta l qua lity a ssura nce/qua lity control (QA/QC) program s so tha t r ecycled ma terials ha ve the same level of qua lity as na tura lma teria ls. Frequ ently, the mat erial processor or supplier is the certifying orga niza tion.

Environment

Recycling a t t he na tional level is accomplished by environmenta l ministries tha tdevelop law s an d complian ce stru cture. National environmenta l resea rch laborat oriesa re developing test methods an d approaches to evalua te environmenta l performa ncean d assist in set t ing sta ndar ds. Implementa t ion and regulat ion ar e occurring at theregiona l a nd loca l level. There is consistent a greement t o move from la bora tory w ork toperforma nce modeling based on field valida tion. An E U 4th F ra mework P rogram projectcalled Alter na tive Ma ter ia ls (ALT-MAT) illust ra tes t his a pproach a nd is a model forU.S. considera tion. The Dut ch use mecha nist ic leachin g test s for specific ut iliza tiona pplica tions (e.g., road base, emba nkments, etc.) in t he environmenta l a pproval process.They use this a pproa ch to determine a dverse environment a l impacts to ba ckgroundsoils an d ground wa ters, a nd w ill permit a sm a ll incrementa l impact over a 100-year

period. A lar ge leaching dat a base is also maint a ined at t he Energieonderzoek Cent rumNederland (Netherla nds E nergy R esearch Founda tion - EC N). Within t he EU, effortsar e under w ay to standa rdize an a pproach for evalua t ing the environmenta lperforma nce of products, including highw a y ma teria ls. Lessons a lso have been learn edfrom isola ted exa mples of environmenta l problems creat ed from st orage, processing,tra nsport, or use of some mat erials. In some ca ses, public a w a reness and educat ionefforts ha ve been needed to overcome perceived environment a l risks.

The countries tha t w ere visited publish a nnua l reports t ha t a re either devoted entirelyto environmenta l issues or conta in informa tion concerning environmenta l issues. Thesereports include informa tion on th e countrys environmenta l goa ls, stra tegies, and

program s to meet their goals. Pr ogress towa rd meeting t he goals is presented. Anexample is the Annua l Environmenta l Report published by the Sw edish Nat iona l Roa d

Admin istr a tion (Vgverket - SR A). This reportdeta ils the goals for a ir emissions, impacts onhealt h from air emissions, noise, ma teria lrecycling, consumption of na tur a l aggr egat eand other ma terials, and similar topicsassociated w ith th e environment a s it relat esto th e road tr an sporta tion sector. TheMinist erie va n Volkshuisvest ing, Ruim telijkeOrdening en Milieubeheer (Dutch Minist ry of

Housing, Spat ia l P lanning and theEn vironment - VROM) published a report,

En vir onmental Poli cy of th e Netherl ands (Apri l 1999), tha t provides an excellentsumma ry of t he ma in elements of th e Dut ch environmenta l policy. This reportsumma rizes improvements ma de in the environment (e.g., clima te cha nge, wa stedisposa l, etc.) from 1980 to 1997 a nd lists th e objectives for yea r 2000.

Within the EU, efforts are under way to

standardize an approach for evaluating

the environmental performance of

products, including highway materials.


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In the E uropea n countries visited, recycling occurs w hen it is economica l to do so.Factors in the ma rketplace are dominan t, but a re generally support ed by governmentpolicies a nd regulat ions such a s ba ns on landfilling, landfill ta xes, na tura l a ggregateta xes an d, in some ca ses, subsidies to as sist r ecycling efforts. Genera lly, clear a nduna mbiguous engineering an d environmenta l test methods a nd performan ce sta nda rdshelp to reduce uncerta inty a nd allow recycled ma teria ls to compete with na tura lma teria ls. Where tests a nd st a nda rds do not exist, governments often support r ecyclingby sha ring risk. Informing a nd educating t he public a bout government policies andprogram s t o promote recycling is a key element in ea ch countrys efforts to implementsuccessful recycling a nd sust a inable development progra ms. P ublic informa tiontra nsfer campa igns ar e used by the governments a nd industry to inform t he publica bout t heir respective programs a nd products.

The Eu ropea n sit ua tion is in some contr a st t o the U.S. situa tion. Some recycledma terials such a s RAP, coal f ly a sh, and blast furnace slag ar e widely used in a t ruefree market situation because of their excellent performance and competitive costs.

Other materials (e.g., foundry sands, steel slags) are used more locally in responseto specific local ma rket forces. There is lit tle Federa l governmen t in volvement, exceptfor construction procurement guidelines tha t r equire use of ma teria ls such as coal flya sh w hen federa l funds support road constr uction. Rat her, the situa tion is driven at thesta te level. For example, the St a te of P ennsylva nia h a s ad opted legislation to promoterecycling in t he highw ay environment . However, there is a w ide ran ge of engineeringan d environmenta l approaches to BU Ds, the process used by the st at es to evalua te a ndpermit ma teria ls utilizat ion. California, Illinois, Ma ssa chusett s, New J ersey, andPenn sylva nia a re working to sta nda rdize the BU D process and creat e reciprocity. Therea re widespread needs for clear engineering an d environment a l test methods an dperforma nce stan da rds. The owner or contr actor genera lly a ssumes risk. The sta tes,

a cademia , and th e privat e sector a re conducting significa nt resea rch.

The U.S. delegat ion m a de a number of recommenda tions to encoura ge increa sedawareness of the benefits of using recycling in the construction of roads in theUnited States. These recommendations include establishing a recycling strategy inthe FWHAs sustainability strategic plans, creating a framework for state DOTs toconsider using recycled materials, taking actions to involve private contractors inpromoting the use of recycled materials, conducting demonstrations of variousrecycling technologies, and engaging in follow-up activities with the countries thatwere visited. The delegation believes it is particularly important to adopt aspectsof the Dutch sustainability model as a means to promote recycling in the highway

environment. Recommendations also included actions for transferring findingsfrom the scanning tour to various stakeholders in the United States. Specificfindings and recommenda tions are deta iled in Cha pter 7.


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Chapt er OneOVERVIEW

REASON FOR SCANNING TRIP

The ma in objectives for the scann ing tour w ere to review a nd document inn ovat ive

policies, progra ms, a nd t echniq ues used in severa l Eur opean count ries to promote

recycling in sust a inable road constru ction. The tea m a lso wan ted t o identify ba rriers to,a nd t he roles tha t n on-governmenta l orga nizat ions a nd privat e entit ies played in,

implementing t he policies a nd progra ms, a nd t he degree of governm ent support a nd

coopera tion in a ssisting industry. Using t his a nd other informa tion gat hered, the U.S.

delegat ion would ma ke recommenda tions tha t, if implement ed, w ould reduce ba rriers to

increased use of recycled mat erials in the highwa y environment in t he Un ited Sta tes.

Sw eden, Denmar k, G erman y, the Netherlan ds, a nd Fra nce were identif ied a s na tions

tha t ha ve active research a nd development programs, policies, an d other a ctivities tha t

promote recycling in genera l, and th e use of recycled mat erials in roa d environments .

In t he five count ries visited, the U.S. delegat ion met w ith m ore th a n 100

representa tives from t ra nsporta tion a nd environmenta l ministries, resea rch

orga nizat ions, privat e contra ctors, a nd producers involved wit h recycled ma terials.

U.S. PERSPECTIVE

The delega tion noted severa l dif ferences betw een t he U nited S ta tes a nd the countr ies

visited. Differences noted include countr y size a nd populat ion densit y, cultura l at tit udes

a nd beha vior of the public, the political process, environment a l pra ctices, a nd

engineering and t echnical factors such a s the industria l base, the types an d qua ntit ies

of wa ste genera ted, a nd oth ers. These differences ha ve influenced th e degree of

recycling for sust a ina ble road constr uction observed in these countr ies.

Country Size and Population Density

The count ries visited are much sma ller t ha n t he Un ited St a tes a nd populat ion densities

a re generally high. Thus, conservat ion of la nd spa ce a nd other resources a re critica l an d

help drive development of polices to conserve, reuse, an d recycle energy a nd ma teria ls

a nd other resources. As a n example, there is plenty of la nd in the U nited St a tes for

la ndfills (except in a rea s such a s New York City), but la ndfill space in th ese countr ies is

very sca rce, w ith S weden perhaps being a n exception. Hence, they h a ve restrictions a nd

ta xes on la ndfil ling of wa ste. In some cases, there a re ta xes on mining of nat ura l

aggregates.

Cultural Aspects

From a cultura l an d huma n behavior perspective, the Europea n public generally ha s along hist ory of recycling. They st rongly support wa ste prevent ion, reuse, and recycling

of energy and m a terial resources, far more so tha n in t he Un ited St a tes. Wha t might

seem inconvenient to ma ny Americans is a ccepted by the public in th ese countr ies as

necessary to ma inta in a high level of recycling. Contr a st t he recycling ra te of more

tha n 70 percent in t he Netherla nds w ith one tha t is less tha n 30 percent in t he Unit ed

St a tes. Such cultura l att i tudes and behavior ma ke it much ea sier for the na tional

governm ents to implement regula tory a nd economic policies to promote recycling for

sust a ina ble road construction.


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CHAPTER 1

Political Process

The perva sive public cultu re a bout recycling is a lso directly relat ed to a form of socia l

democracy tha t promotes na tional beha vior change. In ma ny of the count ries, a n

effective sta keholder consensus process is used by regiona l an d na tiona l government s

for developing engineering a nd environment a l specifica tions. In t he Netherla nds, th e

Du tch politica l process ha s resulted in a forma l policy for susta ina ble development in

highwa y constru ction tha t embraces t he use of recycled ma terials. The government ha s

a policy t ha t minimizes th e use of na tura l ma terials a nd promotes th e use of recycled

ma terials w ithin a ma rket system. The government a lso coopera tes w ith indust ry by

sha ring risk and profit a nd providing una mbiguous technica l an d environmenta l

sta nda rds. The governm ent a lso helps to sta rt compa nies specia lized in t he collection,

processing, market ing, an d sa les of recycled mat erials.

Environment

All th e count ries visited ha ve str ong environment a l protection rules and r egulat ions, a s

does the U nit ed St a tes. There a re differences, however, in t he a pproa ches used to

determine wha t m a terials can be recycled a nd how they a re used. A notable exa mple istha t for some ma terials, severa l countr ies a re not concerned a bout the concentr a tions of

constitu ents in a ma terial , but ra ther th e tota l amount t ha t w ill be emitted over the li fe

of its u se. An exa mple is municipa l solid wa ste w a ste-to-energy bott om ash , which is

used extensively in Denma rk, Germa ny, th e Neth erlan ds, a nd Fr a nce. One specific

difference wa s th e Dutch a pproa ch to permit a sma ll increa se in t he environmenta l

burden t o soil an d w a ter over a 100-yea r t ime fra me. There a re a lso differences in th e

a pproa ches to eva luat e the environmenta l

behavior of mat erials. The U nited St a tes

genera lly relies on a single regulat ory lea ching

test; t he count ries visited usua lly use several

lea ching tests a nd other factors to evalua tepotentia l ut i l izat ion options a nd best

ma na gement r equirements for residua ls and

other ma terials.

Engineering

The tea m members were very impressed with

th e level of technical t a lent, experience, a nd

professionalism of each of the h ost count ry srepresenta tives. A la rge a mount of qua lity

resear ch is being conducted on t he mecha nical propert ies, functiona l requirements, a nd

environmenta l cha ra cteristics of recycled ma teria ls. Some of th e resear ch is inconjunction w ith the E uropean U nion s 4th Fra mework Alterna tive Mat erials Program(ALT-MAT), but a la rge a moun t is conduct ed w ith in ea ch count ry. The d egree of

coopera tion between government organizat ions a nd industry to conduct research on

recycled ma teria ls a nd d evelop consensus specifica tions for th eir use is probably

unique.

The degree of cooperation betweengovernment organizations and industry

to conduct research on recycled

materials and develop consensus

specifications for their use

is probably unique.


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CHAPTER 1

Wa st e-t o-energy (WTE ) is used a s a ma jor t echnology to recover energ y from mu nicipa l

solid w a ste (MSW), as la ndfilling is being pha sed out. The use of th is t echnology is

increasing in these Eur opea n countr ies. In the U nited St a tes, the use of this technology

ha s decrea sed a nd t he ma jority (60 percent ) of our wa ste is la ndfilled. A lar ge am ount of

land filled ma terial in t he Un ited Sta tes is either biodegrada ble or ca n be incinerat ed

for energy recovery. Most of the count ries w ould use th e residues genera ted fr om th is

process.

GENERAL AMPLIFYING QUESTIONS

To a ssist our Eur opean h osts in underst a nding t he topics of interest t o th e U.S. tea m

a nd t o help th em prepa re for discussions, th e tea m prepared a series of am plifying

quest ions, w hich focused on eight ma jor t opics:

En gineering pra ctices for r ecycled ma terials in the highwa y environment.

En vironmenta l practices for recycled ma terials use in th e highwa yenvironment.

E merging technologies. P olicies, ma rket forces, a nd int erest groups tha t dr ive recycled ma teria ls use.

B a rriers to recycled mat erials use an d mean s to overcome them.

Long-term monitoring a nd performa nce mea sures.

Perspectives of ma teria ls suppliers and contra ctors.

Other topics.

E a ch topic included specific questions intend ed to provide th e U.S. delegat ion w ith a

better understa nding of ea ch country s a ctivities concerned w ith recycling forsust a ina ble road constr uction. The a mplifying quest ions a re listed in Appendix B.

SCANNING TEAM COMPOSITION

U.S. delega tion members ha d expertise in ma teria ls engineering; pa vement design,

const ruction, a nd recycling; BU Ds; an d environmenta l eva lua tions. They represented

FH WA, U.S. EPA, sta te D OTs, the AP WA, an d a cademia .

PLANNING AND MEETINGS

Team m embers met several t imes during the course of tr ip plann ing a nd a ctual t ra vel.

These meetings a re listed in Ta ble 1. In a ddit ion t o these meetings, severa l group

meetings w ere held during tr a in a nd bus rides to discuss va rious a spects of thesumma ry report.

GENERAL ITINERARY

The sca nnin g t our t ook pla ce from S eptember 10 thr ough S eptember 26, 1999, including

tr a vel dat es. Ta ble 2 lists t he count ries a nd cities visited dur ing t he tr ip. Appendix C

lists t he off icials visited, their a ff il iations, a nd conta ct informa tion.


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CHAPTER 1

Tab le 1. U.S. deleg ation m eetings.

Location Date Purpose

Na tion a l Aca dem y o f Scien ces/ M a y 6 , 199 9 Sca nn in g trip o rg an iza tio n .Transp ortat ion Resea rch Board ;Washington, D.C.

Tea m m e m b er lo ca l sites Sep tem b er 6 , 19 99 Teleco nferen ce; fin al tr ip itin era ry, revie wrepo rt outl ine, am pli fying q uestions, etc.

Sto ckh o lm , Sw ed en Sep tem b er 12 , 19 99 Review a n y tra ve l cha n g es; fina lize tr ip

(Be g in n in g of to u r) a ctio n s a n d a re a s fo r em p h a s is.

Th e Ha g ue , Th e N eth erla nd s Se pte m b er 22 , 19 99 Co m m e n ts fo r o rg a niza tio n an d co nte nt o f(M id - tou r) sum m ary rep o rt a nd review fin d in g s to d a te.

Pa ris, Fra n ce Sep tem ber 25 , 19 99 Review and m od ify sum m a ry rep o rt; d iscuss

(En d of to u r) im p lem en ta tio n issues and fu rth er tea mact ions.

Tab le 2. Coun tries a nd cities visited.

Dates Country Cities

Sep tem ber 12 -13 , 199 9 Sw ed e n Sto ckh o lm , Linkp in g , a nd vicin ity

Sep tem ber 14 -16 , 199 9 Den m ark Co p en ha g en , H rsho lm , a n d vicin ity

Sep tem ber 16 -17, 199 9 Germ a ny Co log n e, Gla d b a ch Berg isch , M a rl, a n d vicin ity

Sep tem b er 18 -22 , 19 99 Th e N etherla nd s Th e H ag ue , H oo fd do rp , a nd Am sterd am vicin ity

Sep tem b er 2 3 -2 6 , 19 99 Fra nce Pa ris a n d sub u rb s


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CHAPTER 2

For discarded n ickel-cadmium ba tt eries, there is a volunta ry a greement a mong the

importers a nd m a nufa cturers (the Foundat ion for th e Collection of Ha zar dous

B a tt eries) a nd t he government. U nder th is a greement, 90 percent of disca rded bat teries

w ere to be collected du ring t he second year of th e agr eement.

Sw eden genera tes a bout 3.2 million met ric tons of domestic wa ste ea ch year. Of this

a mount, a pproximat ely 1.3 million m etric tons ar e landfil led, including a sh a nd sla g

from WTE plant s. The remaining w a ste ha s been separa ted out a nd consists of whit e

goods, paper an d glass, compost a nd fuel from composting plant s, an d w a ste th a t is

convert ed to energy a t WTE plan ts.

WTE a nd la ndfilling ar e Sweden s tw o predomina nt m ethods for w a ste disposa l .Tw ent y-one WTE pla nt s process a pproxima tely 1.7 million met ric tons of wa st e. Five of

th ese plan ts process 70 percent of this a mount . The plan ts genera te energy equiva lent

t o 500,000 metric t ons of oil ea ch yea r. La nd fills in Sw eden receive about 5.5 million

metr ic tons of wa ste ea ch year. Of this, domestic wa ste a mount s to about 1.3 million

metr ic tons. La ndfill gas is sometimes recovered a nd used a s an energy source.

Sweden s lan dfill regulat ions w ill be modified where needed to meet pending EU

requirements.

Composting plan ts process only about 0.13 metr ic tons of domestic wa ste a nnu a lly.

About 0.06 million met ric tons of compost a re produced. About 0.02 million m etr ic tons

of th is compost a re sold a nd t he rema ining is used a s lan dfill cover.

Recycling in the Highway Environment

Informat ion on th e use of recycled ma terials in r oa d constr uction in S weden w a s

provided by t wo sources. Da ta in Ta ble 3 a re from t he Sw edish Na tional Road a nd

Tra nsport Resea rch Institut e (St a tens v g-och t ra nsport forskning sinst itu t - VTI);a dditiona l informa tion wa s provided by resea rch personnel from t he Sw edish

G eotechnical Institut e (St at ens Geotekniska I nstitut - SG I). SG I reported th a t a bout0.15 million met ric tons of ferrochrome sla g is produced a nd sold a nnu a lly (a fter

crushing) in fra ctions betw een 0 a nd 100 mm. Almost a ll of the 250,000 m3 of copper

slag produced ea ch year is used in road construction. U nder a genera l permit, coa l

bott om a sh ha s been used in t he Norkping a rea since 1982. About 525,000 m3 havebeen used since tha t t ime.

DENMARK

Solid Waste Management

Wa ste ma na gement in Denma rk is regulat ed by th e Environmenta l P rotection Act. The

Act emphasizes protection of the environment in wa ys th a t w ill permit sust a inable

development. The Act esta blishes the lega l fram ework, but D a nish w a ste legislat ion

a nd policy a re conta ined in var ious sta tut ory orders. EU wa ste ma na gement directives

will be implemented a s th ey are a dopted by th e Council of Ministers and the E uropean

Par l iament .


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Tab le 3. Use o f recycled m ater ia ls in road s in Sw ede n (m i ll ion m etr ic tons).

AnnualMaterial Production Amount Used Applications

Old a sp ha lt p a vem en t 0 .8 0 .76 In new a sp h a lt (co ld o r h o t recycling )(1999)

Bla st fu rna ce sla g 1.0 0 .7 As a g g reg a te in u nb o und la ye rs(19 99 ) (cru sh ed , a ir-co o led )

M in ing w aste (rock w itho u t 27.0 0 .1-0 .3 Crushed a g g reg a te in un b ou nd la yers

u sa b le m eta ls) (199 4)

U nso rte d b u ild in g a n d ro a d 1.5 -2 .0 Sm a ll q u an titie s A s fill m a te ria l; so m e te st se ctio ns/ dem o litio n w a ste sub b a se

Stee l sla g 0 .2 0 .2 So m e in d em o nstra tio ns/ resea rch

W TE b o ttom a sh 0 .3 4 0 .3 4 Su b b a se a nd b a se in roa d s w ith in fa cility

bounda ry; some in dem onstra ti ons

The G overnmen t Act ion P la n on Wa st e a nd Recycling (1993-1997) esta blished a

preferred hiera rchy of wa ste ma na gement a lterna tives. These are in order of preference:

The minimiza tion of wa ste production a nd energy consum ption throughsubst itut ion a nd clea ner technologies.

The recycling or utiliza tion of mat erials.

The us e of WTE technology to produce electr icity a nd energy for d istrict hea tin g.

The cont rolled la ndfilling of wa ste.

B y t he yea r 2000, the goal is t o recycle 54 percent, incinera te 25 percent , a nd la ndfill 21

percent of the w a ste.

Administra tive an d economic tools a re used in Denma rk to implement wa ste

ma na gement objectives. These include t he follow ing:

Loca l aut horities must conduct w a ste surveys and design a nd implementa ppropriate pla ns to ma na ge their wa ste.

Regiona l au th orities are responsible for loca ting la ndfill sites, cleanin gconta mina ted soils, and simila r a ctivities. They a lso must ensure th a t necessary

capacity is in place a nd th a t t he wa ste actua lly reaches these facili t ies.

The Milj-og E nergiminist eriet (The Da nish Minist ry of th e E nvironment a ndE nergy) in th e Miljsty relsen (The Da nish E nvironment a l Pr otection Agency -MS) enters int o volunta ry a greements w ith indust ry for specif ic wa ste

ma na gement a ctions [e.g., reducing u se of P VC (polyvinyl chloride), ta king ba ck

nickel/cadm ium ba tt eries]. The Minist er a lso ma y order pr oducers t o ta ke back

th eir products a nd a ssume responsibility for th eir disposal.

The Da nes a lso use f ina ncia l incentives to implement w a ste ma na gementstr a tegies a nd goals. These include t a xes, fees, and subsidies. As a n exa mple, a

wa ste ta x is levied in different a mounts to support the chosen wa ste


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ma na gement m ethod. The wa ste ta xes a re discussed in Ch a pter 4. Gra nts,

provided in t he Fina nce Act, ar e used t o promote t he use of clean er technologies

or the recycling of products, ma teria ls, or w a ste residues.

Municipalities a re responsible for collection a nd disposa l of household a nd commercial

wa stes. Some collect th eir w a ste a nd others use privat e contra ctors for this service.

Most commercial w a ste is collected by priva te cont ra ctors. Municipalit ies also are

responsible for collecting paper a nd car dboard from w holesa lers and r eta ilers, a nd

industria l food wa ste, and oil a nd chemica l wa stes. Although some existing landfil ls ar e

privately operat ed, future landfil ls in Denma rk w ill be own ed an d opera ted by loca l

a ut horities. All mun icipa l solid wa ste incinerat ors are publicly ow ned a nd opera ted.

H owever, Da nish society s preference for recycling ra th er tha n disposa l has r esulted inthe esta blishment, w ith government a id, of private sector fa cil i t ies t o process w a ste

ma teria ls into usable products.

Wa ste genera ted in D enma rk in 1997 is sh own in Ta ble 4. About 0.4 million metr ic tons

of bott om a sh a nd 0.06 million m etric tons of a ir pollut ion control residues a re produced

from th e combustion of MSW a nd s imilar wa st e. The bottom a sh is processed t o remove

meta ls a nd prepa re it for use. About 80 percent is u sed in civil engineering a pplicat ions,w hile meta ls recovered for recycling a ccount for 10 percent, a nd 10 percent is lan dfilled.

Tab le 4. Sol id w aste ge nera tion in Denm ark in 1997.

Type of Waste Amount Produced(million metric tons)

H o useh o ld w a ste 2 .8

W a ste fro m m a nu fa ctu ring ind u stries, tra d e , a nd o ffices 2 .6

Con stru ctio n w a ste (b u ild in g rub b le) 3 .4

Sew a g e slud g e 1.2

Resid ues from energ y p rod uctio n (p rim a rily from co al- fired p ow er p la nts) 1.8

To ta l a m ou n t 11.8

Approxima tely 23 to 26 percent (2.8 million metr ic tons) of the w a ste is lan dfilled.

Denmarks goal is to reduce th is to 21 percent by th e year 2000. Denm a rk ha s th reety pes of lan dfills: inert la ndfills, controlled la ndfills, and m ono-lan dfills. Inert lan dfills

receive un polluted w a st e (e.g., pla st ics, t imber, etc.) a nd u npollut ed soil. They a re not

lined a nd leacha te is permitted to seep into the ground w a ter below the site. Controlled

la ndfills receive mun icipa l solid wa ste, sewa ge sludge, a nd n on-ha za rdous wa ste. Thesela ndfills a re lined wit h syn th etic, cla y, or composite liners a nd h a ve lea cha te collection

syst ems. Mono-lan dfills receive incinerat or ash a nd simila r ty pes of w a ste. New

guidelines in D enmar k require tha t la ndfil ls be designed and operat ed to reach a

stea dy sta te (i .e. , when biologica l a ctivity a nd leacha te generat ion ha ve ceased or are

no longer a th rea t t o the environment ) in 30 to 50 years. These guidelines will result in

new t ypes of land fills.


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Ta bles 5 a nd 6 provide an overview of the production of non-road wa stes in D enma rk

a nd th eir applica tion in Da nish roa ds.

Tab le 5. Produ ction an d uti lizat ion of w aste in Da nish roa ds (mi l lion m etr ic tons).

Unbound Material Material to PavingMaterial Total Production Recycled Industry (Asphalt and Landfilled

Portland Cement)

Stee l sla g 0 .05 8 0 0 .05 8 0

Ro llin g m ill 0 .0 13 0 0 0 .0 13

Ca sting sa n d 0 .0 45 0 0 .0 05 0 .0 40

Bla stin g m a teria ls 0 .03 5 0 0 .0 0 9 0 .02 6

Cru sh ed co ncrete 1.0 60 0 .76 3 0 .0 9 6 0 .157

Wa ste - to -energ y 0 .42 0 0 .38 0 0 0 .04 0bo t tom ash

Ro ckw o o l sla g 0 .0 10 0 0 .0 07 0 .0 0 3

Coa l b o tto m a sh 0 .18 4 0 .18 4 0 0

Coa l fly a sh 1.0 6 0 0 .5 56 0 .5 0 4 0

Cru sh ed a sp h a lt 0 .82 4 0 .5 09 0 .3 15 0

Cru sh ed b ricks 0 .4 8 4 0 .32 2 0 .0 05 0 .15 7

Roa d clea n in g w a ste 0 .113 0 0 0 .113

To ta l 4 .26 2 3 .772 0 .9 4 1 0 .5 4 9


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GERMANY


The La w on the P revention a nd D isposa l of Wa ste (AbfG ) is th e basis for G erma n

regulations on wa ste ma na gement. Wa ste prevention a nd recycling a re given

preference in t he law. I t a lso gra nts a uth ority t o the Federal government to issue

directives tha t encoura ge prevention a nd r ecycling of special w a ste t ypes, such as w a steoil, ba t ter ies, a nd simila r w a st es. The Technica l Dir ective of Wa st e (TA Abfall) defines

wa ste th a t requ ires specia l ha ndling a nd supervision. The second directive is th e

Technica l D irective Resident ia l Wa ste (TA Siedlungsa bfall), w hich regula tes mun icipa l

and s imilar w astes .

Tab le 6. App l icat ions for non -roa d m ater ia ls in Danish road s.

ApplicationsMaterials

PCC HMA CM/ST GB EMB FILL STR APP LS

Stee l sla g 2 4 2 2 0 0 0 0 0

Coa l fly a sh 2 3 2 0 4 2 3 3 0

Coa l b o ttom a sh 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 4

Ca stin g sa nd 2 2 2 0 1 1 2 2 1

Cem en t kiln d ust 2 2 2 0 2 1 0 0 2

Bla sting p rod uct 2 3 2 3 2 2 1 1 2

M SWI a sh 0 2 2 4 3 3 1 1 1

Co ncre te 1 1 1 4 2 2 2 2 0

Tile / b ricks 0 1 1 0 0 4 1 1 0

Tile / co ncre te 0 0 0 2 3 4 0 0 3

Harbo r d redgedm a te ria l 0 1 1 0 2 2 0 0 2

PCC = port land cement concrete pavement (wearing surface), HMA = hot mix asphalt pavement, CM/ST = cold mixor surface treatm ent, GB = gra nular u nbo und base, EM B = em ba nkm ent, FILL = f il l (e .g., backf il l , subg rade, f low able

fil l), STR = structures (e.g., bridge s, culverts, dra in inlets, pipe s), APP = safety-rela ted item s (e.g., gu ard rails, lightpost), APP = appurtenances (e.g., curbs, gutters, sidewalks), LS = landscaping (e.g., mulch, picnic benches, etc).

M SWI = m unic ipal so l id wa ste inc inerator. 4 = occurs general ly, 3 = l im ited u se, 2 = d oes not occur, but isconsidered p ossib le, 1 = does no t occur, but m ight be p ossib le, and 0 = considered im possib le to use. MSW WTE

bo t tom a sh can on ly be used as a subba se in roads .

All the regula tions ha ve the objective to genera te closed cycles of ma teria ls to esta blish

a s ociety w here the environment a nd a sust a ina ble economy a re compat ible. In 1997, a

new law wa s ena cted tha t ma kes producers responsible for t he disposal of their

products. The La w on P revention, Ut ilizat ion a nd D isposa l of Wa ste is a lso referred to

a s t he Closed Cycle Economy La w (KrW-/AbfG ). Un der t his la w, th e ma na gement of

wa ste mat erials must follow a strict hiera rchy:

First , to prevent w a stes, especia lly by reducing the a mount s an d th eir toxicity.


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Second, to recover the ma terial or energy value in the w a ste generat ed.

This hiera rchy essentia lly pla ces ma teria ls recovery a nd energy recovery on a n equa l

ba sis an d w ill permit energy recovery wh ere it m a kes technica l an d economic sense.

MSW in G erman y includes residentia l wa ste, bulky w a ste, commercial w a ste, l ight

industria l wa ste, and y a rd a nd ga rden wa ste. In 1993, approximat ely 44 million metric

tons of MS W w ere genera ted. Approxima tely 11 million metr ic tons w ere collected a ndsepar a ted for sorting a nd r ecycling. Only about 3 million met ric tons were composted.

In 1995, G erma ny h a d 52 incinerat ors an d one pyrolysis plant . These plant s processed

a bout 11 million metr ic tons of wa st e for ener gy r ecovery. About 60 percent (1.8 million

metr ic tons) of the bottom a sh produced from WTE fa cilities is used a fter a ging for 3

month s. The a ir pollut ion control residues a re disposed int o mined cavit ies to help

prevent subsidence. All ma terials designa ted for lan dfill ing must be mad e inert a nd

can not conta in substa nt ia l a mounts of sal t . B y t he year 2006, a t the la t est , G ermany

will ha ve only tw o classes of landfil ls . Concentra tions of heavy meta ls in the w a ste, as

determined by th e Germa n DE V S4 lea ching test, w ill be limited, as w ell as other

char a cteristics. This informa tion is presented in C ha pter 6. These limits w ere

esta blished by t he Technica l Directive Residentia l Wa ste. The requ irements to ma kewa ste inert prior t o la ndfilling will proba bly result in a n increas e in WTE fa cilities

becaus e biologica l processes (e.g., compost ing) can not meet t hese requ irement s.


Ta bles 7 and 8 summa rize the production of residues a nd t heir a pplicat ion in

Germany s road s. The ta bles are a dopted from Roads in German yby theB undesministerium fr Verker (G erma n Federa l Ministr y of Tra nsport - BMV).

Tab le 7. Quanti ties and uti lizat ion of indu stria l by-p rod ucts and recycledconstruction m ater ia ls in Germ an y (m i ll ion m etr ic tons).

Type of Residue Production Use in Roads Percent Used

Sla g

- Bla st fu rna ce sla g 8 .3 8 .3 10 0 .0 - Stee l sla g 4 .8 4 .4 9 2 .0

Co a l m in in g sp o ils 6 4 .8 13 .6 2 1.0

Power p lant residues

- Bo ile r sla g 2 .8 2 .7 9 8 .0- Coa rse a sh 0 .4 0 .3 74 .0

- Coa l fly a sh 3 .1 2 .7 86 .0

- Brow n co a l fly a sh 6 .1 0 .0 0 .0 - Gyp sum (coa l fu rna ce ) 1.8 1.8 100 .0

Refu se w a ste- to - energ y a sh 2 .6 1.8 6 8 .0

Construct ion m aterials (est ima tedrecycl ing rate)

- Reco vered a sp h a lt 12 .0 6 .0 5 0 .0- Cru shed roa d m a teria ls 20 .0 11.0 5 5 .0

- Rub b le 2 3 .0 4 .0 17.0 - M ixed co n stru ction w a ste 10 .0 0 .0 0 .0

To ta l (ro un d ed ) 160 .0 57.0 3 5 .0


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Tab le 8 . M ater ia ls used in Germ an roads and the ir ap p l ica t ions.

ApplicationsMaterials

A B C1 C2 D1 D3 E F G1 G2 H

Asp ha lt 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1

Con crete, co ncre te b locks 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1

Other h yd ra u lica lly b ou nd m a teria ls 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1(e.g., blast-furnace slag)

N a tu ra l ston e, cru sh ed a n d 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

uncrushed m ater ia ls, ba l last

Gra ve l, sa n d 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1

Oth er m inera l m a teria ls 1 2 1 2 2 2

Bricks, m a so nry, sto new a re 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2

A = a coustica l barr iers, B = unb ound traffic areas and roa ds, C1 = em ba nkm ents, C2 = ba ckfi l ling an d covering,D1 = b ackf il l ing a nd trenches, D2 = soi l s tab i l izat ion and subsoi l imp rovemen t, E = ba ses without b ind ers, F = ba ses

w i th hydrau l ic b inders , G1 = bases w i th b i tumen b inders , G2 = b i tum inous wea r ing a nd b inder courses , and H =

concrete ba ses. 1 = feasib le, 2 = feasib le un der certa in cond it ions.

THE NETHERLANDS


In 1989, the Neth erla nds implemented a comprehensive National E nvironmenta l P lan.

Wa ste ma na gement is covered in th e Ordina nce of Wa ste P revention a nd R ecycling. The

ordina nce esta blished strict goals tha t must be met for a va riety of wa ste stream s,wh ich resulted in significa nt part icipation by t he public and industry to recover a nd

reuse ma teria ls, a nd t he source separa tion of gla ss, pa per, put rescibles, and household

a nd similar sma ll quant ities of chemica ls.

The D ut ch str ictly regula te a ir emissions from WTE plan ts. The Air E missions from

Incinera tors Regulation includes provisions on wa ste th a t m a y be accepted, a s w ell as

guidelines for emissions of meta ls, dioxins, and a cid ga ses (NOx). For lan dfilling, th e

Disposa l Regulation a pplies a nd r egula tes t he conditions for disposing w a ste int o three

different cat egories of lan dfills. These ar e: lan dfills for non-ha za rdous wa ste w ith a nd

w ith out leacha te recovery, a nd la ndfills for ha za rdous wa ste. A column leaching t est is

used t o determine in w hich lan dfill a w a ste m a y be disposed. As of 1997, no orga nicwa ste ma y be la ndfil led; the intent is to restrict land fills to only inorga nic wa ste an d to

force increa sed composting. The ba n encompa sses a ny w a ste t ha t ca n be recycled,

including WTE residues. Demolition a nd constr uction wa ste a lso is included in th e ban

to encoura ge beneficia l use of this ma teria l.

The D ut ch governm ent s objective is to decrea se wa ste genera tion an d increaserecycling a nd u tiliza tion. The environmenta l a spects of th is policy a re covered in th e

Regulation for Constru ction Ma terials. This regulation permits a ma rginal impa ct to

soil qua lity over a 100-yea r period. There a re criteria th a t m ust be met u nder t his


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scheme. WTE bottom a sh does not meet a ll of th ese criteria , but t he Du tch desire to

promote use of th is ma terial h a s resulted in th e ash being placed in a specia l category.

It ma y be used in embankments a nd in road ba se provided measur es are implemented

to minimize ra in wa ter infiltra tion.

The Ministry of Housing, Spat ial P lann ing a nd t he Environment (Ministerie van

Volkshuisvest ing, Ruimt elijke Ordenin g en Milieubeheer - VROM) issued a n a ction

plan for the reuse, treat ment, a nd disposa l of the different residue streams genera ted by

WTE pla nt s. The plan provides ma na gement gu idelines for bott om ash , fly a sh, an d flue

ga s clean ing residues. The criteria for t he cont rolled use of bott om ash come under t he

Regula tion for Const ruction Ma teria ls. As of J a nua ry 1998, fly ash ca nnot be land filled

wit hout prior t reat ment. I nvestigat ions a re ongoing t o develop methods for valorizing

a ir pollut ion control (AP C) residues. They a re current ly being t empora rily st ored.

Ha zar dous wa stes in the Netherla nds a re covered under the Ha zar dous Wa ste

Designat ion D ecree, w hich conta ins provisions for cla ssifying w a ste a s ha zar dous or

non-ha zard ous. P rovinces ha ve the prima ry

responsibility for th e permit ting of both

ha zardous an d non-ha zardous wa ste facil i t ies.The cent ra l government , how ever, ma int a ins a

coordina ting role for t hese act ivities.

Conta mina ted soil is regulat ed under the Soil

P rotection Act a nd it s Ordina nce for Soil

Clea n-up. Soil is cla ssified int o thr ee ca tegories

depending on th e level of conta mina tion. In t he

case wh ere soils are used a s constru ction

ma terials, th ey come under t he Regulation for

Construction Mat erials.

The Du tch Minist ery of Tra nsports, P ublicWorks an d Wa ter Ma na gement (Ministerie va n

Verkeer en Wa ter st a a t - V&W) is responsible for th e policy on m inera l a ggr ega t es. One

of the policy lines is to promote t he use of seconda ry m a teria ls to diminish t he use of

na tura l a ggregat es. The P ublic Works Depar tment (Rijkswa tersta a t, RWS) within the

Ministry is a lso the biggest client for infra structure w ork. This mean s t ha t

implementa tion of policy can be done w ithin t he sa me ministr y. This a pproa ch an d th e

fa ct th a t r ecycling is a m a in t opic w ith in t he tw o ministries (VROM, V&W) a ccount for

th e success of recycling in t he Netherla nds.

In 1995, the Dut ch recycled or reused 73 percent of th eir generat ed wa ste; a bout 8

percent wa s incinerat ed, about 16 percent wa s lan dfilled, a nd a bout 3 percent w a sdischar ged to th e ocea n by ind ust ry. In 1999, the recycling ra te w a s still 73 percent.

As show n in Ta ble 9, in 1996, 0.895 metric t ons of bott om a sh w ere produced by WTE

plan ts. In 1999, this rea ched a bout 1.0 million m etric tons. Almost 100 percent of the

ash w as used.

In 1995, the Dutch recycled or reused

73 percent of their generated waste;

about 8 percent was incinerated, about

16 percent was landfilled, and about 3

percent was discharged to the ocean by

industry. In 1999, the recycling rate was

still 73 percent.


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Tab le 9. Profile of wa ste m an ag em ent in the Nether land s (m i ll ion m etr ic tons).

Recycled PreventionYear Generation* Landfill WTE (percent) (percent)

19 9 6 N / A ** 7+ 5 73 + + N/ A

2 0 0 0 5 1 4 ** * 6 76 15

2 0 10 5 6 2 ** * 9 N/ A N / A

* Does not inc lude dredge spoi ls , contaminated soi ls , manure, and radioact ive waste. ** N/ A: no t ava i lab le . + An a ddit ional 0.48 m il lion m etr ic tons went to pr ivate d isposal. + + The target w as 67 percent. ** * Am ounts st ipu lated b y the Environmen tal Pol icy Plan.

Fly a sh production wa s 0.054 million metr ic tons; 40 percent w a s recycled a s a n a spha lt

filler. B efore this ma teria l ca n be land filled, it must be trea ted. Residues from flue ga s

clea ning a mount ed to 0.032 million m etric t ons; none is recycled. Recycling options a re

being investiga ted. P rojected figur es for 2000 a nd 2010 also ar e shown.


Ta ble 10 summ a rizes the production an d a pplicat ions of recovered ma teria ls used in

road constr uction in the Netherla nds. The Dut ch also noted t ha t a bout 0.4 million

metr ic tons of sa nd a re produced from processing plant s. They w ere uncert a in a s to the

fat e of this ma terial , but believe tha t some is being used wit hout meeting

environmenta l requirement s. The ma rket for phosphorous slag is decreasing ; its

ra dioactivity prevents it s use in buildings a nd sur rounding environment s. Also, th e

Du tch noted th a t invest iga tions a re ongoing to find more uses of steel sla g in concrete

a nd a sphalt a pplica tions. Some ta r a mended a sphalt (TAA) ha s been recycled in the

past under st rict environmenta l a nd occupat iona l hea lth conditions only in cold bound

a spha lt pa vement a pplicat ions. After J a nua ry 1, 2001, th is will not be a llow ed. New

th erma l techniqu es a re being investigat ed to combust recycled a spha lt tha t cont a ins ta r.


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Tab le 10. Recovered m ater ia ls used in Dutch roa ds (m i ll ion m etr ic tons).

Material Produced Used Applications

A sp h a lt con crete 7.7 7.7 Ho t m ix a sp ha lt

Asp ha lt ru b b le 3 .0 3 .0 1.8 in ho t m ix a sp ha lt; 1,20 0 m o stly in cem en tb o u n d

M u n icip a l w a ste b o ttom a sh 0 .8 0 .8 Un b ou n d b a se co u rse a n d em b a n km en ts

M un icip a l w aste incin era to r 0 .0 8 0 .0 2 -0 .0 3 Co n crete fille r

fly as h

Bla st fu rna ce sla g 1.2 1.2 A ll u sed in cem en t p rod u ctio n ; a b ou t 1 m illio ntons im ported for road b ase

Stee l sla g 0 .5 0 .5 Used in hyd ra u lic w orks a n d b a se cou rse;

so me a s sa n d

Electr ic coa l fly a sh 0 .8 5 0 .8 5 Used in cem en t, con crete a nd a sp ha lt fille r,and as aggrega te

Electric co a l b o ttom ash 0 .08 0 .0 8 Lig h tw eig h t a g g reg a te; som e exp o rted to

Belg ium for use in concrete b locks

So il a nd co nta m ina ted so il Est. 0.016 0 .157 7.0 of clea n so il; 7.0 slig htly con ta m ina tedsoi ls; 1.7 of hea vi ly con tam inated soi l after

cleaning; 1 m i ll ion tons d um ped at sea.

Dred g e sp o ils 0 .0 23 Sm a ll H ig h ly con ta m in a ted sp o ils sto red ;a m o un ts b y 2 00 0, 2 0 p ercen t clea ned a nd u se d.

Pho sp h o rou s sla g 0 .6 0 .6 Ba se cou rses a n d a sp ha lt

Bu ild in g a n d d em olition w aste 9 .2 9 .2 9 .0 con crete a nd m ason ry g ra n u la tes used

in ba se course; 2 .0 in concrete

Co ncre te cru sh er sa nd 0 .3 0 .3 U sed a s sa n d in su b b a se la yers


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FRANCE


In 1992, an older law a bout wa ste disposal wa s a mended to include mat erials recovery.

The ma in objective of the modifica tion w a s t o promote va loriza tion (increase its va lue)

of wa ste th rough reuse, recycling, or tr eat ment by methods tha t w ould permit t heir use

a s ma terials or as a n energy source. The am ended law specif ies th a t w a ste disposa l alsomea ns (in a ddition to collection, tra nsport, a nd st orage) th e necessa ry opera tions

required for recovery of usa ble element s an d ma teria ls. The law delegat ed the

responsibility for domestic wa ste disposal t o loca l au th orities. After J uly 1, 2002, wa ste

disposal fa cil i t ies w ill only be a ble to receive wa ste t ha t cannot be t echnically a nd

economically t rea ted for recycling. The law creat ed increasing t a xes on t he lan dfilling

a nd WTE of municipa l solid wa ste, unt il the 2002 land fill ba n t a kes affect. The t ypes

a nd a mounts of wa ste genera ted

recycled materilals in european highway environments

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