recycling and filament extruder for 3d printer

FILAMENT EXTRUDER

CHE 454 APRIL 25, 2014

Members: Khaled Abdel-Rahim, Mitchell Flynn, RJ Munn, and Kirk Riedner Advisors: Dr. David Drown, Charles Cornwall

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................................................... 2

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 3

FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................................... 6

INPUT/OUTPUT DIAGRAM ............................................................................................................................... 7

DESIGN DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................................ 8

RECOMMENDED DESIGN ............................................................................................................................... 14

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................................... 21

CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................................................... 23

REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................................. 24

APPENDIX ...................................................................................................................................................... 26

SAFETY AND HAZARDS ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................................. 27 OPERATING PROCEDURES ....................................................................................................................................... 28

Extruder ........................................................................................................................................................ 28 Shredder ....................................................................................................................................................... 29

BUDGET AND PARTS LIST ........................................................................................................................................ 30 Extruder Parts List without use of 3D Printer ............................................................................................. 30 Equipment List for Prototype Design .......................................................................................................... 32 Scenarios 1 & 2 for General Design (Without Department Resources) ..................................................... 33 Scenarios 3 & 4 for Prototype Design (With Department Resources) ....................................................... 34

EXTRUDER DESIGN ................................................................................................................................................ 35 Mounting Block Assembly ........................................................................................................................... 35 Hopper Barrel ............................................................................................................................................... 36 Heated Barrel ............................................................................................................................................... 37 Flanges ......................................................................................................................................................... 38 Top Hopper ................................................................................................................................................... 39 Bottom Hopper............................................................................................................................................. 40

SHREDDER DESIGN ................................................................................................................................................ 41 Top ................................................................................................................................................................ 41 Bottom .......................................................................................................................................................... 42 Entrance Flange ........................................................................................................................................... 43 Exit Flange .................................................................................................................................................... 44 Mounting Block ............................................................................................................................................ 45 End Mill Holder ............................................................................................................................................. 46

TENSION ROLLERS ................................................................................................................................................. 47 0.375 in Shaft ............................................................................................................................................... 47 0.25 in Non-Gear Shaft ................................................................................................................................ 48 0.25 in Shaft ................................................................................................................................................. 48 Hub for Pulley ............................................................................................................................................... 49 Block Side A .................................................................................................................................................. 50 Block Side B .................................................................................................................................................. 51 Base Plate ..................................................................................................................................................... 52

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Summary

A polymer extruder and shredding process was designed and fabricated as product of the work done for ChE 454 Senior Design. The purpose of this process was to help the University of Idaho’s Chemical and Materials Engineering Department save costs operating costs for the MakerBot 3D printer. ABS filament, the filament used to print, costing about $43 per kilogram. There are multiple opportunities to use the 3D printer within the department. Students can use it for parts for senior design projects and ChE Car competition; professors can use it for parts with respect to their research; and the machine shop can use it to make parts that would otherwise be made of metal. To make the use of the printer more available and affordable, this process to extrude filament and recycle old and faulty prints was implemented. Previous prints can be shredded into fine pieces and then ran through the extruder, producing filament, which can be made by pellets purchased at $19 for 1 kg including shipping.

Pellets or shredded print bits are fed into the extruder hopper and moved through an insulated stainless steel barrel by way of an 18” end mill bit. The barrel is heated by way of a band heater and the polymer in the barrel melts. The auger pushes the polymer pieces through this barrel and is pushed out of a nozzle of pre-set diameter 1.75mm. Leaving the nozzle, the molten liquid is cooled by way of a fan and placed onto a roller system to maintain tension and keep a constant diameter. These rollers keep tension while the filament is wound onto a spool. After the extrusion process, the filament on the spool is ready for use.

The design for each component involved the 3D CAD drawing software SolidWorks. Each component of the process, the extruder, shredder, tension rollers, and spools were drawn to give dimensions and design the overall process. Drawings are taken either to the machine shop where parts are fabricated, or used for 3D prints of parts. Any part that would not be exposed to heat or large forces was printed. Alternative design ideas for each component were thought of and are detailed discussion of those can be found in this report.

This semester, about 2.5 kg of filament was used to print material for various projects. Of those 2.5 kg, 1 kg worth of filament in prints were deemed inadequate for their designed use. Instead of discarding, those prints can be recycled back into filament to be used again for a print that will function. This extrusion process, without implementing a recycling process, will save the department $352 a year. Assuming recycled prints making up 35% of filament, those savings become $478 a year. The extruder capacity is about 800 grams and extrudes at a rate of 17.5 ft/hr.

The final product of this design project is a prototype extruder that can produce filament for the department to use in the MakerBot 3D printer. Hopefully, with these savings, more students and professors will use the printer for their projects, saving money on parts. Valuable metals can also be saved by reducing the amount of machining needed for different projects. With the fabrication of this extruder and shredder, faulty and old prints will not go to waste as they can be recycled back into filament to be used by the printer again.

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Introduction

Recently, the Chemical & Materials Engineering Department of the University of Idaho purchased a MakerBot Replicator 2X Desktop 3D Printer. The department purchased the printer so that parts that would normally be fabricated by the machine shop could be printed. For example, the University of Idaho’s “ChemE Car” team printed a battery cell for their entry to the regional American Institute of Chemical Engineers conference hosted by Washington State University in Pullman, Washington. Another instance of the printer being used by members of the department is for the senior design, WERC contest winning project “Sunshine Island.”

The printer uses 1 kg spools of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) or poly lactic acid (PLA) filament with a diameter of 1.75 mm. Currently, the cost for a filament spool ranges from $16 to $48 depending on the vendor1,2. The cost of purchasing filament for the 3D printer can be economically unfavorable over time. In search of a more economical method of procuring filament for the 3D printer, a shredding and extrusion process has been implemented as the most viable option. The raw materials for the filament are cheaper in bulk and previously printed models can be shredded for reprocessing. By shredding and extruding, printed products that are no longer or unable to be used into filament, the cost of 3D printing can be significantly reduced.

Extrusion is the act of forming a material (metal, plastic, etc.) with a desired cross section by forcing it through a nozzle. This process takes bulk quantities of polymer pellets/bits and processes them into a strand appropriate for the 3D printer. The extruder melts the pellets, feeds them through a heated barrel, and forms filament of a pre-set diameter. The filament is cooled and wound onto a spool to be used by the 3D printer. This method is ideal for the department because more raw material can be purchased at a lower cost. Purchasing 10 lbs. worth of pellets costs approximately the same as a 1 kg spool of filament. Essentially, 4.5 kg (10lb) of polymer filament can be produced for the same cost as a single 1 kg filament spool from Fila Bot2,9.

Another benefit of this extruder process is that filament can also be formed from failed attempts or unwanted products of the 3D printer. A method to effectively shred printed projects has been implemented. The shredder uses a motor and pulleys to rotate a roughing end mill housed in a long, slim metal box to minimize exposure of the end mill4. The shredder saves the department money by recycling and reusing filament material. If a minor error was made in while printing an object, instead of throwing it way it can be shredded into small pieces and extruded into filament.

The Lyman Extruder V3 (Figure 1), an extruder whose design was used via a reference during the course of this design process, produces 1.75 mm filament at an average rate of 200 ft/hr 3. A kilogram of filament is approximately 1080 ft., taking approximately 5.4 hours to produce6.

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Figure 1: Diagram of Lyman Extruder V33.

Today, additive layer manufacturing (referred as 3D printing) is a booming industry due to the practical uses in a variety of fields, such as fashion, weapons and parts manufacturing, and medical practice4. Fashion designers can make new articles of clothing and accessories that previously couldn’t be made, such as the 3D printed dress designed by Bitonti and Schmidt8. Meanwhile, spare or custom-designed parts can be printed by anyone that possesses the equipment and materials. This concept allows custom parts to be made anywhere, even in outer space, where spare parts are not readily available.

Although 3D printing is still a relatively new practice, methods to reduce its cost have already begun to surface. In May of 2012, Maker Education Initiative opened a contest called the Desktop Factory Competition for contestants to create filament extruders for 3D printers with a $250 limit. The winning entry was the Lyman Filament Extruder II (an earlier version of the Lyman Extruder V3) created by Hugh Lyman. His design can process pellets into filament strands, and rolls the filament directly onto a spool. According to TIME, one spool can create 392 printed chess pieces for $50 12. The same amount of filament made from pellets that cost $10.

As mentioned previously, the Lyman Extruder V3 requires about 5.4 hours to process 1 kg of filament6. This is a reasonable size for the Chemical & Materials Science Engineering Department’s needs. Using an extruder for producing filament for the 3D printer will cut the cost of purchasing the filament by the spool. A single 1 kg spool from Fila Bot is $16 plus tax and shipping, while one could buy 4.536 kg (10 lb.) of filament pellets on eBay for the same price2,9. The amount of filament produced from this process is made at 10% of purchase.

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Functional Analysis

Primary Function: To extrude polymer to be compatible with the department’s 3D printer.

Functions shown in Figure 2 I/O Diagram to be done:

1. Break up the whole polymer (i.e. old product of printer) into chips, pellets, or shavings to be extruded.

2. Store pellets in a hopper where pellets can enter into feed throat. 3. Set temperature gradient. The temperature profile of the barrel increases over the length

of the pipe, i.e. temperature should be lowest at feed throat and highest at end of barrel. a. Insulation will be wrapped around the heated portion of the barrel.

4. Control the temperature to make sure that it does not increase above the set point (270°C) This is to account for heat generated from pressure difference in the barrel and friction. Too high of a temperature can destroy the process.

5. Use a die (nozzle) to form polymer into filament of a specific diameter. The polymer going through the die needs to flow in a continuous manner in order to minimize physical anomalies.

6. Cool newly acquired filament using cooling fan to keep the desired form and dimensions. a. Start up, Shut down, and Cleaning procedures can be found in the Appendix

(Proceedures). 7. Use a mechanism to maintain tension on the filament and to wind the finished product

onto a 1 kg spool. Furthermore, a controller would most likely be implemented to control the rate of rotation so that the filament isn’t stretched, which would cause the diameter to be smaller than desired, broken or cause the filament to be wound loosely on the spool.

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Input/Output Diagram

Figure 2: I/O Diagram

Filament Pellets (ABS/PLA)

Hopper

Failed or Unwanted 3D Printer Products

Shredder

Heated Barrel

Cooling Fan

Winding Spool

1 lb. or 1 kg Spool of 1.75 mm filament

Cooling Fan

Tension Rollers & Take-Up

Spool

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Design Discussion

Extruder Polymer pellets are introduced into the extruder via a hopper. The hopper deposits the

polymer directly into a pipe barrel with a motorized auger bit. The auger pushes the polymer from the bottom of the hopper towards the end of the barrel where a nozzle with a predetermined diameter hole forms the 1.75 mm filament. As the polymer is headed through the barrel, friction high pressure, and heat from the band heater at the nozzle end of the barrel cause the polymer to melt. Due to high pressure and continuous feed, the polymer is extruded through the nozzle into a filament. After the filament is extruded, it is cooled while tension rollers pull on the strand to create a constant tension on the filament to maintain the desired diameter due to expansion to prevent any deformities in the strand before being wound onto a spool. A basic set up of an extruder can be observed in Figure 3, below.

Figure 3: Basic Extruder Diagram

Motors

The motor being used in an extruder must be variable speed and able to handle a large amount of torque since the auger bit will have high resistance from the pressure and slow extrusion of the polymer. Motors that are able to meet these requirements for a small extruder are either gear motors or variable frequency motors. Gear motors come in a variety of shapes and sizes based on the specifications they are designed to handle (i.e. high torque, revolutions per minute, etc.). Because of this flexibility, they are preferred in smaller extruders or for other uses such as the tension rollers or take-up spool. Variable frequency motors are rather large; however, they can be precisely controlled and can handle a high torque. At lower speeds the variable frequency motor is inefficient, and it isn’t good for the motor to run at that low of a speed for long periods. This requires methods of gear reduction to be used.

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Barrel

There are several ways to configure an extruder. The most common way is for the extruder to be horizontal. This makes attaching the motors to the auger inside the barrel much easier, especially with variable frequency motors. If the barrel is horizontal, fabricating a hopper to feed polymer in the barrel is easier, along with attaching any mounting blocks to hold the auger in place while it rotates. However, a benefit of having a vertical extruder would be that gravity is working with the extruder. Gravity pulls the polymer in the barrel towards the nozzle, assisting in keeping the load evenly distributed. Furthermore, as the filament leaves the nozzle, it is being pulled straight down, which prevents any deforming and can even eliminate the use of tension rollers.

Another consideration is the size of the barrel based on the dimensions of the

auger bit. The total length of the barrel for both the hopper and heated sections is limited by the length of the auger. Meanwhile, the inside diameter should be slightly larger than the largest diameter of the auger. Custom bored pipes are a great alternative to standard piping. This gives the fabricator more control over the dimensions and specifications of the extruder, but requires the fabricator to have access to the proper equipment. The auger needs to be tightly fit to the barrel, but requires enough room for the auger to rotate and for small amounts of polymer to get between the barrel and auger to prevent wear and tear inside.

Originally, the prototype barrel was fabricated from brass. Unfortunately, the material was too abrasive and flakes of brass contaminated the filament. Also, the nozzle was made of a hex plug that was inserted into the pipe, making cleaning difficult when the polymer solidified in the threads. Due to these issues with the barrel, the material was made of stainless steel and the thread for the nozzle was placed on the outside. This way the inside of the barrel was smooth and simplified the cleaning procedure. In addition, the brass plug was replaced with a brass cap as the nozzle.

Auger

The auger bit is the most critical piece of the extruder. The dimensions of the auger bit determine the dimensions and the specifications of barrel’s diameter and length. The mounting blocks to keep the auger in place while it rotates are designed based on the height of the motor shaft, if applicable. Existing extruders use 6 inch to 18 inch long auger bits with varying diameters.

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Ball and Thrust Bearings The designed mounting block system, shown in the Appendix (Mounting Block

Assembly), uses two steel ball bearings and one steel thrust needle-roller bearings. The thrust bearing is required to handle the thrust caused by the auger during extrusion. As the auger feeds polymer into the barrel, pressure builds up and forces the auger bit backwards. This presses the auger bit sleeve, shown in the Appendix (Auger Sleeve), back into the mounting block and causes grinding to occur and which may stop the rotation of the auger. The thrust bearing is inserted between the sleeve and the mounting block so that grinding is eliminated.

The ball bearings are pressed into the mounting block before the sleeve is inserted

through the center of the bearings. Since the auger is positioned inside the sleeve, the bearings allow the sleeve to rotate freely within the barrel. Nozzle

The nozzle of the extruder must be an interchangeable threaded cap to prevent the high pressure from moving the nozzle off of the barrel. A hole is drilled into the center of the nozzle so that the diameter is slightly smaller than the desired filament diameter. Furthermore, a conical shape is bored out of the back of the nozzle to assist in directing the polymer flow through the nozzle and not against it. An optional feature of the nozzle is to attach a removable screen to the nozzle to filter out any particulates and impurities from the filament strand. Heaters

The simplest way to heat the extruder is to use a band heater. These heaters come in different diameters to fit tightly over pipes. Setting them up with a solid state relay and temperature controller is found to be simple also. Depending on specifications, band heaters can heat up to 900 °F, way above the necessary temperatures required for ABS and PLA extrusion.

Tension Rollers

One problem that comes into consideration when winding filament onto a spool is that without maintaining tension, the diameter will deviate from the desired 1.75mm that is preset in the nozzle. To maintain tension, the filament is compressed through two roller. From the extruder, the filament will be placed, as it is cools, onto the roller grooves. The filament will pass through before being wound onto the spool. The considerations that must be considered are how the rollers are arranged, how they are driven, and what material they are made with.

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Setup One method to set up the roller apparatus in this project was to have the two

rollers set up on top of one another, with a space in between them being less than the filament diameter. Another method considered was to have the rollers set apart at a 90 degree angle, as shown in Figure 4. Each roller will have a groove placed at its center along its circumference.

Figure 4. Rollers in a 90 degree arrangement

Material Several ideas were thought of as to the material of the rollers themselves. The

two options contemplated were metal rollers and rubber rollers. Due to the nature of the filament, a metal roller would slip, causing the filament to move around, making it very difficult to maintain constant tension when winding the filament onto the spool. The necessity of the rollers to grip the filament led to the decision of using rubber material. The material was up for debate; considered were: old printer rollers, cuts from a yoga mat, rubber tubing, or coating the rollers with Flex-Seal spray.

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Drive The method of driving of the rollers to keep tension was a design question that

needed to be addressed. A motor would need to be installed to rotate the rollers, but the critical design parameter was that the necessary RPM range to rotate the rollers was approximately 1-3 RPM. There would need a gear reduction mechanism to reach this speed. A pulley or a gear reduction, similar to the extruder’s would be used.

Take-up spool The take-up spool system is relatively simple. An empty spool for a 3D printer is

suspended on an axis and rotated using a gear motor. The spool is fed from the tension rollers, which prevent the filament being wound onto the spool from uncoiling. In addition, there is ideally a reeling mechanism between them to prevent the filament from winding on only one side of the spool.

The tension rollers and the spool each have their own motors while the reeling

mechanism is dependent on the take-up spool’s speed via a pulley. Usually, the motors are independent from one another; however, to prevent the filament from deforming their speeds are dependent on the extruder’s speed. The motors are controlled through electrical variable output switches that control the voltage being fed to the motors. However, there are systems where both motors controlled by a microprocessor are dependent on the tension of the filament between the extruder and the tension rollers. Shredder

To fully benefit from the cost savings use of an extruder, it is necessary to consider the ability to recycle faulty or otherwise unused prints as well as currently available sources of compatible plastics. In order for these new sources of plastic to be extruded into filament, they must first be shredded. To perform the actual shredding, a ¾ inch roughing end mill was chosen after testing a sample of ABS on a machine mounted end mill. The roughing end mill was able to produce consistently sized plastic shavings that could be used in the extruder. It was also simple to implement and relatively inexpensive.

It was also important to design the shredder so that the entire cutting edge was concealed and positioned such that it could not be reached during operation. A two piece shredder housing was designed to allow for easier fabrication and maintenance. The top piece includes an extended block which provides the necessary clearance to remove the shredder bit in case of damage or obstruction. The two part shredder housing is connected to a horizontal steel inlet tube and deposits shredded plastic out the bottom through a vertical steel tube.

The shredder bit is situated inside the housing so that plastic entering the chamber is level with the middle of the bit. This allows the shredder to pull plastic and drop it down the exit. This arrangement is effective for shredding, but limits the available height for shredding to 0.375 inches. This smaller height is necessary to create a shoulder that stops the plunger before it hits

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the end mill and to prevent larger pieces from going over the shredder and dropping out the bottom. This means that plastic will have to be cut to size or compacted to fit the feed opening.

This shredder is oriented to insert whole plastic horizontally and then deposit the shredded pieces out the bottom. Initially a wholly vertical design was considered. In this design, plastic would be fed from the top and fall onto the end mill and then out the bottom. This was considered because gravity could be used to drive the plastic through the shredder rather than a plunger, this would require the implementation of a lid. The use of a plunger means that the shredder is covered and no lid is necessary. It was undesirable because the contact point of the plastic with the end mill would not necessarily be the shredding side of the rotation. This could cause pieces to be pushed or launched back up the shredder.

In order to drive and adequately stabilize the end mill, an extending collar was made so that both bearings and the pulley could be mounted. The shredder bit will be driven by the same ¼ horsepower motor that drives the extruder, but instead of a direct couple through a gear reduction, a pulley system is used. Two steel ball bearings are also used to stabilize the rotation of the shredder. This setup introduces new safety considerations since these are exposed rotating parts that must be kept clear. Pulleys were used over a direct couple because it allows gear reduction and were available without purchase.

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Recommended Design

Extruder The recommended design for the extruder (observed in Figure 5) uses the following components:

• Variable speed motor • Gear reduction box • 17 inch long 5/8 inch diameter auger bit • 1 inch band heater • K-type Thermocouple • Cooling fan • Custom designed parts including:

o Stainless steel barrel with an outer diameter of 1 inch by 6 inches with flange o Brass hopper barrel with an outer diameter of 1 inch by 6 inches with two flanges o Brass nozzle that screws onto the outside of the stainless steel barrel o 3D printed hopper assembly o Aluminum mounting blocks o Aluminum shaft couplers o Aluminum auger sleeve

Figure 5: Extruder Assembly in Solidworks

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A variable frequency motor and gear reduction box were chosen for the high torque and adjustable speed. A shaft coupler for the reduction box was purchased, and a coupler with a hex bore for the auger bit was fabricated out of aluminum. The mounting block has two ball bearings with inner diameters of ¾ inch for the auger sleeve to set in. The auger sleeve is fabricated out of aluminum and holds the auger bit in place but allows for it to rotate freely within the barrel and the mounting block. The hopper portion of the barrel has two flanges welded on the ends to attach to the mounting block and the heated portion of barrel with a piece of insulation pressed between them. The heated barrel extends approximately ½ inch past the end of the auger so that the auger maintains a high pressure at the nozzle for extrusion. The threads for the nozzle were placed on the outside of the barrel to provide a smooth surface inside the barrel where the polymer won’t obstruct the grooves. The hopper assembly is designed in two pieces for easy access and attachment, and the bottom half acts as a support for both the barrel and the top of the hopper.

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Table 1: Equipment List of Extruder

Description QTY Price Supplier Notes AGPtek PID Temp. Controller & Thermocouple 1 $ 28.99 Amazon - Mambate

USA

Irwin 5/8" by 17"-Auger bit 1 $ 19.97 Amazon Heating Band 2 $ 21.46 Zoro Tools Variable Frequency Motor & Controller 1 $ - Dr. MacPherson Donated from department surplus

Gear Reduction Box 1 $ 90.00 eBay Steel Ball Bearing (3/4" ID, 1-5/8" OD, 3/8" W) 4 $ 7.20 McMaster Carr Thrust Bearing (3/4" ID, 1-9/16" OD, 3/32" W) 1 $ 1.82 McMaster Carr Brass Hex Plug (Pipe Size: 1/2") 2 $ 3.69 McMaster Carr Aluminum Shaft Coupler (Bore 7/8") 1 $ 24.77 Grainger

Spider Coupling Insert, Urethane 1 $ 13.42 Grainger

Hopper 2 $ - Machine Shop 3D printed Aluminum Mounting Block 1 $ - Machine Shop Made from available materials Stainless Steel Pipe 1 $ - Machine Shop Made from available materials Stainless Flange 1 $ - Machine Shop Made from available materials Brass pipe (1" OD) 1 $ - Machine Shop Made from available materials Brass Flanges 2 $ - Machine Shop Made from available materials Teflon Insulation Insert 1/8" 1 $ - Machine Shop Made from available materials Metal Mounting Plate (22" x 27" x 1/2") 1 $ - Machine Shop Made from available materials

Solid State Relay 1 $ - Dr. MacPherson Donated from department surplus AC to DC power converter 1 $ - Dr. MacPherson Donated from department surplus Toggle Switch 1 $ - Dr. MacPherson Donated from department surplus Circuit Box 1 $ - Dr. MacPherson Donated from department surplus 80 mm Cooling Fan 1 $ - Dr. MacPherson Donated from department surplus Insulation 1 $ - Dr. MacPherson Donated from department surplus

Tension Rollers

The way to set up the roller apparatus as decided in this experiment is to have two rollers set up on top of one another, with a space in between them being less than the filament diameter. While both this and the alternate 90 degree option (see Figure 4) would maintain the necessary tension, the primary concern for using the 90 degree arrangement is the likelihood of breakage of the filament as it is quite brittle. The necessity for additional rollers to wind the filament in a straight line makes this option much less efficient. Extra parameters to consider such as tension at each different roller, complicates matters. Grooves will be machined along the circumference of the rollers at a width of approximately 1.75mm. These will allow the filament to be

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compressed into the correct diameter size, as well as to keep the filament in a straight line. The recommended design minimizes complications and is the most cost effective methods.

Figure 6: Tension Rollers in Solidworks

The rollers to be used are machined and then coated with Flex-Seal rubber coating. This is a very simple and effective method to fabricate rubber rollers. The coating can also ensure the grooves are rubber. Dr. Macpherson’s rubber tubing was thought about carefully, but cutting the tubing to the correct and inserting it on a shaft would be a difficult, aggravating task. The other alternate ideas also eliminate the possibility of grooves on the rollers, which was decided as the most important part of the roller design. Due to feasibility, time, the fact Flex-Seal is easily obtainable, having grooves on the rollers, and the ability to have a shaft that could be rotated by a gear motor, the rubber coating was decided as the best option.

Driving the rollers will be done by way of a pulley system, whose parts will be printed. A timing-belt pulley will be placed on the shaft coming out of the roller assembly walls (see the SolidWorks drawing “Roller Assembly” in the Appendix). This will be driven by a 24V DC motor, the capacity of which is approximately 19 RPM. The reason for choosing this motor as the drive was the simple fact that due to the very small diameter of the filament, the recommended range of RPM to run the motor was approximately 1-3 RPM. After finding the lowest RPM motor available, it is recommended to reduce the motor speed by way of a pulley, whose ratio will be 10:1 (120:12).

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Table 2: Equipment List of Tension Rollers

Description QTY Price Supplier Notes Gear Motor 1 $ 12.95 All Electronics 10 kΩ Potentiometer 1 $ 3.49 RadioShack Ball Bearings (5/8” OD, ¼” ID) 4 $ 36.91 VXB Bearings

Pulley Inserts 2 $ - Machine Shop 3D printed Motor Gear Insert 1 $ - Machine Shop 3D printed Metal Blocks 3 $ - Machine Shop Made from available materials Metal Axle 2 $ - Machine Shop Made from available materials 1 µF Capacitors 2 $ - Dr. MacPherson Donated from department surplus 560 Ω Resistor 1 $ - Dr. MacPherson Donated from department surplus

Take-up spool The take-up spool system, observed in Figure 7, is designed for to accommodate either a

1 lb. or a 1 kg spool. Two inserts printed from the 3D printer are placed into the spool and are fastened to a metal rod acting as an axis. The support bracket holds the spool up by the rod and a DC voltage motor is mounted just below the printed inserts. The inserts act as a gear reduction and mesh with the gear on the motor to rotate the spool.

Figure 7:Take-Up Spool Assembly in Solidworks

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Table 3: Equipment List for Take-Up Spool

Description QTY Price Supplier Notes Gear Motor 1 $ 12.95 All Electronics 10 kΩ Potentiometer 1 $ 3.49 RadioShack Spool Inserts 2 $ - Machine Shop 3D printed Motor Gear Insert 1 $ - Machine Shop 3D printed Metal Support Arms 1 $ - Machine Shop Made from available materials Metal Axle 1 $ - Machine Shop Made from available materials 1 µF Capacitors 2 $ - Dr. MacPherson Donated from department surplus 560 Ω Resistor 1 $ - Dr. MacPherson Donated from department surplus

Shredder

The final design can be seen in Figure 8. This design features a roughing end mill enclosed in a two part housing. Plastic is fed horizontally through a square tube where it meets the center of the shredding bit and is pulled down and deposited into a container below. The end mill is mounted by a shank extending collar. The collar is held in position by two ball bearings and is driven by a pulley system attached to the same ¼ horsepower motor used by the extruder, when not in use. For part specifications, see the Appendix (Shredder Design).

Figure 8: Diagram of Shredder in Solidworks

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Table 4: Equipment List for Shredder

Description QTY Price Supplier Notes Steel Tube 12” $5.38 Speedy Metals 3” are used for the exit, 9” for the

entrance ¾” Roughing End Mill 1 $63.00 MSC Direct ¾” ID Steel Ball Bearings 2 $7.20 McMaster Carr Aluminum Blocks 2 - Machine Shop Made from available material,

used to hold bearings Extending Collar 1 - Machine Shop Made from available material,

used to mount end mill 2” X 3” X 3” Steel Blocks 2 - Machine Shop Made from available material,

used to make shredder housing 2” X 3” X ¼” Aluminum plates

2 - Machine Shop Made from available material, used to attached tube to housing

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Economic Analysis

In a literature search on existing extruders, it was estimated that an extruder for purchase can range from $300-$900, depending on the motor that is used. To build one, costs for materials and supplies combined could cost well over $1000. In determining if the option of an extruder is feasible, an analysis of this design costs versus purchasing cost of new filament for the 3D printer is performed.

A new spool of manufactured natural colored ABS filament costs $43. After these products are printed, they have no more use and are discarded. Having the availability of this extruding design allows these failed products to be shredded and reformed into new filament, reducing the need for purchasing new filament spools.

In total, costs for supplies and labor to design, build, and test this shredder and extruder came to $460. This cost is only a percentage of what building an extruder and shredder setup would be if many of the supplies left over from other projects had not been available. Without this resource, the total cost for building an extruder for this design came to $2,007.

In determining the feasibility of this design, the savings per spool of ABS filament being produced is compared to the cost of purchasing filament. With this design having the capability to reform 1kg of ABS pellets and chips into ABS filament, purchasing 1kg of pellets at $19, saves $22 versus buying a manufactured spool at $43. Operating costs for reforming the pellets comes from the energy to operate the motor for moving pellets and the energy for operating the heating unit to melt the pellets. Including this, savings get reduced to $19.99. Assuming these savings remain constant for every 1 kg spool of filament that this extruder can produce, a savings of $20 can be accumulated constantly.

Once the department gains better knowledge and experience in operating the 3D printer, it is a safe assumption that 8 spools of ABS filament will be used each semester during the academic year, totaling to 16 spools each year. Uses can include 3D printed objects for classes, design labs, senior project labs, visualization purposes, machine shop use, research and development, and student organizational groups. The assumption of the use of 16 spools each year is used in an analysis below.

Four different scenarios were drafted in determining the different savings and payout time for this design. The first two being the savings and payout times for this design without the salvageable supplies (i.e. having to purchase each item), and the other two being the savings and payout times for this prototype design. Each of these sets of scenarios are then compared to non-recycling and recycling designs. Nomenclature in the following corresponds to the chart given below for visualization aid.

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Figure 9: Percentage Savings

Figure 10: Payout Time in Years

As mentioned, without the resources of the Chemical and Material Science Engineering

department, the capital investment for the design was $2,060. Scenario 1 assumes no recycling is taking place. The savings over one year comes to $352, making the payout period 5 years and 10 months. Scenario 2 factors in recycling for the design, it is assumed that 35% of printed products each year will be failed prints or disposable products (i.e. printed projects for students with no value and can be recycled). Using this assumption, 6 spools worth of filament can be recycled, saving $258, while saving $220 in purchasing the other 10 kg of ABS pellets. Total savings comes to $478, making the payout period a little over 4 years and 2 months. Scenario 3 compares this prototype design with reduced Capital Investment due to resources of the Chemical and Material Science Engineering department. With the total cost of the design coming to $460, and assuming no recycling savings come to $352 per year. Payout period comes to almost one year and 4 months. As in Scenario 2, Scenario 4 factors in recycling to this prototype design. Making the same assumption of number of recyclable products as in Scenario 2, savings come to be $478. The payout period is slightly less than one year.

22

As seen in Figures 9 & 10, Scenario 4 is the most appropriate scenario for this design. With the capital investment including the design of the shredder, the recycling can be accomplished using this scenario. Also included in the capital investment is a $40 cost for future maintenance on this design. It being a prototype, there will inevitably be failing parts that will either need fixing or replacing. With this maintenance cost being factored into the capital investment, it will also disappear with the savings with the capital investment once enough savings have accumulated. However, looking farther past the payout period, the accumulating savings per year will allow for enough funding for this maintenance as well as other funding that can relate to this design.

23

Conclusion This semester, a process to recycle old 3D prints into filament to be used into the

MakerBot 3D printer belonging to the University of Idaho Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, was designed and fabricated. This printer can be used to design and fabricate parts that would either have to be machined or purchased. The purchasing of this printer is an investment, but the operating costs significantly diminish the return on this investment. A 1 kg spool costs $43, and to put that in perspective, the department used 2.5 kg of filament this semester alone, equivalent $108. With the printer gaining notoriety within the department, it can be assumed that it will be used more and more in the upcoming years.

With this increase in demand, a way to recycle prints and produce filament was developed in order to reduce printer operating costs and allow greater use of this machine. There are 2 different ways to save these costs. The first is to produce filament from bulk ABS pellets, which can be purchased for $18. These pellets are fed in the extruder, melted in a barrel, and pushed out by way of an auger through a nozzle of a pre-set surface area. If just the extruder were designed with no intent of a recycling process, assuming 16 spools of filament are used a year, it saves $352/yr, resulting in a payout of 1 year and 4 months. The second component of the project designed is a shredding process. This was implemented and designed in order to have the ability to recycle old prints that will no longer be used, or failed prints that have a flaw in their design, a waste of filament, and a waste of money if these prints are just going to be thrown away. With the shredding process, these otherwise discarded prints are fed into a shredder and cut into small bits that can be fed into the extruder. This is necessary because in this semester, of the 2.5 kg of filament used, 1 kg was used towards prints with some sort of flaw that rendered them ineffective and unusable. Assuming 37.5% of filament comes from recycled materials, the total savings of this process is $478/yr, with a payout of just under a year.

The future outlook of this prototype design looks very optimistic. The production capacity of the extruder is about 800g. The extruder can produce filament at a rate of 17.5ft/hr and subsequently produce 1 kg in 62 hours, or 2.5 days. To compare this to the Lyman Extruder V3, an extruder whose design influenced this prototype extruder, which produces 1 kg in 5.4 hours. Things to pay attention to in the near future when using this prototype are whether the production capacity of the extruder increases or decreases, and to eventually decide whether to scale up the shredder to handle larger pieces than what it currently can. Another thing to do in the future is to develop a more efficient way to clean the drill bit of residual polymer. This is especially necessary if someone would want to extrude a different polymer other than ABS. Potentially, the MakerBot printer could use filament that was composed of a polymer other than ABS, such as milk jugs, polypropylene etc., provide it has an equal or lesser melting point than ABS, as the printer uses an extrusion process of its own to print and layer filament.

It is our hope that future students, as well as professors, will be able to use the 3D printer more frequently to save money on parts and components for research and senior design projects. There is much excitement with regard to the world of 3D printing. This project has made it more economical for the department to use the printer. The printer is a valuable resource that has many benefits, and reducing the operating costs by producing filament and recycling prints, the printer can be used increasingly by more students in the upcoming years

24

References

1. Undefined, U. (n.d.). MakerBot ABS Filament. [online] Retrieved from: http://store.makerbot.com/abs-filament [Accessed: 21 Nov 2013].

2. Undefined, U. (2013). 1lb 1.75mm ABS Filament. [online] Retrieved from:

http://www.filabot.com/collections/frontpage/products/1lb-1-75mm-natural-abs-filament [Accessed: 21 Nov 2013].

3. DIY project: Step One:Plastic shredder. (2012). [online] Retrieved from: http://zeed-diyproject.blogspot.com/2012/05/step-oneplastic-shredder.html [Accessed: 21 Dec 2013].

4. 3ders.org. (2011). 3ders.org - time to save up your plastic junk for recyling: mini shredder and filamaker | 3d printer news & 3d printing news. [online] Retrieved from: http://www.3ders.org/articles/20130131-time-to-save-up-your-plastic-junk-for-recyling-mini-shredder-and-filamaker.html [Accessed: 21 Nov 2013].

5. Lyman, H. (2012). Lyman filament extruder ii by hlyman - thingiverse. [online] Retrieved from: http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:34653 [Accessed: 21 Nov 2013].

6. Lyman, H. (2013). LYMAN FILAMENT EXTRUDER V3 by hlyman - Thingiverse. [online] Retrieved from: http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:145500/#files [Accessed: 21 Nov 2013].

7. Excell, J. and Nathan, S. (2010). The rise of additive manufacturing | In-depth | The Engineer. [online] Retrieved from: http://www.theengineer.co.uk/in-depth/the-big-story/the-rise-of-additive-manufacturing/1002560.article [Accessed: 21 Nov 2013].

8. Hennessey, R. (2013). 3D Printing Hits The Fashion World. [online] Retrieved from: http://www.forbes.com/sites/rachelhennessey/2013/08/07/3-d-printed-clothes-could-be-the-next-big-thing-to-hit-fashion/ [Accessed: 21 Nov 2013].

9. eBay. (2014). 10 lbs white abs resin plastic pellets perfect for making 3d printer fillaments. [online] Retrieved from: http://www.ebay.com/itm/10-lbs-White-ABS-Resin-plastic-pellets-perfect-for-making-3D-Printer-Fillaments-/301103469617?pt=LH_DefaultDomain_0&hash=item461b2a5431 [Accessed: 11 Mar 2014].

10. Bredenberg, A. (2013). Marcus Thymark's Open-Source FilaMaker Shreds and Recycles Plastic for 3D Printing. [online] Retrieved from: http://inhabitat.com/marcus-thymarks-open-source-filamaker-shreds-and-recycles-plastic-for-3d-printing/ [Accessed: 21 Nov 2013].

11. Filabot.com (2013). Filabot. [online] Retrieved from: http://www.filabot.com/ [Accessed: 21 Nov 2013].

25

12. Mccracken, H. (2013). How an 83-Year-Old Inventor Beat the High Cost of 3D Printing | TIME.com. [online] Retrieved from: http://techland.time.com/2013/03/04/how-an-83-year-old-inventor-beat-the-high-cost-of-3d-printing/ [Accessed: 21 Nov 2013].

26

APPENDIX

SAFETY AND HAZARDS ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................................. 27 OPERATING PROCEDURES ....................................................................................................................................... 28

Extruder ........................................................................................................................................................ 28 Shredder ....................................................................................................................................................... 29

BUDGET AND PARTS LIST ........................................................................................................................................ 30 Extruder Parts List without use of 3D Printer ............................................................................................. 30 Equipment List for Prototype Design .......................................................................................................... 32 Scenarios 1 & 2 for General Design (Without Department Resources) ..................................................... 33 Scenarios 3 & 4 for Prototype Design (With Department Resources) ....................................................... 34

EXTRUDER DESIGN ................................................................................................................................................ 35 Mounting Block Assembly ........................................................................................................................... 35 Hopper Barrel ............................................................................................................................................... 36 Heated Barrel ............................................................................................................................................... 37 Flanges ......................................................................................................................................................... 38 Top Hopper ................................................................................................................................................... 39 Bottom Hopper............................................................................................................................................. 40

SHREDDER DESIGN ................................................................................................................................................ 41 Top ................................................................................................................................................................ 41 Bottom .......................................................................................................................................................... 42 Entrance Flange ........................................................................................................................................... 43 Exit Flange .................................................................................................................................................... 44 Mounting Block ............................................................................................................................................ 45 End Mill Holder ............................................................................................................................................. 46

TENSION ROLLERS ................................................................................................................................................. 47 0.375 in Shaft ............................................................................................................................................... 47 0.25 in Non-Gear Shaft ................................................................................................................................ 48 0.25 in Shaft ................................................................................................................................................. 48 Hub for Pulley ............................................................................................................................................... 49 Block Side A .................................................................................................................................................. 50 Block Side B .................................................................................................................................................. 51 Base Plate ..................................................................................................................................................... 52

27

Safety and Hazards Analysis

Temperatures are expected to exceed 200 °F for certain polymers and contact with any un-insulated portion of the barrel or with recently extruded polymer will results in burns. During startup for the extruding process, use needle-nose pliers or heat resistant gloves to lead the filament to the take up mechanism.

The current design for the extruder includes exposed moving parts where the auger bit couplings to the motor. The shredder bit is also driven by a belt and pulley system attached to the motor. All moving parts should be kept clear of obstructions during operation to prevent injury and damage to the equipment. The implementation of a cover or guard for these moving parts is desirable for routine operation. These moving parts include the auger bit, shredder bit, pulleys, and motor couplings.

It is important to check the shredder path for non-shred-able objects prior to operation and remove any if found. Items other than plastic could damage the bit and the shredder assembly. It is also imperative that any limbs remain clear of the bit during operation; contact with the shredder bit during operation will result in bodily injury.

28

Procedures EXTRUDER

Extruder Operating Procedure: • Turn on heater, controller, and cooling fan • Set desired temperature (270 °C)

o Press Set (Yellow) o Press Auto-Tune (Blue) until desired digit blinks o Use Arrows (Green) to adjust temperature

• Allow 30 minutes for barrel to heat up and match the temperature set point • Turn on motor

o Keep extruder clear of non-plastic objects o Keep speed low initially, then adjust to H 37.5 frequency

• Add polymer pellets to extruder hopper after heat has stabilized • As filament is extruded, grasp with pliers and connect to tension rollers • Measure filament diameter with calipers at 30 second intervals

o Adjust roller speed depending on the filament diameter o Acceptable filament diameter: 1.75mm ±0.1mm

• Attach filament to spool and secure in opening o Adjust speeds of tension rollers and take-up spool with extrusion rate (these must

be synchronized)

Extruder Shutdown Procedure • Run remaining polymer pellets through the extruder • Turn off the auger • Turn off the heater and cooling fan • Pull power cord and store it securely

Extruder Maintenance Procedure • Store power cord securely • Ensure that the extruder has cooled completely • Remove insulation • Unscrew nozzle • Remove thermocouple band • Remove band heater • Remove heated barrel • Use non-abrasive brush to scrub plastic off

o Avoid materials which would scratch and gouge the barrel • Once the barrel has been cleaned, replace the nozzle • Reattach the heated barrel to the extruder • Reattach the band heater then the thermocouple band • Reattach the insulation

29

Procedures SHREDDER

Shredder Operating Procedure:

• Check shredder path for obstructions o The shredding path should be clear before starting or stopping the bit

• Check output bucket o Empty of any foreign objects o Fill with only one type of polymer at a time

• Start the shredder bit • Feed plastic pieces into the shredder using plunger • Collect shredded pieces into the output bucket

Shredder Shutdown Procedure

• Shred any remaining polymer in the shredder • Turn off the shredder • Blow out shredder with compressed air

30

Budget and Parts List

Table 5: Extruder Parts List without use of 3D Printer

Item Description Supplier Price Quantity Shipping Price Total Price

AGPtek PID Temp. Controller Amazon - Mambate USA $ 28.99 1 $ - $ 28.99

Irwin 5/8 by 17-Auger bit Amazon $ 19.97 1 $ - $ 19.97

Roughing End Mill MSC Industrial Supply Co. $ 61.92 1 $ 10.98 $ 72.90

Heating Band Zoro Tools $ 21.46 2 $ 5.00 $ 47.92

80 mm Cooling Fan TigerDirect.com $ 6.99 1 $ - $ 6.99

Motor Marathon Electric $ 200.00 2 $ 15.00 $ 415.00

GS1 AC Micro drive Controller Google.com $ 134.00 2 $ - $ 268.00

Toggle Switch Amazon $ 4.87 1 $ - $ 4.87

DC Gear Motor with Encoder Amazon $ 21.11 1 $ - $ 21.11

Gear Reduction Box eBay $ 90.00 1 $ - $ 90.00

Steel Ball Bearing (3/4" ID, 1-5/8" OD, 3/8" W) McMaster Carr $ 7.20 4 $ - $ 28.80

Thrust Bearing (3/4" ID, 1-9/16" OD, 3/32" W) McMaster Carr $ 1.82 1 $ - $ 1.82

Brass Hex Plug (Pipe Size: 1/2") McMaster Carr $ 3.69 2 $ 6.18 $ 13.56

Aluminum Shaft Coupler (Bore 7/8") Grainger $ 24.77 1 $ - $ 24.77

Spider Coupling Insert, Urethane Grainger $ 13.42 1 $ - $ 13.42

White ABS Pellets (2 lbs, 1 quantity) Filabot $ 9.00 1 $ 9.96 $ 18.96

Pully and Belt system Amazon $ 30.00 1 $ - $ 30.00

Hopper Machinist labor + materials $ 50.00 1 $ - $ 50.00

Thrust Bearing Cage (3/4" ID, 1-9/16" OD) McMaster Carr $ 3.09 1 $ - $ 3.09

Thrust Bearing Washers (3/4" ID, 1-9/16" OD) McMaster Carr $ 2.63 2 $ - $ 5.26

Stainless Steel Barrel (5/8" ID, 1"OD, 6" length) McMaster Carr $ 15.97 1 $ - $ 15.97

Brass Barrel (5/8"ID, 1"OD, 6"length) McMaster Carr $ 12.00 1 $ - $ 12.00

Aluminum Bearing Blocks McMaster Carr $ 8.17 5 $ - $ 40.85

Aluminum Mounting Plate (2'x3') McMaster Carr $ 279.88 1 $ - $ 279.88

Aluminum Mounting Plate (2'x2') McMaster Carr $ 212.71 1 $ - $ 212.71

Custom Shaft Coupler McMaster Carr $ 4.39 1 $ - $ 4.39

Stainless Steel Flange McMaster Carr $ 2.20 1 $ - $ 2.20

24VDC 19RPM Gear Motor AllElectronics.com $ 12.45 2 $ 7.00 $ 31.90

Screws/nuts McMaster Carr $ 0.10 40 $ - $ 4.00

1 kg spool natural ABS filament (printed parts) Makerbot.com $ 43.00 1 $ - $ 43.00

Aluminum Shredder Bottom Mundy's $ 9.00 1 $ - $ 9.00

Aluminum Shredder Top McMaster Carr $ 92.33 1 $ - $ 92.33

Shredder Steel Flange McMaster Carr $ 4.50 1 $ - $ 4.50

Ball Bearings St. John Hardware $ 9.58 2 $ - $ 19.16

Spool Support McMaster Carr $ 19.50 1 $ - $ 19.50

Shredder intake shaft McMaster Carr $ 5.89 1 $ - $ 5.89

Maintenance Costs General $ 40.00 1 $ - $ 40.00

31

Item Description Supplier Price Quantity Shipping Price Total Price

Pipe insulation Zoro Tools $ 9.22 1 $ - $ 9.22

Aluminum roller rods 1/4" Diameter McMaster Carr $ 11.50 1 $ - $ 11.50

Aluminum roller rods 1/2" Diameter McMaster Carr $ 12.50 1 $ - $ 12.50

TOTAL $ 2,035.93

32


Table 6: Equipment List for Prototype Design

Item Description Supplier Price Quantity Shipping

Price Total Price

AGPtek PID Temp. Controller Amazon - Mambate USA $ 28.99 1 $ - $ 28.99

Irwin 5/8 by 17-Auger bit Amazon $ 19.97 1 $ - $ 19.97

Roughing End Mill MSC Industrial Supply Co. $ 61.92 1 $ 10.98 $ 72.90

Heating Band Zoro Tools $ 21.46 2 $ 5.00 $ 47.92

Gear Reduction Box eBay $ 90.00 1 $ - $ 90.00

Steel Ball Bearing (3/4" ID, 1-5/8" OD, 3/8" W) McMaster Carr $ 7.20 4 $ - $ 28.80

Thrust Bearing (3/4" ID, 1-9/16" OD, 3/32" W) McMaster Carr $ 1.82 1 $ - $ 1.82

Brass Hex Plug (Pipe Size: 1/2") McMaster Carr $ 3.69 2 $ 6.18 $ 13.56

Aluminum Shaft Coupler (Bore 7/8") Grainger $ 24.77 1 $ - $ 24.77

Spider Coupling Insert, Urethane Grainger $ 13.42 1 $ - $ 13.42

White ABS Pellets (2 lbs, 1 quantity) Filabot $ 9.00 1 $ 9.96 $ 18.96

Thrust Bearing Cage (3/4" ID, 1-9/16" OD) McMaster Carr $ 3.09 1 $ 3.09

Thrust Bearing Washers (3/4" ID, 1-9/16" OD) McMaster Carr $ 2.63 2 $ 5.26

24VDC 19RPM Gear Motor AllElectronics.com $ 12.45 2 $ 7.00 $ 31.90

Ball Bearings St. John Hardware $ 9.58 2 $ - $ 19.16

Maintenance Cost General $ 40.00 1 $ - $ 40.00

TOTAL $ 460.52

33


Table 7: Scenarios 1 & 2 for General Design (Without Department Resources)

Product: Extruder SCENARIO 1 Total Product Cost $ 20.99 Total Savings $ 22.01 Per kg of filament produced. Total Capital Investment $ 2,056.91 Average Annual Return on Capital Investment $ 352.16 Assuming 16 kg of filament used each year Payout Time 5.84 Years

Product: Extruder SCENARIO 2

Total Product Cost $ 20.99

Total Savings $ 22.01 Per kg of filament produced.

Total Capital Investment $ 2,056.91

Average Annual Return on Capital Investment $ 352.16

Assuming 16 kg of filament used each year

$ 258.00 Savings for recycling 37.5% of filament. $ 220.10 New Average Annual Return on CI $ 478.10 Payout Time 4.30 Years

34


Table 8: Scenarios 3 & 4 for Prototype Design (With Department Resources)




Total Capital Investment $ 460.52

Average Annual Return on Capital Investment $ 352.16 Assuming 16 kg of filament used each year Payout Time 1.31 Years




Total Capital Investment $ 460.52

Average Annual Return on Capital Investment $ 352.16 Assuming 16 kg of filament used each year $ 258.00 Savings for recycling 37.5% of spent filament. $ 220.10 New Average Annual Return on CI $ 478.10 Payout Time 0.96 Years

SCALE 1 : 3

BallBearing

Ball Bearing

SCALE 1 : 2

SCALE 1 : 2Thrust Bearing

SCALE 1 : 2SCALE 1 : 2

SCALE 1 : 2SCALE 1 : 2 Bushing

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PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIALTHE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THISDRAWING IS THE SOLE PROPERTY OF<INSERT COMPANY NAME HERE>. ANY REPRODUCTION IN PART OR AS A WHOLEWITHOUT THE WRITTEN PERMISSION OF<INSERT COMPANY NAME HERE> IS PROHIBITED.

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recycling and filament extruder for 3d printer

Documents

extruder design

prototype design

general design

design discussion

recommended design

extruder parts list

equipment list

department resources