red data fishes as eia indicators : case study in the greater mekong subregion chavalit vidthayanon...
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Red Data FISHES as EIA INDICATORS:CASE STUDY IN THE GREATER MEKONG SUBREGION
Chavalit Vidthayanon
Wetland Project, WWF Thailand
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Criteria in EIASpecies base: Red list, Economic, Endemic, Global/Local-National Redlist Status
Habitat base: Diversity Hotspot, Area of Endemism, Rare Ecosystem, Critical habitat of spp.
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A species is THREATENED when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria for either Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable.
Endangered (EN)
Considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.
Vulnerable (VU)
Considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild
Considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild
Critically Endangered (CR) วิ�กฤติ�
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มี�แนวิโน�มีใกล้�สูญพั นธุ์��
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A species that has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for a threatened category and is not Extinct or Extinct in the Wild is either:
Least Concern (LC)
When it does not qualify for a threatened category or Near Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category.
Data Deficient (DD)
When there is inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its extinction risk.
Near Threatened (NT)
When it is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future.
ใกล้�ถูกคุ�กคุามี
ไมี�ถูกคุ�กคุามี
ข้�อมีล้ไมี�เพั�ยงพัอ
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A Population reduction
B Restricted geographic range
C Small population size & decline
Very small or restricted populationD
E Quantitative analysis
CRITERIA
Quantitative thresholds
THREATENED CATEGORIES
Critically Endangered (CR)
Endangered (EN)
Vulnerable (VU)
Nature of the Red List Criteria
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Taxa and assemblages to be focused/ reassessment
IUCN 2004-07 S/SE Asian outdated taxa
Highly endemism/exploited areas
Troglobitic taxa
Highly exploited wild stocks, but never / rarely been captive breed
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30 Coral reef spp.
14 estuarine spp.
60 Sharks and rays. 49 Bony fishes.
34 Involve in Life Reef Fish Trade
Thai Redlist Seafishes
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Betta simplex
• Inhabits only few limestone swamps in Krabi Province, South. Thailand.• EOO less than 100 km2
• AOO < 10 km2 or location < 10• Occurrence declining continuously including habitat alteration• Continuously exploited for aquarium trades as well as local exploitation as baitfish
CR A1acd by Thai Country Evaluation, 2006IUCN Redlist 2004 as VU D2
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Probarbus jullieni2007 Red List AssessmentEN EN A1ac ver 2.3 (1994) (out of date)
Over-evaluated case
Fact• Population/fishing record reduction observed less than 30%• Wide ranging over Mekong basinwide and Pahang basin• Genetic diversity show healthy populations in the Mekong• Captive bred carrying out, commercially
2007 Thai Red List AssessmentVU E
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Population SizePopulation Size(mature individuals only)(mature individuals only)
SubpopulationsSubpopulations
PopulationPopulation
Lake Lanao’s PaitPuntius amarus
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Last 10 years or 3 generations (whichever is longer)
90% Critically Endangered90% Critically Endangered
70% Endangered70% Endangered
50% Vulnerable50% Vulnerable
Present
Sub-criterion A1Observed, estimated, inferred or suspected past decline where causes of decline are understood, AND are reversible, AND have now ceased
80% Critically 80% Critically EndangeredEndangered
50% Endangered50% Endangered
30% Vulnerable30% Vulnerable
Last 10 years or 3 generations (whichever is longer)
Present
Sub-criterion A2Observed, estimated, inferred or suspected past decline where causes of decline may not be understood, OR may not be reversible, OR may not have ceased
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Points to remember: CR EN VU
• extent of occurrence, EOO <100 km2 <5000 km2 < 20,000 km2
• area of occupancy. AOO <10 km2 <500 km2 < 2,000 km2
• Severely fragmentation
by number of fragments =1 < 5 < 10
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• IUCN (2004: 73 spp.)– 1 EW– 3 Critical– 12 Endangered
–22 Vulnerables– 12 Near Threatened– 12 Lower Risk– 11 D ata Deficient
• OEPP (1998: 224 spp.)– 3 Extinct– 29 Endangered– 155 Vulnerables– 4 Threatened in the wild– 33 D ata Deficient
Threatening Status of Thai Fishes
Species bases
This Thai Categorizes: 273
1 Extinct, 2 Extirpated18 Critical42 Endangered
155 Vulneraaaad21 Near Threatened30 D ataDeficient11 Threatened in situ
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IUCN (2006: 70 Thai Marine spp.)4 Critical (> 90% losses)3 Endangered (>60-90%)
22 Vulnerabled (>40-60%)24 Near Threatened (15-40%)13 Lower Risk 7 Data Deficient from www.redlist.org
Including 20 species in LRFTMost of sharks/rays and others are bycatch and habitat loss threats
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Criteria for indicator• Sensitive species
– Endemic species – Specialist (stenotopic)
spp.
• Alien invasion • Fish anomalies
Habitat integrity – Existing of Keystone
species/Umbrella spp.– Can be use as Flagship
species
Sensitive species• Endemic species : good in
local base• Specialist (stenotopic)
spp. : good in habitat base
• Wide ranging taxa: best for all ranges and types
• Large/top predatory and trophic diversity: Ecosystem health and fish stocks
Habitat bases
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• Habitat diversity– Habitat types/landscapes– Heterozygousity
• Species diversity and Taxonomic diversity
• Genetic diversity– Population sizes– Size compositions– Juveniles and spawners diversity
• Ethno-diversity– Ethno-fisheries– Socio-economic value– Fish ecosystem function and
services
• Taxonomic diversity– Fish in higher taxa– Aquatic fauna and
flora in higher taxa• Invertebrate phyla• Vertebrate taxa• Submerge and
riparian dominant vegetation
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Biodiversity indices• Number of indigenous spp.• Stock of alien spp.• Relative % of tolerant and sensitive
spp.• % of trophic and habitat specialist• Incident of disease and anomalies• % of mature, large individuals• Reproduction of sensitive spp.• Number of size-, age-classes
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20 hotspots of future Ramsar Sites potential
Cave fishes
FW Fish Significant
Coastal/marine habitats
Mekong Giant catfish
Endemic fishes
High diversity150-300 spp.
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Good place to see indicator fishes: Local markets
Dominate replacement of farm/alien species indicate degradations of the wetlands: as well as abandon of local fishing gears/ knowledge
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Over 27 Fishing methods
• Kut Ting 27 types• Bueng Khong Long 17 types
Ethno-Diversity
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Over 25 types of fishing gears from hand collecting to larger barrages
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6 Trophic diversity
Planktivores
Insectivores
Herbivores
Large piscivores
Small carnivores
Benthic feeders
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insectivore
Herbivore
Larger piscivore
Small predator
Benthic carnivore
Benthic herbivore
Trophic diversity
Planktivores
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Juvenile diversity
At least 70 spp. juveniles occurred
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Over 30 species in 2 wetlands
Taxonomic Diversity
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9 crustacean 18 mollusks11 FW reptiles 16 amphibians
Taxonomic Diversity
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Kut Ting
Bueng Kong Long
Waterplant Vegetation profiles
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Bio-indicator in Hillstreams
Sensitive taxa
Tolerant taxa
Ecological impact
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Bio-indicator in
marshlands
Sensitive species
Tolerant species
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Indicator in Mainstream rivers
Sensitive and larger species
Tolerant and small species
Fishing impact
Ecological impact
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Mekong Delta Fish
68 families/>460 species80 cyprinids
70 Gobiids
70 catfishes
Estuaries-lower reaches Fish
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Gobies diversity
mudskippers
Up to 70 species in the Delta
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Bio-indicator in Estuaries
Sensitive and larger species
Tolerant/ alien species
Fishing impact
Ecological impact
Elasmobranches
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Criteria for Red Data VS EIA• Thai/Over all population,
ranges ?• Refill opportunity ?• Sub population/subspecies?• Habitat health function
indicator• Ecosystem services
Socio-Economic Importance
: Fisheries
: Tourism
: Flagshipness
Sensitive species• Endemic species : Material
or non material value
• Specialist (stenotopic) spp. : Rare Ecosystem
• Wide ranging taxa: % of existing populations
• Large/top predatory and trophic diversity: Ecosystem health and stock indices
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Mitigation process• No-take Zones designation
• Fishing regulation
• Breeding and restocking
• Translocate to Satellite habitats
• Habitat rehab.
• Habitat Zoning
• Modified Project
• Cancel project !!?
Local participation
base
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Thank you
www.wwfthai.orgwww.wwfgreatermekong.org
www.siamensis.org
WWF-Canon/R. Kongmoung