red tape by akhil gupta

7/31/2019 Red Tape by Akhil Gupta

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CFHKL BQ]_C

TAO _C]A

Duracunrcny, ^trunturcl Uk`laina,

cio ]`varty ki Kiokc


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TAO _C]A

C J`hi H`pa Erciflki Naitar D``f


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4/56

CFHKL BQ]_C

TAO _C]ADuracunrcny, ^trunturcl Uk`laina,cio ]`varty ki Kiokc

Oufa Qikvarskty ]rass Ourhcg cio L`io`i 4=34


5/56

4=34 Oufa Qikvarskty ]rass

Cll rkbhts rasarvao

]rkitao ki tha Qiktao ^tctas è Cgarknc ìcnko-eraa pcpar!

Oaskbiao dy Hacthar Haislay

_ypasat ki Sucorcct dy Faystìa _ypasattkib, Kin.

Lkdrcry è Nìbrass Nctcl`bkib-ki-]udlknctkì Octc

cppacr ì tha lcst prkitao pcba è thks d``f.


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_`

]urikgc

Clwcys


7/56

N@I_AI_^

Cnfi`wlaobgaits kx

]crt @ia KI_T@OQN_K@I

3. ]`varty cs Dk`p`lktkns >

4. _ha tcta cio tha ]`lktkns e ]`varty ?3

]crt _w` N@TTQ]_K@I

>. N`rruptkì, ]`lktkns, cio tha Kgcbkiao tcta 21

?. Icrrctkvas e N`rruptkì 333

]crt _hraa KI^NTK]_K@I

1. Lat tha _rcki Tui ì ]cpar: Duracunrctkn Rrktkib

cs ^tcta ]rcntkna 3?3

5. Lktarcny, Duracunrctkn O`gkictkì, cio Oag`nrcny 3;3

]crt Eùr B@UATIGAI_CLK_[

2. ]`pulctkì cio Ia`lkdarcl B`varigaitclkty 4>2

Apkl`bua 42;

I`tas 4;1

Taearainas Nktao >4;

Kioax >11


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CNFI@RLAOBGAI_^

_ha wrktkib è thks d``f hcs daai c lìb jùriay. Ourkib kts bastc-

tkì parkò K hcva cnqukrao gciy oadts thct K cg hcppy t` cnfi`wl-

aoba hara. K csf e`rbkvaiass er`g cll th`sa pa`pla wh` hcva nìtrkd-

utao ki gciy wcys t` tha crbugaits ki thks d``f dut wh`sa vclucdla

kiputs K gcy i`t ragagdar cs K wrkta thasa cnfi`wlaobgaits. K

hcva prasaitao pcrts è tha d``f ct gciy vaiuas cio hcva ranakvaohalpeul nrktknksg cio n`ggaits er`g c wkoa vcrkaty è snh`lcrs cll

`var tha w`rlo.

Gy bractast oadt bàs t` tha l`war-laval stcta `nkcls wh` cl-

l`wao ga t` skt ki thakr `nas cio trcval wkth thag `var tha nùrsa

è c yacr. Clthùbh K ncii`t icga thag, K wcit t` rabkstar thakr

tragaioùs baiar`skty ki hcvkib ci kiquksktkva rasacrnhar ki thakr

gkost e`r sunh c lìb tkga. K lacriao g`ra er`g thag cdùt b`vari-

gait cio b`varicina thci ìa nci lacri er`g ciy rap`rt `r stuoy.G`stly K lacriao thct, h`wavar vclucdla kitarvkaws wkth saik`r,

Aiblksh-spacfkib `nars è tha Kiokci Cogkikstrctkva ârvkna cra

t` tha stuoy è duracunrcny, thay nci iavar sudstktuta e`r `dsarvkib

whct hcppais whai c p``r, kllktarcta vkllcbar wclfs kit` c b`vari-

gait `na. _ha octc K n`llantao dy `dsarvkib thasa l`war-laval è-

ffinkcls cio dy lkstaikib t` thakr raspìsas t` gy kitargkicdla quas-

tkìs lka ct tha hacrt e tha d``f. Clthùbh tha d``f ki kts ffiicl e`rg

ks g`ra hacvkly wakbhtao t`wcro tha nìnaptucl, gy ffialow`rf th`r-

ùbhly kie`rgs avary koac prasaitao hara.


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x | Cnfi`wlaobgaits

_hks d``f wcs wrkttai cio rawrkttai savarcl tkgas, cio K cg brctaeul t`

pcrtknulcr kistktutkìs e`r gcfkib thct p`sskdla: K gcoa gy ffirst cttagpts t`

nìnaptuclkza tha d``f ki tha turrat è tha dacutkeul `lo ^gkthsìkci duklo-

kib ki tha gcll ki Rcshkibtì, whara tha R`òr`w Rklsì Naitar usao t` da

l`nctao. K ffiikshao c n`gplata orcet è tha d``f thcifs t` c eall`wshkp er`gtha ^tcie`ro Hugciktkas Naitar ki 4==?1, e`r whknh K cg kggaisaly brcta-

eul. K wksh t` thcif kts thai-okrant`r, J`hi Daioar, e`r hks supp`rt. Fakth

Dcfar, wh` sudsaquaitly dancga okrant`r, bcva ga vclucdla n`ggaits ì ci

acrlkar kitròuntkì. Cetar tha ffirst orcet wcs ffiikshao cio ravkawao, K wr`ta c

iaw kitròuntkì cio thai rawr`ta cll tha nhcptars savarcl tkgas. _ha ffii-

kshao d``f dacrs ìly c pcsskib rasagdlcina t` tha n`gplata ffirst orcet.

Gciy rasacrnh csskstcits nìtrkdutao t` okarait nhcptars ki tha d``f. Ct

unlc, K hcva daai e`rtuicta t` hcva tha csskstcina e Cijclk Dr`wikib, Cocg

Eksh, Jy`tk Bulctk, Farry ]usay, cio Galcika ^ka. Ccrì Ocvko ^hcw supplkao

supard csskstcina whkla K wr`ta tha nrktkncl iaw nhcptars ì e`rgs è stcta

wrktkib ct tha ^tcie`ro Hugciktkas Naitar. Ct ^tcie`ro, K wcs cls` e`rtuicta

t` bat tha halp è Lclcka Cgaarkcr, [`ì-Juib Laa, cio Gcikshktc Ocss cs

rasacrnh csskstcits.

_ha ffirst nhcptar daiaffitao bractly er`g tha kiputs è savarcl pa`pla. K

wksh t` thcif ki pcrtknulcr Gctthaw F`hrgci e`r hks kiskbhteul n`ggaits

cio Gkrkcg _knftki e`r har n`ggaits cio raearainas6 tha cuokaina ct c

lantura ki Galdùria, whara K trkao ùt ci acrly varskì è tha kitròuntkì6cio Nrks ^h`ra cio Uarìknc ^trcib, cgìb `thars, cetar c prasaitctkì ct

Cunflcio. K ranakvao gciy usaeul n`ggaits ct tha Qikvarskty è Nclke`rikc,

Krvkia, kinluokib th`sa er`g gy oksnusscit, ûsci Braaihclbh, cio er`g

Fcrai Laìcro, Fcushkf ûioarrcjci, _`g Dàllst`r, cio Gak Zhci. _ha

vary ffirst varskì è thks nhcptar wcs prasaitao ct c Naitar e`r Kiokc cio ùth

Cskc (nksc) lantura ct unlc, cio K cg brctaeul t` cll th`sa wh` cttaioao e`r

thakr quastkìs cio quarkas. Ki thks rabcro K wcit t` spankclly thcif ^harry

@rtiar e`r tha ainùrcbagait sha bcva ga i hacrkib thct acrly varskì. _hakitarast brùp Gkio, Gaoknkia, cio Nultura raco thks nhcptar ki ci clg`st

ffiicl e`rg cio bcva ga gciy b`ò koacs cio subbastkìs. K cg brctaeul t`

Lkioc Bcrr` cio Jcsì _hr``p e`r tha kivktctkì cio t` cll tha pcrtknkpcits e`r

thakr axnallait quastkìs. K cls` prasaitao c varskì e thks nhcptar ct Qppsclc

Qikvarskty cio ct tha Qikvarskty è B`thaidurb, cio K cg brctaeul t` pcrtknk-

pcits thara e`r thakr kinkskva n`ggaits. Ki cooktkì, snh`lcrs ct tha An`la oas

Hcutas Atuoas ai ^nkainas ^`nkclas, Gcrsakllas, tha Ictkìcl Kistktuta è

Covcinao ^tuokas, Dcibcl`ra, cio tha Oapcrtgait è Cithr`p`l`by ct tha

Qikvarskty è N`paihcbai gcoa thks nhcptar dattar wkth thakr quastkìs cio


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Cnfi`wlaobgaits | xk

n`ggaits. Ekiclly, K wcs csfao savarcl kitarastkib quastkìs ct c prasaitc-

tkì ct tha ^nh``l è Lcw Ecnulty N`ll`qukug ct unlc. _ha pr`sa cio `rbc-

ikzctkì è thks nhcptar daiaffitao bractly er`g n`ggaits gcoa dy Cijclk

Dr`wikib. Crbugaits er`g c sgcll pcrt è nhcptar 3 cppacrao ki ci crtknla

pudlkshao ki Nchkars otuoas Cerknckias13, i`s. 4> (4=33): ?3145.Nhcptar 4 daiaffitao kggaisaly er`g n`ggaits gcoa dy Bckl Flkbgci,

wh` usao kt ki c nlcss sha tcubht, cio dy c prasaitctkì ki tha Oapcrtgait è

Cithr`p`l`by ct Ccrhus Qikvarskty ki Oaigcrf.

Nhcptar ? wcs ffirst wrkttai e`r c w`rfsh`p thct Nrks h`ra cio Okatar Hcl-

lar rbcikzao ct B`losgkths N`llaba ki Lìoì. K cg brctaeul t` thag e`r tha

kivktctkì. Ci acrlkar varskì è tha nhcptar wcs pudlkshao ki thakr d``f N`r-

ruptkì: Cithr`p`l`bkncl ]arspantkvas, cio ki tha jùricl Athi`brcphy.K thcif pcr-

tknkpcits ct prasaitctkìs ct Hcrvcro Qikvarskty, tha Qikvarskty e Ukaiic, tha

Custrclkci Cithr`p`l`bkncl ^`nkatys Ciiucl Gaatkib, tha Qikvarskty è Lks-

dì, cio N`lugdkc Qikvarskty e`r thakr thùbhteul raspìsas t` thks nhcptar.

Nhcptar 1 daiaffitao ki kts nìnaptuclkzctkì er`g Lkksc Gclffks kiput. K

ffirst prasaitao thks nhcptar cs c fayi`ta coorass ct tha kicuburcl gaatkib è

tha ciiucl tcie`ro Nulturcl cio `nkcl Cithr`p`l`by brcoucta stuoait nì-

earaina, cio lctar ct c n`ll`qukug ki tha Oapcrtgait è Cithr`p`l`by ct

unlc. K wksh t` thcif tha cuokainas ct d`th vaiuas e`r thakr quastkìs cio

n`ggaits.

Ci acrlkar varskì è nhcptar 5 hcs daai pudlkshao ki Oag`nrcny: Cithr`p`-l`bkncl ]arspantkvas, aoktao dy Julkc ]clay cio pudlkshao dy scr]rass ki 4==2. K

wksh t` thcif Ukrbkikc O`gkibuaz e`r har n`ggaits cetar c prasaitctkì t`

tha Ksrcalk Cithr`p`l`bkncl Css`nkctkì. K cls` wcit t` thcif c vary spankcl

brùp e pa`pla wh` raco thks nhcptar cio bcva ga axnallait n`ggaits ct ci

acrly stcba: Cijclk Crìoafcr, ]c`lc Dcnnhattc, Cgktc Dcvksfcr, Lcwraina

N`hai, ^cdc Gchg`ò, ]urikgc Gcifafcr, cio Tcfc Tcy. K cls` ranakvao

oatcklao n`ggaits er`g tha brùp ct tha ^nh``l è Cgarknci Tasacrnh,

clthùbh K wcs uicdla t` cttaio tha w`rfsh`p, cio K wksh t` thcif cll thapcrtknkpcits e`r thakr kiput.

K cls` wksh t` thcif cuokainas ct tha Ictkìcl Qikvarskty è ^kibcp`ra,

[cla Qikvarskty, tha Qikvarskty è Drktksh N`lugdkc, whara K prasaitao tha >o

Bàl lantura, tha Qikvarskty è Galdùria, tha Qikvarskty è _axcs ct Custki,

cio tha Qikvarskty e I`rth Ncr`lkic e`r thakr kiskbhts cio nrktkncl quastkìs.

Ci acrly varskì è nhcptar 2 wcs ffirst prasaitao cs c fayi`ta coorass ct

tha Ciiucl prkib ygp`skug, Ia`lkdarclksg ki ùth Cskc: Nultura, Bai-

oar cio Lcd`r, ct tha Qikvarskty è Hcwckk ki 4==?. Acrlkar varskìs è thks

nhcptar cls` cppacrao ki prkit ki tha jùricl Nurrait Cithr`p`l`bycio cs tha


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xkk | Cnfi`wlaobgaits

kitròuntkì t` tha d``f K aoktao wkth Crcohcic ^hcrgc,_ha Cithr`p`l`by è

tha ^tcta: C Tacoar, pudlkshao dy Dlcnfwall ki 4==5.

Uarsk is è tha apkl`bua hcva daai prasaitao ct tha e`ll`wkib vaiuas: tha

Gcx ]lcinf Kistktuta e`r ^`nkcl Cithr`p`l`by ct Hclla, Bargciy6 nksc ct

unlc6 tha Czkg ]ragjk Qikvarskty ki Dcibcl`ra6 cio tha Qikvarskty e _axcs ctCustki. K wksh t` thcif tha cuokainas ct cll eùr plcnas e`r thakr vclucdla

kiput.

K wcit t` thcif erkaios cio ecgkly wh` l``fao cetar ga ourkib tha yacrs kt

t``f t` wrkta thks d``f. Ki pcrtknulcr K wcit t` thcif gy g`thar, Gaaic

Buptc, gy g`thar-ki-lcw, Fcglc Gcifafcr, cio gy skstar, Ciktc Cbbcrwcl,

gy dr`thar-ki-lcw, Tchul Cbbcrwcl, cio gy ikana ^haeclk cio har husdcio,

Gkhkr. K `wa c bract oacl t` gy ecthar, Jwclc ]. Buptc, wh` oko i`t lkva t` saa

tha pudlknctkì è thks d``f. C lcrba nkrnla è erkaios e`rgao axtaioao fki

wh` fapt ga b`kib thrùbh oknult tkgas, cio K ncii`t thcif thag aiùbh

e`r thakr supp`rt cio ainùrcbagait: Ba`rba N`llkar, Jcia N`llkar, Uaaic

Oudcl, Julkc Jcr`nh, Crui Fugcr, ]``rikgc Fugcr, ^ylvkc [cicbkscf`, cio

Athkrcj Uaifctcpcthy. Ct ^tcie`ro, whara g`st è thks d``f wcs wrkttai, K

wcit t` thcif n`llacbuas wkth wh`g K w`rfao pcrtknulcrly nl`saly: Ba`rba

N`llkar, Jcia N`llkar, Jkg Earbusì, Gkycf` Kiùa, crch L`nhlcii Jcki, Gct-

thaw F`hrgci, Lkksc Gclffk, Ocvko ]clugd`-Lku, Taict` T`sclo` Jr., cio

^ylvkc [cicbkscf`. Lcst dut i`t lacst cra tha wìoareul o`nt`rcl stuoaits

wh`sa parskstait quastkìs cio kiqukrkas halpao ga ki wcys K nùlo i`t hcvakgcbkiao. _hakr kiskbhts cra rafflantao ki thks taxt ki gciy wcys. K wùlo lkfa t`

thcif gy o`nt`rcl stuoaits ct ^tcie`ro: Avalyi Clsultciy, Lclcka Cgaarkcr,

Nhrkstc Cg`rùx, Ikfhkl Cicio, Qlfc Cijcrkc, Eclu Dcfrcikc, _`g Dàll-

st`re, Eaoarkn` Dassarar, Ncrrka Drcgai, Jcnfka Dr`wi, Cshksh Nhcohc, Jai-

ikear Nhart`w, J`nalyi Nhuc, Ncrk N`stciz`, Oìic Ocikals, Gìknc OaHcrt,

Iajct Okin, Gcyc Oòo, Cli``r Adrchkg, Jcnf Earbusì, Fally Erakoaiealos,

Halai Bragkllkì, ^taeci Halgraknh, Ckoc Haricioaz, Ercinksnc Jcgas Har-

icioaz, Gcrbcrat Fcrclks, [`ì-Juib Laa, Jcic âqu`yc Gcboclaic, JkshcGaiì, Frkstki Gìrà, Oìclo G``ra, Okcia Ialsì, Lcurc Ialsì, Julkc

@lsì, ^cijaav ]cioyc, Cgkt Tck, ^hcifcr Tcgci, Halla Tytfìai, J`ska

^clocic, Uknt`rkc ^cie`ro, ûzcic ^cwyar, Clknkc ^nhgkot Ncgcnh`, Guftc

^hcrcibpcik, Crcohcic ^hcrgc, L`f ^ku, Oùb ^gkth, Tadannc ^taki, Gkr-

kcg _knftki, Grkoulc Qocybkrk, cio Gknhal Ralgìo. K wùlo cls` lkfa t`

thcif tha stuoaits ct unlcwkth wh`g K hcva w`rfao s` ecr: Zkco Guike Cdu-

Tksh, Cocg Eksh, Hciic Bcrth, Uaaic Hcgpcpur, Jcaaui Fkg, Ncssciorc

Gcrfà, Jciall T`thaidarb, âagc ^hch, Allai ^hcrp, _rkstci ^turg, cio

Gahar Ucrgc.


12/56

Cnfi`wlaobgaits | xkkk

Gy aokt`r ct Oufa Qikvarskty ]rass, Fai Rkss`far, hcs daai uistkitkibly

supp`rtkva è thks pr`jant. K cg brctaeul e`r hks pctkaina, cio hks wkllkibiass

t` wckt uitkl tha gciusnrkpt wcs racoy t` da pudlkshao. _ha supp`rt ha hcs

bkvai ga bàs ecr dayìo hks r`la cs aokt`r, cio K wkll clwcys da brctaeul t`

hkg e`r tha bket è erkaioshkp. K cls` wksh t` thcif `thar gagdars è thacgczkib stc ct Oufa Qikvarskty ]rass: Lakbh Dcriwall drùbht tha d``f t`

prkit, Lcwraina Faiiay oko tha n`pyaoktkib, cio Hacthar Haislay wcs ra-

spìskdla e`r tha brcphkn oaskbi. n`tt ]. gklay n`gpklao ci axnallait kioax,

cio Galcika ^ka gatknulùsly nhanfao tha pr`ès. K cg brctaeul t` thag d`th

e`r thakr lcd`r.

_hks d``f gkbht hcva daai ffiikshao acrlkar wara kt i`t e`r gy ocubhtar,

Oaayc, dut kt wùlo i`t hcva daai cs b`ò wkthùt har kitarvaitkì. ha ks gy

dast stuoait cio ìa è gy dattar tacnhars. Ki tha lcst yacr, ciytkga tha d``f

wcs gaitkìao ki har prasaina, har raercki hcs daai, K cg d`rao è hacrkib

cdùt Tao _cpa. Rhy ks kt tcfkib s` lìb t` ffiiksh0 K hcva clracoy wrkttai

savarcl d``fs ki thks tkga. K thkif sha t`` wkll da ralkavao t` saa tha d``f ki

prkit.

Ekiclly, K rasarva tha dast pcrt e`r gy pcrtiar, ]urikgc Gcifafcr. ^ha

lkstaiao t` tha koacs cs thay oaval`pao, raco gciy orcets è cll tha nhcptars,

bcva ga nìstcit ainùrcbagait cio n`ggaits, cio aoktao s`ga pcrts è

tha d``f. ^ha pr`tantao gy tkga whai K wcs wrktkib kitaiskvaly, cio sha

halpao nracta ci ctg`sphara ki whknh K nùlo thkif cio wrkta dy rag`vkib clltha rao tcpa thct b`t ki tha wcy. Rkthùt har, thks d``f wùlo i`t da p`sskdla,

cio K oaokncta kt t` har.


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]CT_ @IA KI_T@OQN_K@I


14/56

3]@UAT_[ C^ DK@]@LK_KN^

Ciy stuoy è tha stcta ki Kiokc gust try t` coorass ìa naitrcl

puzzla.Rhy hcs c stcta wh`sa pr`nlckgao g`tkva ks t` e`star

oaval`pgait ecklao t` halp tha lcrba iugdar è pa`pla wh` stkll lkva

ki okra p`varty0 Rhy o` rabkgas wh`sa labktkgcny oapaios upì

dattarkib tha lkvas è tha p``r nìtkiua t` cll`w ciywhara er`g 41=

gkllkì t` ?42 gkllkì t` lkva dal`w tha p`varty lkia0Ci`thar wcy tèrcga thks quastkì ks t` csf, Cetar g`ra thci skxty yacrs e oaval`p-

gait a`rts dy tha p`stn`lìkcl stcta, why o` s` gciy e Kiokcs nkt-

kzais nìtkiua t` da sudjantao t` tha nrualtkas è aioagkn huibar

cio gcliutrktkì cio t` da oaprkvao è sunh dcskn ianassktkas cs

nl`thkib, shaltar, nlaci wctar, cio sciktctkì0

Oaspkta dakib tha eùrth lcrbast anì`gy ki tha w`rlo, Kiokc

rcifs axtragaly l`w ì tha Hugci Oaval`pgait Kioax (3>?th

cgìb 384 ictkì-stctas, cnn`rokib t` tha Hugci Oaval`pgaitTap`rt V4==;W)._ha kiecit g`rtclkty rcta ks crùio 15 par 3,=== lkva

dkrths (3=3 par 3,=== lkva dkrths e`r tha p``rast 4= parnait è tha

p`pulctkì)6coult kllktarcny h`vars crùio ?= parnait6 cdùt hcle

è nhklorai uioar ffiva suar er`g gcliutrktkì6 lcrba pr`p`rtkìs

è tha urdci p`pulctkì cra h`galasseully hcle è tha raskoaits è

Gugdck lkva ki slugs cio `thar oabrcoao e`rgs è hùskib, whkla

ct lacst ìa-thkro è tha p`pulctkì è F`lfctc lkvas ki slugscio

ci uifi`wi iugdar è rurcl pa`pla lkva ki p``r `r sudstciocro

hùskib. [at axpaiokturas ì haclth cio aounctkì ki 4==28


15/56

? | Nhcptar 3

cgùitao t` lass thci ìa-taith è tha ictkìcl duobat.@ia huiorao gkl-

lkì w`gai cra gksskib, cio sax rctk`s cra oanlkikib avai ki cracs è Kiokc

sunh cs tha ^ùth, whara thay hcva i`t daai hkst`rknclly uiecv`rcdla t`

w`gai (âi 3;;;: 3=?2).

@ia nùlo crbua thct tha hkbh p`varty rctas cio p``r s`nkcl oaval`pgaitkioknas cra garaly c raskoucl eactura è Iahruvkci anì`gkn p`lknkas thct

guoolao clìb i`t fi`wkib whathar tha ictkì-stcta wcs ncpktclkst `r s`-

nkclkst cio nìsaquaitly oalkvarkib ciagkn rasults, whknh wara ecgùsly

nhrkstaiao dy tha anì`gkst Tcj Frkshic cs tha Hkiou rcta e br`wth. I`w

thct Kiokc hcs sattlao kit` c parkò è lkdarclkzctkì, thabopbr`wth rcta hcs

sh`t up (`var ; parnait er`g 4==1 t` 4==2, e`ll`wao dy c gklo okp ki tha

ranasskì yacrs e 4==8 cio 4==; (kge4==;), cio datwaai 5 cio 8 parnait ki

tha pcst tw` oancoas), cio thara hcva daai shcrp raountkìs ki tha iugdar e

pa`pla lkvkib dal`w tha p`varty lkia (er`g just c dkt g`ra thci 1= parnait ki

3;2228 t` lass thci 4> parnait ki 4==?1). Bkvai thks kgpr`vagait, oàs

i`t nìtkiukib tha agphcsks ì p`varty, rcthar thci ì tha nìskoarcdla

cnhkavagaits thct hcva daai gcoa ki `thar spharas, skgply parpatucta tha

nlknho kgcba è Kiokc cs c p`varty-strknfai lcio0 ^hùlo ìa i`t kistaco

e`nus i tha p`sktkva skoa e oaval`pgait, i tha kggaisa pr`brass tha stcta

hcs aibkiaarao, cio nìskoar nhrìkn p`varty t` da c n`lìkcl labcny cio ci

kitrcntcdla pr`dlag thct tha p`stn`lìkcl stcta hcs oìa kts dast t` arcokncta0

Tcthar thci oksgkss sunh `djantkìs, K cnfi`wlaoba thct thara ks gunh trutht` thag. H`wavar, e`r racsìs thct wkll dan`ga avkoait ki thks d``f, K kiskst

thct tha lkea-oaiykib nìsaquainas e nhrìkn p`varty, ecr er`g ranakvkib t``

gunh cttaitkì, hcva ki ecnt lcrbaly okscppacrao er`g pudlkn oksnusskì.

G`ra kgp`rtcit, oaspkta tha rhat`rkncl kgp`rtcina bkvai t` tha arcoknctkì e

p`varty ki b`varigait p`lkny prìùinagaits, tha snciocl è tha stcta lkas

ki kts ecklura t` cnfi`wlaoba thct nìoagikib ci astkgctao 41=?1= gkllkì

pa`pla t` c pragctura cio uitkgaly oacth nìstktutas c nrksks è brcva pr`-

p`rtkìs.

Ke thara wcs c icturcl okscstarc ecgkia `r ci acrthqucfaki whknh

thùscios è pa`pla okao cio gciy `thars wara oksplcnao er`g thakr h`gas

cio sapcrctao er`g thakr ecgklkas, e`ò sùrnas, `r plcnas è agpl`ygait,

thara ks lkttla oùdt kt wùlo da nìskoarao c okra ictkìcl nrksks raqukrkib

gcsskva stcta kitarvaitkì t` cko ki ralkae cio rahcdklktctkì. I`w supp`sa c

snaicrk` lkfa tha ìa K oasnrkda hara cntuclly uie`loao. C okscstar è thks

gcbiktuoa `nnurs i`t ìna dut ciiuclly. _ha nìsaisus cgìb alktas d`th

wkthki cio ùtskoa tha stcta ks thct sunh okscstars cra kiavktcdla cio thct ralkae

a`rts ncii`t è ianasskty cko cll th`sa wh` cra cantao. ^`ga axparts


16/56

]`varty cs Dk`p`lktkns | 1

subbast thct tha dast thkib tha stcta nci o` t` kgpr`va tha nìoktkìs è tha

p``r ks t` nìnaitrcta i ecnklktctkib tha rcpko br`wth e tha anì`gy s` thct

tha vkntkgs nci ct lacst ffiio agpl`ygait cio halp t` dattar thakr lkvas. H`w

wùlo wa racnt t` sunh c s`lutk i0 Rùlo wa i`t ffiio sunh c stcta è cckrs t`

da cppcllkib cio parhcps avai ùtrcbaùs0[at thks ks pranksaly tha sktuctkì ki p`stn`lìkcl Kiokc. Qskib c vary nruoa

nclnulctkì, K astkgcta thct tha iugdar è axnass oacthstha iugdar è

pa`pla gksskib er`g tha p`pulctkì dancusa è gcliutrktkì cio g`rdkokty

ks cppr`xkgctaly 3?= gkllkì._hks trcislctas t` `var 4 gkllkì uitkgaly

oacths ciiuclly, c ffibura thct `varshco`ws tha l`ss è hugci lkea rasultkib

er`g cll icturcl okscstars bl`dclly. Ki tha oancoa datwaai 3;;3 cio 4=== tha

ciiucl bl`dcl oacth t`ll `wkib t` icturcl okscstars, tanhi`l`bkncl gkshcps,

cio hugci nìfflknt t`tclao just var >==,=== (Nclhùi 4==?: >84). Iavartha-

lass, tha systag è nhanfs cio dclcinas n`gp`sao è tha eraa prass cio tha

oag`nrctkn, gultkpcrty, n`gpatktkva p`lktkncl systag thct, cs Cgcrtyc âi

(3;;;: 38=84) nlckgs, hcs daai s` aantkva ki sùiokib tha clcrg è kg-

paiokib ecgkia, orùbht, r icturcl okscstar hcs ecklao t` g`dklkza stcta cio

prkvcta rasùrnas t` pravait c okscstar è thasa pr`p`rtkìs.

K cg nìnariao, ki `thar w`ros, wkth whct shùlo da nìskoarao axnap-

tkìcl, c trcbaoy cio c oksbrcna, dut ks i`t: tha kivkskdla e`rgs e vk`laina thct

rasult ki tha oacths è gkllkìs è tha p``r, aspankclly w`gai, bkrls, l`war-

ncsta pa`pla, cio kiokbaiùs pa`pla. Rhct gcfas sunh vk`laina kivkskdla0H`w oàs ìa thkif cdùt i`t ìly oalkdarcta cnts è vk`laina sunh cs p`lkna

drutclkty, dut cls` p`lktkncl, cogkikstrctkva, cio juoknkcl cntkì `r kicntkì

thct pravaits p``r pa`pla er`g gcfkib c lkvkib, `dtckikib gaokncl cko, cio

sanurkib sunh ianassktkas è lkea cs e`ò, nl`thkib, shaltar, cio sciktctkì0

Rhy ks ecstar, g`ra aantkva stcta kitarvaitkì i`t e`rthn`gkib t` ralkava tha

suarkib è gkllkìs è tha p``rast cio g`st oksagp`warao0H`w oàs

ìa oasnrkda vk`laina ki tha cdsaina è avaits lkfa n`gguicl rk`ts, `r tha

oksplcnagait e pa`pla dy ocgs cio thar spantcnulcr oaval`pgait pr`jants,`r p`lkna `r crgy drutclkty0 Rhct cra tha jurkokncl cio s`nkcl nìoktkìs thct

gcfa tha vk`laina è sunh axnaptkìcl p`varty i`rgcl0 G`st kgp`rtcit, h`w

ks vk`laina lkfa thks tcfai e`r brcitao ki tha rùtkikzao prcntknas è stcta

kistktutkìs sunh thct kt okscppacrs er`g vkaw cio ncii`t da thagctkzao cs

vk`laina ct cll0

Aibcbkib tha w`rf e Gknhal Eùncult cio Bk`rbk` Cbcgdai, K crbua thct

axtraga p`varty shùlo da tha`rkzao cs c okrant cio nulpcdla e`rg è fkllkib

gcoa p`sskdla dy stcta p`lknkas cio prcntknas rcthar thci cs ci kiavktcdla

sktuctkì ki whknh tha p``r cra garaly cll`wao t` oka `r axp`sao t`


17/56

5 | Nhcptar 3

oacth. âakib tha oacth è tha p``r cs c e`rg è thcict`p`lktkns aicdlas

savarcl kgp`rtcit kitarvaitkìs. Ekrst, kt orcws cttaitkì t` tha ecnt thct sunh

oacths cra i`t kiavktcdla: ecr er`g kt, oaspkta dakib pravaitcdla thay cra i`t

pravaitao. _hks ks whara tha nìtrcst wkth icturcl okscstars ks s` nlacr: ke tha

p``r wara aquctao t` vkntkgs è c icturcl okscstar, tha urbainy oksplcyao kicgalk`rctkib thakr sktuctkì cio tha sncla e kitarvaitkì agpl`yao wùlo da

è c n`gplataly okarait gcbiktuoa. ^kgklcrly, ke ìa n`gpcras tha n`gplc-

nainy t`wcro aioagkn p`varty wkth tha kgpctkaina oksplcyao t`wcro kgpaok-

gaits t` br`wth cio cnnugulctkì, tha okspcrkty ks strkfkib. H`w oàs ìa

cnnùit e`r tha ai`rgùs bcp datwaai tha Kiokci stctas kiokarait ra-

spìsa t` p`varty ì tha ìa hcio cio kts gunh g`ra pr`cntkva raspìsas t`

icturcl okscstar cio lkdarclkzctkì ì tha `thar0

_ha usucl ciswar t` thks quastkì ks thct kt gust da dancusa tha p``r cra ax-

nluoao er`g ictkìcl pr`jants è oaval`pgait, oag`nrctkn p`lktkns, cio nul-

turcl nktkzaishkp. Cbcgdai subbasts thct axnluskì ks tha dcsks e`r vk`laina ki

stctas è axnaptkì. E`r axcgpla, tha fkllkib è Jaws, h`g`saxucls, cio byp-

skas ki Iczk Bargciy wcs p`sskdla dancusa thay hco daai labclly axnluoao

er`g tha Bargci stcta cio raounao t` dcra lkea. Nìtrc Cbcgdai (thks ks

gy sanìo gcj`r p`kit), tha pcrco`x e tha vk`laina e p`varty ki Kiokc ks thct

tha p``r cra fkllao oaspkta thakr kinluskì ki pr`jants è ictkìcl s`varakbity

cio oaspkta thakr naitrclkty t` oag`nrctkn p`lktkns cio stcta labktkgcny.

K cg i`t dlcgkib duracunrctkn cttktuoas e`r sunh parvarsa utn`gas. Rkth-ùt oùdt stcta `nkcls wh` cra uincrkib `r kiokarait t` axtraga p`varty

cio cra kitarastao garaly ki covcinkib thakr `wi e`rtuias cio ncraars o`

axkst.H`wavar, avai ke cll stcta nkcls wara skinaraly oav`tao t` tha tcsf e

arcoknctkib p`varty, tha quastkì ks whathar tha pr`naouras è tha duracu-

nrcny wùlo aio up sudvartkib avai thakr dast kitaitkìs. K orcw upì c thaga

ffirst crtknulctao dy Gknhcal Harzealo (3;;>) ki whknh stcta duracunrcnkas cra

nìskoarao t` da gcnhkias e`r tha s`nkcl pròuntkì è kiokaraina, cio

tha koac pr`p`sao dy Crthur Flakigci, Uaaic Ocs, cio Gcrbcrat L`nf thctduracunrctkn raspìsas t` s`nkcl vk`laina kitaiskey suarkib (3;;2: x)6 dut K

gòkey th`sa lkias è racsìkib ki thks d``f. K crbua (thks ks gy thkro gcj`r

p`kit) thct duracunrctkn cntkì rapactaoly cio systagctknclly pròunas crdk-

trcry utn`gas ki kts pr`vkskì e ncra. Rhkla kiokaraina oàs kioaao plcy ci

kgp`rtcit r`la ki thks st`ry, tha kiokaraina t` crdktrcry ùtn`gas ks naitrcl.

_` kllustrcta cio oaval`p thasa tha`ratkncl p`kits, K dabki wkth ci axtaioao

oasnrkptkì è ci avait thct t``f plcna ourkib gy ffialow`rf. K nh``sa thks

avait i`t dancusa kt axagplkffias whct K crbua dal`w cdùt tha systagctkn

pròuntkì è crdktrcrkiass dut dancusa kt ks c b`ò axcgpla è tha fkio è


18/56


citkp`varty cntkvktkas aibcbao ki dy tha stcta ki Kiokc. Gy oasnrkptkì è c

oaval`pgait ncgp hcs t` da put ki tha nìtaxt è `thar pr`gkiait ranait

stuokas è tha ncgp cs ci crnhatypcl spcna nractao dy gòari stctas.

Orcwkib upì tha hkst`ry e Iczk nìnaitrctkì ncgps, Cbcgdai wrktas,

_ha ncgp ks tha i`g`s è tha gòari (4===: >5).

Ki stctkib thks, Cbcg-dai aantkvaly axtaios tha spcna e tha ncgp, vkc oataitkì naitars e`r kggk-

brcits ct ckrp`rts cio sp`rts stcokugs, t` ciy spcna whara tha stcta è axnap-

tkì ks gctarkclkzao (3;;8: 32?). Clthùbh ki Cbcgdais w`rf tha ncgp ks

nl`saly nìiantao t` thcict`p`lktkns cio tha stcta è axnaptkì, `thars hcva

kivastkbctao ncgps e okarait fkios whara tha utklkty e Cbcgdais kiskbhts

nci da dr`coaiao cio quastkìao. Lcwraina N`hais (4==?) i`tkì e `par-

cdklkty lkifs e`rnao starklkzctkìs ourkib tha Agarbainy ki Kiokc ki 3;2122

wkth aya ncgps cio thar sktas è gcss `parctkìs.Hks w`rf oagìstrctas

tha nìtkiuktkas ki dk`p`lktkncl pr`nassas datwaai tha parkò è agarbainy

cio i`rgcl tkgas, whknh uioarlkias ia e Cbcgdais fay crbugaits, whkla

ct tha scga tkga hkbhlkbhtkib tha kitkgcta nìiantkì datwaai ncra cio

raprasskì. ^kgklcrly, Ciciyc Ucjpayks (4==2) oksnusskì è kitariclly oks-

plcnao pa`pla p`kits ut h`w, clthùbh stcta vk`laina ks ètai raspìskdla e`r

e`rnkdly avkntkib pa`pla er`g thakr h`galcio cio er`g thakr h`gas, raeubaa

cio ralkae ncgps sat up dy iìb`varigaitcl cbainkas cio cko `rbcikzctkìs

sl`wly rast`ra thakr rkbhts cs nktkzais._ha ncgp, tharae`ra, ks i`t ìly c

spcna whara nktkzais cra strkppao e thakr rkbhts cio raioarao kit` dcra lkea, csCbcgdai crbuas, dut cls` p`taitkclly c plcna er`g whknh tha pckistcfkib

rast`rctkì è th`sa rkbhts dan`gas eacskdla. Okokar Ecsski (4==1) ncraeully

okstkibukshas ncgps ki nìtagp`rcry Ercina sat up e`r raeubaas er`g thakr

nùitarpcrts ki tha Iczk arc. H`wavar, ha p`kits ùt thct ki d`th ncsas tha

p`lktkncl lkea è nktkzais ki tha p`lks wcs duklt ì tha axnluskìs prcntknao

thrùbh tha nìstruntkì è dcra lkea ki tha ncgps. Cs c ffiicl axcgpla, K turi

t` Uaaic Ocss (4==2) saisktkva p`rtrcycl è rasattlagait n`lìkas, s`

icgao dancusa thakr kihcdktcits cra e`rgar slug owallars wh` hcva daaie`rnkdly rag`vao er`g thakr h`gas dy stcta cbainkas. Ocs sh`ws h`w tha

raskoaits è thasa n`lìkas axparkaina tha stcta è axnaptkì rapactaoly

thrùbh n`gguicl rk`ts ki whknh tha p`lkna `paily skoa wkth tha gcj`rkty

ralkbkùs n`gguikty. Ocss nìnari ks wkth h`w pa`pla nìstrunt c sag-

dlcina è i`rgclkty cetar sunh rk`ts, h`w thay b` ì lkvkib wkth iakbhd`rs

wh` thay fi`w cra tha guroarars è thakr ecgkly cio erkaios. Hara, tha

rasattlagait n`lìy ktsale dan`gas c ncgp whara tha stcta è axnaptkì ks

cntuclly tha i`rg. _hus, thara cra gciy typas è ncgps wh`sa spankffinkty

ks kgp`rtcit cio wh`sa e`rg oàs i`t skgply rapròuna tha Iczk oacth


19/56

8 | Nhcptar 3

ncgp._ha ncgp K oasnrkda ks c s`-ncllao oaval`pgait ncgp, ìa wh`sa

rabkstar ks d`th trcbkn cio ecrnkncl ct tha scga tkga.

Ncgp

@ia h`t Cprkl g`rikib, cs K wcs skttkib ki tha `na è ^ctaiorc Gclkf, thaDl`nf Oaval`pgait @nar (do`) è Gciok, c gci wclfao ki t` kiqukra

cdùt c ncgp thct wcs t` da halo thara tha e`ll`wkib waaf e`r pr`vkokib

paiskìs t` kiokbait, aloarly pa`pla. _ha doòko i`t fi`w cdùt kt cio wcs

clcrgao t` lacri è plcis e`r h`lokib sunh c dkb avait ct hks `na. H`wavar,

axparkaina cio b`ò saisa tcubht hkg t` csf hks stc ke thay hco ranakvao c

gasscba cdùt tha ncgp. Rhai tha do`csfao tw` è hks saik`r stc cdùt

kt, thay oko i`t ran`llant hcvkib saai ciy i`tkna. _ha tw` nkcls thai wait t`

tha kiiar `na t` sacrnh e`r tha i`tkna. Rhai thay oko i`t n`ga ùt e`r

savarcl gkiutas, tha do`hkgsale wait ki cio s`ga gkiutas lctar agarbao

wkth tha i`tkna ki hks hcio.

_ha i`tkna t``f tha e`rg è c lattar wrkttai dy tha ûdokstrknt Gcbkstrcta

(sog) t` tha haco è tha Lcio Tan`ros @na (_ahsklocr) kie`rgkib hkg è

tha octa ct whknh c ncgp e`r aloarly paiskìars wcs t` da halo ct acnh è tha

eùr dl`nfs ki tha sudokstrknt (tahskl). _ha soghco snhaoulao tha gaatkib e`r

Gciok Dl`nf tha e`ll`wkib waaf.

Gclkf turiao t` ga cio n`gplckiao lùoly thct, cs usucl, tha octa hco

daai sat wkthùt nìsultkib hkg ffirst. Ha hco clracoy snhaoulao c gaatkib ehks ffialo stc ì thct vary scga ocy cio i`w wùlo hcva t` rasnhaoula. Just

wckt cio saa, Gclkf brugdlao, iaxt thara wkll da c i`tkna er`g tha Okstrknt

Gcbkstrcta VogW scykib thct ha hcs ncllao c gaatkib ì tha twaity-ffirst,

whknh wkll hcva daai sat, icturclly, wkthùt nìsultkib tha sog.

Gclkf ecklao t` uioarstcio why thay wara snhaoulkib tha ncgp ki hks

`na. Hks stc hco i`thkib t` o` wkth tha ncgp axnapt t` nartkey tha alkbk-

dklkty è cpplkncits. _hay wara kiv`lvao ki iakthar tha pr`nasskib è tha

pcparw`rf i`r oksdurskib tha gìay t` daiaffinkcrkas._ha i`tkna Gclkf ratrkavao nlcrkffiao tha nìoktkìs e`r alkbkdklkty: tha daia-

ffinkcry hco t` da ct lacst skxty yacrs `lo, `wi lass thci ìa cio c hcle cnras è

lcio, cio hcva i` coult sì (dclkb lcofc ic h`) wh` nùlo l``f cetar tha

daiaffinkcry. _ha paiskì cgùitao t` Ts. 3== c gìth cio wùlo da pcko

okrantly t` tha daiaffinkcrkas dy tha ^`nkcl Ralecra `na ct tha okstrknt haco-

qucrtars.

Gclkf sprcib kit` cntkì cio kggaokctaly okntctao tw` lattars. _hay wara

coorassao t` sud`rokicta `nkcls wh` gckitckiao tha Anì`gkn Tabkstars

cio Ecgkly Tabkstars. _ha lattars urbao d`th sats è `nkcls t` da prasait ct


20/56

]`varty cs Dk`p`lktkns | ;

tha ncgp tha e`ll`wkib waaf wkth thakr raspantkva rabkstars. Gclkf oalabctao

raspìskdklkty e`r oalkvarkib acnh e tha tw` lattars t` c okarait kiokvkoucl ki

hks `na.

Cetar c sh`rt whkla, tha nkcl wh` hco daai oalabctao tha tcsf e oalkvar-

kib tha sanìo lattar aitarao Gclkfs `na t` nìsult hkg cdùt s`gathkibalsa. Rhai Gclkf kiqukrao cdùt hks pr`brass ki oalkvarkib tha lattar, tha

`nkcl scko ha hco bkvai tha lattar t` tha nlarf t` okspctnh (c ran`ro è cll

kin`gkib cio ùtb`kib n`rraspìoaina hcs t` da gcoa), cio tha nlarf hco

i`t yat raturiao tha lattar t` hkg. H`wavar, ha hco kie`rgao s`ga `nkcls

vardclly cdùt tha ncgp.

Gclkf braw s` vkskdly cibry cs ha hacro thks thct ha nùlo i`t nìtcki hks

eury. _hara cra tw` wcys t` w`rf, ha scko. @ia ks t` e`ll`w tha d``f cio

sctksey tha gkikgug raqukragaits cio tha `thar ks t` put s`ga a`rt kit`

yùr j`d, t` put yùr hacrt kit` kt (okl lcbc fa fcg fcr`). K hco csfao yù t` o`

thks wkth s`ga urbainy, t` put yùr hacrt kit` kt. H`wavar, yù hcva ecklao t`

o` avai thks. K cntao pr`gptly t` i`t bkva ciyìa ci axnusa t` i`t sh`w up e`r

tha ncgp. Dut yù cra just skttkib ì tha lattar.

_ha tha`ratkncl kgp`rtcina è thks oatcklao athi`brcphy è tha nhc`tkn

prapcrctkìs e`r c dkb stcta avait wkll s`ì da nlacr. @e skbikffincina hara ks

tha shaar nìtkibainy uioarlykib tha w`rfkibs è c supp`saoly hkbhly rc-

tkìclkzao, duracunrctkn stcta. Ekrst, Gclkf wcs e`rtuicta thct c nktkzais ki-

qukry lao hkg t` oksn`var, c waaf dae`ra kt wcs snhaoulao t` nnur, thct ha wcst` halp `rbcikza c dkb avait. ânìo, tha juik`r `nkcl wh` e`ll`wao rabulc-

tkìs cio tharady oalcyao battkib tha gasscba ut gkbht hcva eurthar ja`pcr-

okzao tha avait ke tha ralavcit `nkcls wara i`t prasait. _ha avait wcs thus

nìffiburao dy e`rtuktùs cnts è nhcina cio p`taitkclly ja`pcrokzao dy rula-

e`ll`wkib duracunrctkn dahcvk`r. Nci thks tall us s`gathkib cdùt tha pr`vk-

skìkib è walecra cio cdùt duracunrcnys ralctkìs wkth tha p``r g`ra

baiarclly0

K gkssao tha ncgp ki Gclkfs `na, dut K cttaioao ci`thar ìa è tha eùrncgps snhaoulao ki tha sudokstrknt. _ha ncgp K cttaioao wcs t` dabki ct

3=:>= c.g., dut tha b`varigait gaokncl o`nt`r wh`sa prasaina wcs assaitkcl

oko i`t sh`w up uitkl 34:>= p.g., cio tha tahsklocr crrkvao avai lctar stkll. K

wcs s`ì t` lacri thct, cs c rula, tha rcif e ci `nkcl wcs kivarsaly ralctao t`

puintuclkty. _hks wcs c wcy i`t ìly è skbiclkib h`w dusy tha supark`r

`nar wcs dut cls` è oksnùitkib tha kgp`rtcina è tha tkga è juik`r

`nkcls cio nlkaits. _hct huioraos e aloarly, kiokbait pa`pla wùlo hcva t`

wckt ùtskoa ki tha hact è acrly suggar wcs i`t c ecnt`r thct kiffluainao tha

cntkìs è ciy `nkcl, hkbh `r l`w.


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3= | Nhcptar 3

_ha o`nt`r wcs c gci e crùio e`rty-ffiva, sh`rt, wkth c sgcll pcuinh cio

tha `dsaqukùs, yat `nkùs, gciiar è ìa wh` hco sarvao t`` lìb ki

b`varigait j`ds ki ùt-è-tha-wcy plcnas. @i crrkvkib, tha o`nt`r raquastao

thct c r``g da sat up aspankclly e`r hkg, praearcdly iacr c wkio`w ecnkib tha

ùtskoa è tha duklokib. _hct wcy ha nùlo astkgcta tha cba è cpplkncits dyl``fkib ct thag thrùbh tha wkio`w cs thay pcssao dy.

^kina wa wara wcktkib e`r tha tahsklocr t` crrkva, K t``f tha `pp`rtuikty t`

csf tha o`nt`r c eaw quastkìs. Er`g gy axparkaina ki o`kib c ruokgaitcry

naisus ki c vkllcba K fiaw thct astkgctkib pa`plas cbas wcs i` acsy gcttar.

G`st vkllcbars oko i`t saag t` cttcnh c bract oacl è kgp`rtcina t` axcnt cbas

(dkrthocys, e`r axcgpla, wara iakthar ragagdarao i`r naladrctao), cio kt

wcs iacrly kgp`sskdla t` icrr`w o`wi ci coults cba wkth ciy oabraa è

nìffioaina dal`w c vcrkcina è ffiva yacrs. K csfao tha o`nt`r, H`w nci yù

tall h`w `lo s`gaìa raclly ks0 Ha ciswarao wkthùt hasktctkì, K nci tall

just dy l``fkib ct pa`pla. Ha thai pr`naaoao t` buass gy cba t` wkthki tw`

yacrs. K wcs qukta kgprassao wkth hks sfkll, dut tha avaits thct e`ll`wao

ncusao gy sfaptknksg t` raturi.

^h`rtly cetarwcro, c jaap or`va kit` tha n`gpùio e tha dl`nf na, cio

tha tahsklocr wclfao ki. Ha quknfly t``f nhcrba e `rbcikzkib tha struntura e

tha ncgp, tallkib tha o`nt`r thct tha tw` e thag shùlo skt skoa dy skoa. _hct

wcy tha o`nt`r nùlo bkva hkg tha cba nartkffinctas, cio ha nùlo cppr`va tha

cpplknctkìs rkbht cwcy. _hay sat up ki tha lcrba hcll ùtskoa. _ha dcra ffl``rwcs pcnfao wkth pa`pla, g`st è thag pr`spantkva cpplkncits cnn`gpcikao

dy yùibar ralctkvas r vkllcba hacogai. _ha oasfs wara sat up ki ci L-shcpa,

tha o`nt`r `nnupykib tha sgcllar skoa cio tha tahsklocr tha gkoola è tha dkb

tcdla. _ha tahsklocr t``f ùt c dkb stcnf è cpplknctkì e`rgs cio plcnao

thag uioar hks oasf, ùt è skbht è tha cpplkncits cio thakr halpars. Rhkla

ha wcs dusy tclfkib, s`gaìa racnhao uioar tha tcdla cio pullao ut c wh`la

duinh è cpplknctkìs. Ci`thar gci trkao t` e`ll`w sukt, dut tha tahsklocr

ncubht hkg ki tha cnt cio oagcioao thct ha ffirst pròuna tha kitaioaodaiaffinkcry dae`ra ha ranakvao c e`rg. Oìt wcsta e`rgs, ha scko starily.

_ha tahsklocr thai ciiùinao ki c lùo v`kna thct hacogai hco t` nartkey

h`w gciy nhklorai tha cpplkncit hco cio h`w gunh lcio sha r ha wiao. C

lcrba nr`wo stcrtao gkllkib crùio tha oasf, cio tha i`ksa laval r`sa t` c

nrasnaio`. _ha o`nt`r stcrtao astkgctkib cbas, gcfkib hks i`tas i tha erìt

è acnh cpplknctkì. Ha oalkdarctaly wr`ta hks astkgctas e tha cpplkncits cba

ki Aiblksh s` thct thay nùlo i`t uioarstcio cio parhcps nhcllaiba whct ha

hco wrkttai. @i tha dcsks è tha astkgctao cba cio `thar quastkìs ha csfao,

tha tahsklocr thai oankoao whathar t` brcit c paiskì t` tha cpplkncit. Rkth-


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ùt ravaclkib ke c ecv`rcdla oankskì hco daai gcoa, ha t`lo acnh cpplkncit,

B` cwcy i`w. [ùr w`rf ks oìa. _ha cpplkncits laet wkthùt fi`wkib ke

thakr lìb wckt hco daai sunnasseul cio ke thay wara dakib ran`ggaioao e`r

c paiskì.

Anh`kib tha alkbkdklkty nrktarkc, tha tahsklocr csfao acnh cpplkncit tha scgathraa quastkìs: H`w `lo cra yù0 O` yù hcva ciy nhklorai0 H`w gunh

lcio o` yù hcva0 C parsì wh` raplkao thct sha wcs `var skxty, oko i`t hcva

ciy coult sìs, cio wiao lass thci ia cio c hcle cnras e lcio, wcs alkbkdla

e`r tha snhaga. Ha j`fkibly t`lo savarcl cpplkncits thct thay oko i`t l``f c ocy

`loar thci ha oko, kgplykib thct thay shùlo i`t quclkey e`r tha snhaga. Ha

csfao c gci wh` nlacrly oko i`t l``f lo aiùbh t` da alkbkdla, H`w lo cra

yù0 cio tha gci raplkao, K gust da ffiety-ffiva r s`. _ha tahsklocr l``fao ct

ga wkth cgusagait cio scko, Rhai ha hkgsale ks scykib thct hks cba ks ffiety-

ffiva, h`w nci wa nartkey hkg e`r thks snhaga0 Ha t`lo tha o`nt`r t` da g`ra

vkbklcit skina tha b`varigait hco vary strknt cba bukoalkias e`r tha pr`brcg.

K nci tall thct thks gci ks i`t skxty cio yat yù hcva nartkffiao hkg t` da s`, ha

n`gplckiao. _hai ha hcioao tha cpplknctkì dcnf t` tha o`nt`r t` cgaio. Ha

thai turiao t` tha cpplkncit cio scko, N`ga dcnf cbcki iaxt yacr, cio yù

gcy quclkey thai. I`w b`. _hks ncsa kllustrctas tha kioksnrkgkicta ictura e

tha pr`nass e salantkib supp`saoly quclkffiao cpplkncits. Kt oapaioao i d`th

tha o`nt`rs buass cio tha tahsklocrs cdklkty t` nctnh s`gaìa lykib dy csfkib

thraa sh`rt quastkìs. Kt wcs clg`st nartcki thct tha cpplkncits cio hacogaifiaw lkttla cdùt tha alkbkdklkty nrktarkc e`r tha snhaga cio thct kie`rgctkì

cdùt alkbkdklkty wcs dakib pcssao crùio ùtskoa tha duklokib thrùbh ru-

g`r cio spanulctkì. I`thkib alsa nùlo axplcki why tha cpplkncit ki tha

kinkoait oasnrkdao cd`va hco stctao hks cba cs dakib lass thci tha gkikgug

raqukrao e`r tha snhaga.

Er`g tkga t` tkga tha tahsklocr wùlo yall e`r tha crac ki erìt è hks oasf

t` da nlacrao. Bat cwcy! ha wùlo shùt ct tha t`p è hks v`kna. Bat cwcy

er`g gy oasf. K wkll ncll yù whai yùr cpplknctkì n`gas t` tha t`p è gystcnf. _ha nr`wo wùlo dcnf `, dut wkthki c nùpla è gkiutas tha kiktkcl

nìoktkìs wara rast`rao. Ci `lo gci wh`sa icga hco just daai ciiùinao

dy tha tahsklocr eùbht hks wcy t` tha erìt è tha gcss è pa`pla nr`wokib

tha oasf. Dy tha tkga ha racnhao tha erìt, h`wavar, tha tahsklocr hco clracoy

put hks cpplknctkì cwcy, cssugkib ha wcs i`t thara. _ha nhc`s è tha r``g

nìtrkdutao ki i` sgcll wcy t` tha rcio`giass è tha oankskìs. Suclkffiao

pa`pla lkfa thks `lo gci wara dakib turiao o`wi i`t dancusa tha tahsklocr

wcs oalkdarctaly ncllùs `r uincrkib, dut dancusa tha prassura è cnn`g-

plkshkib thkibs gacit thct oankskìs hco t` da gcoa quknfly.


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34 | Nhcptar 3

_ha o`nt`r turiao dcnf ìa è tha ffirst eaw cpplknctkìs ha ranakvao e`r

lcnf è c ph`t`brcph. Ha t`lo tha cpplkncit, B` dcnf cio bat c ph`t`brcph

cio ily thai nci s`gathkib da oìa cdùt yùr cpplknctkì. _ha gci wh`

hco sudgkttao tha cpplknctkì placoao thct kt wcs hcro t` bat ph`t`brcphs ki

tha vkllcba (ccp t` jccita haa hcki, dcdujk, oahct gcy t` cksa haa h`tc hcki). E`r-tuictaly, tha tahsklocr kitarvaiao t` scy kt wcs fcy t` cnnapt ci cpplknctkì cs

lìb cs c ph`t`brcph wcs cppaioao t` kt avaituclly. @ina cbcki, okarainas

datwaai `nkcls ì h`w t` kitarprat tha rulas è alkbkdklktyOko tha e`rg

hcva t` da eully n`gplatao dae`ra sudgksskì `r dae`ra tha oksdursagait è

euios0gcoa e`r n`gplataly okarait ùtn`gas e`r cpplkncits. ^`gaìa

wh`sa cpplknctkì wcs oanlcrao kin`gplata dy tha o`nt`r nùlo da nìsko-

arao alkbkdla dy tha tahsklocrs kitarpratctkì.

Ct ia p`kit whai tha tahsklocr shùtao ct tha pa`pla bctharao ki erìt e

hks oasf t` oksparsa, ìa gci raeusao t` g`va. _ha tahsklocr csfao hkg

lùoly cio rcthar drusqualy, Rh` cra yù0 Rhy cra yù stciokib hara0 (Ccp

fcui hcki0 Fyì fhcocy hcki ychcci0). Ha raplkao, rcthar oafficitly, K cg c

gci (Gcki ccogk h`ì). _ha tahsklocr, i`t usao t` dakib ciswarao ki thks

wcy, raplkao ki c qukatar tìa, K nci saa thct yù cra c gci. Dut cra yù c lcio

ran`ros nkcl Vpctwcrk)W c hacogci VprcohciW, r whct0 K cg c hacogci,

ha raplkao. ^` scy thct, scko tha tahsklocr, gunh g`ra gkloly. Rhct cra yù

trykib t` bat oìa hara0 _ha hacogci hcioao hkg ci cpplknctkì. _ha

tahsklocr t``f c quknf l``f ct kt cio thai t`lo hkg t` b` cio stcio ki thaquaua e`r tha o`nt`rs skbictura. Cetar thct, drkib tha cpplknctkì t` ga, ha

scko. Kt strunf ga cs pcrtknulcrly kitarastkib thct tha hacogci nh`sa t` ra-

spìo t` tha tahsklocrs kiktkcl nhcllaiba i`t dy crgkib hks prkvklabao

duracunrctkn r`la cs c hacogci, dut dy oanlcrkib hks rkbhts cs c hugci dakib

(Ccogk nìi`tas d`th gci cio tha baiarkn nctab`ry è hugci)._ha

nìtaxt gcfas kt nlacr thct tha gci wcs cssartkib i`t just hks rkbhts cs c

hugci, dut cls` tha g`ra spankffin nlckgs è nktkzaishkp, è gagdarshkp ki

tha ictkìcl n`gguikty. Ha wcs cssartkib hks rkbht, cs c nktkzai, t` da tractaowkth raspant dy tha duracunrct.

Cs tha tahsklocr pr`nassao ìa e`rg cetar ci`thar ki whknh aloarly cpplk-

ncits oaikao hcvkib ciy nhklorai, ha braw kinracskibly oùdteul è thakr

varcnkty. @ur p`pulctkì ks br`wkib s` rcpkoly, ha `dsarvao wryly, cio cll

thasa pa`pla nlckg t` hcva i` nhklorai. K ffiio thct rcthar hcro t` dalkava, oìt

yù0 Clthùbh hacogai wara supp`sao t` aio`rsa tha cpplkncits stcta-

gaits cdùt tha cgùit è lcio thay `wiao cio tha iugdar è coult nhkl-

orai thay hco, kt wcs up t` tha lcio ran`ros nkcl t` nhanf tha truth e th`sa

stctagaits. Ki c raskbiao tìa, tha tahsklocr scko thct tha lcio ran`ros `-


24/56


25/56

3? | Nhcptar 3

stcta, lacos t` gkskitarpratctkìs è duracunrctkn pr`nassas cio s`nkcl ùt-

n`gas thct hcva sarkùs nìsaquainas e`r d`th snh`lcrshkp cio p`lkny.

K hcva raplcnao tha i`tkì thct duracunrcnkas raprasait tha rctkìclkzctkì

è p`war ki c oksnkplkicry s`nkaty wkth c vary okarait pknturaìa ki whknh

tha aitkra pr`nass ks sh`t thrùbh wkth nìtkibainy cio dcraly nìtr`llaonhc`s. Gy kitarast lkas ki axplckikib whct K raearrao t` cd`va cs tha pròuntkì

è crdktrcrkiass. Ki tha gkost e thks nhc`s, tha cllabaoly rctkìcl cppcrctus e

tha stcta gcfas nrunkcl oankskìs sunh cs whathar c p``r parsì shùlo

ranakva whct gcy da lkeascvkib cko. H`wavar, tha pr`naourcl dcsas e`r thasa

oankskìs wara ecr er`g rctkìcl. _ha rctkìcl skoa è duracunrctkn pr`nass

raqukrao tha ailkstgait e tha sarvknas e c gaokncl o`nt`r ct tha ncgp. [at hks

j`d nìskstao e buasskib tha cpplkncits cba, c tcsf thct s`gaìa alsa, s`ga-

ìa wkthùt hks axpartksa, nùlo hcva oìa just cs wall. kgklcrly, thara wcs i`

cogkikstrctkva l`bkn bukokib tha oankskì thct cpplknctkìs sudgkttao wkthùt

c ph`t`brcph shùlo `r shùlo i`t da cnnaptao. Ecnkib tha lcnf è ralkcdla

kie`rgctkì rabcrokib ci cpplkncits cba, lcio`wiarshkp, `r tha iugdar è

coult nhklorai, `nkcls gcoa oankskìs ì alkbkdklkty ì tha dcsks è buass-

w`rf cio nìtkibainy. ûnh crdktrcry oankskìs hco i` iabctkva nìsaquainas

e`r tha `nkcls, wh` wara sctksffiao thct thay wara o`kib tha dast uioar tha

nkrnugstcinas6 h`wavar, e`r tha nlkaits è thakr pr`brcgs thasa oankskìs

gcttarao c bract oacl cio gcy hcva gcoa tha okaraina datwaai lkea cio

oacth, cio thks dan`gas naitrcl t` gy tha`ratkncl rugkictkìs.

Dk`p`lktkns, Dcra Lkea, cio Labktkgcta Uk`laina

@ia oacth ks c trcbaoy, c gkllkì oacths c stctkstkn.

cttrkdutao t` j`saph stclki

_ha ncgp e`r paiskìars nìoaisao tw` eacturas assaitkcl t` ciy uioar-

stciokib è tha ralctkì datwaai tha stcta ki Kiokc cio tha p``r. Ekrst, thct

tha tcsf è ncrkib e`r tha p`pulctkì ks tcfai sarkùsly dy tha stcta cio

ncrrkao ùt wall dayìo c utklktcrkci nclnulus6 sanìo, thct oaspkta thks cp-pr`cnh tha p``r cra axp`sao t` oacth ì ci ìb`kib dcsks wkthùt ncuskib

ciyìa t` da clcrgao. H`w ks thks saagkibly nìtrcoknt`ry stcta è cckrs t`

da uioarst`ò0

@ia p`sskdla ciswar agarbas er`g tha nìiantkìs Eùncult gcfas da-

twaai i`rgclkzctkì cio g`rtclkty ki hks nìnapt è dk`p`war (3;;=, 4==>,

4==2). Ki nhcrtkib tha shket er`g oksnkplkicry tanhi`l`bkas t` dk`p`war,

Eùncult crbuas thct wkth dk`p`war tha nìtr`l è kiokvkoucl dòkas (oksnk-


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plkia) ks n`gplagaitao dy c e`nus ì tha p`pulctkì cs c wh`la. ^`-ncllao

`djants lkfa tha dkrthrcta cio tha rcta è g`rtclkty cio g`rdkokty n`ga kit` c

nclnulus e plciikib cio nìtr`l. @ina tha p`pulctkì dan`gas tha tcrbat e

kitarvaitkì, kts rabulcrktkas, oavkcinas, ci`gclkas, cio panulkcrktkas nci da

astcdlkshao. E`r gy purp`sas, tha g`st kgp`rtcit p`kit cdùt thks crbugaitks thct tha i`rgcl ks oksn`varao cio astcdlkshao thrùbh tha stctkstkncl cicl-

ysks è tha p`pulctkì. ^tctkstkncl rabulcrkty, ki `thar w`ros, halps astcdlksh

tha prasnrkptkva (4==>: 41>).

Ki tha Kiokci ncsa, hkbh rctas è p`varty, ìna astcdlkshao cs c stctkstkncl

ecnt cio tha i`rgcl stcta è cckrs, sarvao t` justkey cio labktkgcta sl`w

cntkì cbckist p`varty ì tha pcrt è stcta alktas, pcrtknulcrly skina thara wcs

i`t gunh nhciba ki rctas è p`varty ki tha ffirst ffiva oancoas cetar Kioapai-

oaina. Hkbh rctas è p`varty cra t`larctao dancusa, gunh lkfa ciy `thar

icturcl phai`gaiì, thay cra saai cs pcrt è tha lciosncpa. Ki c vary skgklcr

vaki, ^nhapar-Hubhas kitròunas tha nìnapt è ci cvarcba axpantcdla ai-

vkrìgait è nhklo oacth (3;;4: 4=, 42>25) t` axplcki h`w hkbh kiecit

g`rtclkty rctas ncga t` da i`rgclkzao ki i`rthacst Drczkl. Cs ki tha ncsa è

tha icturcl nynla è ffl`òs cio orùbhts, ìa nci ct dast n`pa wkth sunh

sktuctkìs dy oaval`pkib coaqucta ganhciksgs è tagp`rcry ralkae. _hks ks

why ciy skbikffincit raountkì ki p`varty ks tractao cs c ncusa è bract naladrc-

tkì cio sale-nìbrctulctkì.

Ke ìa wara t` orcw ci cicl`by wkth Kiokcs rctas è anì`gkn br`wth kitha oancoas cetar Kioapaioaina, tha i`rgcl rcta è crùio >.1 parnait da-

ncga s` gunh ci astcdlkshao ecnt thct thara wcs nìstarictkì ìly ke tha

anì`gy ecklao t` racnh thct iugdar. Rhai lkdarclkzctkì wcs ffirst kitr`-

ounao ki tha acrly 3;;=s, pr`pìaits crbuao thct, ki `roar t` da aantkva, c

nhciba ki p`lkny hco t` da cnn`gpcikao dy c okarait gkiosat thct dalkavao

thct rctas è br`wth è 58 parnait wara p`sskdla ki Kiokc. ]r`g`tars è

lkdarclkzctkì lkfa ]. Nhkocgdcrcg, wh` sarvao cs ffiicina gkikstar er`g Gcy

4==? t` I`vagdar 4==8, nlckg thct ìa è kts aiourkib cnhkavagaits ks thcttha parnakvao i`rg hcs shketao s` skbikffincitly thct thasa rctas è br`wth cra

i`w axpantao cio pa`pla csf why Kiokc ncii`t o` avai dattar (ddn4==2).

N`gpcrksì e sunh ci ptkgkstkn oksnùrsa wkth tha ia cpplkao t` cnuta

p`varty gcfas e`r c strkfkib nìtrcst. Nhkocgdcrcg hkgsale axagplkffias thks

nìtrcst ki ci kitarvkaw ha bcva t` tha ddn: _ha ecstar wa br`w cio tha

g`ra kinluskva thct br`wth ks, tha oanlkia ki p`varty wkll da rcpko. Kg nì-

ffioait wa nci wkpa ùt p`varty dy 4=?=. _ha kitarvkawar, kinraoulùs, csfs

hkg whct ha gacis dy wkpkib ùt p`varty. Nhkocgdcrcg raplkas, ]a`pla


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35 | Nhcptar 3

wkll hcva h`gas, w`rf, e`ò, nl`thkib, cnnass t` aounctkì cio gaokncl ncra

(ddn4==2).

Faapkib tha l`w lkea axpantcinkas e tha vary p``r ki gkio, ia gkbht wall

csf why c plci t` arcokncta p`varty thct assaitkclly scnrkffinas ci aitkra baiarc-

tkì ks nìskoarao t` da c p`sktkva cspkrctkì (cio ìa oàs i`t fi`w h`wgunh è thks wkll trcislcta kit` cntucl cnhkavagait). Dy tha tkga tha Kiokci

b`varigait plcis t` wkpa ùt p`varty, vary eaw è tha p``rast pa`pla lkvkib

tòcy wkll stkll da clkva. ûnh c stctagait gcfas saisa t` spacfars cio lks-

taiars clkfa ìly cbckist c dcnfor`p ki whknh hkbh rctas è p`varty cra tcfai

cs i`rgcl. Ki thar w`ros, kt gcfas saisa cs dk`p`lktkns. Rhai p`lknygcfars

astcdlksh b`cls thrùbh tha i`rg è hkbh p`varty cio agpl`y c oksnùrsa

cdùt tha oknulty è raounkib p`varty ki c dkb, n`gplax nùitry lkfa Kiokc,

thay uinciikly anh` tha justkffinctkìs usao pravkùsly e`r axplckikib why

Kiokc nùlo i`t cnnalarcta anì`gkn br`wth.

Cs c nìnapt, dk`p`war oàs i`t halp axplcki why s`ga pa`pla ki okra

p`varty ranakva halp whkla thars o` i`t. Rhy cra s`ga pa`pla cll`wao t` oka

whkla `thars cra aicdlao t` lkva0 H`wavar, thks ks i`t t` scy thct dk`p`lktkncl

tanhi`l`bkas ncii`t coorass sunh c quastkì. E`r axcgpla, c stctkstkncl cicl-

ysks nùlo ravacl thct thara cra skbikffincit kitrcrabkìcl vcrkctkìs ki p`varty

rctas `r nìskoarcdla kitarncsta okarainas, whknh gkbht laco t` spankffin

p`lkny kitarvaitkìs. _ha dkbbar nrktknksg è tha koac è dk`p`war ks thct ki

agphcskzkib gcicbarkcl cppr`cnhas t` tha p`pulctkì, kt eckls t` coorasscoaquctaly quastkìs è vk`laina. Ke gcicbkib tha p`pulctkì parpatrctas

vk`laina ì tha p``r, h`w ks tha e`rg è vk`laina kgplknkt ki dk`p`war oke-

earait er`g `thar typas è vk`laina0 Kt wùlo da eckr t` scy thct tha vk`laina

kgplknkt ki dk`p`war ragckis uioartha`rkzao ki Eùncults w`rf.

Cbcgdai kitròunas ci kgp`rtcit shket er`g tha Eùnculokci koac è

dk`p`war dy gcfkib tha okstkintkì datwaai dakib fkllao cs `pp`sao t`

pcsskvaly dakib cll`wao t` oka. _ha pr`tcbìkst è H`g` ^cnarcio ^tcta è

Axnaptkìks tha parsì wh` nci da fkllao wkthùt scnrkffina, c parsì wh` ksaxpaiocdla. C skgklcr nrktkqua ks crtknulctao dy Cnhklla Gdagda, wh` p`kits

t` tha lcnf e aibcbagait wkth axplknkt vk`laina thct ks kgplknkt ki tha nìnapt

è dk`p`war. Gdagda csfs, Ks tha i`tkì è dk`p`war sunkait t` cnnùit

e`r tha nìtagp`rcry wcys ki whknh tha p`lktkncl, uioar tha buksa è wcr, è

raskstcina, `r è tha ffibht cbckist tarr`r, gcfas tha guroar è tha aiagy kts

prkgcry cio cds`luta `djantkva0 (4==>: 34).Clthùbh tha axtraga p``r cra

i`t nìnakvao è cs tha aiagy dy Kiokcs `thar nlcssas, thks nrktkqua è

dk`p`war aicdlas ia t` thkif cdùt tha r`la thct vk`laina plcys ki c sktuctkì

whara tha prasarvctkì è tha sale ks i`t oapaioait upì tha oacth è tha


28/56


`thar. Cra ncsas ki whknh pa`pla oalkdarctaly kbi`ra tha cnuta okstrass è

`thars cnts è vk`laina0 Nci tha vk`laina è dk`p`lktkns da tha`rkzao axplknktly

ùtskoa è c Gciknhaci ercgaw`rf0

_ha kiavktcdklkty è tha oacth è tha p``r cttckis c okarait athkncl n`g-

plaxkì ke tha vk`laina ki sunh c thcict`p`lktkns ks saai cs fkllkib rcthar thciskgply cs cll`wkib t` oka `r axp`skib t` oacth. Cbcgdai nìstrunts tha

ffibura è tha h`g` scnarcs c parsì d`th kiskoa cio ùtskoa tha lcw, ìa wh`

nci da fkllao dut wh`sa fkllkib oàs i`t vk`lcta akthar tha lcw `r tha labkt-

kgcny è tha s`varakbi (3;;8: 8). Cbcgdais axcgplas cra hugci bukiac

pkbs e`r Iczk axparkgaits, aubaikns, cio authcicskc, dut ks thara c okarait

wcy t` thkif cdùt thcict`p`lktkns (3;;8: 3>51;)0 _ha axtragaly p``r nùlo

da c pareant axcgpla è whct Cbcgdai gacis dy h`g` scnar ki thct thakr

oacth ks i`t ran`bikzao cs c vk`lctkì ki ciy raspant: i`t c vk`lctkì è c

i`rg, c rula, c lcw, c nìstktutkìcl prkinkpla, i`t avai parhcps e tha koac e

justkna.Oàs i`t pr`vkokib e`ò, nl`thkib, shaltar, cio haclthncra t` s`ga-

ìa wh` ks `dvkùsly ki okra iaao raprasait fkllkib0 Ke s`, kt ks kgp`rtcit t`

i`ta thct i`dòy ks puikshao `r puikshcdla e`r tcfkib thasa lkvas. Dancusa

sunh oacths cra ùtskoa tha `rdkt è vk`lctkì, puikshgait, cio rastktutkì,

thay raprasait lkea thct nci da fkllao wkthùt dakib nìskoarao c scnrkffina

axcntly whct Cbcgdai gacis dy scnrao lkea.

H`wavar, uilkfa Eùncult, Cbcgdai lkifs thks koac è vk`laina cbckist

gagdars è c p`pulctkì wh` cra nìskoarao h`gkiks scnrk wkth c strìbi`tkì è s`varakbity. Kt ks tha s`varakbi kijuintkì oanlcrkib c stcta è

agarbainy, whknh p`sktkìs c nartcki nctab`ry è pa`pla ùtskoa tha lcw cio

gcfas thag vuliarcdla t` cuth`rkzao vk`laina. Kt ks ìly ki thasa nìoktkìs

thct parsìs nci da fkllao wkthùt scnrkffina. Ki thar w`ros, Cbcgdai gcfas

c ianasscry lkif datwaai tha s`varakbi dci cio scnrao lkea, crbukib thct

tha s`varakbi cio h`g` scnar cra syggatrkncl ffiburas, acnh pròunkib tha

`thar.K nìtaio dal`w, h`wavar, thct kt ks hcro t` sustcki sunh ci crbugait

e`r tha vk`laina è p`varty K cg oasnrkdkib ki thks d``f.

Qsaeul cs Cbcgdais koac è dcra lkea ks e`r uioarstciokib tha plkbht è

tha vary p``r ki Kiokc, tha kitabrcl nìiantkì datwaai tha stcta è axnaptkì

cio tha pròuntkì è dcra lkea ks gunh lass parsucskva. @ia racsì nùlo da

thct e`r Cbcgdai tha stcta è axnaptkì oapaios ì c strìb tha`ry è

s`varakbity cio c p`wareully uikffiao stcta cppcrctus (Taoffialo 4==1: >?=6

Hcisai cio ^tapputct 4==5). Er`g Ncrl ^nhgktt, Cbcgdai (4==1: 3) tcfas

tha oaffiiktkì è tha s`varakbi t` da tha ìa wh` oankoas ì tha stcta è

axnaptkì. Ke, dy nìtrcst, ìa nìskoars c sktuctkì nhcrcntarkzao dy ercb-

gaitao, oksparsao, r varlcppkib s`varakbitkas (@ib 4===), cio c stcta thct


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38 | Nhcptar 3

ks plurknaitarao, gultklavalao, cio oanaitrclkzao, kt dan`gas gunh hcroar t`

g`dklkza tha tha`ratkncl ouclksgs thct nhcrcntarkza Cbcgdais ralctkìshkp

datwaai tha stcta è axnaptkì cio dcra lkea.

_ha p``r ki Kiokc cra i`t axnluoao er`g p`lktkncl pcrtknkpctkì6 ki ecnt, cs

thks d``f oagìstrctas, thay cra aithuskcstkn prcntktkìars è pcrtknkpct`ryoag`nrcny ct okarait lavals è p`lktkns (Cls`p, Frkshic, cio ^j`dl`g 4==3).

@e tha tw` gkllkì pa`pla alantao t` vcrkùs nas dy oag`nrctkn gathòs ki

Kiokc, tha p``r nìstktuta c skbikffincit iugdar. _ha ecklura è tha daiaffits è

oaval`pgait t` racnh thag ncii`t da cttrkdutao s`laly t` thakr axnluskì er`g

p`lktkncl n`gguikty nìstktutao dy koaitktkas sunh cs ictkì, ralkbkì, r ncsta

(Cbcgdai 3;;8: 383). @i tha `thar hcio, oaspkta thakr kinluskì ki tha

ictkìcl n`gguikty cio tha oaval`pgait stcta, thakr p`varty oàs i`t nìstk-

tuta c snciocl, cio thakr oacth oàs i`t pr`v`fa ictkìcl sùl-sacrnhkib.

]`pulcr s`varakbity tcfas tha pcrco`xkncl e`rg e kinluskì cio uispacfcdla

vk`laina6 e`rgs è dalìbkib nàxkst wkth tha pròuntkì è dcra lkea. Rhct

dabs axplcictkì ki tha ncsa è Kiokc ks tha wkoaspraco cnnaptcina è tha

vk`laina dakib oìa t` tha p``r ct tha scga tkga thct p`pulcr s`varakbity ks

nìstktutao thrùbh thag.

Rh` cra tha pa`pla thrùbh wh`g p`pulcr s`varakbity ks nìstruntao

cio wh` dan`ga tha `djant è ncra ki dk`p`lktkns0 _ha dk`p`lktkncl nìnari

wkth tha pa`pla prasugas c tarrkt`rkcl uikt wh`sa p`pulctkì ks tha `djant è

ncra `r axnluskì. Eùncult okstcinas tha koac è sanurkty er`g thct è s`v-arakbity ki tha e`ll`wkib gciiar: Dcloly, ct ffirst skbht cio s`gawhct snha-

gctknclly, wa nùlo scy thct s`varakbity ks axarnksao wkthki tha d`roars è c

tarrkt`ry, oksnkplkia ks axarnksao ì tha dòkas è kiokvkoucls, cio sanurkty ks

axarnksao `var c wh`la p`pulctkì (4==2: 33). Dy sanurkty, Eùncult gacis

rabulctkib cio gcicbkib tha rksfs thct cant tha p`pulctkì s` thct iabctkva

taioainkas o` i`t bat ùt è nìtr`l. Oaspkta tha ecnt thct Eùncults ag-

phcsks ks i`t ì d`roars cio tarrkt`ry, ha stkll cssugas thct tha p`pulctkì

wh`sa rksfs gust da gcicbao ks dùioao dy cantkva tkas cio ba`brcphkncldùiocrkas._ha ictkì-stcta thus ragckis tha kgplknkt sudjant è tha Eù-

nculokci i`tkì è dk`p`lktkns._hks ks gcoa avkoait ki Eùncults cssartkì

thct gcicbkib tha p`pulctkì ks tha `djant è b`varigait, whknh ks sktuctao

ki c pcrtknulcr s`nk`hkst`rkncl nìjuintura, ìa gcrfao dy tha csnait è

Ercina cio `thar Aur`paci stctas cs n`lìkcl p`wars. Ki thct nìtaxt, tha

stcta b`variao c p`pulctkì thct axnaaoao tha d`roars è tha ictkì. H`w-

avar, oaspkta thakr `nncskìcl nìnari wkth lcrba ecgkias, tha gcicbagait

è tha walecra e tha p`pulctkì ki tha n`lìkas wcs hcroly nrktkncl t` kgparkcl

stctas.


30/56

]`varty cs Dk`p`lktkns | 3;

Ks tha axarnksa è s`varakbity cio tha axp`sura t` oacth ki dk`p`lktkns

kgplknktly gaokctao dy sòclktkas sunh cs ictkìclksg0 Ictkìclkst cant

halps axplcki why s`ga pa`pla dan`ga tha `djants è nìnari g`ra thci

`thars, pa`pla wh`sa walecra gcy da saai cs tha pr`dlag è thakr `wi

s`varakbi. _hks gcy halp axplcki why p``r pa`pla wh` cra raeubaas cra s`ètai tractao okaraitly er`g oastktuta nktkzais. _ha raspìskdklkty e l``fkib

cetar th`sa wh` cra ùtskoa tha cantkva tkas è nktkzaishkp, avai ke thay shcra

tha scga tarrkt`rkcl spcna cio praokncgait è lkvalkh`ò, ks ètai plcnao ì

tha b`varigait è thct ictkì-stcta t` wh`g th`sa pa`pla pr`parly dalìb.

@ia nci athknclly okstcina ìasale er`g tha axtraga okstrass è `thars wh`

cra ùtskoars dy dlcgkib thakr ictkì-stcta e`r kts ecklura t` l``f cetar kts `wi

pa`pla (saa Ocikal 3;;2), cio tha suarkib è th`sa wh` cra ùtskoa ùr

g`rcl n`gguikty oàs i`t gcttar (G`rrks 3;;2: ?=). Oksnùrsas e gksgci-

cbagait, n`rruptkì, p``r p`lknkas, cio okvkskva p`lktkns nci da g`dklkzao t`

dlcga tha b`varigaits è `thar ictkì-stctas e`r thakr eckluras t` l``f cetar

thakr `wi nktkzais.Dy o`kib s`, h`wavar, oàs ìa i`t just racrg ìas

raspant e`r tha s`varakbity è tha ictkì-stcta cio kgplknktly ran`bikza kts

rkbht t` axp`sa kts `wi nktkzais t` oacth0_ha vk`laina è ictkìclksg da-

n`gas axplknkt d`th thrùbh tha nctab`rkas è p``r wh` cra oaagao cppr`-

prkcta t` iablant cio thrùbh tha ecklura t` halp th`sa wh` cra i`t nìskoarao

pcrt è tha ictkìcl n`gguikty.

]`varty cs ^trunturcl Uk`laina

^` ecr, K hcva daai oasnrkdkib tha ocgcba oìa dy parskstait cio aioagkn

p`varty cs c fkio e vk`laina i tha p``r. H`wavar, whct justkffinctkì ks thara

e`r tha usa è tha targ vk`laina t` oasnrkda tha kijurkas ncusao dy p`varty0

Eurthar, why oasnrkda kt cs strunturcl vk`laina0 Avai ke wa cnnapt thks targ,

thara ragckis tha quastkì cs t` why tha stcta shùlo da lkifao t` kt. @ia wcy

t` eurthar c ncraeul cio nrktkncl cpprankctkì è tha targ strunturcl vk`lainaks t`

csf whct fkio è lkgktctkì kt kgp`sas ì ìas ciclysks cio kgcbkictkì. Kshcll crbua dal`w thct strunturcl vk`laina ks d`th ianasscry cio pr`dlagctkn

cs ci ciclytkn nctab`ry.

Rhai Gcx Radar oaffiiao tha stcta cs tha kistktutkì thct hcs tha gì`p-

`ly e vk`laina wkthki c bkvai tarrkt`ry, ha wcs i`t thkifkib cdùt strunturcl

vk`laina. Tcthar, ha agpl`yao vk`laina ki tha usucl saisa è c okrant cnt è

e`rna thct ncusas physkncl hcrg t` ci`thar parsì. K tcfa tha targ strunturcl

vk`lainaer`g c bargkicl crtknla pudlkshao dy J`hci Bcltuib ki thaJùricl è

]acna Tasacrnh ki 3;5;. Bcltuibs oaffiiktkì è vk`laina tcfas ìa ecr cffialo

er`g c icrr`w e`nus ì tha s`gctkn.Ha koaitkffias vk`laina t` da ciy sktuc-


31/56

4= | Nhcptar 3

tkì ki whknh thara ks c okaraina datwaai tha p`taitkcl cio cntucl s`gctkn

cio gaitcl cnhkavagaits è pa`pla (3;5;: 358).]ut ci`thar wcy, vk`laina

`nnurs ki ciy sktuctkì ki whknh s`ga pa`pla cra uicdla t` cnhkava thakr

ncpcnktkas `r ncpcdklktkas t` thakr eull p`taitkcl, cio clg`st nartckily ke thay

cra uicdla t` o` s` t` tha scga axtait cs `thars.

_ha racsì sunh vk`laina ks nìskoarao t` da strunturcl ks thct kt ks kgp`s-

skdla t` koaitkey c skibla cnt`r wh` n`ggkts tha vk`laina. Kistaco, tha vk`-

laina ks kgparsìcl, duklt kit` tha struntura è p`war (3;5;: 32=23). Ecr

er`g dakib kitaioao, vk`laina ki thks saisa oàs i`t avai hcva t` da ncusao

dy c pcrtknulcr cbait. Rhct ìa ffiios hara ks c nlcssknclly strunturclkst s`nkcl

tha`ry waooao t` nìsaquaitkclksg. Bcltuibs kitarast ks ki ùtn`gas, i`t ki

pr`nassas. Rhaiavar ùtn`gas cra uiaqucl, vk`laina ks prasait. Ki ecnt, ki

thks wcy e thkifkib, ciy systag wkth lass thci eull aquclkty oksplcys avkoaina

è vk`laina. _ha cdsaina è vk`laina ks ci koacl stcta thct ks i`t lkfaly t` da

cnhkavao ki ciy bkvai s`nkcl e`rgctkì. _hks kitarast ki ùtn`gas, h`wavar,

hcs c dr`co sn`pa, i`t lkgktao t` quastkìs è e`ò, lkvalkh`ò, cio kin`ga.

^trunturcl vk`laina ks c ncpcnkùs targ thct ain`gpcssas i`t ìly tha axnlu-

skì er`g aitktlagaits sunh cs e`ò cio wctar, dut cls` tha axnluskì è nar-

tcki brùps er`g pcrtknulcr e`rgs è ran`biktkì (nktkzaishkp rkbhts, aqucl

rkbhts dae`ra tha lcw, rkbhts t` aounctkì, raprasaitctkì, cio s` ì).

Oaffiiao ki thks wcy, strunturcl vk`laina axksts ki taiskì wkth s`ga naitrcl

n`gpìaits è tha koac è vk`laina usao ki s`nkcl ciclysks. Ke ìa csfs cquastkì p`sao dy Uaaic Ocs, Rhct axcntly ks vk`lctao dy strunturcl vk`-

laina0, tha ciswar lacos ki c nìskoarcdly okarait okrantkì thci tha stuoy

è `thar typas è vk`laina. Cnn`rokib t` Ocs, vk`laina raprasaits c vk`lctkì

è tha avaryocy s`nkclkty è lkea-w`rlos. _hct ks why har drkllkcit stuoy è

n`gguicl rk`ts, Lkea cio R`ros, e`nusas ì tha a`rts è vkntkgs cio parpa-

trct`rs clkfa t` raduklo c sagdlcina e `rokicry lkea cetar sunh avaits6 vk`laina

è thks fkio ks apksòkn, ci avait thct fflcras up cio upsats tha saagkibly

sattlao nìtùrs è ockly lkea. [at Ocs subbasts thct oksruptkva apksòas sunhcs rk`ts o` g`ra thci oksturd tha nìtkiukty è avaryocy lkea. _hay nracta c

prèùio uinartckity cdùt tha it`l`bkncl eùioctkìs e tha s`nkcl, s` thct

pa`pla dabki t` oùdt thakr cdklkty t` icvkbcta c s`nkcl w`rlo thay thùbht

thay fiaw wall.

^trunturcl vk`laina nìtrcsts shcrply wkth thks gacikib è vk`laina. Kt ks

nìstcit rcthar thci apksòkn, cio, ecr er`g oksruptkib cnt`rs uioarstcio-

kibs e thakr s`nkcl w`rlos, kt pr`vkoas thag wkth c pcrtknulcr fkio e sktuctao

fi`wlaoba wkth kts wi apkstagkn nartckitkas. @ia e thasa nartckitkas ks thct

thara ks vary lkttla cdklkty t` cds`rd rksf ct tha scga tkga thct ìa ks e`rnao t`


32/56


uioartcfa hkbhly rksfy cntkvktkas. _ha apksòkn nìtkiuas t` da kgp`rtcit e`r

tw` racsìs. Avaits dayìo ias nìtr`l nci spkrcl kit` nctcstr`pha: klliass,

l`ss è agpl`ygait, `r, e`r c p``r ecrgar, tha ecklura è tha rckis nci acskly

rasult ki c l`ss e lkea. _hasa avaits cra nl`saly ralctao t` tha oull n`gpulskìs

è avaryocy lkea: c pr`lìbao parkò è gcliutrktkì, e`r axcgpla, nci gcfatha dòy vuliarcdla t` tha g`st n`ggì oksacsas. Nctcstr`phkn apksòas cra

cls` kgp`rtcit dancusa thay e`rna pa`pla ì cll skoas t` cnfi`wlaoba tha

s`nkcl kiaquclktkas thct e`rash`rtai tha lkea nhcinas è tha p``r. ûnh avaits,

tharae`ra, gcy àr kiskbhts kit` tha kiaquktkas è tha s`nkcl systag, c e`rg

è sktuctao fi`wlaoba thct ks uikqualy cvcklcdla t` tha p``r.

_ha okaraina datwaai strunturcl vk`laina cio okrant vk`laina bàs eur-

thar. Ki kts `rokicry gacikib, vk`laina raqukras c parpatrct`r wh` n`ggkts

tha vk`lait cnt cio c vkntkg wh` ks kijurao dy kt. Ki tha ncsa è strunturcl

vk`laina, clthùbh thara ks c vkntkgs`gaìa wh` ks kijurao dy tha kiaq-

uktkas è s`nkcl crrcibagaitskt ks hcro t` koaitkey c parpatrct`r. Kt ks i`t c

vkntkglass nrkga dut kts `pp`skta: c nrkga wkthùt c nrkgkicl. _hks pcrtknulcr

ecnt rcksas tha quastkì e whct gcfas kt okarait er`g tha oastruntkvaiass e

c icturcl okscstartha oavcstctkì thct c hurrkncia `r ci acrthqucfa nci

ncusa ki tha lkvas è tha p``r. @ia oàs i`t koaitkey icturcl okscstars cs

vk`laina axnapt parhcps whai ìa spacfs gatcph`rknclly è tha vk`laina è

ictura.

Rhy shùlo tha kll aants e strunturcl kiaquktkas da targao vk`laina ct cll0Ks thara i`t c ocibar è nìfflctkib tw` vary okarait phai`gaic dy tha usa

è sunh c targ0 K dalkava thct tha ciclytkncl parkls hara cra vary racl. H`wavar,

thara ks ìa n`gpallkibparhcps `varwhalgkibracsì t` ratcki c e`nus

ì vk`laina: kt faaps ìas cttaitkì ì kts kgpcnt ì g`rtclkty. ^trunturcl

vk`laina rasults ki tha pragctura cio uitkgaly oacths è pa`pla. Uk`laina

hara ks i`t s` gunh tha vk`lctkì e tha avaryocy dut tha raountkì t` dcra lkea,

thct ks, lkea ki kts g`st icfao, assaitkcl e`rg. _ha lkif datwaai strunturcl

vk`laina cio g`rtclkty hcs daai naitrcl t` tha w`rf è ]cul Ecrgar (4==1),cio gy usa è tha targ `was g`ra t` Ecrgar thci t` Bcltuib. Lkfa Ecrgar, K

thkif strunturcl vk`laina ks cdùt tha ictura cio okstrkdutkì è axtraga

suarkib (âi ki Ecrgar 4==1: xkkk).

Rhct okstkibukshas sunh vk`laina er`g tha oastruntkì ncusao dy cnts è

ictura ks thct thasa uie`rtuicta ùtn`gas rasult er`g tha oalkdarcta cntkìs

è s`nkcl cbaits. @ia gust faap ki gkio thct nartcki nlcssas è pa`pla hcva c

stcfa ki parpatuctkib c s`nkcl `roar ki whknh sunh axtraga suarkib ks i`t

ìly t`larctao dut cls` tcfai cs i`rgcl. Cll th`sa wh` daiaffit er`g tha stctus

qu` cio o` i`t wksh t` saa kt nhcibao thai dan`ga n`gplknkt ki thks vk`laina


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44 | Nhcptar 3

cbckist tha p``r.Ki c nùitry lkfa Kiokc, tha parpatrct`rs e vk`laina kinluoa

i`t ìly tha alktas dut cls` tha ecst-br`wkib gkoola nlcss, wh`sa kinracskib

iugdar cio bractar nìsugar p`war cra dakib naladrctao dy ci cbbrasskva

bl`dcl ncpktclksg.

^trunturcl Uk`laina cio tha ^tcta

Kt ks i`w p`sskdla t` nlcrkey tha nìiantkì datwaai tha oksnusskì è strun-

turcl vk`laina cio tha stcta. _ha nhkae gksskì è tha p`stn`lìkcl Kiokci

stcta cs ci kistktutkì ks t` drkib tha erukts è oaval`pgait t` tha ictkì cio

tharae`ra t` coorass kiaquclktkas ki lkea nhcinas. Rhy hcs kt daai uicdla t`

gcfa g`ra è c okaraina ki tha lkvas è tha p``r0 Ukawkib p`varty thrùbh

tha lais è strunturcl vk`laina gcfas kt vary oknult t` lkif tha stcta t` tha

p``r wkth c nìjuintkì: tha stcta cio p`varty. ]`vartyks i`t c b`ò w`ro t`

oasnrkda sunh vk`laina dancusa kts nìtkiuao usa ki pr`jants e nhcrkty cio cko

t` tha uie`rtuicta kiuras ìa t` tha oae`rgao athkns è stctanrcet thct t`lar-

ctas cio nìoìas sunh nrualty. Ki tha nhcptars thct e`ll`w, K axcgkia tha

gòclktkas thrùbh whknh vk`laina ks axarnksao wkthùt kitaitkì, rcibkib

er`g n`rruptkì cio gòas è lktarcny cio wrktkib t` b`varigaitcl prcn-

tknas.Gy ckg ks t` alunkocta h`w c brcva ictkìcl nrksks dan`gas uiaxnap-

tkìcl, c gcttar è rùtkia cogkikstrctkì, c pr`dlag lcrbaly uin`ggaitao

upì ki tha prass `r ki pcrlkcgait, cio icgacdla ìly thrùbh dciclktkas ì

tha `nncskìs whai kt ks gaitkìao.H`w nci ìa axplcki parskstait p`varty cio tha axtragaly l`w p`sktkì è

Kiokc ì bl`dcl rcifkibs è hugci oaval`pgait0 @ia nùlo crbua, e`r ki-

stcina, thct tha stcta ki Kiokc hcs iavar hco tha rasùrnas ianasscry t` arcok-

ncta p`varty. Cltarictkvaly, uskib c pr`brasskvkst icrrctkva è hkst`ry `r c trk-

ugphclkst varskì e ictkìclksg r d`th, ia nùlo p`kit ut thct thkibs cra

battkib dattar dy tha ocy. _ha rcpko br`wth e tha Kiokci anì`gy cetar lkdar-

clkzctkì hcs okrantly l`warao lavals è p`varty cio pr`vkoao tha Kiokci stcta

wkth iaw rasùrnas e`r citkp`varty pr`brcgs. Nìvarsaly, ìa nùlo saaf tùigcsf tha daiav`lait rhat`rkn è tha stcta t` axp`sa kts euiocgaitclly vk`-

lait nhcrcntar cio t` sh`w tha bcp datwaai kts rhat`rkn cio kts cntkìs. ûnh

ci axarnksa wùlo ravacl thct rapactao stctagaits è b`ò kitaitkìs dy p`l-

ktknkcis cio duracunrcts cra nyikncl pl`ys t` `dtcki v`tas cio labktkgcny,

raspantkvaly. @ia nùlo cls` crbua clìb g`ra nlcssknclly Gcrxkst lkias thct

tha stcta ks c t``l e`r tha parpatuctkì e kiaquclktkas, ci axanutkva n`ggkttaa

è tha dùrba`kska cio tha agarbkib nlcssas thct cra tkao t` tha dùrba`ks

`roar. Ki thks vkaw, tha stcta rabulctas tha shcrkib è tha surplus cgìb tha

vcrkùs ercntkìs è tha dùrba`kska cio aisuras thct thakr kitaricl nìfflknts


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]`varty cs Dk`p`lktkns | 4>

o` i`t drkib o`wi tha systag e`r tha baiarctkì è surplus (Dcrohci 3;8?:

1?58). Ekiclly, ìa nùlo, d`rr`wkib c e`rgulctkì er`g Drui` Lctùr,

crbua thct wa hcva iavar daai p`stn`lìkcl: p`varty hcs i`t daai arcoknctao

dancusa tha stcta hcs nìtkiuao t` euintkì gunh cs tha n`lìkcl ia oko, cio

ia`lkdarclksg hcs sunnaaoao ìly ki drkibkib t` Kiokc iaw e`rgs è agpkracio ia`n`lìkclksg (Hcrot cio Iabrk 4===). Kiokvcr Fcgtafcr, e`r kistcina,

hcs oagìstrctao qukta nìvkinkibly thct tha nìtkiuktkas ki cogkikstrctkì,

justkna, cio oaeaisa cnr`ss tha n`lìkclp`stn`lìkcl okvkoa gcfa tha n`l`-

ikcl stcta hyp`thasks g`ra thci just c rhat`rkncl fflùrksh (3;88).

Kt wùlo da acsy t` co`pt c nyikncl parspantkva ì tha g`tkvctkìs è stcta

duracunrcts cio p`lktknkcis cio dlcga thag e`r parpatuctkib strunturcl vk`-

laina ì tha p``r. Lkfa ciy `thar nlcss è pa`pla, duracunrcts s`gatkgas ffit

thct kgcba. H`wavar, lkfa Gclkf ki gy ffialow`rf axcgpla cd`va, gciy hcro-

w`rfkib duracunrcts wara ètai erustrctao dy thakr kicdklkty t` w`rf aan-

tkvaly t` drkib cdùt racl nhcibas ki tha lkvas è tha p``r pa`pla wh` wara s`

ètai tha tcrbat è b`varigait pr`brcgs. _hks ks pranksaly why K wksh t`

crbua ki thks d``f thct i` gcttar h`w i`dla tha kitaitkìs e pr`brcgs, cio

i` gcttar h`w skinara tha `nkcls ki nhcrba è thag, tha `vart b`cl è

halpkib tha p``r ks sudvartao dy tha vary pr`naouras è tha duracunrcny.

_hara ks c vary spankffin gòclkty è uincrkib `parctkib hara thct K wkll

eurthar spankey. Qincrkib kioknctas i`t c psynh`l`bkncl stcta è b`varigait

agpl`yaas dut c nìstktutkva gòclkty è tha stcta. @ia nùlo hcroly cnnusatha stcta è kicntkì t`wcro tha p``r: kt wùlo da oknult t` kgcbkia c g`ra

axtaiskva sat è oaval`pgait kitarvaitkìs ki tha ffialos è iutrktkì, haclth,

aounctkì, hùskib, agpl`ygait, sciktctkì, cio s` e`rth thci th`sa eùio

ki Kiokc. _ha Kiokci stcta pr`dcdly utoàs ciy thar p``r ictkì-stcta ki tha

iugdar cio rciba e kts daiav`lait kitarvaitkìs. E`r axcgpla, ct tha tkga e

gy ffialow`rf tha stc ct tha dl`nf laval wcs raspìskdla e`r kgplagaitkib i`

eawar thci thkrty oaval`pgait pr`jants. Bkvai thks ecnt, s`ga pr`brcgs ki-

vcrkcdly dancga g`ra kgp`rtcit thci `thars ki targs è stc cttaitkì ciolcd`r.

K hcva agphcskzao thct kt ks i`t tha lcnf è ncra `r c wcit è cttaitkvaiass

thct rasult ki tha iablant cio kiokaraina sh`wi t` tha suarkib è p``r

pa`pla dy duracunrcts cio stcta alktas. ^tcta `nkcls cio p`lktkncl lacoars o`

i`t hcva t` da ncllùs `r kiokarait t` tha plkbht è tha p``r e`r thakr cntkìs

t` hcva hkbhly iabctkva nìsaquainas. Ct tha paiskì ncgp, e`r axcgpla, tha

suggcry juobgaits gcoa dy tha o`nt`r wh` wcs buasskib tha cbas è

pa`pla cio dy tha tahsklocr wh` n`ggaitao krìknclly i tha rcpko br`wth e

tha p`pulctkì oaspkta s` gciy pa`pla i`t hcvkib nhklorai wara g`tkvctao


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4? | Nhcptar 3

lcrbaly dy duracunrctkn axpaokainy rcthar thci dy kiokaraina `r h`stklkty

t`wcro tha daiaffinkcrkas. Rkthùt oùdt, gciy daiaffinkcrkas wùlo hcva

daai w`rsa ` wkthùt tha ncgp. H`wavar, dakib oaikao supp`rt gcy wall

hcva gcoa tha okaraina datwaai lkea cio oacth e`r ct lacst s`ga è tha

p``rast cpplkncits.

Kgp`rtcitly, sunh vk`laina wcs aicntao ct tha vary snaiaè ncra.Ki strasskib tha kitkgcta nìiantkì datwaai vk`laina cio ncrkib

cio ki rajantkib icrrctkvas e tha kiokaraina r kicttaitkvaiass e tha stcta, K

cg trykib t` crtknulcta tha athkns cio p`lktkns è ncra thct ks crdktrcry ki kts

nìsaquainas. K cg crbukib thct sunh crdktrcrkiass ks i`t ktsale crdktrcry6

rcthar, kt ks systagctknclly pròunao dy tha vary ganhciksgs thct cra gacit t`

cgalk`rcta s`nkcl suarkib.

Rhct gust da axplckiao ks i`t ìly why b`varigait pr`brcgs ckgao ct

pr`vkokib iutrktkì, agpl`ygait, hùskib, haclthncra, cio aounctkì t`

p``r pa`pla o` i`t sunnaao ki thakr `djantkvas dut cls` why, whai thay o`

sunnaao, thay o` s` uiavaily cio arrctknclly. Rhy, cgìb tha uikvarsa è

iaaoy daiaffinkcrkas, o` s`ga pa`pla gcicba t` ranakva csskstcina cio thars

i`t0 _hks ks whct K gaci dy crdktrcry ùtn`gas. _` gy gkio, tha g`ra

ciclytknclly parplaxkib quastkì ks why c ganhciksgtha gòari duracu-

nrctkn stctathct ks tha hcllgcrf è rctkìcl oankskì gcfkib systagctknclly

pròunas sunh crdktrcrkiass.

Ki raearrkib t` crdktrcry ùtn`gas, K o` i`t gaci thct sunh phai`gaic

ncii`t da uioarst`ò `r axplckiao. I`r o` K wksh t` oaiy thct tha s`nkclpròuntkì è kiokaraina ks ci kgp`rtcit ganhciksg dy whknh duracu-

nrcnkas kisulcta thagsalvas er`g s`nkcl suarkib (Harzealo 3;;>). Iavartha-

lass, kt dan`gas oknult t` axplcki why sunh kiokaraina baiarctas shcrply

okvarbait ùtn`gas e`r nlkaits wh` cra ki skgklcr strunturcl l`nctkìs. Ki

`thar w`ros, ìa wùlo axpant thct sunh kiokaraina wùlo `parcta aquclly

ì tw` nlkaits wh` hcva vary skgklcr aio`wgaits è anì`gkn, s`nkcl, aou-

nctkìcl, cio nulturcl ncpktcl. Ki Radars (3;58) vkaw, tha vary okstkintkì

datwaai p`war ki c parsìclkstkn s`nkcl w`rlo cio c gòari duracunrctkn iaks thct, ki tha e`rgar, raplkncdklkty cio nìskstainy cra iakthar vcluao i`r

pròunao systagctknclly, wharacs ki c duracunrcny tha parsì pare`rgkib

tha r`la ks (koaclly) krralavcit t` tha ùtn`ga. Ki `thar w`ros, ki c duracu-

nrctkn systag i` gcttar wh` `nnupkas ci `na, tha rulas b`varikib oankskì

gcfkib oalkvar nìskstait ùtn`gas.

_ha pròuntkì e crdktrcrkiass ks i`t panulkcr t` Kiokci duracunrcnkas dut

ks c eactura è ciy n`gplax duracunrctkn `rbcikzctkì. Iakthar cra cll ùt-

n`gas crdktrcry ki tha gciiar K hcva utlkiao. `ga e`rgs e oksnrkgkictkì

cra nìskstait, systagctkn, cio kistktutkìclkzao. E`r axcgpla, tha raqukra-


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gait thct ciy cpplknctkì sudgkttao dy c w`gci t` c duracunrctkn `na

nìtcki, e`r purp`sas è koaitkffinctkì, tha icga è akthar har ecthar `r har

husdcio, kistktutkìclkzas tha pctrkcrnhcl roar cio i`rgclkzas hatar`saxucl

gcrrkcba.Ki tha ffirst santkì è thks d``f K crbua thct tha systag è n`rrup-

tkì euintkìs ki just sunh c gciiar t` oksnrkgkicta gathòknclly cbckistp``r pa`pla dy rckskib tha rctas thct pa`pla hcva t` pcy e`r sarvknas thct cra

i`gkiclly eraa `r thct cra sudskokzao dy tha stcta. N`rruptkì ks c systagctkn

e`rg e `pprasskì pranksaly dancusa kt cnts uike`rgly i tha p`pulctkì thct

lcnfs tha kin`ga t` pcy ` `nkcls.

K wksh t` okstkibuksh gy p`sktkì er`g tw` `thar n`ggìly agpl`yao

axplcictkìs e`r oaval`pgait utn`gas thct covarsaly cant tha p``r. Ekrst, K

cg i`t crbukib thct, clthùbh oaval`pgait plciikib cio pr`brcgs cra wall

oaskbiao, thay eùioar ki thakr kgplagaitctkì. _hks p`sktkì, udkquktùs ki

tha oksnùrsa è gciy gkoola-nlcss, urdci Kiokcis, rapròunas d`th c n`l`-

ikcl n`gplckit è tha kin`gpataina è tha ictkvas cio c nlcss dkcs t`wcro

sudcltaris ki tha duracunrcny. Ke tha pr`dlag ks p``r kgplagaitctkì, tha

dlcga eclls kiavktcdly ì l`war-laval `nkcls wh`, e`r racsìs rcibkib er`g

n`rruptkì t` p``r trckikib cio aounctkì, cra oaagao kincpcdla è kgpla-

gaitkib tha wìoareul pr`brcgs thùbht up dy gatr`p`lktci axparts. _hks

ks ia kistcina ki whknh avai th`sa wh` wùlo i`rgclly rakey kt okscbbrabcta

tha stcta, cio kt ks i`t aitkraly surprkskib thct ìa shùlo oksn`var sunh c

g`va ki tha nìtaxt è axplckikib ecklura rcthar thci tha i`rgcl `parctkì ètha gcnhkiary.

ânìo, ralctao t` thks p`kit, K cg i`t crbukib thct strunturcl vk`laina nci

da alkgkictao r bractly cttaiuctao dy kgpr`vkib tha ankainy e tha oalkvary

è stcta sarvknas t` tha p``r. Clthùbh thara ks plaity è r``g e`r kinracsao

ankainy cio clthùbh s`ga ùtn`gas gkbht da dattar ke pr`nassas wara

stracglkiao, tha b`cls e ankainy o` i`t ianasscrkly n`kinkoa wkth tha b`cls

è justkna. Csnrkdkib kiankainy t` l`war-laval duracunrcts ks ci`thar wcy ki

whknh sudcltaris ki tha duracunrcny cra dlcgao e`r tha eckluras è oaval`p-gait pr`brcgs.

Ekiclly, clthùbh K hcva gcoa nhrìkn p`varty tha e`nus è thks axcgkic-

tkì è tha stcta, K wcit t` uioarlkia tha kgp`rtcina è wrktkib cbckist ci

cithr`p`l`by è cdjantiass. _ha pa`pla wh` wara tha tcrbats è stcta kitar-

vaitkì cio daiav`lait cntkì wara i`t pcsskva `r o`nkla vkntkgs cio oko i`t

nìskoar `r raprasait thagsalvas cs sunh._hay st`ò up t` `nkcls whai

thay nùlo: e`r axcgpla, tha parsì wh` ciswarao tha tahsklocr skgply dy

cssartkib hks okbikty t` da tractao wall avai ke ha wcs ci rokicry parsì. _ha

pa`pla K w`rfao wkth strubblao t` gcfa thkibs dattar e`r thagsalvas6 thay


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45 | Nhcptar 3

wara kivaitkva cio nractkva ki agpl`ykib whctavar gacis thay nùlo t` ncra

e`r thakr ecgklkas6 thay wara raspìskdla cio n`ggkttao gagdars è fki

iatw`rfs6 cio, thay nìtrkdutao t` thakr n`gguiktkas. _hay wara cls` cstuta

phkl`s`phars, pa`pla wh`sa uikqua strunturcl p`sktkì bcva thag shcrp ki-

skbhts kit` tha kijustknas è tha s`nkcl systag thay kihcdktao. Tcthar thciuskib tha p``r cs c rasùrna e`r thkifkib, K tcfa thag cs gy phkl`s`phkncl

cio s`nkcl bukoas ki c pr`nass è trcislctkì (Tcinkra 4==?). I`t ìly

oko p``r pa`pla sh`w up ct tha `nas K stuokao, dut cls` raprasaitctkìs

è cio dy thag nkrnulctao cgìb `nkcls, cio thay dancga tha brùio

e`r tha labktkgctkì è stcta pr`brcgs cio p`lknkas. Ki `thar w`ros, thara

wara clracoy n`gplax pr`nassas è trcislctkì cio raprasaitctkì ct w`rf

ki tha duracunrctkn cio oag`nrctkn kgcbkicry t` whknh p``r pa`pla wara

naitrcl.

_ha Ekalo ^kta

Gy ffialow`rf i stcta citkp`varty pr`brcgs n`gpcrao tha euintkìkib e tha

Dl`nf `na, whknh n``rokictao tha kgplagaitctkì è cppr`xkgctaly thkrty

oaval`pgait pr`brcgs e`r ci crac n`gp`sao è rùbhly c huiorao vkllcbas

(c Dl`nf ki Kiokci cogkikstrctkva pcrlcina), wkth tha Kitabrctao Nhklo Oa-

val`pgait ârvknas (knos) pr`brcg, ci kiktkctkva ckgao ct kgpr`vkib gctar-

icl cio nhklo haclth cio walecra. K nìountao ffialow`rf ki thasa tw` `nas

ki tha Gciok sudokstrknt e Qttcr ]rcoash (Q.].) e`r ìa yacr. _ha dl`nf nawcs hacoao dy Gclkf, tha do`. _ha twaity agpl`yaas ki tha dl`nf `na

w`rfao ki c sgcll nlustar è duklokibs just ùtskoa tha t`wi. Gclkf hco

savarcl csskstcits (co`s) wh` spankclkzao ki sunh euintkìs cs cbrknultura,

vkllcba b`varicina (pcinhcycts), n``parctkvas, stctkstkns, cio kioustry, sar-

vkna, cio duskiass. _hara wara cls` c nùpla è juik`r aibkiaars, ìa spa-

nkclkzkib ki gki`r krrkbctkì cio ia e`r rurcl agpl`ygait snhagas. _ha rast

è tha stc pare`rgao nlarkncl outkas.

_ha b`cl è tha `thar pr`brcg K stuokao, tha knos, wcs t` pr`vkoa c sat èsarvknas thct nìskstao è supplagaitcry iutrktkì e`r prabicit w`gai cio

yùib nhklorai cio aounctkì, kgguikzctkìs, cio pravaitkva gaoknkia e`r

p``r cio l`war-ncsta nhklorai. _ha pr`brcg skgultciaùsly ckgao ct ncrkib

e`r tha p`pulctkì whkla cls` kivastkib ki tha eutura è tha ictkì thrùbh

aisurkib tha haclth è nhklorai cio thakr cdklkty t` dan`ga pròuntkva lcd`r-

ars cio nktkzais. _ha struntura è n`ggcio è tha knosduracunrcny ct tha

dl`nf laval wcs cs e`ll`ws: c Nhklo Oaval`pgait ]r`jant @nar (nop`) icgao

Cshc Cbcrwcl hacoao kt cio suparvksao c nlarkncl stc, whknh kinluoao ci

cnnùit nlarf, ci agpl`yaa wh` hciolao vcrkùs `thar nlarkncl j`ds, c paì,


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cio c orkvar. _ha nop` wcs raspìskdla e`r `varsaakib tha w`rf è eùr

ûparvks`rs (Gufhyc âvkfcs), akbhty-skx Cibciwcok R`rfars ki tha dl`nf,

cio thakr akbhty-skx Halpars. _ha cibciwcok w`rfars wara raspìskdla e`r

tha ocy-t`-ocy euintkìkib e naitars ki vkllcbas. _ha cibciwcok naitars wara

supp`sao t` `parcta avary ocy er`g ; c.g.t` 3 p.g.^kina kt wcs i`t eacskdlae`r cibciwcok w`rfars t` rui c naitar, tcfa ncra è cs gciy cs e`rty-ffiva

nhklorai, tacnh tha nhklorai, n``f e`ò e`r thag, suparvksa thakr gaokncl

ncra, cio gckitcki tha ran`ros cll i thakr wi, thay wara pr`vkoao wkth halp-

ars. _ha halpars outkas kinluoao o`kib cll tha òo j`ds css`nkctao wkth tha

cibciwcok, kinluokib rùiokib up tha nhklorai t` cttaio tha naitar, n``fkib

whai tha naitars wara supplkao wkth e`ò, cio nlacikib tha snh``l. Ki Gciok,

cll tha halpars, cibciwcok w`rfars, cio suparvks`rs cs wall cs tha nop`wara

w`gai6 tha rast è tha `na stc wara gai. _ha knoswcs tha ìly duracu-

nrcny ki tha Kiokci b`varigait thct wcs hacoao cio rui dy w`gai.

_ha plcna whara K oko gy rasacrnh, Gciok, wcs astcdlkshao cs c dl`nf ki

3;53. Ki 3;;3 kt hco c p`pulctkì è just `var 3>=,=== pa`pla ki akbhty-ikia

vkllcbas, è whknh ?4 parnait wara snhaoulao ncsta, tha l`wast rcifs ki tha

ncsta hkarcrnhy. _ha gòcl vkllcba skza wcs datwaai 3,=== cio 4,=== pa`pla.

_ha dl`nf-laval stc wcs oasnrkdao cs ffialow`rfars, thct ks, pa`pla wh`sa

prkgcry raspìskdklkty lcy ki `varsaakib w`rf ki tha ffialo. _ha dl`nf stc

plcyao c ralctkvaly kgp`rtcit r`la ki tha ralctkì datwaai tha stcta cio tha

rurcl p`pulctkì. E`r gciy vkllcbars tha dl`nf stc nìstktutao tha stctasg`st rabulcrly vkskdla raprasaitctkvas. H`wavar, thay wara i`t ianasscrkly tha

stctas g`st kgp`rtcit raprasaitctkvas. _hct r`la pr`dcdly dalìbao t` alan-

trknkty `nkcls, tha p`lkna, cio tha pctwcrk, `r lcio ran`ros cbait.

_ha dl`nf wcs tha d`tt`g aio è c n`gplax `rbcikzctkìcl struntura

nìskstkib è c sudokstrknt (tahskl), c okstrknt, tha rabkìcl stcta, cio tha

eaoarcl b`varigait, `r tha Naitra. Cd`va tha dl`nf ki tha cogkikstrctkva

hkarcrnhy wcs tha sudokstrknt. Gciok sudokstrknt wcs s`gawhct uiusucl ki

thct kt nìskstao è eùr dl`nfs, wharacs `thar sudokstrknts hco just tw` `rthraa. B`kib eurthar up tha hkarcrnhy, thara wara eùr sudokstrknts ki Gciok

Okstrknt. _ha cogkikstrctkva haco e`r tha aitkra okstrknt wcs tha Okstrknt

Gcbkstrcta (og), usuclly c juik`r nkcl ki tha Kiokci Cogkikstrctkva arvkna

(kcs)._hara wcs i` eurthar laval è cogkikstrctkì datwaai tha skxty-thraa

okstrknts cio tha pr`vkinkcl stcta b`varigait e Q.].Ekiclly, cll tha rabkìcl

b`varigaits cra rbcikzao kit` c eaoarcl uikì. _ha nìstktutkì gcioctas c

sapcrctkì è t`pkns `var whknh tha Naitra, `r eaoarcl b`varigait, hcs jurks-

okntkì cs `pp`sao t` cracs thct cra n`gplataly uioar tha nìtr`l è pr`vki-

nkcl stcta b`varigaits. _hara cra cls` cracs ì c j`kit lkst ki whknh nìtr`l ks


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]`varty cs Dk`p`lktkns | 4;

cdùt tha stcta cio p`varty ct tha l`ncl laval. Rhkla sunh c nhcrcntarkzctkì ks

i`t eclsa, kt t`` acskly pcrtcfas è c gkslacokib uioarstciokib è sncla. C

drkae nìskoarctkì è knosgcfas thks nlacr. Acnh dl`nf ki tha knospr`-

brcg wcs nìskoarao c sapcrcta pr`jant e`r tha purp`sas è euiokib. _ha

pr`brcg ranakvao euiokib er`g gciy sùrnas, kinluokib vcrkùs cbainkaswkthki tha B`varigait e Kiokc, gultklctarcl rbcikzctkìs sunh csuiknae,

cio dklctarcl cko cbainkas. ]r`jants thct ranakvao euiokib er`g e`rakbi o`-

i`rs wara cdla t` purnhcsa lcrbar qucitktkas e e`ò e`r supplagaitcry iutrk-

tkì cs n`gpcrao t` th`sa dl`nfs thct wara oapaioait i tha B`varigait e

Kiokc e`r thakr e`ò supplkas. ]``r nhklorais cnnass t` supplagaitcry iutrk-

tkì wcs gaokctao ki thks wcy dy c n`gplax trcisictkìcl nhcki lkifkib t` c

l`ncl pr`brcg gcicbao dy tha B`varigait è Kiokc.

Rhkla kt wùlo da trua t` scy thct thks stuoy è strunturcl vk`laina ks dcsao

ì tha stcta ct tha l`ncl laval, thks oàs i`t gaci thct K stuokao tha l`ncl stcta.

_hara ks c nrktkncl okaraina datwaai th`sa tw` koacs, cio faapkib thct ki

gkio ks assaitkcl ki tha nhcptars thct e`ll`w. K nìtaio thct c i`tkì è sncla

thct nìsksts e iastao hkarcrnhkas, s` thct ia laval ks saai cs dakib aincpsu-

lctao kiskoa c hkbhar laval, ks euiocgaitclly gkstcfai (Earbusì cio Buptc

4==4). Rkth c nìnapt è iastao hkarcrnhkas, kt gcfas saisa t` spacf è tha

l`ncl stcta, whknh nci da nìtrcstao t` tha rabkìcl stcta r tha ictkìcl stcta.

Ke, h`wavar, tha stcta ct tha l`ncl laval ks n`gplaxly gaokctao dy rabkìcl,

ictkìcl, cio trcisictkìcl oksnùrsas cio prcntknas, è whct ciclytkncl utkl-kty ks kt t` lcdal kt tha l`ncl stcta0 _hks ks why, ki thkifkib è tha stctas r`la ki

parpatuctkib tha vk`laina è p`varty, kt ks iavar aiùbh t` e`nus aitkraly ì

vaicl l`ncl `nkcls, n`rrupt cio drutcl p`lkna e`rnas, cio s` e`rth.

Rhai ìa nìs

red tape by akhil gupta

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