Red Tides, Green Tides, & Brown Tides in theIndian River Lagoon, Florida

Edward Phlips and Susan BadylakFisheries and Aquatic Sciences ProgramUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida

Margaret LasiSt. Johns River Water Management DistrictPalatka, Florida

BASIC SCOPE: 1997 - Present

Sampling – 8-12 sites, monthly or twice per month

Field parameters – Temperature, oxygen, salinity, light attenuation

Analytical Parameters - Total nitrogen, total phosphorus (some SRP, DIN, Si)

Other – Color, turbidity (some TSS, POC), chlorophyll a

Plankton – Phytoplankton composition, biovolume, carbonSome zooplankton and bacterioplankton

8. Vero

6. Sebastian

4. Eau Gallie

2. Titusville (Core 2)

Sebastian Inlet

5. Melbourne (Core 6)

3. Banana River (Core 5)

Florida

4.1. Cocoa

0 20km

3.5. N. Banana River(Core 3)

1.5. S. Mosquito Lagoon(Core 1)

1. Mosquito Lagoon

Sampling Regime – 10 Sites

Nort

hern

Range

Phlips et al.

Note: 1 µg C ml-1 ≈ 15-25 µg Chl a L-1

Phytoplankton Biomass – Southern Mosquito Lagoon

0

1

2

3

4

5

6Ja

n-97

Jan-

98Ja

n-99

Jan-

00Ja

n-01

Jan-

02Ja

n-03

Jan-

04Ja

n-05

Jan-

06Ja

n-07

Jan-

08Ja

n-09

Jan-

10Ja

n-11

Jan-

12Ja

n-13

Jan-

14

1.5 Southern ML21 10

PE/PC

Al Al

Dino

Diatom

Cyano

Other

Car

bon,

µg

ml-1

Phlips et al.

Phytoplankton Biomass – Northern Indian River Lagoon

0

1

2

3

4

5

6Ja

n-97

Jan-

98Ja

n-99

Jan-

00Ja

n-01

Jan-

02Ja

n-03

Jan-

04Ja

n-05

Jan-

06Ja

n-07

Jan-

08Ja

n-09

Jan-

10Ja

n-11

Jan-

12Ja

n-13

Jan-

14

2. Titusville IRL88

PE/PC

AlAl

Pb

Pb Pb

Pb

Pb

PbAk Ak

PC

DPb

Dino

Diatom

Cyano

Other

Car

bon,

µg

ml-1

Phlips et al.

Phytoplankton Biomass – Central Banana River

0

1

2

3

4

5

6Ja

n-97

Jan-

98Ja

n-99

Jan-

00Ja

n-01

Jan-

02Ja

n-03

Jan-

04Ja

n-05

Jan-

06Ja

n-07

Jan-

08Ja

n-09

Jan-

10Ja

n-11

Jan-

12Ja

n-13

Jan-

14

3. Central BRL Pb

PE/PC

PC

PCPb

Pb

Ak

Pb

DD

D

D

D

PCPbPb

DPb

DPC

D

Dino

Diatom

Cyano

Other

Car

bon,

µg

ml-1

Phlips et al.

Phytoplankton Biomass – Central IRL Sebastian

0

1

2

3

4

5

6Ja

n-97

Jan-

98Ja

n-99

Jan-

00Ja

n-01

Jan-

02Ja

n-03

Jan-

04Ja

n-05

Jan-

06Ja

n-07

Jan-

08Ja

n-09

Jan-

10Ja

n-11

Jan-

12Ja

n-13

Jan-

14

6. Sebastian IRL

DD

Dino

Diatom

Cyano

Other

Car

bon,

µg

ml-1

Phlips et al.

Some Major HAB Species

Max #Obs. TotalBiomass* >0.2* Obs.

Pyrodinium bahamense 6.0 116 535Akashiwo sanguinea 7.3 44 615Peridinium quinquecorne 1.7 13 120Karlodinium veneficum 0.8 8 817Prorocentrum minimum 0.4 5 295Cochlodinium polykrikoides 0.4 4 224Takayama tasmanica 1.4 3 78Kryptoperidinium foliaceum 3.6 3 80

Pedinophyceae sp. 4.4 76 295

Aureoumbra lagunensis 23.0 12 36

Pseudo-nitzschia calliantha 1.5 16 384

*µg C ml-1

Dinoflagellates

Diatom

Chlorophyte

Pelagophyte

Phlips et al.

Pyrodinium bahamense var. bahamense

Badylak et al. 2004

Most prolific bloom-formerin the IRL

Saxitoxin producer

Source of toxin in some fishand invertebrates speciesin the IRL

May be associated with alterations in food webs

Increased light attenuation,Secchi depths 0.9-1.5 m

(Phlips et al. 2006, 2010, 2011, 2014;

Badylak et al. 2004, 2007, 2008;

Landsberg et al. 2006)

Melbourne

Cocoa

Titusville

Mosquito Lagoon

Banana River

Sebastian Inlet

Atlantic Ocean

Florida

Pyrodinium bahamense Spatial Distribution – Summer 2009

Phlips et al. 2011

(cells/ml)

2006 Pyrodinium Bloom – Central Banana River

C. Banana River

Longevity

High tempLow salinityRain link

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Oct

-05

Nov-

05De

c-05

Jan-

06Fe

b-06

Mar

-06

Apr-0

6M

ay-0

6Ju

n-06

Jul-0

6Au

g-06

Sep-

06O

ct-0

6No

v-06

05

10152025303540

Oct

-05

Nov

-05

Dec

-05

Jan-

06Fe

b-06

Mar

-06

Apr

-06

May

-06

Jun-

06Ju

l-06

Aug

-06

Sep-

06O

ct-0

6N

ov-0

6

Diatom Cyano Other

Tem

pera

ture

, oC

(red

)Sa

linity

, psu

(bla

ck)

Rai

nfal

l, cm

(blu

e)

Pyro Other Dinos

Car

bon,

µg

ml-1

Temperature

Salinity

Rain

Phlips et al. 2014

El Niño Southern Oscillation Index and Pyrodinium Biovolume

0123456

Jan-

97Ja

n-98

Jan-

99Ja

n-00

Jan-

01Ja

n-02

Jan-

03Ja

n-04

Jan-

05Ja

n-06

Jan-

07Ja

n-08

Jan-

09Ja

n-10

Jan-

11Ja

n-12

ENSO

Ind

ex,

MEI

-3-2-101234

Pyrodinium

, µg

C m

l-1

Phlips et al. 2014

2011 Green Tide - “Super” bloomPedinophyceae sp./Picocyanobacteria

SEM

Badylak, Phlips and Kelley

2010/2011- Diatom/Pedinophyceae sp. & Picocyanobacteria BloomsCentral Banana River

Longevity

Record cold

Low rainfall

SeagrassDie off

0

1

2

3

4

5

Oct

-10

Nov-

10

Dec-

10

Jan-

11

Feb-

11

Mar

-11

Apr-1

1

May

-11

Jun-

11

Jul-1

1

Aug-

11

Sep-

11

Oct

-11

Diat

Cyan

Other

Ped

Dino

Car

bon,

µg

ml-1

05

10152025303540

Oct

-10

Nov

-10

Dec

-10

Jan-

11

Feb-

11

Mar

-11

Apr

-11

May

-11

Jun-

11

Jul-1

1

Aug

-11

Sep-

11

Oct

-11

Tem

pera

ture

, oC

Rai

n, c

m&

Sal

inity

, psu

Salinity

Temperature

Rain

Recordcold

Chl a up to 100+µg L-1

Secchi <0.5m

Phlips et al. 2014

Kelly Young

2012 Brown Tide – Mosquito LagoonJust When You Thought Things Were Getting Better

SEM TEM

2012 Bloom: Pelagophyte sp. (Aureoumbra lagunensis)

Badylak, Kelley & PhlipsBadylak, Kelley & Phlips

00.5

11.5

22.5

33.5

05/0

1/12

06/0

1/12

07/0

2/12

08/0

2/12

09/0

2/12

MosquitoTitusvilleBanana

Pela

goph

yte

dens

ity,

(106

cells

ml-1

)

Summer 2012 Pelagophyte Cell Densities in Mosquito Lagoon, N. IRL and Banana River

Phlips et al.

Phlips Lab Current Research

Continued phytoplankton monitoring program

Addition of bacterioplankton and zooplanktonanalyses at selected sites in the northern IRL,Banana River and Mosquito Lagoon

Nutrient uptake experiments with cultures of pico- andnano-plankton

Microzooplankton grazing experiments at selected sites in the northern IRL,Banana River and Mosquito Lagoon