reducing gun violence.pdf

7/27/2019 reducing gun Violence.pdf

1/311

REDUCING

GUN

VIOLENCEIN

AMERICA

Edited by

DANIEL W. WEBSTER

and JON S. VERNICK

Informing Policy withEvidence and Analysis

Foreword by

MICHAEL R. BLOOMBERG


2/311

Rg V A


3/311

This page intentionally le blank


4/311

T J Hpk v Baltimore

Inorming Policy with Evidence and Analysis

edited by

D W. Wb, SD, MH,

J S. Vk, JD, MH

C R

J Hpk Bbg S b H

Rg V A


5/311

2013 The Johns Hopkins University Press

All rights reserved. Published 2013

Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

The Johns Hopkins University Press

2715 North Charles Street

Baltimore, Maryland 21218-4363

www.press.jhu.edu

Library of Congress Control Number: 2013930408

A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN 13: 978-1-4214-1110-1 (pbk. : alk. paper)

ISBN 10: 1-4214-1110-5 (pbk. : a lk. paper)

ISBN 13: 978-1-4214-1111-8 (electronic)

ISBN 10: 1-4214-1111-3 (electronic)

Special discounts are available for bulk purchases of this book.

For more information, please contact Special Sales at 410-516-6936 or

[email protected].

The Johns Hopkins University Press uses environmentally friendly book

materials, including recycled text paper that is composed of at least 30

percent post-consumer waste, whenever possible.
http://www.press.jhu.edu/http://www.press.jhu.edu/http://www.press.jhu.edu/http://www.press.jhu.edu/http://www.press.jhu.edu/http://www.press.jhu.edu/


6/311

To victims o gun violence andto those who work daily

to reduce it


7/311



8/311

C

Fw xMichael R. Bloomberg

xx

Ronald J. Daniels and Michael J. Klag

Akwg xx

xxv

Daniel W. Webster and Jon S. Vernick

P a r t I : G u n P o l i c y L e s s o n s f r o m

t h e U n i t e d t a t e s : e e i n G u n s

f r o m i h - i s I n d i i d u a l s

1 F V D S 3

Matthew Miller, Deborah Azrael, and David Hemenway

2 T p B A: Ev

p 21

Philip J. Cook and Jens Ludwig

3 vg V vvg p w S

M 33

Jerey W. Swanson, Allison Gilbert Robertson, Linda K. Frisman,

Michael A. Norko, Hsiu-Ju Lin, Marvin S. Swartz, and Philip J. Cook

4 Ev Op: B A

53

April M. Zeoli and Shannon Frattaroli


9/311

v Contents

5 Rg Aq C C

g F Owp 65

Katherine A. Vittes, Daniel W. Webster, and Jon S. Vernick

6 Bg D C

F: N, Fb, Ev 77

Garen J. Wintemute

7 Cpv Bkg Ck F S:

Ev Sw 95

Garen J. Wintemute

8 vg Dv C g

Ev F S w 109

Daniel W. Webster, Jon S. Vernick, Emma E. McGinty, and Ted Alcorn

9 Spg Rpb F S g g:

T p Nw Yk C w g D

Tkg 123

Daniel W. Webster and Jon S. Vernick

10 Cg Dg S b F

D: g Opp Ob 133

Jon S. Vernick and Daniel W. Webster

P a r t I I . a i n G u n L a s n f o r c e a l e

11 Eg F w g F Tk: Rg

Op Ev b wg E Ob 143Anthony A. Braga and Peter L. Gagliardi

P a r t I I I . G u n P o l i c y L e s s o n s f r o m

t h e U n i t e d t a t e s : i h - i s G u n s

12 A Exp w F A Wp B,

19942004: K Fg p 157

Christopher S. Koper

13 z : g Tg Sv v 173

Stephen P. Teret and Adam D. Mernit


10/311

Contents x

P a r t I . I n t e r n a t i o n a l a s e t u d i e s

o f e s o n s e s t o G u n i o l e n c e

14 C B Db Sg 185Michael J. North

15 R F Rg: Ev-b w

A 195

Rebecca Peters

16 T Bg M: Hw O D Cg Sppg

T F 205

Philip Alpers

17 Bz: C H R 213

Antonio Rangel Bandeira

P a r t . e c o n d m e n d m e n t

18 T Sp Rg A

S A 225Lawrence E. Rosenthal and Adam Winkler

P a r t I . P u l i c i n i o n o n G u n P o l i c y

19 b Op p Sg .S. w:

Fg 2013 Sv 239

Emma E. McGinty, Daniel W. Webster, Jon S. Vernick,

and Colleen L. Barry

C R R F

259

Bgp Cb 263

x 275


11/311



12/311

O Db 14, 2012, g g p pkg

S Hk E S Nww, C,

w bg w g-p - . T

g 6 20 bk ,

A w bk bk.

S S Hk , 100

v j bp M Ag g .

T b vv w 800. A J 14,

2013, g A v g

D pg g g v. V J B w

Bk Ob

wk. T v p kw S Hk b,

v g p v, w xp

v g, w, v g , becauseevery day o the year, an average o 33 Americans are murdered with guns.

H w k b w . O J 21, 2013,

Ob k . w k

Fw


13/311

x Foreword

, g 48,000 A w b k w

g w pp w k b g

V W. v v p bp

ppg v g

q xv . W p v p-

p w pp v.

F g, w p Cg g

q bkg k g , g pv g

w . T pv w 40 p

g , w 2012 , w

x g pp w bkg k. M g g, w b 90 p

. A S, 80 p g w,

90 p A, pp qg bkg k

g . T b . . W v w

bk q bkg k w g.

p Cg k w . T

p w w pp w b .

S, Cg k g kg . NwYk C, 85 p wp w v

-- , b w g b g

b b wk. C w g g p

w. Wv Nw Yk bg , p b p-

g g g w pv g . Ev

z k b g g , v

pw p . Cg g g kg, g

w wg w g w.

T gv W H pp -

g vb - wp g-p g-

z w 10 . T g qp g

p . T g k g b pp

qk. T pp v. T bg b,

bv p ,

, bb, , k C w S MC v .

M wp g w pv b

wp w xp 2004. T w w, ,


14/311

Foreword x

p b V B. H g p

v b pp b p p w w w

x. Rgg wp w b S-

A. S vg w gg.

T q; q p g. T

.S. Sp C, w C ,

b g w S A.

W g bb v p S A-

, g b g. A S A

Cg .

T v qg bkg k g , kg g kg , g -

wp g-p gzw q p

b p b Cg. B p

Ob k w g ppv

, w k p. V B ,

w p w x p

wv g k.

p, p g b v g bkg k -

b. Ev g p kg.

b, pp b g w

, wg g g w w g

w .

S, p J Dp k p

pg v w pv p g

g p bkg k. Y, v b , kw-

g gg b bkg k, xp w .

A , g 2010 w 76,000 b

FB J Dp. D kw w w p

76,000 2010, w w v ? F-. N

44,000, b 44 76,000. T jk. jk, jk.

T vvg g b g,

gv pg - p . , , p b j pkg

p p g J Dp: T jb, g

g b w.


15/311

xv Foreword

A p, p k pp g -

F B A, Tb, F Expv.

T ATF, , x . C g

w g b w b w H S S-

x ? Y v g w b g

gg w jb w w, jb p

v , , g w v ,

, w v g pb , p -

w g w g w.

T p, , p ppg

w T . T T g Ww g Cg p w kp pb k b w

g k w p. T b x -

g pb vw.

A bg g bb, Cg B

A, Tb, F Expv pv -

g w pb. -

, ATF bg ggg b Cg w

g.T bp M Ag g p,

A D g w Cg, bwg g bb, -

A pp b g

g v. M gg g, Cg v

C D C v

g p g v, v p -

N H. Cg

b g w pb .

A J Hpk , T k . W

zz b , k

. T, b g , CDC

g j $100,000, bg

$6 b. T N H p

$1 j , bg $31 b-

. T p ppv, NH p $21 -g . B p $1 g

pp v . gv , .


16/311

Foreword xv

T 31,000 g v A, g b 19,000

, w v p g. Nw Yk

C, vg, -

Nw Yk g g w. N, 51 p

b g. Nw Yk C, 16 p . T g bb

w w k w w

. , g wg. W pv

w g g, w pvg Nw

Yk C.

, A pp Cg

p . 2010, g g bb bg, Cg - gg g b pv ,

w , v g wp

w v p v b. T gg

g w . g g g w w k -

. W v -v , b bk

v pb. Cg, g p, j g

vg k w. O w v

b. Tk, g Cg pb, b Db 2012,

w k w v

w g.

Eg g. Cg W H p pb-

bv p p. A Cg p

gggg , , w

p g A pp. T w -

w p. p g w J

Hpk Bbg S b H, w g

p wk bg , gg

v b . g

, g H, Svg vM

T. Rg g v w v k p, .

A w g, D Wb, S C

R, v Nw Yk C pb -- g , b

, g v vg p


17/311

xv Foreword

g w g w p. Sw p

w b w p g, g

b w p bkg k. Tw-

pb w p . D. Wb

Nw Yk C k vg g

pp vg b 84 p.

N- p g b w;

p , w v g . A

. O vg v w v

pp w w pb -

. A , w p NRA, w w v v .M g w v w , k,

pp w v b .

T v vg wv j xp

w wv wk k w g v. A gg, Nw

Yk g g p g

p g: 312- p .

W v wk w p w bg NYD

kp b g , w k x. W w w g, w p-

Nw Yk bg . 2012, Nw Yk

C w (pb

b kp bk 1963). Wv v

p .

A wv wk, wv, wv v, -

, Nw Yk g 2012, w 418

C, pp w k w k. W g -

w Nw Yk C, w , v

NYD w b b w p

g. Tk, xp v. B

k v g w g

wv . T g b g w g

g g w g. T pb g g g .

S, , g k. A k p jb, p , kg p

p b, w, , , g

w v b g g.


18/311

Foreword xv

T g A , , wv

b, gb w xp k p

v b g v. T

A 20 g v .

W v g g w, w p

W H.

v , g DA.g j pg

g , g , W

gg k . Ev you v g w,

Cg vg g w. A g

, b w v, g b . pb pb

g. p Wg gv

v. T gg k bw w v

k k.

M R. Bbg, M Nw Yk C

Excerpted rom opening remarks given at the Summit on

Reducing Gun Violence in America at the Johns HopkinsBloomberg School o Public Health, January 14, 2013
http://www.demandaplan.org/http://www.demandaplan.org/http://www.demandaplan.org/


19/311



20/311

O wg b

20 6 Nww, C, ,

J Hpk v v bg g p-

g v

w. T w w v, bb, p b

g- b w bgg bz p.

x, J Hpk z pp g

v pv pp g b.

W w pp g

, b, pv g, -

b v g g ppp-

b bw v g v bg.

A J Hpk, v b vgg

pb g v w v w . F pv , C R pv

, pg gz -

g g p g v.


21/311

xx Preace

v bkp bk p

, v b

x . T kp g g-p

b pp g g

v v Nww.

B p vw p b

v x q

g w. R, p g gv p

pp xpb q, pg pb. T vw

b b xp

S.A , pk A, S, Bz

p g w p wk g

v. T v v g pg

v g b , p v g

S, g p. B

g b g pp k -

w g v.

S, g g pb b pb v b g,

k vg, xp. F pg v g g

g b p, w v bv g v

p g gz pp gp

q b p pg.

W w g pp D Wb J Vk, J

Hpk C R, w q

, gz , bk, w

x p p. T w pp b

J Hpk w bg pp

g . T , J Hpk v ,

w pb bk p , w g.

R J. D, , J Hpk v

M J. Kg, D, J Hpk BbgS b H


22/311

T bkpb w b g -

b w w x pp.

W w b g J Hpk v -

R D, w, wk Nww g, g z

bg p g p

px v . H p

v pz p J Hpk bg p

kwg b , w v

z v pb g w .

W g D M Kg Bbg S b-

H, w b ggg pp C

R , v p w pb

w pp. H pp S

bk pv kg b .A w b Db , w w

w p xp g p, gb,

k p xp J

Akwg


23/311

xx Acknowledgments

w p p w p -

p v w b pb . T g

w v v v

g pw w , pg

g j p wk.

W pp vb g pv b Sp T, -

g J Hpk C R,

p p bk. Tk A S,

C , g

S k . W g wk

C w b vb p bk. A w w C B E M xp g

v pb p g p xp p

q g w wk J 2013.

O k Nw Yk C M M R. Bbg, w

pw pg k J Hpk S Rg

V A p g v. W kw g

M v M OM, w pk

S pg gv .O g Bbg S b g

gzg g-p v w . W xp p

g J E, J Yg, J Sg, F T, S Sp,

S Mw, w b

wk k S pp, g w g Dv C,

B Sp, H, Cp Hk, R Hw, S K, R

MKz, Rb Og, T , M Ykk, Mk S,

Jk w Fk, J Rpg, Y T, A V, N

W-Wg. A k , ,

pp wk.

W v b pp g Hw

Cp, p Cg, B, T w, E F, D

OS, J W. T, g w g B F, M

, Dv Ax, Dg B, C, DNk, A

, E Ogb, T Rv, g Rz, H Rx, T S-b, S, S, S, ,

p O Hpk b vg bw v

p g jb .


24/311

Acknowledgments xx

T J Hpk v K K

g B w pj w pp,

w x p k K Sqzz, w b

g wkg w p b v

p bk . W k p vw v

p bk p bk. E, g, p-

g J MC, M Sw, J C, S C,

M Cg, M K, C Ek pj

w x . Mkg

Bk Bg Ck, T v, K W, K Ax, C

MCb Tb, B C, Rb R, Rb N, JkH, S V, Ax R, C Bg, V Kz

x jb w p.

O p k g , w pp

p wk.

D W. Wb, SD, MH

J S. Vk, JD, MH


25/311



26/311

T g v, w b , bj

b S w. B bb.

M 31,000 pp g w S

2010. B v pp g, g v

g p S. -

, 2010, w 337,960 v

w g, 73,505 p w p

g p g w., T -

g v A .

Dp g p g v, pb

g p g pb p. S

p p b v v w

pb p pv. T w vw, , w

g p g wg: (1) g, , wp p ; (2) g

w w-bg z w g g;


27/311

xxv Introduction

(3) v g w wk; (4) pb

pp gg g w. Y v

bk pp w .

A M . p , g vb g

k v A b g v vv

p j w g

vb. V . xp xpg qg

vg g p w

vv v w , pp v,

b b, .

Ck wg v ppg b pg g v B w gv v b gp

g w b g pv bkg

k kpg q. p b Wb . W-

pv v w gp b qg v

bkg k v g .

Ag gp bkg k p b

pbg p p b g-k gp pp

v. Sw . b pb-g v w g pp-

p w w g g b-

. Z F v pb

v vg v, W pv v

pvg v pg g

v.

S kg g w w

p pv F Ow A

w C A A. B b Vk

Wb b Bg g w

k g p g g

w w b p v g -

. C w k v p, , vk

g g , v b w g -

g b g b . S v w w g xp g

g vg b w vb w


28/311

Introduction xxv

g p, w g p

.

Kp vw v 1994 b wp

g-p gz. T b w g v

- wp k p b

w g. , wp b w v

xg g-p gz w g-

. T w w w xp 2004, b Kp g

w pv w .

F v b . T M b

b g g, p pz g g b pb b z . T -

g, p- b, w p p.

T S v g

g v pb. M g Db,

S, A, T, j g g w

Kg A. E b N, , Ap

b w w. Bz g g v

w. Y , , pv g g w w w v. B .

Ag b g ( K) b b-

bk p g g ( A) k

S, .S. v pk

.

F , gp v S A

.S. C b g w. R

Wk bk w g .S. Sp

C w p. T pv

bk w .

b p p w p

v-b p b w. M . p w

pb p p 33 p. M w pp b

g j pb, g j g w.

T bk w bkb. T g p v

bk. p, v p


29/311

xxv Introduction

b g S, g

q A.

D W. Wb, SD, MH

J S. Vk, JD, MH

otes

1. C D C v. Wb-b j S Q Rpg S (WSQARS) [O]. N C j C v, C D C v (p). Avb :R: p://www..gv/j/wq/x.. [2012, M. 15].

2. T J. C Vz, 2010. N C Vz Sv.NCJ 235508, Wg, DC: S Dp J, B JS, Sp. 2010.

3. C D C v. Wb-b j S Q Rpg S (WSQARS) [O]. N C j C v, C D C v (p). Avb :R: p://www..gv/j/wq/x.. [2012, M. 15].

4. Vk SB, A J, R W. Sv F N-Fj S, 2001.MMWR. 2004; 53(SS07):157.
http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.html


30/311

/ SKpg Hg-Rk v


31/311



32/311

F-R D S

2010, w 31,000 S: 62

w , 36 w , 2 w (2) (CDC

2012). A A g v-

( 34,000 2010). A g 40 k

g p (CDC 2012).

Homicide

T S v g- .

O , bg, bb, x , ggv

g- (v K, Mw,

Nwb 2001); gg (k

1

F V D S

Mw M, Db Az, Dv Hw

Mw M, MD, SD, MH, p Hv j C RC p j v H Hv S b

H. Db Az, D, b b gp Hv

S b H 20 . Dv Hw, D, p

Hv S b H Hv j C R C.


33/311

4 Matthew Miller, Deborah Azrael, and David Hemenway

. 2013). Hwv, w A v, j

k pv . F xp, .S.

5 14 g g -

vp , v g (Tb 1.1).

.S. v v . C 30-

w, b 1991 w w g (CDC 2012).

Cg v p v g b-

b g , v b g

g g g (Hpb

Hw 2004, B W 2000, Ck 1999, Ck J

2002).

T .S. g b ,

v . N ,

75 v . A A pp p-

g b pp v.

Suicide

Cp w g- , .S. g . Ag g p, wv, -

v g: 15 g, v

Table 1.1 H, , g

g 514 : T S v

25 g- pp ( 2003)

M

H

.

N-g .

T .

S

.

N-g .

T . .

Source: R Hw 2011


34/311

Firearms and Violent Death in the United States 5

S 1.6 vg g-

, g b g

vg (R Hw 2011).

Ov p v , v b b

v (M, Az, Bb 2012). Nv,

g pk 12.9/100,000 1986 10.4 2000, v g

b , v

p 12.4/100,000 2010,

b gg (M, Az, Bb 2012, CDC 2012).

Ag, x, , gp g

, , , p - (Nk . 2008). S g, x-

p, w Nv A bk, Hp, A

A (CDC 2007). A g

g v-v k vg p-

v p ; g k p

b b (S . 1996).

, g b

g .

Unintentional Firearm Deaths

Appx 675 A p w k w -

bw 2001 2010 (CDC 2007). D N V

D Rpg S w w- g

, b v w g 25

, w -. - g,

v w p b b

b (Hw, Bb, M 2010).

F Owp S

T S pv g p p (p -

g) g v g wp vp

(K 1993, SAS 2007).M w w kw b g wp v S

v p v S Sv (SS 2010),


35/311


v b v .S. . D SS w

pg w ppx

50 1970 33 . Cgg gp

bv xp wp g

b w (S 2000).

Nb, wv, pg v wg -

v v p v (SS 2010).

T SS pk b g v

b g w . F ,

v w -z v

p. T v gg b g v gw ppx 200 1994 300 2004

vg g w w w g pv (Hpb

. 2007, Ck wg 1997).

Cp w A, g w pp ,

, 40, k v b . T g

g (, g) w p (g g -

g). p w w g p w g p

g (Hpb . 2007, Ck 1979). 2001, 2002, 2004, b b ,

g wp S Sv w pp b -

N Bv Rk F Sv S (CDC

1997). T BRFSS z ( 200,000 p -

) g wp , , b

v 50 Mp S A.

BRFSS, g

px wp b- v. A

v b Az, p, M (2004) g

px, w (FS/S)

g w - v-b

wp , , g

v.

H wp pbb g -

b g , vvg (K . 1992, CDC 2012b) vv w

b b (K . 1992). H g w-


36/311


p v b k xp vb

k p , w w, p-

k b k. T pp

b (CDC 2012b). B , g

k b g w b -

b.

, w p bw

g pv v . A , x

g g g g k.

vg p bw

g v . N, wv, pv g g . Sg g -

wp, w v wp k p

g g.

T xv vw xg

vb v . (F pv

vw, Hpb Hw 2004, M Hw 1999,

B 2001.) R, b z () g

pg S , (b) g .S.g, , p , () v -

.

S b vw p-

g p : p k

k. F - ,

g g, g, gb; , g, x,

p k bv. F

, pg g- g- -

. p b

g g, g p (..,

g p ), v b

g- . T, -

w

b g. F g S,

kg k k p pg w - v bz (, , ), ,

.


37/311


F HEcologic Studies

K (1993) v v 14 vp : 11 E-

p, g w S, C, A. H

1989 C Sv, p v 14

28,000 p, pv. Rp w k

w w , , w

w g g g. M w x.

, w vb, wp

w pv , w wp - w .

A b Hw M (2000) 26 g-

w pp g . T g vb,

w px, g FS/S. N vb w

. F vb w g g

w 26 .

A w-p (Hw, S-Tgw, M 2002) x-

g w g- . T v- px (FS/S, pg w )

w wp . bz

q w vb. T S -

70 v g

wp . T .S. w w v

g b; -

w v g.

U.S. Studies

Ck (1979) - 50 g

S xp p bw g vb bb, -

g bb-. g b bb 1975, Ck

x w vb ( px b Ck x) w

bb bb- , g -

v j , pp , g . g vb w w v-

bb , b w pv w pp bb-


38/311


vv g w p p bb- , g

g bb.

M . (2002) v p bw v

wp g v

1988 1997 50 9 g. A v, p-

g w px wp

g vb g v w SS. Fv p

w : pv, bz, p,

p, (-) v . v -

, pv g bw g wp -

w pp v g gp (xpg 04), p g .

A (M . 2007) v

g wp Bv Rk F Sv

S. x 2001 2003 -v

ggv , bb, p, bz, p-

, pv, q, pg pp w

bk, pg b g p. Ag,

w g wp gg vz , w, .

T w v b g- vz ; -

g- vz w g w

wp.

Individual Level Studies

Eg pv v b w g -

w . C-

pv g q w g

k vz -

b .

K . x ppx 400 v

p w w k (K . 1993). A

g w. 83 , pp w -

; g , 95 , pp w g. 14 w v . A g

g , g, , vg , w w ,


39/311


p g g w

k . wp w g w

k b b q.

W w , ,

, w (Tb 1.2). A g

p g k vzw

g g w g p.

T g k bgp -

vz K 1993 -

. A p, v, v

w , k vg g

w bb (B, Fwg, R-

b 1997). A - b Wb . (2003)

k w vg w g w p

g w (w w k b v p w w vg w g). H ,

g w k b b -

b .

Table 1.2 NVDRS 20052010

F N-

N

O

/p

O

v

N

O

/p

O

v

H b g gp % % , % %

% % % %

, % % , % %

, % % , % %

, % % , % %

+ % % % %

S b g gp

% % % %

, % % , % %

, % % , % %

, % % , % %

+ , % % , % %

Note: kw g (0.7), /p (1.4), (3.6) w .


40/311


O - v g k

, w p g k w (C-

g . 1997, Dbg, k, Kw 2004). R pp-

b - g wp k

pp. F xp, w b

p p w gp vg b w,

g w p 65 pp v 24

pp b. A b b w

pv (Cpb . 2003).

Cohort Studies

T w g v w kw

, pg vz w g

w.

F v S

F v S g

w g pv (M, Hw, Az 2007, Kb Ww 2009). B , b

g w

wp (M, Hw, Az 2007). T p b -

p g v j v p -

, g pg , g

b, pv, , p (M, Az, Bb

2012, M, Hw, Az 2007).

H wp b b g

p k x v-v . .S.

- p g p

k (B . 1997, B .

1993, B . 1994, B . 1991, B .1988, Cw . 2002, C-

g . 1997, K . 1992, . 2003, Kg, ,

2003, Wb 2003). T v k g (w- ), pg

g gp , g p, w (M Hw 1999, B . 1991, K . 1992).

T g .S. x

g C w p g


41/311


w w k b w

g/x b g pp,

p b g x- p (W .

1999). H, , k w bb x-

k w (W . 1999).

Dwg b bw vb

k xg - g

b q g q

pb b w

b w (NRC 2005). A-

pb (b p w ) wp b ,

v (wb p p w

g ).

v k, wv, g bw

p .S. p b-

v. F, v-v v

ppg (B . 1997, B . 1994, B .

1993, B . 1988, Cw . 2002, Cg . 1997, K . 1992, Wb 2003).

S, wg v q, k

w p g w b all

b (Cg . 1997, K . 1992, W

. 1999); v k g g w;

g w k p p (C-

g . 1997, K . 1992, W . 1999).

T, v x w pp w v w

g v g p , b b, kw

k g g k

(O . 2004, K, O C, b 2011). F xp,

- pb p p-

g w v w (K

. 1992, g . 2008, M . 2009, S V 2008, Bz,

Bb, M 2011).F, pp b k g

g , pg w , g-

gg -p p ( . 2005).


42/311


F, g, , p -

k bv b v-v g

( bg bj b v )

: g k

b w .

F D

N pg, g - w

g g p , -

(M, Az, Hw 2001, Wb 2003, . 2005). .S. g 5 14 v v k b-

g k w g p w g

vp (Tb 1.2) (R Hw 2011).

C

T S, w g g pv g w,

pb v g-. T v g pb Tb 1.1. T

b, w p .S. g 514 w v-

p , k .S. thirteen

k eight k

pb vp . T

v .S. , . v

g- . R, w g

S vp w

p, vg b g

.

W S , v pg: w

g, v , . T

g p Tb 1.3, w p

b v bw 2001 2007 , ,

b x g gp w g- p w w g wp . T -

g pp, g g, b -

kg. N b v gg w.


43/311

Table 1.3 V w g v w g wp v

(BRFSS 2004); M D WSQARS 19992007

Hg-ga

w-g

b R

Aggg pp , .p w % % .

g pp pg

p, p (NSDH

)

.% .% .

g pp pg

, p (NSDH )

.% .% .

Nb v

(CR )

, , .

SW

F , .

N- , , .

T , , .

M

F , , .

N- , , .T , , .

M g F , , .

N- , , .

T , , .

F .

N- .

T .

A +

F , , .

N- , , .T , , .

H

MF , , .

N- , , .

T , , .

WF , .

N- , , .

T , , .


44/311


F p g . W b

b vw , wv,

b all j . S,

, w, ,

k b g g (p,

g q p) g g.

T p g pb pb w

pb . F pp , pb , ,

A g b g pp g-

. p p

v S. E q A

pb w, wv, b v b g p

p b k p, ,

z gg b . S pv

b b b , b . T b b g- v S

kpg v b b g

A v, gg, g.

Table 1.3 (C)

Hg-g

aw-g

b R

F .

N- .

T .

M

F , , .N- , , .

T , , .

A + F .

N- .

T , .

.

Note: A 19992007 b w pp bgg 2008;- .

a, , Ok, w, T, Kk, Ab, Mpp, ,N Dk, W Vg, Ak, Ak, S Dk, M, Wg

bHw, Nw J, M, R , C, Nw Yk


45/311


cnoledments

T x, b g p, w p p vw

w pv b , pp b J F.

otes

1. R b 1990 , g - p, pg, bz gg k (W 2000). D v b wxp.

2. H v b g w -g S. T p (CDC 2012).

3. Mg vb g x pb-, b (Wb, Vk, Hpb 2001, MA2008) v w g vv v w pv g w w w g g w.

4. S vw w pv vw - b w , p w g p- vw w v pp

vw pp w pb.5. T pv v b w g w . Hwv, g k w pp b v bv. F, k bw gwp w g bw g w-p b ; b w gk vg g . S, g wp w g - w b q (..,g w g k k b -, p, g). T, w v p-

v kpg g v bgp vv .

eferences

Az, D., J. C. p, M. M. 2004. S pv wp , , . Journal o Quantitative Crimi-nology20 (1):4362.

B, S., R. Fwg, D. Rb. 1997. C wbg wp .Journal o Adolescent Health 20 (4):261 270.

B, J. E., A. . K, . S, J. . B, F. Rv, N. B. R.1997. Rk v w .Archives o Internal

Medicine 157 (7):777782.


46/311


Bz, M. E., C. Bb, M. M. 2011. S bv :R j k v. Suicide and Lie Threat-ening Behavior41 (4):384391.

B, A., J. W. 2000. The crime drop in America. Nw Yk: C-bg v .B D. A. 2001. F .Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 932:22539.B, D. A., . 1988. Rk : A p -

v w p. Archives o General Psychiatry 45(6):581588.

B, D. A., J. A. p, C. J. A, . Mz, M. E. W, J. . Zk. 1991.T p b : A- .JAMA 266 (21):29892995.

B, D. A., J. A. p, . Mz, M. Bg, J. Sw, C. R. 1994. S-

v : A - .Journal o Eective Disor-ders 31 (3):193202.

B, D. A., J. A. p, . Mz, M. Bg, J. Sw, C. R. 1993.F : A - . American

Journal o Diseases o Children 147 (10):10661071.Cpb, J. C., D. Wb, J. Kz-M, C. Bk, D. Cpb, . 2003.

Rk bv p: R .American Journal o Public Health 93 (7):10891097.

CDC. 1997. R , , - g 26z . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. C

D C v.CDC. 2007. C D C WSQARS j p. A,

A: N C j v C, C D C- v.

CDC. 2012. C D C v, N C H S: Cp M F 19992009. E b CDC. CDCWONDER O Db, p Cp M F 19992009.

CDC. 2012b. Sv v N V D Rpg S-, 18 , 2012. C D C v.

Cw, Y., . R. Db, K. C, S. Eb, C. Cx, E. D. C. 2002.A k -g .Ameri-can Journal o Geriatric Psychiatry10 (4):407416.

Ck, . J. 1979. T g vb bb bb . Policy studies review annual, b R. H. Hv B. B. Z, 743781.Bv H, CA: Sg.

Ck, . J., H. . J. 2002. A p: R v S Crime and justice: A review o research, . M T,117153. Cg: v Cg .

Ck, . J., J. wg. 1997. A: N v pv wp (NCJ 1654476). Wg, DC: .S. Dp J.Ck, D. 1999. Exg -p -v : Ck

k g g . Journal o Quantitative Crimi-nology15 (4):379406.


47/311


Cg, ., T. D. Kp, D. C. , J. Sv, R. S. Tp.1997. T bw p g -.American Journal o Public Health 87 (6):974978.

Dbg, . ., R. M. k, M. J. Kw. 2004. k v : Fg .American Journal oEpidemiology160 (10):974978.

, K. M., . J. W, M. A. Wg, M. . R. 2003. Abw g p j. Injury Prevention9:4852.

, D. C., B. A. M, C. R, M. D. Dw, A. V v, J. zk,J. Nkgw, J. Hw, N. T, R. H. 2005. g p- j. JAMA 293(6):707714.

SS. 2010. S Sv.Hw, D., C. Bb, M. M. 2010. : A

p - - g.Accident Analysis andPrevention 42 (2):11841188.

Hw, D., & M, M. (2000). F vb 26 g- . Journal o Trauma, Injury, Inection, and CriticalCare, 49(6), 985988.

Hw, D., T. S-Tgw, M. M. 2002. F vb vz g 25 pp g- .

Journal o the American Medical Womens Association 57:15.

Hpb, M., M. M, D. Az, D. Hw. 2007. T S g k: - 2004 v. Injury Prevention 13:1519.

Hpb, . M., D. Hw. 2004. F vb : A -vw .Aggression and Violent Behavior9:417440.

g, M. A., K. Zv, R. J. MC, M. V. 2008. M ,pv , g S. Psychiatric Services. 59 (2):198200.

K, A. ., F. . Rv. 2012. Sg S R.JAMA ():12. : 10.1001/j.2012.208207.

K, A. ., F. Rv, N. B. R, J. B, D. T. Rv, J. F, A. B., J. zk, B. B. Hk, . S. 1993. wp k . New England Journal o Medicine 329(15):10841091.

K, A. ., F. . Rv, . S, D. T. R, J. F, J. B, J. -zk, C. Fg, B. B. Hk. 1992. S g wp. New England Journal o Medicine 327 (7):467472.

K, M. 1993. bw g wp . Canadian Medical Association Journal148 (10):17211725.

K, B. ., S. S. O C, T.W. b. 2011. T b -

w p p p. General Hos-pital Psychiatry33 (2):191196.Kb, C. E., T. Ww. 2009. Expg g bk

w: Hw - g vb -p - . Social Science Quarterly(90):12031227.


48/311


Kg, H. C., J. . , X. . 2003. Rk - g 1564 S: R 1993 NM Fwbk Sv. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology39

(8):419426.MA (M Ag g ). 2008. T v g g g A.

M, M., D. Az, C. Bb. 2012. S S: p g g pp-v p b .Annual Review o Public Health 33:393408.

M, M., D. Az, D. Hw. 2001. F vb - .Accident Analysis and Prevention 33 (4):447484.

M, M., C. Bb, D. Az, D. Hw, B. E. M. 2009. Rppg, g p w

w : Fg N Cb S Rp.Injury Prevention 15 (3):183187.

M, M., D. Hw. 1999. T p bw :A vw .Aggression and Violent Behavior4 (1):5975.

M, M., D. Hw, D. Az. 2007. S-v vz S v wp,20012003. Social Science & Medicine 64 (3):656664.

M, M., S. J. pp, D. Az, D. Hw. 2007. H wp 50 .Journal o Trauma Injury, In-

ection and Critical Care 62 (4):10291035.

Nk, M. K., . Bg, E. J. B, C. B. C, R. C. K, S. . 2008. S- bv. Epidemiology Reviews 30 (1):133154.

NRC. 2005. N R C: F v: A vw.Wg, DC: N A .

O, D.W., C. Zbk, . Bw, M. M, A. . 2004. Mgg : A pb k.American Journal oGeriatric Psychiatry12 (1):3036.

k, W., F, J. Eg, F. Bk, M. z, K. R. 2013. T p gg 30 C. Pediat-rics 131 (1):18 26.

R, E. ., D. Hw. 2011. H, , : Cpg S w g- ,2003.Journal o Trauma Injury, Inection and Critical Care 70 (1):238243.

SAS. 2007. Cpg : Cv : Ax 1: Sv- - w pv v wp . The small arms survey: Gunsin the city, . S A Sv v. Cbg, K: Cbg v.

S, D., M. S. , . F, . T, D. M. 1996. g- .Archives o General Psychiatry53 (4):339348.

S, T. W. 2000. 1999 N g p v N Op R- C: R g. Cg, : N Op R C-, v Cg.

S, S. B., K. A. V. 2008. M -bv: p pv. Evaluation Review 32 (3):239256.


49/311


v K, J., . Mw, . Nwb. 2001. C vz v z : K g 2000 v v. Netherlands Ministry o Justice: Research and Documen-

tation Centre Netherlands.Wb, D., J. Vk, . Hpb. 2001. Rp bw g, g-, g w g. InjuryPrevention 7 (3):184189. : 10.1136/p.7.3.184.

Wb, D. J. 2003. H k w :A - .Annals o Emergency Medicine 41 (6):771782.

W, . J. 2000. g v. The crime drop in America, .A. B J. W. Cbg: Cbg v .

W, . J., C. A. , J. J. B, M. Wg, C. Dk. 1999.M g p g. New England Journal o Medi-

cine 341 (21):15831589.


50/311

F w v pp w gp: pb

g pg

qg v . T v j

pb w q p w, p-

vg p g kp b b b

b .S. Sp C g. B g, k g, .

p w v b

b g k g pb-

k p v g g. W p pb kp

b g-k gp g- v, v

pb g v g v

b ww.

2

T p B AEv p

p J. Ck J wg

p J. Ck, D, TT / T S b p

g Dk v, - N B E R wkg gp . J wg, D, MA,

MCk F S Sv A, w b

v Cg, v Cg C b, -

N B E R wkg gp .


51/311

22 Philip J. Cook and Jens Ludwig

T v v-pb pp p w

. T w g q pp

bg g g p-

( p ) g . T

g wk w b C A 1968

(CA), w q b g g b -

(FF) p g b

. A pg g FF q b CA

4473 g v v

qg , g w w q

v p b ppv b.T CA q w g g b bq g,

B Hg V v A, p 1994. T B

A q FF bkg k w-b b

b g 4473 w g g. T w g w

w g p g g v, p . M

g w wp w p -

, b q g --bk . S

g p g b B A. Hwv, q v p b g FF, Brady

bkg k v bk v 2 w w p-

(Bwg . 2010).

O M 2, 2000, B C w

B B vg pp v kpg g wg

, j p b b b pp w

b g w. Dg v

B A, 312,000 pp p g (2.4

) w qg -

(Bwg . 2010). O w-b b w

v b v pg b . T g :

S g kv k b,

g Bradyw k

(Zg 1968, 1972).

T C w pb v B A Journal o the American Medical Associa-

tion (wg Ck 2000). O w pvw

v b b


52/311

The Limited Impact o the Brady Act 23

Brady. W pb Brady v

, b b p . pg

g, w -

(g jg, b) p,

pb Brady , b

, pv gv. F, v

Brady, p pb

g g b v vg pp.

, B A p p p g

w p Db 1998. W p,

1994 1998, w g p, p pxp bkg k q p

g. p p, p q v-

wg p pp v g, w p-

p p wg p w w , kw

N C Bkg Ck S (NCS). O v

p.

w pv v, g

g , g w q v b: (1) W p

v pb ?; (2) Hw g p-

p b g?

Bkg Fg

J B, p Rg, w g -

p g p M 1981. Tg w w,

S, B b g v, g

Hg C, . wk v v pg w

b kw B Hg V v A. T

pv w p Fb 1994, qg FF -

bkg k w v b b g

g . O 32 w b pv-

, b 18 D Cb q A. pv

xp, w 32 g -

, 18 -g vg . O v k


53/311


vg xp-k g

B A .

O w V S

. W p ,

v ,

bb . (T V S

pp k pp.) W z

Bradyg . T

b w v, p

21 g . T p g

B A w g v g b 21; w 21 g p g

FF, g w bj k v bBradyb

q w . O , g -

v pv x w w w k

v, committedb g 21 v; Bradyg-

p pp v. B

p g k g v, w v

g 21 v b pp 21 g (Ck b 1998). g g

gv v, v v-

, p v p b b v

jv g p p w w

k-k v (B 1995; Ck 1999).

T p vg gp vg

Brady w

p, w ppg w 1990. p-

, pp b 34 1990 1998. M

p g 1990 (w w b -

) b b g

g. Ag v b gg xp

p 1990 p pg p,

wg k p bg -1980, ,

v, gz b 1970 (B- W 2000; v 2004; Ck b 2002). v,

v B A b


54/311

Brady w k b B A

w vg w v

1990.

O p 18 w b

B A pv v gp pp b kb -

p-Brady . Ev -

x p Brady . T

( p g ) -

vg bw w gp Brady, w b pb -

b vg w g b A. O

v pp pp b w qw xg v - pb

, g w w vg w w g b

v g (pp p -p g

).

A vg B A w

w v g g ,

w pg w gp g v

w (W 1997). T w b v. S pp

ATF Cg wg

g b Brady

wg p w (Ck Bg

2001). Hwv, pp Cg w

g g v p, p b g g-

kg p (Ck wg 2003). O xp -

k w b b - --

x . , gg w Brady

kg , w q

g vb k v .

H p qv v. W z

pp p p- p-Bradyg

gp. T q p g

zg p (1) bw, w Yitp - (i) p (t), Xit

p vb. T

p vb , di,



55/311


p -p x v v-

, vb,gt, p

g v v .S. bv

v, vb Tit

q 1

wg p B A q 0 w.

F V S , w vb p-Brady

(1994 1997). F pb, w p-Bradyp

p w p (1990 1993).

Yit=b

+b

X

it+b

T

it+d

i+g

t+e

it(1)

S -p x , k - (b

) bw

g v p- p-Bradyp. T

b

p - g v

v B A,

b gv Brady g v.

Eq (1) w v wg q, q

k b p-pg

p xp vb b q pp-. W Hb-W j -

p bv .

T g g z Tb 2.1.

W b bw

Brady() -Brady() g pp g 21

. W p gv, v gv

-g g ( v -

g). p w Brady.

T 95 v v g

8 13.

O B A v .

p, wg p q g p Brady

v w g q b pp xpg

p. A w Tb 2.1, v-

Brady v g g pp g 55 . Hwv, g w p b

-g (pp wp b), w wg

p v g g gp .


56/311

Table 2.1 E B A g

p- p-Bradyp v

(S- p)

V g21

V g55

H ( p ,) . (.) . (.) . (.) . (.)

N-g . (.) . (.)

% w g . (.) . (.)

S ( p ,) . (.) . (.) . (.) .** (.)

N-g . (.) .* (.)% w g . (.) .** (.)

Source: Ck wg (2003). T g p wg Ck(2000) w b w v w w bq.

Note: T p-Bradyp 1990 1993 p-Bradyp 1994 1997. Rg b g q (2) x g pp wg j k.

**S z 5 p-v*S z 10 p-v

Hw w g b p

w v b pp g

B bkg k q? Ab 2.4 p

g b w g g p B

A bkg k (Bwg . 2010). O xp

p p w q g bg g b p

FF w b v w k g g (-

p w q v). D C w

v w w p g v

23 w v- w v b b -

v , w b p g

FF (Wg, W Rv 1999). Y w-p

b gp w, 3 v-

(Wg W 1999). jg C gg 312,000 v w w

g Brady p ( 1994 1998) w v

b 60 w .



57/311


D

Spp g p B

A p . W k

xp, w w b pb vg v

g C A b g p b g-k

gp?

T p k xp p b -

g bkg-k q b FF, B A

bkg-k q v j

pv w g. Sv p 1980 w - b g

g (Wg & R, 1994), v g

w q bkg k v b

gb. M g b pp w

FF g pv g g xg

w , g b --bk -

g k.

W pv p pg xp p B A, v

b k . F, j w p g

g q pg g. Ck, wg

Bg (2005) v

2001 v v w 10 p -

. N p -q

b g 10 p

. Expg - q ,

, v v ( q-

, w v)

p p.

S, v q p k b g FF

Brady, g , p b v

p . g pb-

Cg b N C H pv -g (NCH) pv g -

pv q b

. T v 83


58/311

b bkg k b 2003 (Rk 2006),

b g q p w b

g NCS p. NCH pv

g pvg w pp 2007 b w p-

g g p

NCS . A w v g g p, b

v b p bg v

v g b (M Ag g 2011).

, g b

pv g , p, pv p-

, g g q, p vg b z NCS. T -

pp g pv g , g

v p g :

k b k b g FF ( w

pv- p w b p) b k b -

q .

T b b g pv- p

b p qg g , w p k, b bj bkg k. C

, w g g FF w

g g bkg k. S , w

b b, w k q pp b

g. T q w . C

q g b g w, w -

g w b p g. Ev w

g q, v bkg k b -

v w, g w- vg g w

v b b p b p. W C-

g g v b b

(b Wb, Vk, Bz 2009).

W pp v v g g v

g pv g g , k

v g. Ev j p g w v 300 v vg j b- p-

g b kg v . T g v-

B A pb v



59/311


v v g , w

ww. N v w kw

w b p g pp .

cnoledments

T g p w pp b g

J F. T k Bb M, C Ck, H

E, Mg MN, Epz R vb -

, R A, Sv Hg, Dv Hw, A

K, Dbb , W Mg, J M, J M,W Swb, D Wb, W, M Wg

. A p .

otes

1. District o Columbia v. Heller(554 S 570 (2008)) b p g

kp g - pp.McDonald v. Chicago (561 S3025 (2010)) x g b j p gv.

2. B Cpg v V, Svg v b Tkg O C: T Dp -R C D S E Bw, Exv S, w p://www.b.g/x/F/b-w-p--.p

3. p p, w -v g -wg v: p - p p ( g ), pg pp vg

p , pg pp vg bw pv v p wk ( 1998 ) pg w A- A, pg pp g 7 ggp.

4. v w g p vb g. T g p .

5. F p g b FF, b Wb, Vk, M, A ( v).

6. p J 14, 2013, M OB, D- Mwk H Rvw C, p v ,

k v , q k b g FF.F J 1, 2010 Db 31, 2012, w v 59

v C Mwk. ATF T w : p-, v p. ATF w b
http://www.bradycenter.org/xshare/Facts/brady-law-drop-in-crime.pdfhttp://www.bradycenter.org/xshare/Facts/brady-law-drop-in-crime.pdfhttp://www.bradycenter.org/xshare/Facts/brady-law-drop-in-crime.pdfhttp://www.bradycenter.org/xshare/Facts/brady-law-drop-in-crime.pdfhttp://www.bradycenter.org/xshare/Facts/brady-law-drop-in-crime.pdfhttp://www.bradycenter.org/xshare/Facts/brady-law-drop-in-crime.pdfhttp://www.bradycenter.org/xshare/Facts/brady-law-drop-in-crime.pdfhttp://www.bradycenter.org/xshare/Facts/brady-law-drop-in-crime.pdfhttp://www.bradycenter.org/xshare/Facts/brady-law-drop-in-crime.pdfhttp://www.bradycenter.org/xshare/Facts/brady-law-drop-in-crime.pdfhttp://www.bradycenter.org/xshare/Facts/brady-law-drop-in-crime.pdfhttp://www.bradycenter.org/xshare/Facts/brady-law-drop-in-crime.pdfhttp://www.bradycenter.org/xshare/Facts/brady-law-drop-in-crime.pdfhttp://www.bradycenter.org/xshare/Facts/brady-law-drop-in-crime.pdfhttp://www.bradycenter.org/xshare/Facts/brady-law-drop-in-crime.pdf


60/311

52 v. 31 (60) v p . T v w p FF wp w v.

eferences

B, A. 1995. Y V, , -Dg ,Journal o Criminal Law and Criminology86: 1036.

B, A J W, . 2000. The Crime Drop in America. NwYk: Cbg v .

Bwg, M, R J. F, A. v, A D. B, Dv B.

A. 2010. Background Checks or Firearms: Statistical Tables. B JS B NCJ 231679.B Cpg v V. 2002. Svg v b Tkg O

C: T Dp -R C D S E Bw, Exv S, w www.bpg.g///vgv.p, Ap 17.

Ck, p J. A A. Bg. 2001. A Cpv F Tg:Sg vgv Nw D F Mk,Arizona LawReview 43(2): 277310.

Ck, p J. J H. b. 1998. T p Ep Y V-

Crime and Justice: An Annual Review o Research . M H. M M T, E (Cg: v Cg ), 2664.

Ck, p J. J H. b. 2002. A Ep: R T YV S Crime and Justice: A Review o Research , b M T. Cg: v Cg , 117153.

Ck, p J. J wg. 2003. T E B A V- B E. H (.) Guns, Crime, and Punishment in America.Nw Yk: NY : 283298.

Ck, p J., Sp M, T B. C. 1995. Rgg Mk. The Journal o Criminal Law and Criminology86(1): 5992.

Ck, D. 1999. Exg T-Sp C-v HD: Ck Mk D Ag Y.Journal o Quan-titative Criminology15 (4): 379406.

v, Sv D. 2004. g W C F 1990: F F Exp D Sx D N. Journal o Economic Perspectives,18(1): 163190.

wg, J p J. Ck. 2000. H w p B Hg V v A.Journal othe American Medical Association 284(5): 585591.

M Ag g . 2011. Fatal Gaps: How missing records in the ederal

background check system put guns in the hands o killers.p://ggg.g/w/p/g__vb.p

Rk, F. 2006. Improving Criminal History Records or Background Checks,2005. B J S g Rp NCJ 211485.

http://www.bradycampaign.org/facts/research/savinglives.asphttp://www.bradycampaign.org/facts/research/savinglives.asphttp://www.bradycampaign.org/facts/research/savinglives.asphttp://www.bradycampaign.org/facts/research/savinglives.asphttp://www.bradycampaign.org/facts/research/savinglives.asphttp://www.bradycampaign.org/facts/research/savinglives.asphttp://www.bradycampaign.org/facts/research/savinglives.asphttp://www.bradycampaign.org/facts/research/savinglives.asphttp://mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/downloads/pdf/maig_mimeo_revb.pdfhttp://mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/downloads/pdf/maig_mimeo_revb.pdfhttp://mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/downloads/pdf/maig_mimeo_revb.pdfhttp://mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/downloads/pdf/maig_mimeo_revb.pdfhttp://mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/downloads/pdf/maig_mimeo_revb.pdfhttp://mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/downloads/pdf/maig_mimeo_revb.pdfhttp://mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/downloads/pdf/maig_mimeo_revb.pdfhttp://mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/downloads/pdf/maig_mimeo_revb.pdfhttp://mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/downloads/pdf/maig_mimeo_revb.pdfhttp://mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/downloads/pdf/maig_mimeo_revb.pdfhttp://mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/downloads/pdf/maig_mimeo_revb.pdfhttp://mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/downloads/pdf/maig_mimeo_revb.pdfhttp://www.bradycampaign.org/facts/research/savinglives.asphttp://www.bradycampaign.org/facts/research/savinglives.asp


61/311


Wb D W, J S Vk, MT Bz. 2009. E -v b p kg. Journal o UrbanHealth; 86:525537.

W, Dg S. 1997. Trac Stop: How the Brady Act Disrupts Interstate GunTracking. Wg, DC: C v Hg V.Wg, J D. H. R. 1986.Armed and Considered Dangerous: A Sur-

vey o Felons and Their Firearms, Nw Yk: A .Wg, M A., J. W, Fk . Rv. 1999. Ev

D Hg Bv B Hg Rk F- V.American Journal o Public Health 89(1): 8890.

Wg, M A. J. W. 1999. pb . Dv,CA: V v R g, v C DvM C.

Zg, Fk E. 1968. C k R V Kg? TheUniversity o Chicago Law Review 35: 721737.

Zg, Fk E. 1972. T M Mg: F Cb D- D A,Journal o Legal Studies. 1: 97124.


62/311

T Db 2012 g Nww v

pg b b g . B

, q w g v b pv 28

gvz pk p

p. S w w b g

3

vg V vvgp w S M

J W. Sw, A b Rb, K. F, M A. Nk, H-J ,Mv S. Swz, p J. Ck

J W. Sw, D, p Dp Bv S

Dk v S M. A b Rb, D, MH,

p Dp Bv S Dk v S

M. K. F, D, p w v C S

S Wk w C Dp M H

A Sv. M A. Nk, MD, MAR, p p

w Dv Y v S M F

Sv C Dp M H A Sv. H-J ,

D, p S S Wk v C

pp R Dv C Dp M

H A Sv. Mv S. Swz, MD, p Dv S C Bv H Dk v H

S. p J. Ck, D, TT/T S b p

g Dk v, N B

E R wkg gp .


63/311

34 J. W. Swanson et al.

, , pp w v? S w

, p- -

bkg-k, g kp g -

g pp? D pb w w v, w

b v k pp w wp-

g p g ?

Cg w q g

g p kwg p- g

b b v v pb

v (N . 2009; Sw 2011). A , g

p p b bg v gv g p w b . O

, g p p g w pb -

pvv pb - j .

O , k v b

w vwg pb p v g

b g

p g p p p p

ppg w gg g, px, b g (Appb Sw 2010).

, w k g p bw

pb v g g g

p w. T gppg w

g b g w w

b w g pp g w g

-g g, , bv. Wv

v gg b pp w v

kg p g

pv b g pb ( . 1999).

F k v j, w bg -

. A g , , pv,

w pv b b j. ,

pp w b b

b k p w w b w g .A pb p g x b p g-

gp v pb b w vg

w .


64/311

Preventing Gun Violence Involving People with Serious Mental Illness 35

W kwg xg pkg

p v w wk. B -v w

w b k g w

b . , , k vb p-

b pb pkg p, v

xg , p, w gzb.

p, w p w g p v-

g pb g k v

C p 23,000 pp w .

g g v pb

j 2002 g 2009, q-xp p p b C bg

pg N C Bkg

Ck S (NCS) 2007. W p

pb ( pp w b) p g

v.

1968, Cg p C A, w g p-

b pp bg v b v -

p j v (Sp2007). (T g b .

g , k -

gg gzg v.) A p g-

, x v pp w v b b -

v g p b g p g w

. v v p

q b .

T g 1968 C A pb w ,

g v z v

, g pg k v -

(Appb 1994; F 2010). T g x

w g 1994 B V

v A, w bkg kw g -

g NCS pb p w p

b g g . T pb, p, b p v -

b 45 g, b v g v

v v g .


65/311


T p p :

pp p g ww g

w k v bv; pp w

g w vb

p, w b k v

ppp p p; , g, v-

p p w w w k

p g , , b -

g pb bg ; , , w

v pb v pg -

g b w b g b w g-qg -

p , , b pp. g w

wk v, all p ; w k

pv. A , p w w.

Sbq pg w b-

pp v v (Fz 2006; Sw

1994; V D, Vvk, J 2012). T v pp

pp w w b g k b g ; -

q g-qg j (

, ) w w p bkg k. , -

g jg, w p w b v-

(z, Mv, 1993) p

v k. S v w

g (F 2010). T

bkg k p w b g g -

g , w b pp -

pv (Ck wg 1997). A pp v

g , v w g b b p

g (N C S C H S 2001).

S v bv w pvg g pg b -

b v xg pg NCS

(M Ag g 2011). , v gg g NCS w pp w g-

qg w v b p

g v pp , , pvg


66/311


g. , w b p v-

. S, w b g p v-

w p g , g g v-v

w b p pp w

p w v b bj w

xp NCS-pg p w w v . W w

p g C.

Ev F b Rg Vg p w S M C,

20022009: Fg Nw R S

C bg pg NCS 2007.

T Dp b S pb wg NCS

gg g-pb p. T w b

g-qg g bk bx

, p

. T p 3,062

NCS pg, b 2013 14,000 b. b, p w

w w vb g bkg k

bq w g; g w

v q g v , k -

g v v . W b p,

, v b g-q p w

? O q.

Data

Av w pg 8

w b g C pb

j g. A v vvg p-

v w vw ppv b

v j Rvw B (RB). Mg

J 2002 g Db 2009 w b 23,292 g wg : (1) g zp, bp -

, j pv (2) pz p

p v vg p. Tw


67/311


w p: p w

p j p NCS (v -

, p , q, vp);

p w v p pz b -

j. D w p- .

T p pv pp p g w

w v pb

w v j v b p-

z v -p -g

b b . A , p w gz w

pp p w - w v v qg p

w v pv . T p k v

v bg p , g b b -

b, g pp w vv w j

. T b v p g -

p p w . R

vb b v p

, p v g v p.

Measures

T p vb w v (-

w) w gv . V ,

g, , kppg, x , , bb,

bg. , w w v p g p

, b v w vb .

p O gv R C

w b 92 v (.g., g p, -

, , .) v,

p bgg g (R 2007). F

v p v g- . ,

w v v px g . V

p pb gb g

g g g w vb .Cg vb w w g-

qg w p gv , w

q w ( v,


68/311


g , v ), w

bv b NCS pg bg C-

. Ag, x, , p p g, -g b

g w v.

Analysis

W vb g g w p -

v v. T p vb w gg

pp p g v g

g-qg v w v. W g k

v g b NCS pg bg. W , p g w, v k pp

w w q v q, p- p-NCS

p. W vg v -

q gp b

bv. W j k b vg bv

w v w pz . W j -

p p bv v .

Results

T g pp w 36 , j w (62.5).

T - p p w 62.7 -Hp w,

18.4 A A, 16.6 Hp, 2.3 - gp.

Rgg p p g, 28.1 zp, 30.6

bp , 41.2 p. A g gp, 85.9

-g g b pb g

p. T pv b b b g

p w b -pv p,

p pz , w

w v w v px v p-

pb.

Tb 1 w b v pp p

w q pg g p-

b p q. Ab 40 p w q j . Dq

w g g g

(34.9 v. 7.0). O 1,634 v w


69/311


q, 512 (31.3) w q b

. T g j (93.7) pp w w

v g-qg g p w v -

v w q .A b pp p (39.0) w v v

g 8- p. T pp

vv g kw, b 4 p v

v p g g, g p .

Tb 2 w j q v v pp-

p- bv vb , b -

q , bv b NCS pg

bg. p, w z

v w NCS pg w

q 7.8 6.5, pp 17.

bgp bv w q, -

pg w g 6.7 b NCS 3.2 NCS, p-

p 53. T j w NCS

pg , g pv p. A ppp-

q-xp g q b -vb .

Tb 3 p vb g p.

Hvg g-qg k


70/311


71/311


72/311


73/311


v b k v -

b 1.6. T v w g

w pp w j, p w

w q p-NCS p. Ag w w -

q, v g NCS

pg bg. T w v w w

vg b , bg g, , A A

Hp bkg, vg bp v p. T

b w pp w

, g - g

px vg, w w - . Bp w pv w v

p w p. Szp w gv w v-

p w p ( g p MA

V Rk S; M . 2001.)

Tb 4 w p w q pb

-- w pg

NCS pg p C, w p g -

v v. , bv w v p- w v

q . T w g

v g g w qg -

NCS pg bg. T k v w w b

0.69 g q p-NCS-pg p

p w p-NCS p. , k v

q v w w p NCS w -

b v pp w v b q-

. Hwv, gp w w v q, v-

w ppx b NCS p w

p0.65 v 0.62ggg, w b xp, NCS

pg pp w p NCS.

D p

Cg pp w, w v

B A pb v k v . , vg

g-qg v k g in-


74/311


creasedk g v . T x g w

vv b pp w g

b g, pp pz

g g bkg k; w, ,

pp b wg xp .

Hwv, g p bgp pp w -

w v , gg

B w bkg k v pv , .

w g-qg , k v

g g C bg pg g-

qg NCS.T g pv p bw bkg

k v . T b xp,

xp, p-2007 pv

j p pp w g-qg

j, g pv -

w k g. T .

W v px g . T

w g , g gz w .

W xg pb-

p b b vv

vb w k v

. A v, ,

vg j v NCS g-

k v . Avg pv -

pg NCS p v

b g , , pv pb .

Hwv, p w pv g v b g

v w k bkg k b

. g pv q p g

g v. A v w pp wk, p

pp pp p w

, b b j C- ( ) v w. O b 7 p q-

g j, v pp5w

q q b w bg


75/311


76/311


77/311


q b . --q

bp, w q 3.0

p 3.4 v . p-NCS p,

6.2 p 5.0 v . , 96 p

w b v w v

q , . T pp-

gg bkg k

pbv p vw v v

p v v p w ;

k b w.

Rv pb g . M b b ecient pbg

g pp g g air pvg g

w g. , bg g

p g g

p w w g, bg

p g p w

w g g. M p, , g

pb g v g-, g p bw v k

bp g p w j

, pv b g-

g v q .

vv g q x v

pv g, pp,

. g p w (k 2010), xp,

v v vg g-

b g. -

, w vg g

g p w g. T w w -

p k p v v w w

v w p g v

(k 2010). A pg pp w C-

w w z g v w w g 72- , pg j

g 14 (Sp 2007). T p w, b ,

k pb pp pp


78/311


w p ppb k g v pp

b g x b v p

p x g v k.

O gg , g pp w w v

g vv w j , x-

g w p g pv g

g k b v. E pv

g v kw w

g g k ; pvg

-b ; g -

v g g pg , j v, g v p w

w v b (M S 2012;

Sw 2010). A , w v g

pp-b, g- pb w -

.

F, w b w g b p

: -

b . W w bg p g v, - g b g v ; b

p p v p pv v. S

61 S19,393 31,672

g 2010 (C D C v 2013).

S g A g 15 24, pp

g gp w g pp g g, j

, xp p j . T j

v pb

. Hw g g? p q w.

W w , w ? b v p.

Dp p p g

w . S vg p b g pv

p . Dp , wv,

g v g-qg v -

. w, pp g - q k k

w p g bkg k. Ev v w p

j NCS, gp w


79/311


. B pg v w k

pbb g , ; v pp w

. Agb, g, b v-b -

pp w- pp, ,

p ( g g v)g

pv w g pv NCS

pg kp g g pp.

acnoledment

Fg p w pv b g

N S F, w pp Rb

W J F g b H w R.

eferences

Appb, . 1994. A Rv: M H w

Cg. Nw Yk: Ox v .Appb, S., J W. Sw. 2010. w :

Hw b ? Sv 61: 652654.B, R J., J S. R, p H, Ezb . Mv.

2009. M H S T A T Vg T Tg.H A 28: 793804.

C D C v. 2013. j v & C: D& S Wb-b j S Q Rpg S (WSQA-RSTM). F j D N j D. p://www..gv/j/wq/x.

Ck, p J., J wg. 1997. A: N Sv -v Owp F. N J, R B, Wg, DC: Dp J. p://www.j.gv/p/165476.p

Fz, S, M . 2006. T p p Sv M V C. T A J 163: 13971403.

FB. 2013. p://www..gv/b-/j/F, W, T . 2010. C: Cv C S

40 Y Cv. T J A A w 38(3): 365368.

z, C W., Ew . Mv, W . 1993. T A V O. T J A M A269: 10071011.
http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/165476.pdfhttp://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/165476.pdfhttp://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/165476.pdfhttp://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/165476.pdfhttp://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/165476.pdfhttp://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/165476.pdfhttp://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/165476.pdfhttp://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/nicshttp://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/nicshttp://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/nicshttp://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/nicshttp://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/nicshttp://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/nicshttp://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/nicshttp://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/nicshttp://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/nicshttp://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/165476.pdfhttp://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/165476.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.html


80/311


M Ag g . 2011. F p: Hw Mg R FBkg Ck S H K. p://www.ggg.g/w/p/g__vb.p

M, J, H J. S. 2012. Exg V R -p J-vv w M . Appg S S R V Og, b J A. Dvk, J . Sk, R- W. Nv, Kv S. Dg, 245261. Nw Yk: Ox v.

M, J, H J. S, E Sv, . 2001. Rkg Rk A-: T MA S M D V. Nw Yk: Oxv .

N, Ov, Dq Bg, T j, . 2009. H Sg- b p w . Szp B 35: 10121021.

Nk, M A., V M. Db. 2008. E. J A A w 36: 269.

N C S C H S Bv Rk F Sv- S. 2001. p://www....//b/2001//3.

k, g. 2010. App F Sz w A Dg: O F Tw Y. Sv 61: 478482.

, B A., J M, B . k, . 1999. T bVw Cp, Dg, N g C w M H b. A J b H 89: 13391345.

, M., D. M. N. 2008. N C Bkg Ck

pv A: p w M . J A A w 36: 123130.

R, Cp. 2007. C S F V. OR RRp, 2007-R-0442, C O F A Db. p://w.g/vw/1/CZ/2007/08/02/0000070154/vw/1.26782.75

Sp, Jp R. 2007. B Rk? A Ovvw w bg F b v w H T M . J A A w 35: 330338.

Sk, J, J M. 2011. C D V RkA. C D g S 20: 3842.

Sw, J W. 1994. M D, Sb Ab, CV: A Epg App. V M D, b J. M H. S, 101136. Cg: v Cg .

Sw, J W. 2010. Expg R A V: T pR Ev. Sv 62: 13691371.

Sw, J W. 2011. vg p: Mgg V Rk M H C. Sv 59: 191193.

V D, R A., J Vvk, N J. 2012. M D V: T Rp b Sb ? S

Epg 47(3): 487503.
http://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/downloads/pdf/maig_mimeo_revb.pdfhttp://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/downloads/pdf/maig_mimeo_revb.pdfhttp://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/downloads/pdf/maig_mimeo_revb.pdfhttp://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/downloads/pdf/maig_mimeo_revb.pdfhttp://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/downloads/pdf/maig_mimeo_revb.pdfhttp://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/downloads/pdf/maig_mimeo_revb.pdfhttp://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/downloads/pdf/maig_mimeo_revb.pdfhttp://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/downloads/pdf/maig_mimeo_revb.pdfhttp://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/downloads/pdf/maig_mimeo_revb.pdfhttp://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/downloads/pdf/maig_mimeo_revb.pdfhttp://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/downloads/pdf/maig_mimeo_revb.pdfhttp://www.schs.state.nc.us/schs/brfss/2001/us/firearm3.htmlhttp://www.schs.state.nc.us/schs/brfss/2001/us/firearm3.htmlhttp://www.schs.state.nc.us/schs/brfss/2001/us/firearm3.htmlhttp://www.schs.state.nc.us/schs/brfss/2001/us/firearm3.htmlhttp://www.schs.state.nc.us/schs/brfss/2001/us/firearm3.htmlhttp://www.schs.state.nc.us/schs/brfss/2001/us/firearm3.htmlhttp://www.schs.state.nc.us/schs/brfss/2001/us/firearm3.htmlhttp://www.schs.state.nc.us/schs/brfss/2001/us/firearm3.htmlhttp://www.schs.state.nc.us/schs/brfss/2001/us/firearm3.htmlhttp://www.schs.state.nc.us/schs/brfss/2001/us/firearm3.htmlhttp://www.schs.state.nc.us/schs/brfss/2001/us/firearm3.htmlhttp://www.schs.state.nc.us/schs/brfss/2001/us/firearm3.htmlhttp://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/CZL/2007/08/02/0000070154/viewer/file1.html26782.75http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/CZL/2007/08/02/0000070154/viewer/file1.html26782.75http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/CZL/2007/08/02/0000070154/viewer/file1.html26782.75http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/CZL/2007/08/02/0000070154/viewer/file1.html26782.75http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/CZL/2007/08/02/0000070154/viewer/file1.html26782.75http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/CZL/2007/08/02/0000070154/viewer/file1.html26782.75http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/CZL/2007/08/02/0000070154/viewer/file1.html26782.75http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/CZL/2007/08/02/0000070154/viewer/file1.html26782.75http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/CZL/2007/08/02/0000070154/viewer/file1.html26782.75http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/CZL/2007/08/02/0000070154/viewer/file1.html26782.75http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/CZL/2007/08/02/0000070154/viewer/file1.html26782.75http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/CZL/2007/08/02/0000070154/viewer/file1.html26782.75http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/CZL/2007/08/02/0000070154/viewer/file1.html26782.75http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/CZL/2007/08/02/0000070154/viewer/file1.html26782.75http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/CZL/2007/08/02/0000070154/viewer/file1.html26782.75http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/CZL/2007/08/02/0000070154/viewer/file1.html26782.75http://www.schs.state.nc.us/schs/brfss/2001/us/firearm3.htmlhttp://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/downloads/pdf/maig_mimeo_revb.pdfhttp://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/downloads/pdf/maig_mimeo_revb.pdf


81/311



82/311

2010, 1,082 w 267 w k b p-

. F- p v w k w g ( S

Dp J 2012). F p w-v , -

p (H) v b w g w

wp b (Fx Zwz 2009). F, w

k b k b p b

gp (Fx Zwz 2009; M, R, B 1998). T v

: w w k, k b -

p w g.

, w p b g, v-

pp p, v pv

p xp. W bg w vvw v

b g g v w b b kw

4

Ev Op B A

Ap M. Z S F

Ap M. Z, D, MH, p S C J Mg

S v. S F, D, MH, p J Hpk

Bbg S b H.


83/311

54 April M. Zeoli and Shannon Frattaroli

j . S, w xg g v g

b. W p pg v b p

b g p H, w p-

w. W w g p

pv H.

D V : A B Ovvw

wp H pp. D v vv-

g g k v

vv k, wp, b (Sz . 1992). , k w v g (B

. 1997; K . 1993), w g v

k (Cpb . 2003). p k g

k v - p w k w

(Abk . 1996; M . 1998). Mv, gwg v

g g v pp b

g w (M . 2006; R . 2005; S

Wb 2004; Tj T 2000). T g w v: b wp b -

w k (Cpb . 2003).

T -- v p

w k b p (B . 1997;

Cpb . 2003; MF . 1999; S, M, B 1998),

kg v g p g k

H (Cpb . 2007). Skg b p k

H (Cpb . 2003), w pg 76

v 85 p v w k b b

p (MF . 1999). O b kw

. Rg w k b p -

w j p v kg w

pg . T w p v/kg

p, , g, b-

v g (DVRO) g b(MF . 1999; M, R, B 1998).

W w k j , pp-

v pv v .


84/311

Policies to Limit Batterers Access to Guns 55

qpp w pv v w, w -

b b p g v v v. w

b g p -

pv pp v.

C F w: Rpg Rk

Tw pv w g b b-

g. 1994, Cg C A pb

v w qg DVRO pg pg

g (18 .S.C. 922(g)(8)). T q, DVRO b g b w p w w p-

p pp. T p DVRO perma-

nent. Egb DVRO p p

p, p w,

b (18 .S.C. 921()(32)).

1996, Cg C A pb -

v v pg pg

g (18 .S.C. 922(g)(9)). T xp b , , p p

, wp w b

p (18 .S.C. 921()(33)). T

p w xpv DVRO g

pb p g w -

p, p g (18 .S.C. 921()(33)). p,

w pp w qg -

p- w.

S-v D V g

M v w g DVRO p g. S w

v w , xp, xp

qg DVRO p DVRO. C -

g p DVRO b p v b - p q p b. T

b p .S. j , b

p g DVRO p . Rp


85/311


DVRO v g j vv (K 1996;

M . 2010; V S 2006) v

v v (H . 2003; g, S, Wk 2005;

S S 2005). F, w w k DVRO

x p b (g . 2008),

g k (Cpb . 2007; W D 1993). T-

p DVRO w v g p DVRO pv w-

qg w g.

S v g. T

w b xpv g. O w

w b DVRO v g vg b xpg g p v

b w, xp b g g p. C-

g p w pb 35 p H b-

w 1976 2005, b H b

g p b g (Fx Zwz 2009). A,

DVRO pp w g

g p pp g gp

w k g pp g - p b (V S 2006).

T g v DVRO v -

g w, g w p g pb p-

pb. N pv vg

g, v p g pb. B

v w b -

b g , w .

Ev

F gv g k w b-

xg g pg v -

g j DVRO p

. T pp w v:

p b p b p b g k w H. w -

pp gg g. b p

p g b qg bv, w


86/311

v v g g g p-

b p g bkg k (F B

vg 2011).

Evaluating Impacts

T v x w w g g

DVRO p v H (Vg-

M 2003, 2006; Z Wb 2010). Vg M x-

DVRO v g

-v H 1982 1998 (2003), g 1982

2002 (2006). b , DVRO w w g w H k, b H w g H.

F vg v p

pp bkg k w-b g p (Vg

M 2003, 2006). T g gg p g

pg w p pp: p-

b g pg g b v bkg k

, pv, qg .

T w b w pbgg p p w pbg p (Vg

M 2006). pbg p, g H -

10 12; w b p p-

w. b v pb b

p p v

g w g w pb p

(Vg M 2006).

A v g w H 46 .S. -

1979 2003 pv v DVRO w -

p (Z Wb 2010). T 46 w 27 , 15 w v

DVRO g pb 9 w v v -

g pb. C w DVRO g 19

w H 25 w H w g p

w w (Z Wb 2010).

Tk g, pv pg v DVROg H. p, w

H w g, ggg

b b . W-b k p



87/311


g w wp b kg. O, p

w, v gg DVRO g pb v v.

k b w DVRO w,

b p H w g v-

g. T b b .

M v v b w -

(Vg M 2006).

, w b g

w g bkg k pb ,

v p v

g (Vg M 2006). F, k p w p v.

Implementation and Enorcement

W v g w k w

g v p -

w. DVRO p v b ,

w p g w DVRO w pbg p

b p pb p pv g gg p pb. W w x-

g w v pb p

. Hwv, w p p vv

b b w q b pbg b

bkg k p vg

g w q v b p.

O v N C DVRO g w b

p g v g p p-w b

g DVRO qg p

g w g w v p (M .

2006). T w w b

p w w .

T p k q N C. ,

v p v g p (A-

Tk F C J Rp DV 2005; F T 2006; w 2006; Wb . 2010).

B p g p pb p-

p b pb z (F T


88/311

2006; W . 2012). kw w p p-

g , , w . S b b

g g b (w x), DVRO p, p-

. O v v p C DVRO

w w pv q b -

p g, p (W . 2012).

Fg b g b p g

DVRO pp g p (F T 2006;

Wb . 2010; W . 2012), v p g

-- b p g (g g

g; pv ) b v DVRO p pb (W . 2012). Kw-

g w p v w w b

pp g w p ,

k g v (W . 2012).

Ev w b p g,

w DVRO w g

(F T 2006; S S 2005; Wb . 2010). S,

v vg DVRO g w.Fwg x DVRO b, C D-

p J v g

w z g pb DVRO b (Sv

2006). A vw wg xg v

pg w g pb (Sv 2006).

Sv DVRO j b zg DVRO g

pb. F v b w ,

v v g -

p w DVRO. T v w --

b pv b p v

g b , p k

w g xg (W . 2012).

v g bv , w pz -

w DVRO g k

p pb p pb. W p w px vv pp

g, b b, C v

(W . 2012). A, p gg



89/311


b ggg vv g -

DVRO w bg pv pb (K 2006).

Bw gg v v

vpg p, g gz

g k w

v v g.

p

T w g w v -

. Fwg v- bg xv.

Goal: Prevent DVRO respondents and DV misdemeanants rom purchasing or

possessing guns.

Policy: Require all gun purchasers to submit to a background check.

R: w, bkg k q

pv , pvg pb b w

g. Rqg bkg k g w p- g pb b.

Policy: Incentivize states to automate DVRO and domestic violence misdemeanor

records or reporting to background check systems.

R: Bkg k b p

g qg -

vb g .

Policy: Incentivize states to create gun registries or gun purchase databases.

R: A w w qk w

DVRO p p v v

w g w xg pb g p-

g gp pp kw b v.

Goal: Expand ederal law to prohibit other categories o violent intimates rom

purchasing and possessing guns.

Policy: Extend the DVRO prohibition to include those covered by temporary

DVROs.

R: T p g DVRO, g w

p DVRO p, g p. F w


90/311

gz g b xg pb -

p DVRO.

Policy: Expand the denition o intimate partners.

R: C g p b -

w v v p v q p.

Policy: Extend ederal gun prohibitions to cover those convicted o misdemeanor

stalking.

R: Skg p k p -

. Hwv, b kg w

p p , wp,

v g pb pp.Policy: Extend ederal gun prohibitions to cover persons who have violated a DVRO

(permanent and temporary) because o threatened or actual violence.

R: T w v - DVRO b v

b p g b bj b g p-

p w v bj.

Goal: Provide the resources and support needed or state and local systems to

implement and enorce domestic violence gun prohibitions.Policy: Establish and und a center that will provide the training and technical

assistance needed to realize ull implementation o laws that prohibit DVRO

respondents and misdemeanants rom possessing guns.

R: F w , w p

pg C A b S,

w-p w vpg

w z b pb

.

eferences

Abk, J., . O, M. Hw, J. B, C. A , D. Sk. 1996. S ? D v g w Nw Mx.

Ann Emerg Med27: 21015.A Tk F C J Rp D V-

. 2005. Kpg p: V b b.S, CA: C Dp J.

B, J., A. K, . S, J. B, F. Rv, N. R. 1997. Rk v w .Arch Intern Med157: 77782.



91/311


Cpb, J.C., N. , .W. Sp, K. g, T. B. 2007. p : Rvw p p. Trauma, Vio-lence & Abuse 8: 24660.

Cpb, J.C., D.W. Wb, J. Kz-M, C. Bk, D. Cpb, M.A. C,F. , N. , J. M, C. S, . Sp, Y. , S.A. W, J. M-g, X. X, J. Sbg, V. F, K. g. 2003. Rk bv p: R .

American Journal o Public Health 93: 106997.F B vg. 2011. N C Bkg Ck

S (NCS) p. Wg, D.C.: .S. Dp J.F, R.E., C. Sv, D. Bb. 2000. W g p

v: W xp v b p. ViolenceAgainst Women 6: 136383.

Fx, J.A., M.W. Zwz. 2009. H S: B J S. p://bj.jp.j.gv///..

F, S., S.. T. 2006. g g p p-: A v pv M VA. Evaluation Review 30: 34760.

w, C. 2006. D v : R p. Evalu-ation Review 30: 23744.

H, V.., M.A. K, M.E. W, F. Rv. 2003. D p k p v j?American Journal o Preven-tive Medicine 24: 1621.

K, A., F. Rv, N. R, J. B, D. R, J. F, A. ,J. zk, B. Hk, . S. 1993. wp k . New England Journal o Medicine 329: 108491.

K, A.R. 1996. R-b pp - b: Wg wk. Do arrests and restraining orders work?, 192213.T Ok, CA: Sg.

. 2006. Eg v pb: A p p-g p. Wg, D.C.: O V Ag W. p://www.bwjp.g//bwjp//Eg_F_b.p.

Kz, D. 1996. Sp, v, w b. Violence Against Women 2:6381.

g, T.K., . S, R. Wk. 2005. v b: A p ppv . Violence Against Women 11: 876911.

g, T.K., R. Wk, . S, J. C. 2008. F w p- gg v g w w v pv .Journal oFamily Violence 23: 37785.

MF, J., J.C. Cpb, S.A. W, C. S, Y. , X. X. 1999. Skg p . Homicide Studies 3: 30016.

M, K.E., K. A, R.M. B, C. Ep, J.M. Bwg,

C. D. 2010. W v p ? Violence Against Women 16: 120123.M, K.E., K.A. Ck, C. Ep, J.M. Bwg. 2006. vg

v g v p v: A v wN C w: .S. Dp J.
http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/homicide/homtrnd.cfmhttp://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/homicide/homtrnd.cfmhttp://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/homicide/homtrnd.cfmhttp://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/homicide/homtrnd.cfmhttp://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/homicide/homtrnd.cfmhttp://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/homicide/homtrnd.cfmhttp://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/homicide/homtrnd.cfmhttp://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/homicide/homtrnd.cfmhttp://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/homicide/homtrnd.cfmhttp://www.bwjp.org/files/bwjp/articles/Enforcing_Firearms_Prohibitions.pdfhttp://www.bwjp.org/files/bwjp/articles/Enforcing_Firearms_Prohibitions.pdfhttp://www.bwjp.org/files/bwjp/articles/Enforcing_Firearms_Prohibitions.pdfhttp://www.bwjp.org/files/bwjp/articles/Enforcing_Firearms_Prohibitions.pdfhttp://www.bwjp.org/files/bwjp/articles/Enforcing_Firearms_Prohibitions.pdfhttp://www.bwjp.org/files/bwjp/articles/Enforcing_Firearms_Prohibitions.pdfhttp://www.bwjp.org/files/bwjp/articles/Enforcing_Firearms_Prohibitions.pdfhttp://www.bwjp.org/files/bwjp/articles/Enforcing_Firearms_Prohibitions.pdfhttp://www.bwjp.org/files/bwjp/articles/Enforcing_Firearms_Prohibitions.pdfhttp://www.bwjp.org/files/bwjp/articles/Enforcing_Firearms_Prohibitions.pdfhttp://www.bwjp.org/files/bwjp/articles/Enforcing_Firearms_Prohibitions.pdfhttp://www.bwjp.org/files/bwjp/articles/Enforcing_Firearms_Prohibitions.pdfhttp://www.bwjp.org/files/bwjp/articles/Enforcing_Firearms_Prohibitions.pdfhttp://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/homicide/homtrnd.cfm


92/311

M, K.E., C.W. R, J.D. B. 1998. F N C, 19911993: A w p p. Homicide Studies 2: 42246.

R, E.F., D. Hw, M. M, D. Az. 2005. B g

p.Journal o the American Medical Womens Associa-tion 60: 6268.Sz, .E., J.A. M, . O, M. Rbg, . R. 1992. Wp

vv j .Journal o theAmerican Medical Association 267: 304347.

Sv, .. 2006. Dg b g g : T p C. Evaluation Review 30: 24565.

S, .H., K.E. M, J.D. B. 1998. x: App-b ppv. Homicide Studies 2: 400421.

S, S.B., H. S. 2005. Rg C: A k -

w . Violence Against Women 11: 91233.S, S.B., D.J. Wb. 2004. Wp v b w.Amer-

ican Journal o Public Health 94: 141217.Tj, ., N. T. 2000. Ex, , q

p v. Wg, DC: .S. Dp J. S Dp J. 2012. pg pg :

Spp p, 2010. p33527-v1. A Ab, M: -v C S R [b].

Vg, E.R., J.A. M. 2003. Dg b: T p v w. Evaluating gun policy, 157214. Wg, DC: T

Bkg .. 2006. D w g b v

pv p ? Evaluation Review 30: 31346.V, K.A., S.B. S. 2006. A p g k

b w pp ? Evaluation Review 30: 26682.Wb, D.W., S. F, J.S. Vk, C. OSv, J. R, J.C. Cpb.

2010. W w pv p v bv p: R xp . Journal o Womens Health19: 9398.

W, M.., M. D. 1993. Sp k g. Violenceand Victims 8: 316.

W, ., S. F, K.A. V, B. C, M. Wg, D.W. Wb.2012. F v v pj: Fp p v. S, CA: V vR g, v C, Dv.

Z, A.M., D.W. Wb. 2010. E v p, x p g v p g .Injury Prevention 16: 9095.



93/311



94/311

A p bjv g v pv p

kp g g-k v w gg g w-

bg z p . v p-

w g kp g g v v v,

g v b pb pg

. T g p (1) b vw

pb p

pb, (2) k bg

g g v, (3) p

p p b vb v-

. T p pb

5

Rg Aq C C gF Owp

K A. V, D W. Wb,

J S. Vk

K A. V, D, MH, J Hpk C R. D W. Wb, SD, MH, p Dp H

Mg J Hpk Bbg S b H. J S. Vk,

JD, MH, p Dp H

Mg J Hpk Bbg S b H.


95/311

66 Katherine A. Vittes, Daniel W. Webster, and Jon S. Vernick

pb v ,

b v w v.

R C C b F

Rgzg g v g k -

g v, w pb p b wg

gp: ; gv; p v -

v; w bj g

v; w b; w v b b jg b p, g -

v , v b v -

; w v b b g

; g ; p w v .S.

zp. , w 21 g w

p w p g

b 18 g g g p

g w g (18 U.S.C.922 (d) (2012)). N p g pp g g (

g) w.

R pv j g p

gp. Cv k bq

v g (Ck, wg,

Bg 2005). S, p w g p

v k kg p (Cpb .

2003) g v g b (E

Bz 2007; Fg, Sw, H 1983; 1975; Hg, S,

1989).

R pp g p g b.

g b g w v

bv (A . 2012; F 1998; K . 1994; k

A 1998; Rv . 1997; W-M . 2005) (Bg,

W, K 2000; Bwk, , Rk 2001; Rv .1997). F xp, v k

b g , g

w v g k (Rv . 1997).


96/311

Reconsidering the Adequacy o Current Conditions on Legal Firearm Ownership 67

T g v g b g

pp. vv v , pp v,

reducing gun violence.pdf

Documents