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Sergei Rachmaninov

Viaa

Sergei Rachmaninov s-a nscutpe 1 aprilie 1873 n localitatea Semyonov din apropierea orauluiNovgorod, Rusia i a murit pe 28 martie 1943 n Beverly Hills, California.

La vrsta de 4 ani, mama sa, pianist amatoare, a nceput s i dea lecii de pian, ns ArkadyAlexandrovici, bunicul su, a fost cel care a adus n 1882 o profesoar de la St. Petersburg, AnnaOrnatskaya. Din cauza problemelor financiare, ns, familia a trebuit s se mute ntr-un mic apartament nSt. Petersburg, iar profesoara s-a ntors acas. Ornatskaya a aranjat, ns, ca Sergei s fie acceptat laConservatorul din St. Petersburg n 1883.

n 1885, la Conservator, dei a cntat la evenimente importante, Sergei a picat examenul din primvar.Mama lui i-a cerut sfatul lui Siloti, pianist recunoscut i elev al lui Franz Liszt, care, recunoscnd talentullui Rachmaninov, i propune s studieze la Conservatorul din Moscova cu profesorul Nikolai Zverev.nprimvara lui 1891, Sergei i-a dat ultimul examen de pian la Conservatorul din Moscova i l-a trecut culaude.

Ultima sa pies compus pentru Conservator a fost Aleko, o oper de un act bazat pe poezia iganii deAlexandru Pushkin. Opera a fost interpretat pentru prima oar pe 19 mai 1892, iar n ciuda faptului cRachmaninov era sigur c va fi un eec, aceasta a avut att de mult success nct Teatrul Bolshoi aaccepat s-o produc. Conservatorul i-a acordat o diplom pe 29 mai 1892 iar la vrsta de 19 ani,Rachmaninov era n sfrit un artist liber.

Rachmaninov a continuat s compun, tiprind cele ase Cntece op. 4 i Dou Piese op. 2. Editorul sunu i ddea banii la timp, aa c Rachmaninov a acceptat s cnte la Expoziia Electric din Moscova,

unde a interpretat pentru prima oar cunoscutul su Preludiun do diez minor (op. 3, nr. 2). Acesta, partedintr-un ciclu de 5 piese numit Morceaux de fantaisie, a fost foarte bine primit, fiind una din cele maicunoscute piese ale sale.

Cnd a aflat c Piotr Ilici Tchaikovsky a murit, Rachmaninov a nceput aproape imediat s compun Trioelegiaque nr. 2. Neateptata moarte a lui Tchaikovsky l-a afectat profund pe Rachmaninov.

Dup ce Simfonia nr. 1 a fost prost primit, Rachmaninov a czut ntr-o lung depresie, perioad n carenu a compus aproape deloc. O oportunitate a venit din partea lui Savva Mamontov, care i-a oferit luiRachmaninov postul de dirijor asistent pentru sezonul 1897-1898. Tot n aceast perioad s-a logodit cuNatalia Satina, ns biserica i prinii fetei erau mpotriva cstoriei, deoarece cei doi erau veriori, iar

acest lucru i-a ntrit depresia compozitorului.

n 1900, Rachmaninov a nceput terapie auto-sugestiv cu psihologul Nikolai Dahl. Acesta l-a ajutat mult,compozitorul reuind s depeasc lipsa inspiraiei. n 1901 a terminat Concertul pentru pian nr. 2 n dominor, op 18, dedicndu-l doctorului Dahl.

The piece was enthusiastically received at its premiere at which Rachmaninoff was soloist and has since

become one of the most popular and frequently played concertos in the repertoire. Rachmaninoff's spirits

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were further bolstered when, after three years of engagement, he was finally allowed to marry his beloved

fiance, Natalia. They were wed in a suburb of Moscow by an army priest on 29 April 1902, using the

family's military background to circumvent the church. The marriage was a happy one, producing two

daughters: Irina, later Princess Wolkonsky (1903-1969) and Tatiana Conus (1907-1961). Although

Rachmaninoff was rumored to have had an affair with the 22-year-old singerNina Koshetzin 1916,[29]

his

and Natalia's union lasted until the composer's death. Natalia Rachmaninova died in 1951.

After several successful appearances as a conductor, Rachmaninoff was offered a job as conductor at

theBolshoi Theatrein 1904, although political reasons led to his resignation in March 1906, after which

he stayed in Italy until July. He spent the following three winters inDresden,Germany, intensively

composing, and returning to the family estate ofIvanovkaevery summer.[30]

Rachmaninoff made his first tour of the United States as a pianist in 1909, an event for which he

composed thePiano Concerto No. 3(Op. 30, 1909) as a calling card. These successful concerts made

him a popular figure in America; however, he was unhappy on the tour and declined requests for future

American concerts until after he emigrated from Russia in 1917.[30]

This included an offer to become

permanent conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra.[31]

The early death in 1915 ofAlexander Scriabin,who had been his good friend and fellow student at the

Moscow Conservatory, affected Rachmaninoff so deeply that he went on a tour giving concerts entirely

devoted to Scriabin's music. When asked to play some of his own music, he would reply: "Only Scriabin

tonight".

Emigration and career in the West[edit]

The1917 Russian Revolutionmeant the end of Russia as the composer had known it. Rachmaninoff was

a member of the Russian bourgeoisie, and the Revolution led to the loss of his estate, his way of life, and

his livelihood. On 22 December 1917, he left Petrograd forHelsinkiwith his wife and two daughters on an

open sled, having only a few notebooks with sketches of his own compositions and two orchestral scores,

his unfinished operaMonna VannaandNikolai Rimsky-Korsakov's operaThe Golden Cockerel.He was

44 years old. He spent a year giving concerts inScandinaviawhile laboring to widen his concert

repertoire. Near the end of 1918, he received three offers of lucrative American contracts. Although he

declined all three, he decided the United States might offer a solution to his financial concerns. He

departedKristiania (Oslo)for New York on 1 November 1918. Once there, Rachmaninoff quickly chose

an agent, Charles Ellis, and accepted the gift of a piano from Steinwaybefore playing 40 concerts in a

four-month period. At the end of the 191920 season, he also signed a contract with theVictor Talking

Machine Company.In 1921, the Rachmaninoffs bought a house in the United States, where they

consciously recreated the atmosphere of Ivanovka, entertaining Russian guests, employing Russian

servants, and observing old Russian customs.[32]

Due to his busy concert career, Rachmaninoff's output as composer slowed tremendously. Between 1918

and his death in 1943, while living in the U.S. and Europe, he completed only six compositions. Aside

from the need to constantly tour and perform to support himself and his family, the main reason was

homesickness. It was during these years that he toured the United States as a concert pianist .[33]

When

he left Russia, it was as if he had left behind his inspiration. His revival as a composer became possible

only after he had built himself a new home,Villa SenaronLake Lucerne,Switzerland,where he spent

summers from 1932 to 1939. There, in the comfort of his own villa, which reminded him of his old family

estate, Rachmaninoff composed theRhapsody on a Theme of Paganini,one of his best known works, in

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1934. He went on to compose hisSymphony No. 3(Op. 44, 193536) and theSymphonic Dances(Op.

45, 1940), his last completed work.Eugene Ormandyand thePhiladelphia Orchestrapremiered

the Symphonic Dancesin 1941 in theAcademy of Music.

In December 1939 he conducted thePhiladelphia Orchestra.This was the first time he had stood on a

conductor's podium since January 1917, his last appearance as a conductor in Russia .[34]

In late 1940 or 1941 he was approached by the makers of the British film Dangerous Moonlightto write a

short concerto-like piece for use in the film, but he declined. The job went toRichard Addinselland the

orchestratorRoy Douglas,who came up with theWarsaw Concerto.[35]

Sergei Rachmaninoff was also on the Board of Directors for theTolstoy FoundationCenter inValley

Cottage, New York.

Illness and death[edit]

Rachmaninoff fell ill during a concert tour in late 1942 and was subsequently diagnosed with

advancedmelanoma.His family was informed, but he was not. On 1 February 1943 he and his wife

became American citizens.[39]

His last recital, given on 17 February 1943 at the Alumni Gymnasium of

theUniversity of TennesseeinKnoxville,included Chopin'sPiano Sonata No. 2,which contains the

famous Marche funbre(Funeral March). A statue called "Rachmaninoff: The Last Concert", designed

and sculpted by Victor Bokarev, now stands in World Fair Park in Knoxville as a permanent tribute to

Rachmaninoff. He became so ill after this recital that he had to return to his home in Los Angeles.[40]

Grave atKensico Cemetery.Note English lettering and spelling on gravestone.

Rachmaninoff died of melanoma on 28 March 1943, inBeverly Hills,California, just four days before his

70th birthday. A choir sang hisAll Night Vigilat his funeral. He had wanted to be buried at theVilla Senar,

his estate in Switzerland, but the conditions of World War II made fulfilling this request impossible.[41]

He

was therefore interred on 1 June inKensico CemeteryinValhalla, New York.[6]

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